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RESEARCH FOR DEVELOPMENT (R4D) LEARNING SERIES ISSN 2522-7076

Mapping Actors along Value Chains: Integrating

Visual Network Research and Participatory
Statistics into Value Chain Analysis
Christian Stein and Jennie Barron
 About WLE
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RESEARCH FOR DEVELOPMENT (R4D) LEARNING SERIES 5

Mapping Actors along Value Chains: Integrating

Visual Network Research and Participatory
Statistics into Value Chain Analysis
Christian Stein and Jennie Barron
 The authors Citation
Christian Stein is a research associate with the Stockholm Stein, C.; Barron, J. 2017. Mapping actors along value chains:
Environment Institute (SEI) in York, UK. His interdisciplinary research integrating visual network research and participatory statistics
focuses on the role of social networks in the context of natural into value chain analysis. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water
resource governance. He applies network research approaches in Management Institute (IWMI). CGIAR Research Program on Water,
diverse areas including water resources management, agricultural Land and Ecosystems (WLE). 24p. (WLE Research for Development
systems and rural development. He worked on this report as an (R4D) Learning Series 5). doi: 10.5337/2017.216
external consultant for the International Water Management Institute
(IWMI), contributing to the CGIAR Research Program on Water, / value chain / supply chain / mapping / participatory approaches /
Land and Ecosystems (WLE) focal region project “V8: Realizing the statistical data / social aspects / cost analysis / communities / markets
full biomass potential of mixed crop-livestock systems in rapidly / production structure / agricultural production / agricultural trade /
changing Sahelian agro-ecological landscapes”. relationships / livestock / surveys / case studies / Burkina Faso /

Jennie Barron is an agricultural engineer with a PhD from Stockholm ISSN 2522-7106 (Print)
University, Sweden. For 25 years, she has been involved in research ISSN 2522-7076 (Online)
for development, capacity building and policy in field- to landscape- ISBN 978-92-9090-857-9
scale agricultural water management. Until recently, she was a
leader for the strategic program on resilience at the International Copyright © 2017, CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and
Water Management Institute (IWMI) and worked on the sustainable Ecosystems, International Water Management Institute (IWMI).
intensification of agriculture through water management at scale. She
currently serves as Flagship Leader of Land and Water Solutions for Unless otherwise noted, you are free to copy, duplicate or reproduce,
Sustainable Agriculture for the CGIAR Research Program on Water, and distribute, display, or transmit any part of this paper or portions
Land and Ecosystems (WLE), and is due to take up a professorship thereof without permission, and to make translations, adaptations or
in water management in agricultural landscapes at SLU/Swedish other derivative works under the following conditions:
University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, on October 1, 2017.
ATTRIBUTION. The work must be attributed but not in any way that
Acknowledgements suggests endorsement by WLE, IWMI or the author(s).
This study has benefited from several discussions with Eva Schiffer
(World Bank) about her experiences with the Net-Map tool and Lena NON-COMMERCIAL. This work may not be used for commercial
Kruckenberg (University of Leeds) on visual network research. The purposes.
authors are grateful to John Humphrey (Institute of Development Studies)
for introducing them to some of the relevant ideas and concepts in value SHARE ALIKE. If this work is altered, transformed, or built upon, the
chain analysis; Christian Hoffmann (e-fect ) for the useful suggestions resulting work must be distributed only under the same or similar
on the research design and focus group facilitation; Zakaria Ouedraogo Creative Commons license to this one.
for painting the value chain activities; André van Rooyen (International
Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) for permission to use Cover image: Fodder markets in Burkina Faso. Source: Zakaria
drawings from a visioning process; and Jorge Chamorra for assistance Ouedraogo [OZA], a local artist from Ouahigouya who lives and works
with graphic design. The fieldwork would not have been possible in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.
without the exceptional support provided by Augustine Ayantunde
(International Livestock Research Institute [ILRI]), Omarou Ouedraogo Disclaimer
(Fédération Nationale des Groupements Naam), Thomas Kader Traore The opinions expressed in this paper and all errors are the responsibility
(translation) and Viviane Yameogo (ILRI). The authors are also greatly of the first author. They do not reflect the position of the CGIAR Research
indebted to the community members from Pogoro-Silmimossin and Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems or of the institutions and
Thiou who participated in the research and shared their insights. individuals who were involved in the preparation of the report.

Project
This work was done as part of the CGIAR Research Program on Water,
Land and Ecosystems (WLE) focal region project V8: Realizing the full
biomass potential of mixed crop-livestock systems in rapidly changing
Sahelian agro-ecological landscapes (https://wle.cgiar.org/project/v8-
realizing-full-biomass-potential-mixed-crop-livestock-systems-rapidly-
changing-sahelian).

Collaborators

International Water International Livestock

Management Institute (IWMI) Research Institute (ILRI)

Donors
Funding for this research was provided by the following:

This research was carried out as part

of the CGIAR Research Program on
LED BY:

Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE)

and supported by CGIAR Fund Donors
( h t t p : / / w w w. c g i a r. o r g / a b o u t - u s /
ourfunders/).

ii
CONTENTS

Summary...........................................................................................................................................................v

1. Introduction...............................................................................................................................................1

1.1. Why map actors along value chains?....................................................................................................1

1.2. Shortcomings of existing mapping approaches.....................................................................................1

2. What is innovative about the presented approach?..............................................................................2

2.1. Social network research .......................................................................................................................3

2.2. Visual research methods.......................................................................................................................3

2.3. Participatory statistics ..........................................................................................................................4

3. Methods commonly used in value chain research ................................................................................4

4. The mapping canvas: key concepts and analytical dimensions...........................................................5

5. A step-by-step guide for mapping actors along value chains .............................................................7

5.1. Materials needed ..................................................................................................................................7

5.2. Creating the value chain map................................................................................................................7

5.3. Generating numbers using participatory statistics ...............................................................................11

5.4. Validating the value chain map............................................................................................................11

5.5. Identifying, ranking and upgrading strategies ......................................................................................12

5.6. Data analysis ......................................................................................................................................12

6. Findings from a pilot study on fodder value chains in Burkina Faso ................................................14

6.1. Temporal dynamics in the Sahel: seasonality of fodder flows...............................................................14

6.2. Mapping actor networks: making invisible work visible .......................................................................15

6.3. Upgrading strategies: local perspectives on fodder value chains.........................................................15

7. Conclusions ............................................................................................................................................15

References .....................................................................................................................................................17

Annex ..............................................................................................................................................................18

iii
SUMMARY
This report outlines a participatory approach for mapping actors along value chains. The methodology provides novel ideas
on how to combine value chain analysis with participatory statistics and visual network research approaches, to generate
valuable insights about complex value chains together with local stakeholders in a cost effective way. A framework is
introduced, which provides a canvas for mapping actors onto different analytical dimensions relevant in value chain analysis.
After outlining some of the conceptual foundations and the methodological approach, a sequence of steps for mapping
actors and their relationships is described. The experience from a case study is used to illustrate the steps involved. The
case study is on fodder value chains in the Sahelian agro-ecological zone of Burkina Faso, but the mapping approach can
be adapted to a range of contexts.

v
Fodder market in Burkina Faso. Photo: Christian Stein.
MAPPING ACTORS ALONG VALUE CHAINS: INTEGRATING VISUAL NETWORK RESEARCH AND PARTICIPATORY STATISTICS INTO VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS

1. INTRODUCTION
This document outlines a participatory approach for mapping mapping them first. Mapping a value chain with its various
actors along value chains and reports on a case study where components, linkages and actors can among other things,
this was applied in two communities in northern Burkina Faso. facilitate a structured discussion about the opportunities and
A value chain “is the set of value-adding activities through constraints that producers and other actors face as well as
which a product passes from the design to the consumption what could be done to address them.
stages. The worth of the product increases at each point of
the process, hence the term value chain.” (McCormick and 1.2. Shortcomings of existing mapping approaches
Schmitz 2001, p. 155) Value chains are not just a linear sequence of activities and
associated actors (Bolwig et al. 2010; Talamini and Ferreira
The livelihoods of agricultural producers are not just dependent 2010). The notion of a chain seems to suggest a linear
on what they produce on the land, but also their ability to and sequential order that is unlikely to be found in the real
access resources such as fertilizers, seeds and other inputs world. Most VCA has focused on the vertical linkages, i.e.
“upstream” in a value chain as well as markets to sell their how a product comes into existence and then gets traded or
surplus produce “downstream” of where they are situated transferred downstream the value chain. While it is important
in a value chain. How producers are embedded in a value to know how actors and activities are linked vertically, it also
chain has implications for their ability to access resources, important to understand the horizontal dimension, i.e. the
information and markets. relationships between actors at the same level of the chain
(Bolwig et al. 2010). Horizontal linkages show how producers
In short, producers are embedded in larger systems of and other value chain actors are embedded in a value chain,
activities, relationships that provide both opportunities and but are frequently not included in VCA.
constraints for the improvement of agricultural production
systems and peoples livelihoods (Riisgaard et al. 2010). A There are likely to be multiple channels through which a
better understanding of the opportunities and constraints product can be traded across a value chain. It is important
faced by agricultural producers to benefit from and/or reduce to recognize that there might be differences in the ability of
their risks participating in a value chain is important to ensure actors to access resources or trade products, depending on
that markets work for the poor. their capacities, gender, relationships, etc. Besides from the
characteristics of actors, it is also important to consider that
1.1. Why map actors along value chains? an actor with a strategic position within a value chain is able
Value chain analysis is about understanding how activities and to exercise some level of control over processes in the value
actors that are involved in bringing a product from production chain. Depending on the relationships that actors have, they
to consumption are linked. “There is a simple element at have different opportunities to access information or profit
the heart of value chain analysis,- the idea of a chain is a from participating in a value chain.
metaphor for connectedness. It highlights the point that
most goods and services are produced by a complex and Therefore, understanding value chains is not just a matter of
sequenced set of activities” (Humphrey and Navas-Alemán knowing how activities and actors are linked vertically in a
2010, p. 11). The creation of a value chain map is usually an linear fashion. It might be informative to distinguish between
integral part of most value chain analysis (VCA). “Analysing different channels and also consider the role of horizontal
value chains comprises a whole series of different methods. linkages connecting actors at the same level of the value
(…) The most essential method and the core of any analysis chain (Dunn 2014). A typical example of horizontal linkages
is value chain mapping.” (Springer-Heinze 2007, p. 45). would be an association of producers, where the function
Mapping a value chain is a key component within a VCA, as of horizontal linkages could be to empower farmers, reduce
it can be very difficult to see the relevant interdependencies in transaction costs or to gain better access to inputs and
a complex system or discuss systemic interventions, without services.

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 RESEARCH FOR DEVELOPMENT (R4D) LEARNING SERIES 5

It is important to note that producers or indeed other actors as Figure 1 (bottom) suggests, and charting a path through
along a value chain are typically not a homogenous group complex value chains will sometimes requirer mapping
of actors, but have very different assets, skills, rights, multiple pathways (Kaplinsky and Morris 2001).
preferences, etc. depending on age, gender or class.
Therefore, it might be necessary to differentiate between Systematically mapping diverse actor networks along these
types of actors, for example through collecting gender value chains provides a better understanding of how they
disaggregated data. When differentiating between actors operate and what could be done to improve their functioning
and taking into account the horizontal linkages between for the benefit of producers. This document presents a
them, many value chains resemble more a network than methodological approach to map actors along fodder value
a linear chain. (Nijhoff-Savvaki et al. 2012; Talamini and chains. A pilot study in the Yatenga province of Burkina
Ferreira 2010). Figure 1 shows a stylized description of how Faso tested the methodology, which combines value chain
value chains are often described as a linear sequence of analysis with ideas from participatory statistics (Holland
activities (top). However, the real world can be much messier, 2013) and visual network research (D’Angelo et al. 2016).

FIGURE 1. AN ILLUSTRATION OF HOW VALUE CHAINS ARE OFTEN DESCRIBED (TOP) AND HOW THEY TYPICALLY
LOOK (BOTTOM).

The way we describe it:

A B C

The way it really is:

C D

A E

E2 H A ?

E1

? ?? X G

Source: Authors illustration adapted from Brown et al. 2000

2. WHAT IS INNOVATIVE ABOUT THE PRESENTED APPROACH?

The participatory visual mapping approach outlined in this general and value chain mapping in particular, but have
document describes how to map a value chain, with a only been applied to VCA to a limited extent. The value
particular emphasis on the actors involved and their vertical chain mapping (VCM) approach was developed, so that it
as well as horizontal relationships. The approach draws on can be done as a stand-alone activity to map actors along
three broad strands of literature, namely social network value chains. The ideas presented here can complement
research (Robins 2015), visual research (Banks 2007) and enrich existing VCA approaches and hopefully inspire
and participatory statistics (Barahona and Levy 2007), others to integrate elements into their own work on value
that could complement and enrich value chain analysis in chains and beyond.

2
MAPPING ACTORS ALONG VALUE CHAINS: INTEGRATING VISUAL NETWORK RESEARCH AND PARTICIPATORY STATISTICS INTO VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS

2.1. Social network research (Lazzarini et al. 2001) has attempted to integrate ideas from
Social network research explores how relationships shape the fields of VCA and social network analysis (SNA). Figure
the behaviour of individual actors or the performance of a 2 illustrates a generic ‘netchain’ comprised of horizontal
system as a whole. A better understanding of the relations links between actors within a specific value chain activity
characterising value chains can help identify opportunities (or layers) and the vertical links between actors in different
and constraints faced by agricultural producers, as well as layers.
bottlenecks of the system as a whole.
2.2. Visual research methods
The approach to value chain analysis presented here aims to Visual research methods rely on the use of images instead
more explicitly bring the horizontal linkages into the analysis. of words and numbers to produce or represent knowledge.
There is a rich literature in the field of social network research This allows for more engaging data collection and analysis
that can provide relevant insights and guidance on how to on complex issues that would be difficult to capture with
capture, describe and analyze actors and their relationships interviews or questionnaires (Bagnoli 2009; Healy and
using qualitative, quantitative and visual methods (Crossley Moody 2014). Especially in situations where research
2010; Domínguez and Hollstein 2014; Fuhse and Mützel participants have limited ability or use in daily life for written
2011; Hogan et al. 2007; Scott 2013). Concepts and or read communications, visual approaches can be useful.
theories from the field of social network research, such as In addition, a participatory approach can overcome survey
centrality, brokerage and structural holes (Burt 2005), can instrument limitations. Surveys typically assume the survey
also be helpful to better understand the possible implications designer has full insight into all relevant issues to consult upon
of relationships in a value chain. Earlier work on ‘netchains’ (Chambers 2007). Temporal dynamics and issues unknown

FIGURE 2. AN EXAMPLE OF A GENERIC ‘NETCHAIN’ WITH HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL LINKAGES BETWEEN ACTORS.

Provision of inputs

Farm production
VERTICAL

Post-harvest processing

Trading

Consumption

HORIZONTAL

Source: Authors illustration adapted from Lazzarini et al. 2001

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 RESEARCH FOR DEVELOPMENT (R4D) LEARNING SERIES 5

to the researcher are difficult to capture in standardized quantitative data that is locally grounded (Holland 2013). It
interviews or surveys. However, drawing a timeline can be can also give a voice to people that have in depth knowledge
a simple, but effective method within a longitudinal research on issues relevant to policy and research.
framework to capture, for example, seasonal changes and
so allow research participants to reflect upon past, present Participatory statistics have been used in diverse geographic
and future events. Drawing can also be used to support locations, at the local as well as national level. Methods
visioning or scenario development processes (van Rooyen et often used to generate numerical data include for example:
al. 2017). Figure 3 below shows a picture drawn by research participatory mapping, participatory modelling, proportional
participants during a visioning process about how to improve piling, card writing, marking, sorting, ordering and
livestock value chains in Malawi, with the current situation on positioning, matrix ranking and scoring, pair-wise ranking,
the left and the vision for five years from now on the right. linkage diagramming, pocket voting (Chambers 2008 in
Holland 2013). Figure 4 shows research participants using
2.3. Participatory statistics proportional piling to identify swine fever hot spots along a
Participatory statistics is a type of research, in which local pig value chain in Uganda. Participatory approaches and
people themselves generate numbers (Barahona and methods hold the potential not only to illuminate dimensions
Levy 2007; Hargreaves et al. 2007). It combines statistical that are difficult to access otherwise, but also to produce
methods with participatory approaches. Participatory accurate statistics (Barahona and Levy 2007; Chambers
statistics can be a cost effective and timely way to generate 2007; Holland 2013).

3. METHODS COMMONLY USED IN VALUE CHAIN RESEARCH

The purpose of the following section is to briefly summarize value chain mapping exercise. Interviewees can, among
a range of methods that are commonly used for researching other things, point out what activities or types of actors are
value chains and which can complement the VCM approach relevant to include in the value chain map. If the value chain
presented here. These methods include: (1) interviews, (2) analysis focuses on a particular activity and group of actors,
focus group discussions, (3) surveys, (4) document analysis, such as farmers, it might be useful to interview other actors
and (5) participatory observations. This list is by no means upstream and downstream in the value chain to get a more
intended to be conclusive, but should highlight that value comprehensive understanding of the system as a whole.
chain mapping and analysis can benefit from a range of
methods and their combination. Focus group discussions: Focus group discussions are
particularly useful as they bring out a range of different
Interviews: Interviews with local experts and different actors opinions on, and possibly contrasting understandings of,
along the value chain can be helpful to contextualize the a particular value chain. Focus group discussions could be

FIGURE 3. A DRAWING SHOWING THE SITUATION AS IT IS TODAY (LEFT) AND THE VISION FOR FIVE YEARS FROM
NOW (RIGHT), PRODUCED BY STAKEHOLDERS DURING A VISIONING PROCESS AROUND LIVESTOCK IN MALAWI.

Photo credit: ICRISAT/André van Rooyen

4
MAPPING ACTORS ALONG VALUE CHAINS: INTEGRATING VISUAL NETWORK RESEARCH AND PARTICIPATORY STATISTICS INTO VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS

FIGURE 4. A UGANDAN ANIMAL DRUG STOCK SUPPLIER

of these products are and how the value changes along
USES PROPORTIONAL PILING TO IDENTIFY SWINE
the value chain. Survey data can also be used to identify
FEVER HOT SPOTS ALONG THE PIG VALUE CHAIN IN
differences among attributes or characteristics that
MASAKA DISTRICT.
may be relevant for understanding the value chain. For
example, what percentage of households are trading a
certain product? Are there marked differences among
actors that should be considered in the study design?

Document analysis: Documents about the research

context such as project reports from non-governmental
organizations, or government statistics, may contain
relevant information about the value chain in question.
Some documents might be readily available and can
help in preparing the research. However, sometimes
statistics especially over longer periods and at the local
level are difficult to access, but could be collected during
fieldwork to later inform the VCA.

Participatory observations: Participatory observations

can be an effective way to gain locally grounded
information, especially when little is known about
the value chain. Visiting markets, observing traders,
following actors and/or products along the value chain
can all generate new and unexpected insights.

There is not a single, universally appropriate method

for studying value chains and often the combination of
different methods is most informative. Both qualitative
and quantitative methods can be applied in value chain
Photo: ILRI/Brian Kawuma
analysis. There is no rule for what research approach
(quantitative or qualitative) is most useful. Hellin
held with a group of people that are involved in the same and Meijer (2006) recommend the use of qualitative
value chain activity, possibly disaggregated by age, approaches first, followed by quantitative approaches
gender or other relevant characteristic that could inform if time and resources permit. Initial qualitative research
the analysis. A focus group could also bring together a or production of a value chain map can also help in
diverse group of people involved in different activities, designing a questionnaire that is more targeted and
such as producers, traders and consumers. aligned with a specific socio-political context. Above all,
the specific context and the research question should
Surveys: Survey data can shed light on questions like determine what methods to use and in what sequence
what kind of products are mostly traded, what the value to combine them.

4. THE MAPPING CANVAS: KEY CONCEPTS AND ANALYTICAL DIMENSIONS

The following section describes the key concepts and of upgrading strategies. Upgrading can be broadly defined
analytical dimensions that make up the mapping canvas as a desirable change in chain participation that increases
that guides the VCM process. The concepts constitute a rewards and/or reduces exposure to risk (Riisgaard et al.
synthesis of the key building blocks of a value chain map as 2010). Typically, such analysis is supported by a value chain
commonly found in much of the literature on value chains map, which consist of (1) value chain activities, (2) value
and value chain analysis. The canvas is not intended to chain actors, (3) value chain linkages, and (4) a context
be prescriptive, but it does provide a pragmatic way to in which the value chain is situated. These four elements
capture some of the key analytical dimensions that should are frequently part of a value chain map and as such can
be considered when mapping value chains and the actors provide an orientation for what to map in a particular
influencing them. context. The key elements and analytical dimensions
relevant for value chain mapping and analysis are depicted
Value chain analysis aims to understand the functioning of in Figure 5, which provides a generic canvas that can help
a value chain and to identify and support implementation to guide a mapping process.

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 RESEARCH FOR DEVELOPMENT (R4D) LEARNING SERIES 5

FIGURE 5. THE MAPPING CANVAS WITH KEY ELEMENTS AND ANALYTICAL DIMENSIONS RELEVANT FOR VALUE
CHAIN MAPPING AND ANALYSIS.

CONTEXT ENABLING & CONSTRAINING ENVIRONMENT

LINKAGES FINANCIAL FLOWS

CHAIN ACTIVITIES Provision of Inputs Farm Production Transformation Trading Consumption

Specific Input
CHAIN ACTORS Providers
Farmers Intermediaries Traders Consumers

LINKAGES PRODUCT FLOWS

SUPPORTING ACTORS SERVICE PROVIDERS

Source: Authors illustration

The following definitions are intended as an orientation for that they become owners of the (raw, semi-processed or
the reader. While the names may differ depending on the finished) product at one stage in the VC. Supporting actors
literature at hand, the concepts described here denote (or service providers) can play an important role, but they
important analytical dimensions commonly explored in value are not directly involved in value chain activities. A typical
chain analysis.1 example would be an extension service provider or an NGO
involved in capacity building.
Value chain activities: Value chains comprise all the activities
from production to consumption, as well as waste utilization, Value chain linkages: Value chain linkages are the channels or
of a certain product. Typical examples of activities along an relationships that connect the different value chain activities
agricultural value chain include: specific inputs, production, and through which a product passes from the design to the
collection, transformation, trade, export, wholesale and consumption stages. One can differentiate between vertical
retail marketing, consumption (Faße et al. 2009). and horizontal linkages.

Value chain actors: Actors are all the individuals or Vertical linkages connect actors involved in different
organizations, enterprises and public agencies related to a activities of the value chain, from input suppliers to
value chain and therefore important for understanding the producers, processors, wholesalers, distributors, exporters,
functioning and performance of the value chain. They are and so on, all the way to the consumer. Vertical linkages
often – but not necessarily – associated with particular value are the commercial relationships involved in bringing the
chain activities. product up through the value chain (Dunn 2014). Horizontal
linkages connect actors performing the same activity within
For analytical purposes, it often makes sense to differentiate the value chain. An example of horizontal linkages would be
between chain actors and supporting actors. Value chain producer groups. Important functions of horizontal linkages
actors are those who are actually directly involved in value include more cost-effective access to inputs, services and
chain activities. Typically in our examples they are farmers, information; and the empowerment of farmers to advocate
wholesalers, or retailers. What they have in common is for change (Ibid).

1
It is important to note that similar concepts are sometimes named differently in the literature on VCA. For example, all value chains can be thought of as being made up of interlinked activities.
Typical activities along a value chain might include production, transformation, transport, and consumption. However, what we call value chain activities is sometimes also called value chain
functions (Springer-Heinze 2007), stages (Faße et al. 2009), levels (Dunn 2014) or segments (Bolwig et al. 2010). The same is true for linkages, which are sometimes also called relationships,
flows etc., as well as other concepts and analytical dimensions.

6
MAPPING ACTORS ALONG VALUE CHAINS: INTEGRATING VISUAL NETWORK RESEARCH AND PARTICIPATORY STATISTICS INTO VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS

Value chain context: this can be understood as external to supporting sectors (for example, finance and transport),
the value chain since it is not directly ‘operated’ by chain infrastructure, resource tenure system, etc.” The value
actors, although they may try to influence it. According chain context could also include enabling and constraining
to Bolwig et al. (2010, 186) this broader context can environmental factors, such as the availability of land and
“include public and private regulation, corporate water resources, which influence farmers’ production
strategies, civil-society influence, local/national politics, systems.

5. A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE FOR MAPPING ACTORS ALONG VALUE CHAINS

Research context
The methodological approach described here was piloted substituted or adapted by using what is available locally,
for mapping fodder value chains with two communities e.g. seeds or stones.
in the Sahelian agro-ecological zone of Northern Burkina
Faso, in December 2015. Both communities depend on ƒƒ Large sheets of paper for drawing the value chain map
mixed livestock-crop systems for their livelihoods and ƒƒ Multi-colored sticky notes for noting down the actor
are affected by a lack of biomass in the landscape during names
the annual 9-month dry season. The value chains were ƒƒ Multi-colored pens for drawing the linkages
mapped together with 10-15 male and female participant ƒƒ Game tokens, checker pieces or alternatively locally
farmers, livestock-keepers from the two communities of available seeds, stones to generate participatory
Pogoro-Silmimossin and Thiou, which are about 40 km statistics
from the regional capital of Ouahigouya. Figure 6 shows ƒƒ Drawings, photos, figures or shapes to visually depict
the location of the case study sites. specific analytical dimensions on the map
ƒƒ Data recording equipment such as notebooks, audio
5.1. Materials needed recorder, video or photo camera.
The materials needed to create a value chain map are low
cost and similar to what is commonly found in a facilitation 5.2. Creating the value chain map
toolkit for participatory methods. The list below contains The mapping process consists of two main steps and a
simple and useful materials, but in theory much can be sequence of activities. The first stage is the drawing of the

FIGURE 6. THE CASE STUDY SITES OF THIOU AND POGORO-SILMIMOSSIN.

Source: IWMI

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value chain map. The aim is to get all the relevant dimensions visually by using drawings or photographs. Since the value
from the analytical framework on paper, e.g. value chain chain activities are on paper cards, they can be rearranged
activities, actors, links, and context (see Figure 5 of the until participants consider all the relevant activities along the
mapping canvas above). The second stage is the joint analysis, chain are captured and represented in a logical order.
interpretation and discussion of the map with research
participants. This may involve discussion of opportunities and To arrange the activities according to time, from production
constraints for value chain upgrading based on the map and/ to consumption, is just one possible way to represent
or the validation of the value chain map. the activities. Another organizing principle could be to
arrange activities by where they take place in a landscape
The output of the first stage is the actual value chain map, geographically. This could be supported by including
i.e. a visualization of the full value chain with its constitutive visualisations of local landmarks that help to orient research
parts and how they relate to each other. In the second stage participants, e.g. roads, markets, nearby cities, etc.
the VCM is used to bring out stories about how the system
functions, what opportunities and constraints exist, as well as In our case study of value chains in Yatenga province of
potential ways to improve the value chain. Burkina Faso, we found drawings, made by a local artist
familiar with the study area, to be very effective in structuring
It can be difficult to see the connections in a complex system the value chain mapping processes. This was especially the
or discuss systemic interventions, without mapping them case since most participants in the study areas had limited
first (cf. Burns and Worsley 2015). Therefore mapping the capacity to read and write. Hence, visualisations helped to
value chain is often a necessary first step. However, a value orient research participants on the map. Figure 7 shows the
chain map alone is often only of limited value without asking activities involved in the fodder value chains from northern
deeper questions about what is going on and why it is that Burkina Faso.2 Having value chain activities arranged on
way. Therefore, the two stages of the value chain mapping are the map provides some initial structure for the mapping
mutually supportive. processes to unfold.

Value chain activities Value chain actors

To provide an initial structure and orientation, the activities After placing the activities on the map, research participants
necessary to bring a product from inception to consumption are asked to think about those actors who are part of the
are the first elements that go onto the blank sheet of paper. value chain. The names of the actors are written down on
The activities can be written on paper cards that are placed sticky notes and then placed on the map. Sometimes it may
on top of the map, but the activities could also be represented help to move from one value chain activity to the next and elicit

FIGURE 7. DRAWINGS OF THE VALUE CHAIN ACTIVITIES FROM LEFT TO RIGHT, FROM INPUTS TO PRODUCTION
(TOP) TO FINAL CONSUMPTION (BOTTOM).

Source: Created by Zakaria Ouedraogo in 2015

2
The drawings have been created by Zakaria Ouedraogo (OZA), a local artist originally from Ouahigouya where the pilot study took place, but now based in Ouagadougou.

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MAPPING ACTORS ALONG VALUE CHAINS: INTEGRATING VISUAL NETWORK RESEARCH AND PARTICIPATORY STATISTICS INTO VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS

the associated actors in the processes, placing them below multiple NGOs that focus on different value chain activities
the value chain activity. At the beginning it is not important or work with distinct actors, then they should be mapped
where the actor cards are placed. What is more crucial is to individually.
collect as many potentially relevant actors as possible and
place them on the map, i.e. large sheet of paper. Value chain links
When all the actors in the value chain have been mapped,
Occasionally research participants debate what actors should the so called supporting actors should be included using
go on the map or start by taking notes for themselves prior to sticky notes of a different colour to differentiate them from
writing them on the actor cards. This should be discouraged those actors who are directly involved in the value chain.
by the facilitator, as it takes away valuable time that is better After all actors have been placed on the map, it is possible
used later to discuss the value chain map, once everything is to rearrange them on the map in a way that makes sense to
on it. It’s good to explain that the map can be changed later research participants, possibly using the value chain activities
and that the debates that participants may want to have are as an orientation. Research participants should also be asked
more fruitful once the initial map is completed and it contains if there are any missing actors and if so add them to the map.
all the crucial elements. Figure 8 below shows the value chain map, with value chain
actors being placed below the value chain activities they are
It is also important to establish the appropriate level of associated with.
detail at which actors should be mapped. For example, it
is usually not helpful to use a generic label for actors such Value chain context
as non-governmental organizations (NGOs), producers or Once all the relevant actors are identified on the map, the
government organizations, when the actors are very diverse. linkages connecting the various actors are drawn. Depending
As a rule of thumb, an actor should be further disaggregated on the value chain as well as the research question, different
into different types of actors, if they have qualitatively different types of links may be relevant to map. Many value chain
functions, interests, etc. in the value chain. If these actors are maps trace the flow of a product through the value chain and
not disaggregated in this way, important differences would be there is usually an inverted flow of money going in the other
lost when they are lumped together. For example, if there are direction. Other potentially relevant links could be information,

FIGURE 8. VALUE CHAIN ACTORS WRITTEN DOWN ON STICKY NOTES PLACED ON A LARGE SHEET OF PAPER.

Photo: Christian Stein

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 RESEARCH FOR DEVELOPMENT (R4D) LEARNING SERIES 5

FIGURE 9. A VALUE CHAIN MAP WITH LINKAGES

the sharing of technical expertise, persistent contract
INCLUDED.
relationships or uncoordinated “arms length” free market
transactions. No matter what the actual links are, they need to
be defined by the research team and/or research participants
and everybody involved in the mapping process should have
a common understanding of what a link represents. Different
links, e.g. information, money, etc., should be drawn with a
different coloured pen. There are many possibilities and a lot of
flexibility in how a value chain map can be drawn. However, it
is important that visual codes are clearly defined, understood
by all participants and always used consistently. Including a
legend on the map can help. In Figure 9 research participants
discuss the flow of fodder from production to consumption
and draw linkages between actors on the value chain map.

Understanding the opportunities and constraints of producers

within a given value chain needs to account for what is
happening within the chain, but also contextual factors that
influence the performance of that chain (Bolwig et al. 2010).
Infrastructure, policies, trade-agreements, access to credit,
property rights, are some examples of factors that are external
to the value chain, but which could significantly impact on its
performance and should therefore be consider in value chain
Photo: Christian Stein
analysis. In the actual mapping process these contextual
factors can be written on sticky notes with a different colour chain. Contextual factors may be difficult to control, especially
and placed on top of the map. in the short term, but nevertheless important to be aware of
in order to understand what changes might be possible.
What factors are relevant will depend on the specifics of the For example, during the mapping exercise in Burkina Faso
research context and question. The important point is to research participants mentioned among other things access
open-up the mapping process and take into account broader to credit, affordability of improved seeds, relations with
system dynamics. For example, by considering certain local government and the role of traditional leaders. These
cultural practices or religious customs it might become contextual factors are captured on pink sticky notes as shown
clearer why certain actors are disadvantaged in the value close to the top of Figure 10.

FIGURE 10. THE VALUE CHAIN MAP WITH IMPORTANT CONTEXTUAL FACTORS ON LARGER PINK STICKY NOTES.

Photo: Christian Stein

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MAPPING ACTORS ALONG VALUE CHAINS: INTEGRATING VISUAL NETWORK RESEARCH AND PARTICIPATORY STATISTICS INTO VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS

5.3. Generating numbers using participatory are many ways to generate participatory statistics and it is
statistics beyond the role of this document to provide an overview
With activities, actors and linkages visualized on the map, it of this field. The interested reader should consult the
is now possible to quantify certain aspects of the value chain appropriate literature, e.g., “Who Counts? The Power of
using participatory statistics. Who are the most influential Participatory Statistics” by Jeremy Holland (2013) provides
actors in the value chain? What value chain activities are most an excellent introduction to the field.
critical to reduce the risks for producers or increasing their
benefits? How is the increase in value of the product along 5.4. Validating the value chain map
the chain distributed among actors, i.e. who benefits and The mapping process could include cross-checking of
who losses out? These and a range of other questions can findings and their validation with research participants. This
be explored using participatory statistics in combination with should ensure that the most important issues have been
the value chain map. To generate the participatory statistics, covered and that the VCM represents the value chain in an
discs, seeds, stones or other objects can be distributed on the accurate way. Do participants agree on the map? Is anything
map to quantify analytical variables important for answering missing or misrepresented? If the answer is yes, these issues
the research question at hand. could be discussed in the group and possibly corrected.
Keeping the research question in mind, the research team
For example, during the pilot study in Burkina Faso, we and/or the participants could summarize what has been
asked participants how influential the various actors in the discussed using the map to structure the discussion of
value chain were. Participants then used checker pieces findings. This form of discursive validation as well as ‘group-
and placed stacks of different heights next to each actor. visual synergy’ (Chambers 2008) and triangulation can
The more checker pieces, the higher the stack and hence ensure the analytical rigour of the participatory mapping
the more influential the actor (cf. Hauck et al. 2015; Schiffer process (Holland 2013). Triangulation can involve different
and Hauck 2010). Similarly, seasonal fluctuations in market groups of research participants (e.g. within or across a case
price and a range of other variables could be measured using study) as well as different methods (e.g. interviews, focus
participatory statistics. Figure 11 below shows the value chain group discussions). While a lot of the analysis and validation
map drawn by one of the communities in Burkina Faso. The usually happens during the actual mapping exercise, it can
relative influence of an actor is measured by placing checker be insightful to have a follow up discussion with research
pieces next to the token representing the actor. participants or others familiar with the research context.
For example, in the Burkina Faso case, after completing
Counting the number of seeds used in a matrix scoring the value chain mapping exercise and discussing it with the
exercise can be an effective way to priorities different research team, a final discussion and verification exercise
upgrading strategies (Mayoux and Chambers 2005). There with research participants was undertaken.

FIGURE 11. THE VALUE CHAIN MAP WITH THE INFLUENCE OF ACTORS REPRESENTED BY THE NUMBER OF DISCS
NEXT TO THE ACTOR CARD.

Photo: Christian Stein

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 RESEARCH FOR DEVELOPMENT (R4D) LEARNING SERIES 5

FIGURE 12. DISCUSSION AND VALIDATION OF THE VALUE CHAIN MAP WITH RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS.

Photo: Christian Stein

5.5. Identifying, ranking and upgrading strategies While the value chain map is important to describe and
The goal of value chain analysis and value chain mapping is document the complexity of the value chain, it is largely
to better understand the system in order to identify strategies through the discussion of the VCM with research participants
for upgrading. The creation of the value chain map is that relevant dynamics can be better understood. As well
important to make visible some of the complex connections as the actual value chain map, it is therefore important to
in the system, thereby allowing research participants to have record the stories that participants tell about the functioning
a structured dialogue about what interventions might be of the value chain. These help improve understanding of
possible to improve the value chain, e.g. by reducing risks what challenges and opportunities exist.
or increasing benefits for producers.
One of the advantages with the value chain mapping
In the pilot study the focus was on mapping actors along the approach presented here, and participatory research in
value chain. Nevertheless, upgrading strategies were also general, is that the analysis and validation of the data can
explored with research participants. During the discussion take place in collaboration with the research participants.
the value chain map functions as a boundary object that Further analysis by the research team needs to be done after
allows for a more focused conversation. In future studies, the data collection has been completed. However, the real
upgrading strategies could be ranked according to different power of participatory research is to give people that know
criteria using participatory statistics such as matrix scoring. their situation the best, the ability to share their insights and
voice their perspectives.
Table 1 in the annex summarises the main steps involved in
the processes of creating a value chain map. The sequence The analysis of participatory numbers may simply involve
of the steps is not necessarily linear, but can be iterative. adding up the numbers for an analytical dimension and
Depending on the goals of a VCA, not all the steps are then creating a summary table or visualisation that facilitates
necessary and/or more steps could be added. comparisons or drawing conclusions. For example, the
number of discs representing each actor’s influence can be
5.6. Data analysis visualized by drawing actors proportional to their influence in
The value chain mapping process presented here generates a digitalized network map or by creating an overview table.
a variety of qualitative and quantitative data. The value chain Figure 13 shows the network of value chain actors from one
map visually documents the relevant analytical dimensions. of the communities in Burkina Faso, using what is known as

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MAPPING ACTORS ALONG VALUE CHAINS: INTEGRATING VISUAL NETWORK RESEARCH AND PARTICIPATORY STATISTICS INTO VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS

FIGURE 13. POSITION OF ACTORS ACCORDING TO

descriptive statistics or frequencies for categorical data,
THEIR RELATIVE INFLUENCE WITH DIFFERENT TRADERS
but more complex methods for statistical analysis are
HIGHLIGHTED IN RED.
possible (see Barahona and Levy 2007). There may be
issues about sample size and ability to generalise, but
these are no different from studies using other methods.
One of the advantages of participatory numbers, is that
narratives from research participants can help explain
results from the statistical analysis.

The analysis of participants’ narratives can take different

forms and may involve different levels of sophistication. At
the end of the mapping exercise, research participants or
facilitators can summarise key findings, using the VCM to
structure the presentation of findings. It is important to
ensure that these stories and the interpretation of the value
chain map, are representative for the group as a whole and
not dominated by a few individuals. This does not mean
that consensus must always be reached, as differences
and contestations can also be informative. For example,
multiple interpretations of the value chain and associated
system dynamics can highlight how change can happen or
what hinders progress (Burns and Worsley 2015).

After the mapping exercise is completed, members of the

research team could come together, compare their notes
and check if they have arrived at a common understanding
Source: Authors illustration
of the VCM. This is particularly helpful when it is done
shortly after the mapping exercise, e.g. that same evening
a ‘status layout’. This positions actors according to their or the next day, when impressions are still fresh. If the
relative influence. Actors with the same influence value are value chain mapping process has generated rich narrative
arranged on horizontal lines. Actors with higher value are accounts, that are documented through field notes, audio
closer to the top and actors with lower value are closer to or video recordings, then further analysis after the data
the bottom of the drawing. Traders are highlighted in red, collection might be warranted. Qualitative data can be
allowing for quick comparison of the relative influence of transcribed and then coded manually or with the help of
several types of traders operating in different localities. quantitative data analysis software such as Atlas.ti or Nvivo.
Furthermore, if the value chain has many linkages and
The numerical data generated using participatory research hence resembles more of a network than a chain, some
methods can be suitable for standard statistical analysis basic network analysis measures, such as path length or
if the research design is appropriate. In such cases, actor centrality, can be insightful to identify patterns in the
Barahona and Levy (2003) suggest that the first stage data that would be difficult to detect otherwise (cf. Cross
of statistical analysis should be exploratory, using simple et al. 2002).

FIGURE 14. ANALYSIS OF A VIDEO RECORDED INTERVIEW (LEFT) AND DIGITALIZATION OF A VCM USING NETWORK
ANALYSIS SOFTWARE (RIGHT).

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6. FINDINGS FROM A PILOT STUDY ON FODDER VALUE CHAINS

IN BURKINA FASO
The mapping process resulted in a visual documentation of changes in the availability of fresh or dried fodder,
the value chain as understood by research participants, and fluctuations in prices, etc.
rich narratives about the functioning of the value chain. Both
the paper based version drawn by community members In mixed crop-livestock systems, farmers are often producers
(see Figure 7 to 11 above) and the digitalized version (see and consumers of fodder at the same time. The value chain
Figure 15 below) capture the key elements and analytical mapping revealed that fodder flows both from producers to
dimensions from the mapping canvas (see Figure 5 above) markets as well as vice versa from markets to producers
that guided the value chain mapping and analysis. depending on seasonal biomass availability as well as
access to markets, transport and facilities to process and
In Figure 15, the top depicts the value chain context store fodder. When biomass is abundant in the landscape,
with enabling and constraining factors as identified by community members sell fodder to traders and/or nearby
the research participants. In the middle the value chain markets, depending on the availability and cost of transport
activities, associated value chain actors, and the linkages (arrows to the right in Figure 15). During the dry season,
between actors are shown. Value chain linkages include community members sometimes buy fodder for their animals
both horizontal collaborative relations within the community and therefore the flow of biomass along the value chain can
(red) as well as vertical fodder transitions between actors reverse the direction (dotted arrows in Figure 15).
in different segments of the value chain. Supporting actors,
such as local NGOs and extension services are shown at the Strategies to better cope with temporal dynamics are
bottom of Figure 15. important for fodder producers to reduce risks they face
and/or increase the benefits of participating in fodder value
6.1. Temporal dynamics in the Sahel: seasonality chains. The research from Burkina Faso illustrates the
of fodder flows importance of considering seasonal changes and temporal
The mapping highlighted the importance of temporal dynamics when studying value chains. The methodology
dynamics in the Sahel. Rainfall variability shapes biomass presented here is well suited to integrating such dynamics.
availability in the landscape. Consequently it influences For example, by capturing changes in biomass flows and
fodder market transactions and the strategies of actors associated prices during different points in the year using
within the analyzed fodder value chains to cope with participatory statistics.

FIGURE 15. THE DIGITALIZED VALUE CHAIN MAP AS DRAWN BY A COMMUNITY IN OUAHIGOUYA.

Traditional Local Soil Climate Road Water

Credit Seeds
Leader Government Fertility Change Infrastructure Scarcity

Input Providers Farm Production Transport Trading Markets Consumption

Livestock Agriculture Environment

INERA FNGN
Extension Service Extension Service Extension Service

Fodder Transactions Cooperation Supporting actor Input Supplier Producer Storage Transporter Traders Consumer

Source: Authors illustration

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MAPPING ACTORS ALONG VALUE CHAINS: INTEGRATING VISUAL NETWORK RESEARCH AND PARTICIPATORY STATISTICS INTO VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS

6.2. Mapping actor networks: making invisible The use of visual research approaches has proven useful in
work visible building up a shared understanding within the community
Within a relatively short time, the research participants were as well as between the community and the research team.
able to paint a coherent picture (i.e. map) of how the fodder In a country that has one of the lowest literacy rates in the
value chains function in their respective communities and world, visual research approaches seem highly relevant when
how a variety of actors are embedded in those value chains. conducting research with, and learning from, local communities.

The two communities had different levels of market access. 6.3. Upgrading strategies: local perspectives on
While the community in Thiou had a small village market and fodder value chains
good road access to a larger market, the other community Priorities for intervention are mainly seen by the communities
in Pogoro-Silmimossin experienced challenges in selling in relation to inputs for production and productivity. The two
and buying fodder due to poor road conditions and the communities identified knowledge about farming techniques
cost of transport. The community with better market access and access to inputs as the two main challenges to improving
also had a more developed and differentiated fodder value fodder production and ultimately fodder availability. The
chain with specific institutions and actors for the collection community identified two priorities for improving fodder
of fodder as well as facilities for processing and storage. production. These were; enabling access to farming inputs,
In both communities, upstream value chain activities close especially fodder seeds that are adapted to the challenging
to the production segment (e.g. harvesting, processing, growing conditions in the Sahelian agro-ecological zone, in
storing) are mostly done by the producers themselves but combination with training on production techniques.
occasionally also collectively within the community.
During discussion of the fodder value chain maps with the
Especially during times of crisis, horizontal cooperative communities, it became evident that upgrading strategies
linkages seem to play an important role in the two often go beyond the means available to community members.
communities. Horizontal linkages within the community It is therefore necessary to consider contextual factors and
include relationships of solidarity, where community the potential role of supporting actors for upgrading fodder
members help each other when there is a shortage of fodder, value chains. At the moment, a few associations and NGOs
but also include mutually beneficial exchange relations, such (i.e. supporting actors) are involved in capacity building. To
as fodder for manure. In contrast producers’ linkages to unlock the potential of fodder value chains in the study area,
actors further down-stream in the value chain (e.g. traders, extension services, associations, NGOs and local government
transporters) are rather characterized by market or ‘arms- would need to play a stronger role and better coordinate their
length’ relationships, where fodder is exchanged for cash. development efforts.

7. CONCLUSIONS
Value chain mapping can be an important means to better collecting and analyzing data on complex issues in an
understand what opportunities and/or constraints producers engaging way.
face if they are to benefit from participating in value chains. ƒƒ Participatory statistics helped generate numbers that are
The combination of value chain mapping with visual network locally grounded, enabling the comparison of the influence
research approaches and participatory statistics, has the of actors in the value chain.
potential to complement existing value chain analysis ƒƒ The mapping underscored the importance of temporal
approaches and to generate new insights that would be dynamics in shaping fodder transactions as well as the
difficult to obtain using traditional questionnaire surveys alone. strategies used by actors to cope with those dynamics.
ƒƒ Horizontal linkages within the community, play an important
The pilot study from Burkina Faso illustrates the feasibility of role during times of crisis when there is a shortage of
co-generating valuable insights about complex and dynamic fodder and community members help each other.
fodder value chains together with local stakeholders, ƒƒ Research participants perceived knowledge about fodder
including: production and access to inputs as the main challenges
for improving fodder production and ultimately fodder
ƒƒ Data collection can be timely and cost effective, using availability.
simple materials during participatory mapping to create a ƒƒ The value chain mapping also revealed that developing
comprehensive description and documentation of a value fodder value chains and improving fodder availability
chain and the actors involved. requires access to resources and networks that are often
ƒƒ Research participants were able to draw a coherent beyond the reach of local fodder producers.
picture (i.e. map) of how fodder value chains function and
how actors are situated in those value chains. The mapping approach presented here links value chain
ƒƒ Visual research approaches have proven useful for mapping to participatory statistics and visual network

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research. While these approaches have distinct traditions to grapple with complex systems such as value chains.
and differences, there are also numerous overlaps and Participatory and visual research approaches also allow local
opportunities for drawing insights and inspiration from people that have unique and context specific knowledge to
these different strands of literature and research practices. inform project planning and policy. Developing methodologies
Participatory statistics, visual and network research can can take time, patience and creativity. Allowing time for the
complement other research approaches such as interviews development and testing of methodological innovations in
and questionnaires commonly applied in value chain the early stages is a necessary condition for quality, speed
analysis. in later applications, and overall cost-effectiveness. The kind
of participatory and visual research methods presented
The creative combination and methodologically sound here are not yet in the mainstream of professional practice,
integration of various existing qualitative and quantitative but they have the potential to inform policy and practice in
research approaches provide interesting opportunities significant ways.

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MAPPING ACTORS ALONG VALUE CHAINS: INTEGRATING VISUAL NETWORK RESEARCH AND PARTICIPATORY STATISTICS INTO VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS

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ANNEX
TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF THE MAPPING PROCESS.

STEPS TASK GUIDING QUESTIONS

STAGE 1 DRAWING THE VALUE CHAIN MAP

1 Activities Arrange value chain activities to What activities are necessary from production to consumption?
provide an orientation on the map.
2 Actor Write actors on post-its and Who are the key actors involved in the value chain?
place them on the map.
3 Links Draw different types of linkages What links are important to understand how the value chain operates?
between actors.
4 Context Write contextual factors on sticky What factors outside the value chain are important to consider?
notes and place them on the map.

STAGE 2 ANALYZING & INTERPRETING THE VALUE CHAIN MAP

5 Participatory Quantify analytical dimensions What analytical dimension(s) would benefit from participatory numbers?
statistics using participatory statistics.
6 Validation Summarize, discuss and Does the map represent participant’s reality adequately?
triangulate emerging findings.
7 Upgrading Identify and rank upgrading strategies. What upgrading strategies are most effective to increase the
strategies benefits and reduce risks for participating in the value chain?

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Source: Zakaria Ouedraogo

About WLE
The CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems (WLE) combines the resources of 11 CGIAR
centers, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the RUAF Foundation, and numerous
national, regional and international partners to provide an integrated approach to natural resource management
research. WLE promotes a new approach to sustainable intensification in which a healthy functioning ecosystem is seen
as a prerequisite to agricultural development, resilience of food systems and human well-being. This program is led by
the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) and is supported by CGIAR, a global research partnership for a
food-secure future.

About the Research for Development (R4D) Learning Series

The WLE Research for Development (R4D) Learning Series is one of the main publication channels of the
program. Papers within the series present new thinking, ideas and perspectives from WLE research with a focus
on the implications for development and research into use. Papers are based on finalized research or emerging
research results. In both instances, papers are peer-reviewed and findings are based on sound scientific evidence
and data, though these might be incomplete at the time of publication.

The series features findings from WLE research that emphasizes a healthy functioning ecosystem as being a
prerequisite to sustainable intensification, resilience of food systems and human well-being. The series brings
together multi-disciplinary research, global synthesis and findings that have implications for development
practitioners and decision makers at various levels.

CGIAR Research Program on Water, Land and Ecosystems

International Water Management Institute (IWMI)
127 Sunil Mawatha, Pelawatta
Battaramulla, Sri Lanka
Email: [email protected]
Website: wle.cgiar.org ISSN 2522-7106 (Print)
Thrive Blog: wle.cgiar.org/thrive ISSN 2522-7076 (Online)
ISBN 978-92-9090-857-9
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