ROLE OF INTERNET TECHNOLOGY IN THE FUTURE

MOBILE DATA SYSTEM

Role of internet technology in future mobile data system

INDEX

ABSTACT…………………………………………………….03-04

1. INTODUCTION……………………………………………………05-06

2. ADVANTAGES OF INTERNET……………………….…………..07

3. DISADVANGES OF INTERNET…………………………………07-08

4. ROLE OF INTERNET……………………………………………..08-09

5. 4G NETWORKS……………………………………………………09-10

6. BREIF HISTORY OF GENERATIONS………………………….10-14

7. MAIN CHALLENGES …………………………………………….14-17

8. ARCHITECTURE…………………………………………………17-19

9. HANDOFF MECHANISM…………………………………………20-22

10.MOBILE IPV6……………………………………………………22-26

11.MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES…………………………….26-28

12.MC-CDMA…………………………………………………………28-29

13.MULTIMEDIA-VIDEO SERVICES…………………………………29

14.APPILACATION OF 4G…………………………………………30-31

15.SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION……………………………………32

16.RECOMMENDATION…………………………………………..…..33

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Role of internet technology in future mobile data system

ABSTRACT

The Internet has dramatically changed the way America communicates and does

business. Between 1991 to 1999, the number of domain names with an IP address

rose from almost zero in 1991 to by 45,000,000 by 1999. From the consumer's

standpoint, the Internet offers the ability to interact with health practitioners online

and easily access health-related information. It’s no wonder, then, that more people

use the Internet to gather information about health- related topics than any other

subject. However, there are numerous barriers that might inhibit telehealth growth on

the Internet, including growing delays, costs, and lack of security, reliability and

availability on a worldwide basis. The development of Internet2 might help address

some of these barriers. Internet2 is a joint venture by academia, the federal

government and industry. This group is using a new high-speed backbone network

with a core sub network consisting of a 2.4-Gbps, 13,000-mile research network to

test Internet applications (for example, Internet Protocol (IP) multicasting,

differentiated service levels, and advanced security). It will also allow researchers to

test and resolve problems such as bandwidth constraints, quality and security issues.

In the tele-health industry, wireless technology is most commonly used for telemetry

and emergency medical services. However, in countries that have adapted to digital

wireless phone systems faster than the United States, the future of wireless

technology is already available. For example, in Japan, Nippon Telephone &

Telegraph will provide Internet e-mail access via its wireless phone services to 1

million customers. This year, Japanese companies will also introduce a mobile

videophone to its local markets that can transmit live video at 32 kbps. In the

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Role of internet technology in future mobile data system

Netherlands, Nokia has already introduced the Nokia 9110 Communicator, which can

link to a digital camera; store images, and then e-mail them. Nokia's Communicator

will be available in the United States within in the next year, but mobile videophones

may not be for several years.

Companies in the United States have already have introduced wireless handheld

computers, such as the Palm Series and its competitors. More recently, mobile phone

providers, such as Sprint PCS, have introduced products with the ability to access limited

Web pages for text information but direct access to the Web and its graphics is not yet

possible without appropriate technical standards. However, a standard called the Wireless

Application Protocol (WAP) is already under development. WAP is a way of converting

information on Internet Web sites into a form that can be displayed on a mobile hand-

held phone device. The advent of so-called microbrewers may still be a few years away,

because mobile systems currently do not have the capacity to support high-speed

connections with the Internet. Once faster speeds are available, WAP proponents believe

that consumers will be able to get message notification and call management, electronic

mail, mapping and location services, weather and traffic alerts, sports and financial

services, address book and directory services, and corporate intranet applications on their

hand-held devices. Due to the increase in demand for speed, multimedia support and

other resources, the wireless world is looking forward for a new generation technology to

replace the third generation. This is where the fourth generation wireless communication

comes into play. 4g wireless communication is expected to provide better speed, high

capacity, lower cost and ip based services. The main aim of 4g wireless is to replace the

current core technology with a single universal technology based on ip.

Key words: 4g, networking, gsm, wireless, internet technology.

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Role of internet technology in future mobile data system

I. INTRODUCTION

The internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the standard

internet protocol suit (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of

networks that consist of millions of private, public, academic, business and government

networks, of local to global scope, that are linked with a broad array of electronics, wireless

and optical networking technologies. The internet carries an extensive range of information

resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web

(www) and the infrastructure to support email.

Most tradition communication media including telephone, music, film and television are

being reshaped or redefined by the internet, given birth to a ne services such as Voice over

Internet Protocol (VoIP) and Internet Protocol Television (IPTV). Newspaper, book and

other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging and

web feeds. The internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of human interactions

through instant messaging, internet forms, and social networking. Online shopping has
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Role of internet technology in future mobile data system

boomed both major retail outlets and small artisans and traders. Business-to-business and

financial services on the internet affects supply chain across entire industries.

The origins of internet reach back to research commissioned by the United States

government in the 1960s to build robust, fault-tolerant communication via computer

networks. The funding of a US, backbone the National Science Foundation in the 1980s, as

privat5e funding for other commercial backbones, led to worldwide participation in the of

new networking technologies, and the merging of many networks. The commercialization of

what is by 1990s an international network resulting in its popularization and incorporation

into virtually every aspect of modern human life. As of June 2012, more than 2.4 billion

people over a third of the worlds human population have used the service of the internet.

Mobile telephony and the Internet are the fastest growing businesses in the

telecommunications market. This is why most operators and service providers are looking

after the development of new services in both sectors, and newcomers are expected to enter

the arena. The mobile operators foresee an increasing share of their revenues coming from

new data services, while Internet service providers are attracted to wireless technology and

mobility services both to reduce costs within the last-mile segment and to enrich their market

share, providing ubiquitous access to the Internet and corporate intranets. In this scenario

several wireless overlay networks will coexist, and their interworking will be a challenging

objective. The employment of Internet technology, with its novel mobility and security

extensions, seems to be the most attractive option for achieving that goal. In addition, the

migration to a full IP network architecture, even within each specific wireless domain, will

be another promising opportunity, already under consideration within several technical and

standardization bodies. The envisioned role of Internet technology makes it worthwhile to

undertake significant research efforts on the development of innovative IP-based mobile data

systems, and opens promising opportunities for both telcos and Internet service providers.

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Role of internet technology in future mobile data system

II. ADVANTAGES OF INTERNET

 Provides fast communication channel kike email, instant messaging, file transfer and

file sharing. With this, users will be able to communicate effectively and can serve time and

effort.

 Provides latest news and online references. Most of the newspapers today are now

online. Users can browse the internet websites to read the latest news, research online

encyclopedias, and join forums to learn new things from other people. With this, accessing

information is faster.

 Provides entertainment like uploaded movies, movie guides, video streaming, and

music download. Users can no listen to online radio stations and download the song they

want.

 Provides commerce services like online shopping, travel bargains, plane schedules,

and buy and sell. With e-commerce, users can buy items online by just using their credit card

or any form of bank transactions and without the need to go the mall. They can just wait for

the items to be delivered to their doorstep.

 Provides jobs to people who want to make money online like buy and sell services,

blogs and web design.

I. DISADVANTAGES OF INTERNET

 There is a lot of wrong information on the internet. Anyone can post anything, and

much of it is garbage.

 There are predators that hangout on the internet waiting to get unsuspecting people in

dangerous situations.

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Role of internet technology in future mobile data system

 Some people are getting addicted to the internet and thus causing problems with their

interactions of friends and loved ones.

 Pornography that can get into the hands of young children too easily.

 Easy to waste a lot of time on the internet. You can start surfing and then realize far

more time has passed than you realized. Internet and television together of added to the more

sedentary lifestyles of people which further exacerbate the obesity problem.

 Internet has a lot of “cheater” sites. People can buy essays and pass them off as their

own far more easily than they used to be able to do.

 There are a a lot of unscrupulous businesses that have sprung up on the internet to

take advantage of people.

 Hackers can create viruses that can get into your personal computer and ruin valuable

data.

 Hackers can use the internet for identity theft.

 It can be quite depressing to be on the internet and realize just how uneducated some

people have become in today’s society.

II. ROLE OF INTERNET

With the use of internet, it is possible to transfer unit/receive information containing images,

graphics, sound and videos. ISP industry can offer services as :

 Linking consumers and business via internet.

 Monitoring/maintaining consumers’ websites.

 Network management/systems integration.

 Backbone access services for other ISPs.

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Role of internet technology in future mobile data system

 Managing online purchase and payment systems.

The internet is designed to be definitely extendible and the reliability of internet primarily

depends on the quality of the service providers equipments.

III. 4G NETWORKS

The 4G technologies are all about improving the performance of today’s mobile networks,

and also revolutionizing the model to create a truly ultra broadband mobile experience.

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Role of internet technology in future mobile data system

WHY MOVE TOWARDS 4G

 Limitatio9n to meet expectations of applications like multimedia, full motion video,

wireless teleconferencing.

 Wider Bandwidth.

 Difficult to move and inter operate due to different standards hampering global

mobility and service portability.

 Limitations in applying recent advances in spectrally more efficient modulation

schemes.

 Need all digital networks to fully utilize IP and converged video and data

IV. BRIEF HISTORY OF GENERATIONS

FIRST GENERATION: 1G as based on analog technology and basically intended for

analog phones. It as launched in the early 1980s. it introduced the first basic framework for

mobile communication like the basic architecture, frequency multiplexing, roaming concept

etc. access techno9logy used as AMPS?(Advanced Mobile Phone Service)

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Role of internet technology in future mobile data system

SECOND GENERATION: 2G was a revolution that marked the switching of mobile

communication technology from analog to digital. It was introduced in the late 1980s and it

adopted digital signal processing techniques. GSM was one of the main attractive sides of 2G

and it introduced the concept of SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) cards. Main access

technologies were CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) and GSM (Global System of

mobile communication.

2.5 GENERATION: 2.5G as basically an extension of 2G with packet switching

incorporated to 2G. It implemented hybrid communication which connected the internet to

mobile communications.

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Role of internet technology in future mobile data system

THIRD GENERATION: The basic idea of 3G is to deploy new systems with new

services instead of just provide higher bandwidth and data rate. Support for multimedia

transmission is another striking feature of 3G. it employs both circuit switching and packet

switching strategies. The main access technologies are CDMA (Code division Multiple

Access), WCDMA (Wideband CDMA), and TSCDMA (Time Division Synchronous

CDMA).

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Role of internet technology in future mobile data system

LIMITATIONS OF 3G

Some of the reasons for a new generation of mobile communication are as follows:

 Difficulty of Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) to provide higher data rates.

 Need for continuously increasing data rate and bandwidth to meet the multimedia

requirements.

 Limitations of spectrum its allocation.

 Inability to roam between different services.

 To provide a seamless transport end-to-end mechanism.

 To introduce a better system with reduced cost.

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Role of internet technology in future mobile data system

SOME MAIN DESIRED FEATURES OF 4G

 HIGH USABILITY AND GLOBAL ROAMING: The end user terminals should

be compatible with any technology, at any time, any here in the world. The basic idea is that

the user should be able to take his mobile to any place, for example, from a place that uses

CDMA to another place that employs GSM.

 MULTIMEDIA SUPPORT: The user should be able to receive high data rate

multimedia services. This demands higher bandwidth and higher data rate.

 PERSONALIZATION: This means that any type of person should be able to access

the service. The service providers should be able to provide customized services to different

type of user.

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Role of internet technology in future mobile data system

V. MAIN CHALLENGES

To achieve desired features listed above, researchers have to solve some of the main

challenges that 4G is facing. The main challenges are described below.

 MULTIMEDIA USER TERMINALS: In order to access deferent kind of services

and technologies, the user terminal should be able to configure themselves in different

modes. This eliminates the needs for multiple terminals. Adoptive techniques like smart

antennas and software radio have been proposed for achieving terminal mobility.

 WIRELESS SYSTEM DISCOVERY AND SELECTION: The main idea behind

this is that user terminal should be able to select the desired wireless system the system could

be LAN, GPS, GSM, etc. One proposed solution for this is to use software radio approach

where the internet scans for the best network and then it downloads the required software and

configure themselves or access the particular network.

 TERMINAL MOBILITY: This is one of the biggest issues the researchers are

facing. Terminal mobility allows the user to roam across different geographical areas that

uses different technologies. There are two important issues related to terminal mobility. One

location management where the system has to locate the position of the mobile for providing

service. Another important issue is hand off management. In the traditional mobile system,

only horizontal hand off has to be performed. Here as in 4G systems both horizontal and

vertical hand off should be performed. As shown in the figure below, horizontal hand off is

performed hen a mobile move from one cell to another and vertical hand off is performed

hen a mobile moves between two wireless systems.

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Role of internet technology in future mobile data system

Hand off Mechanisms

 PERSONAL MOBILITY: Personal mobility deals with the mobility of

the user rather than the user terminals. The idea behind this is, no matter here the user is

located and what device he is using, he should be able to access his messages.

 SECURITY AND PRIVACY: The existing security measures for

wireless systems are inadequate for 4G systems. The existing security systems designed for

specific services. This does not provide flexibility for the users and as flexibility is one of the

main concerns for 4G, new security systems has to be introduced.

 FAULT TOLERANCE: As we know, fault tolerant systems are

becoming more popular throughout the world. The existing wireless system structure has a

free like topology and hence if one of the components surfers damage, the whole system goes

down. This is not desirable in case of 4G. Hence one of the main issues is to design a fault

tolerant system for 4G.

 BILLING SYSTEM: 3G mostly follow2s a flat rate billing system

based where the user is charged just by a single operator for his usage according to call

duration, transfer data etc. but in 4G wireless systems, the user might switch between
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Role of internet technology in future mobile data system

different service providers and may use different services. In this case, it is hard for both the

users and service providers to deal with separate bills. Hence the operators have to design a

billing architecture that provides a single bill to the user for all the services he has used.

Moreover the bill should be fair to all kinds of users.

VI. ARCHITECTURE

 ARCHITECTURAL CORE

4G wireless system is expected to be built on an IP based core network for global routine

along with more customized local area network that supports dynamic hand off mechanisms

and Ad-hoc routing. Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) is the standardized IP based mobility protocol for

IPv6. In 4G, LANs will be installed every here like in trains, vehicles etc or might be formed

in an Ad-hoc basis by random collection of devices that happens to come in a specific radio

range. New routing protocols have to be designed for such systems. In come in a specific

radio range. New routing protocols have to be designed for such systems. In 4G mobile

systems, each termi8nal is assigned a home agent, which has a permanent home address.

When terminal moves to another location it obtains a new temporary address called the care

-of address. The user terminal regularly updates the home agent with its current care-of

address. If the user is at home, another device can communicate with the user using its home

IP address. When the user moves to some other location communication is carried out using

another procedure. If a host wants to communicate with t5he user, it first sends a set up

message to the user’s home agent (which the host knows). The home agent knows the care-of

address of the user to the host so that future messages can be sent directly to the user.

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Role of internet technology in future mobile data system

 PROPOSED ARCHITECTURES

MULTIMODE DEVICES: In this configuration, a single terminal employs multiple

interfaces to access different wireless system. The requirement for this scheme is that the

devices should incorporate the required hardware necessary to access the different

technologies. The flaw with this is that it increases the complexity of the user device which

might make it more expensive to the common user. One advantage of this architecture is that

it does not require any network modification or internetworking devices. The QOS handling

for this type of architecture still remains an open issue.

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Role of internet technology in future mobile data system

OVERLAY NETWORK: In this type of architecture a user can access overlay networks

which consist of several UAP (Universal Access Point). The UAP selects an access point

depending on user choice, availability and desired QOS. In this case the overlay network

performs the major operations such as hand off, frequency translation, content adaptation etc,

instead of the terminal performing it. So the overlay network will suffer an increase in

complexity.

COMMON ACCESS PROTOCOL: The architecture can be used if a wireless network can

support one or two different protocols. One solution to this is to use wireless ATM

(Asynchronous Transfer Mode), which might need internetworking between different

networks. To implement this all networks must be capable of transmitting ATM cells with

additional headers. This allows the user to communicate with different wireless networks

using the same protocol.

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 Role of internet technology in future mobile data system

VII. HANDS OFF MECHANISMS

As cited in section ii, performing vertical hand off is one of the challenges faced by

researchers working on 4G. Vertical hand off is the hand off performed when a user switches

from one network to a totally different network. These section discuses some of the proposed

schemes for performing vertical hand offs. One major issue in hand off is reducing the hand

over latency. Whenever a mobile node moves to a new location, it takes some time to

establish a care-of address and to inform the home agent its new care-of address. This

accounts for the hand over latency which is undesirable.

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Role of internet technology in future mobile data system

Cellular networks are composed of cells, each of which is capable of providing

telecommunications services to subscribers roaming within them. Each cell can only serve up to a

certain area and number of subscribers. Thus, when any of these two limits is reached, a handoff

ensues.

For instance, if a subscriber moves out of the coverage area of a particular cell while entering

another, a handoff takes place between the two cells. The cell that served the call prior to the

handoff is relieved of its duties, which are then transferred to the second cell. A handoff may also

be triggered when the number of subscribers using a particular cell has already reached the cell’s

maximum limit (capacity).

Such a handoff is possible because the reach of the cell sites serving these cells can sometimes

overlap. Thus, if a subscriber is within an overlapping area, the network may opt to transfer one

subscriber's call to the cell involved in the overlap.

Sometimes a handoff can take place even if no limit is breached. For example, suppose that a

subscriber initially inside the jurisdiction of a large cell (served by an umbrella-type cell site)

enters the jurisdiction of a smaller cell (one served by a micro cell). The subscriber can be handed

off to the smaller cell in order to free up capacity on the larger one.

Handoffs may be classified into two types:

 Hard Handoff: Characterized by an actual break in the connection while switching from

one cell or base station to another. The switch takes place so quickly that it can hardly be

noticed by the user. Because only one channel is needed to serve a system designed for

hard handoffs, it is the more affordable option. It is also sufficient for services that can

allow slight delays, such as mobile broadband Internet.

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 Role of internet technology in future mobile data system

 Soft Handoff: Entails two connections to the cell phone from two different base stations.

This ensures that no break ensues during the handoff. Naturally, it is more costly than a

hard handoff.

VIII. MOBILE IPV6

When a mobile moves from its home to another location, it obtains a new care-of address by

contacting the subnet of that particular network. When a mobile node moves from one

network to another, it detects the new subnet by analyzing the router. By using the subnet of

the new network, which the mobile gets from the router advertisement, the mobile node

configure itself a new care-of address. The mobile then needs to verify if there is any

duplicate address in the same radio range. So it performs the DAD (Duplicate Address

Detection) process and it scans the neighborhood for any duplicate address. If the mobile

duplicate address, it has to reconfigure itself a new care-of address. Once a new care-of

address is obtained, the mobile updates the home agent with its new care-of address. The

problem with this hand off scheme is that, to perform DAD, the mobile takes a lot of time.

This increase the hand over latency. One solution to this problem is that the mobile should

perform the DAD operation in parallel with its communication.

Mobile IPv6 is an IETF standard that has added the roaming capabilities of mobile nodes in IPv6

network. RFC 3775 has described this standard in detail. The major benefit of this standard is that

the mobile nodes (as IPv6 nodes) change their point-of-attachment to the IPv6 Internet without

changing their IP address.

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Role of internet technology in future mobile data system

This allows mobile devices to move from one network to another and still maintain existing

connections. Although Mobile IPv6 is mainly targeted for mobile devices, it is equally applicable

for wired environments. .

The need for Mobile IPv6 is necessary because the mobile nodes in fixedIPv6 network cant

maintain the previously connected link (using the address assigned from the previously connected

link) when changing location.

To accomplish the need for mobility, connections to mobile IPv6 nodes are made (without user

interaction) with a specific address that is always assigned to the mobile node, and through which

the mobile node is always reachable. Mobile IPv6 is expected to be used in IP over WLAN,

WiMAX or BWA.

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Role of internet technology in future mobile data system

HIERARCHICAL MOBILE IPV6

The main idea behind this scheme is to reduce the signaling load between the mobile and the

home agent there by reducing the hand of latency. The global internet is divided into regions

defining local area mobility. These domains are generally managed by a unique

administrative authority. Each domain is connected to the internet through a mobility anchor

point. When a mobile first enters a domain it has to regionally register with that domain to

advertize to it home agent its new localization. When the mobile moves across different

access routers in the domain, it has to send a local registration to the mobility anchor point to

update its localization. So the communication load between the mobile and the home agent is

reduced since the mobility anchor point anchor as the home agent.

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Role of internet technology in future mobile data system

Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) is the proposed enhancement of Mobile Internet Protocol

versions 6 ( MIPv6 ) that is designed to reduce the amount of signaling required and to improve

handoff speed for mobile connections. HMIPv6 is a proposed standard from the Internet

Engineering Task Force ( IETF ). MIPv6 defines a means of managing global (between-site)

mobility, but doesn't address the issue of local (within-site) mobility separately. Instead, it uses the

same mechanisms in both cases, which is an inefficient use of resources in the case of local

mobility. HMIPv6 adds another level, built on MIPv6, that separates local from global mobility. In

HMIPv6, global mobility is managed by the MIPv6 protocols, while local handoffs are managed

locally.

A new node in HMIPv6 called the Mobility Anchor Point (MAP) serves as a local entity to aid in

mobile handoffs. The MAP, which replaces MIPv4's foreign agent , can be located anywhere

within a hierarchy of routers. In contrast to the foreign agent, there is no requirement for a MAP to

reside on each subnet. The MAP helps to decrease handoff-related latency because a local MAP

can be updated more quickly than a remote home agent .

Using MIPv6, a mobile node sends location updates to any node it corresponds with each time it

changes its location, and at intermittent intervals otherwise. This involves a lot of signaling and

processing, and requires a lot of resources. Furthermore, although it is not necessary for external

hosts to be updated when a mobile node moves locally, these updates occur for both local and

global moves. By separating global and local mobility, HMIPv6 makes it possible to deal with

either situation appropriately.

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Role of internet technology in future mobile data system

HIERARCHICAL MIPv6 ARCHITECTURE

Hierarchical MIPv6 operates in two modes. When a mobile enters a visited domain, it must

perform a home registration in which the mobile informs the mobility anchor point its home

address. Then when the mobile moves within the cell, it switches between two modes, the

basic mode and the extended mode. In mode, the mobile station has two addresses, a regional

care-of address based on the mobility anchor point prefix and an on-link care-of address

based on the current access router prefix. Hence the mobility anchor point acts as the home

agent. It takes the packet destine for the regional care-of address and tunnels them to the on-

link care-of address. These operations are totally transparent to the home agent. But not

every mobile may be able to obtain a regional care-of address. In this case, it works in

extended mode where the regional address may any one of the mobility anchor point

addresses. The mobility anchor point stores a table of the mobiles. When it receives a packet

destined to a mobile, it de-tunnels and then re-tunnels it to the current care-of address.

IX. MULTIPLE ACCESS TECHNIQUES

3G wireless multiple access techniques were widely based on CDMA and WCDMA. But

4Gdemands a better multiple access technique for reducing the MAI (Multiple Access

Interference) and ISI (Inter Symbol Interference) and this improves the bit error rate

performance. MC-CDMA is the best candidate that would satisfy the demands of 4G

wireless systems. Moreover adoptive modulation techniques have been proposed for 4G,

where the modulation scheme is changed dynamically based on the current channel

estimates. MC-CDMA is the hybrid combination of OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing) and CDMA, MC-CDMA with adaptive modulation promises to meet the

demands of 4G regarding high data rate with a lower BER (Bit Error Rate).

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Role of internet technology in future mobile data system

OFDM has the capability to cancel multi- path distortion in a spectrally efficient manner.

Rapid variation in channel characteristics are caused by multi-path and Doppler spread (due

to the different speeds of mobile). Sometimes these time varying channels are characterized

by very good SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio), but worse SNR at other times. So a fixed

modulation technique cannot achieve the best spectral efficiency as the system has to be built

with a modulation scheme considering the worst case scenario. Hence during good channel

conditions the system would not be able to obtain the best possible spectral efficiency. This

is where adaptive modulation shows its role. Adaptive modulation techniques takes

advantage of the time varying channel characteristics and adjust the transmission power, data

rate, coding and modulation scheme for the best spectral efficiency.

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Role of internet technology in future mobile data system

X. MC-CDMA

The basic idea of CDMA is to maintain a sense of orthogonality among the users in order to

eliminate the MAI. This is done by employing orthogonal spreading codes to spread the data

sequence. In MC-CDMA these spreading codes are defined in the frequency domain pseudo

orthogonal codes can be used instead of orthogonal codes, thus increasing the number of

users that can be accommodated. But pseudo orthogonal codes can increase MAI since the

spreading codes are not fully orthogonal.

Multi-carrier code-division multiple accesses (MC-CDMA) is a multi access

scheme used in OFDM-based telecommunication systems, allowing the system to support multiple

users at the same time over same frequency band

MC-CDMA spreads each user symbol in the frequency domain. That is, each user symbol is

carried over multiple parallel subcarriers, but it is phase-shifted (typically 0 or 180 degrees)

according to a code value. The code values differ per subcarrier and per user. The receiver
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Role of internet technology in future mobile data system

combines all subcarrier signals, by weighing these to compensate varying signal strengths and

undo the code shift. The receiver can separate signals of different users, because these have

different (e.g. orthogonal) code values.

Since each data symbol occupies a much wider bandwidth (in hertz) than the data rate (in bit/s), a

ratio of signal to noise-plus-interference (if defined as signal power divided by total noise plus

interference power in the entire transmission band) of less than 0 dB is feasible.

XI. MULTIMEDIA-VIDEO SERVICES

4G wireless systems are expected to deliver efficient multimedia services at very high data

rates. Basically, there are two types of video services: bursting and streaming video services.

Streaming is performed when a user requires real time video services, in which the server

delivers data continuously at a play back rate streaming has little memory requirement as

compared to bursting. The drawback of streaming video is that it does not take advantage of

available bandwidth. Even if the entire system bandwidth is available for the user, streaming

video service will transmit data only at downloading using a buffer and this is done at the

highest data rate taking advantage of the whole available bandwidth. The flow with this type

of transmission is that it demands a large memory requirement. So work is being done to

come up a new scheme that limits the memory requirements and can exploit the available

bandwidth of the system.

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XII. APPLICATIONS OF 4G

The use of the 4G service will be very similar to that of the 3G service whilst offering much

higher data transfer rates and therefore allowing either more speed intensive applications or

more users to experience good speeds whilst only connected through 1 carrier. Applications

could include:

 VIRTUAL PRESENCE: This means that 4G provides user services at times, even if

the user can access a database of the streets, buildings etc of large cities. This requires high

speed data transmission.

 TELE-MEDICINE: 4G will support remote health monitoring of patients. A user

need not go to the hospital and can get video conference assistance for a doctor at anytime

and anywhere.

 TELE-GEOPROCESSING APPLICATIONS: This is a combination of GIS

(Geographical Information System) and GPS (Global Positioning System) in which a user

can get the location by querying.

 CRISIS MANAGEMENT: Natural disasters can cause breakdown in

communication systems. In today’s world it might take days or weeks to restore the system.

But in 4G it is expected to restore such crisis issues in a few hours.

 EDUCATION: For people who are interested in lifelong education, 4G provides a

good opportunity. People anywhere in the world can continue their education online in a cost

effective manner.

 MULTI MODE SOFTWARE APPLICATION: 4G technology has a unique

application of accessing several wireless networks. It is capable of high level of

customization at the user-level end. This feature integrates the infrastructure of Emerging

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Fields in 4G Technology, its Applications & Beyond-An Overview 255 all available

networks and steadily it will be easier for users to access services and applications regardless

of the environment. One can easily access different mobile and wireless networks

simultaneously. Multimode software is a software that allows the user device to adapt itself

to various wireless interfaces networks in order to provide constant net access with high data

(packet based) rate. Once the voice and data networks are superposed there will suddenly be

millions of new devices on the network cloud. This will require either reconstruction of the

address space for the entire Internet or using different address spaces for the existing wireless

networks. The multimode device architecture may improve call completion and expand

effective coverage area. Video Network Coding for 4G Wireless networks: High Definition

(HD) demand is increasing day by day more than that of the bandwidth support available.

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XIII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The evolution of mobile data services outlines a trend towards the coexistence of a variety of

wireless overlay networks managed by several actors and covering both indoor and outdoor

environments. The internet technology, with its novel mobility and security extensions,

appears to be the most attractive for the interworking between wireless data networks, as it

has proved for the wired data networks since the past two decades.

The migration to a full IP network architecture even within each specific wireless domain

will be another promising opportunity, already under consideration within technical and

standardization bodies anywhere, it5 is foreseen that the deployment of a full IP wireless

network will be feasible in the medium/short term only in indoor environments or in the case

of newcomer operators. Established PLMN operators, which are delivering voice services

over densely populated areas, will probably, face the migration to full IP network

architectures only in the longer term. The envisioned role of internet technology makes it

worthwhile to undertake significant research efforts on the development of innovative IP

based mobile data systems and opens promising opportunities for both Telco’s and ISPs. The

mobile telephone operators will have the chance to enter the internet market providing

wireless access to third party IP networks or becoming themselves full internet ISPs. The

ISPs will have the opportunity to offer seamless mobility services either by themselves or

relying on existing wireless infrastructures provided by traditional operators. Finally, a

significant level of integration between the mobile data services deployed by the mobile

telephone operators and the internet service providers is likely to place in the near future

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XIV. RECOMMENDATION

The internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies

for access and usage; each constituent network sets its own policies. Only the overreaching

definitions of the two principal name spaces in the internet, the internet protocol address

space and the Domain Names System, are directed by a maintainer organization, the Internet

Corporation for Assigned Names and Number4s (ICANN). The technical underpinning and

standardization of the core protocols (IPv6 and IPv6) is an activity of the Internet

Engineering Task Force (IETF), a non-profit profit organization of loosely affiliated

international participants that anyone may associate with by contributing technical expertise.

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