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Matrix

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Matrix

matrix

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ritik sarkar
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= 500 500 { CHAPTER 1 2 504 es 50s 509 { 513 513 6 “S16 Matrix I $76 7 518 518 1 523 ee me : E | : 330 | Matrix algebra provides us an integral part of the mathematical background necessary for various 346 fields of engineering sciences and technology besides diverse feds of mathematics, physics and others. 350 Matrices originated as mere stores of information but now itis found very wide application. Matrix 556 theory has an important relationship with systems of linear equations which occur in many engineering St processes. The state-space representation of linear system models in applied systems engineering and 374 2 control systems involve matrices. In this chapter, baie properties of matrices have been presented. 375 576 _ — DEI iN |ON OF: 665 ry, ‘| DEEINTION OF? ea 377 ‘A matrix is defined as an array of mn numbers, real or complex, in m rows and columns and is 379 written in the form 579 581 an ae 587 4%) on 588 one ine a Ant On 606 on ad Ca 613 ala % ae 626 a as pwn 626 Cm 633 ; 64 . Itis called a matrix of order m x n or an m x¢n matrix and read as m by n matrix, The numbers ay = 1, 67 2 ema} ,2, 1) arvcalled the elements ofthe matrix, ay being the element ying atthe junction 648 of ith row and jth column. 637 Note: (Ifthe elements ay are all real numbers then we say that this matrix A is over the real 661 field, Ifthe elements ay ae all complex numbers then we say that this matix A is over the complex 661 field. 664 | (i) Matrix is an array of numbers, itis not a number. 708 | Gi) (4) yan (44) 0F (an OF Cy] FEPFESRIS short form of mati. m4 j 8 ~ “This chapter isnt included in the WBUT syllabus but is essential forthe study 4 ye / ie. A A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS yoy. quality of matrices equal if and only if they are of same order, i.., “Two matrices (4) and (Dj) pq ane sad to be equal if and only if they m= pym=q and ay = by, forall i,j. 12 Example: If A= ( a5 12 45 DEFINITIONS OF 1. Rectangular matrix we ‘matrix Zolumns, S12 F Example: fj : 3] is a rectangular matrix having two rows and three columns. Buif A 0 ifmen, | Square matrix a ‘A square matrix A = (aj)qxq Of order n x n is said to be a nth order square matrix and the elements 14» 422+ +++ Gyn ate said to form the principal diagonal of this matrix. These elements a, 239, are known as the diagonal elements of A, | 123 i Example: |6 8 4 is a 3rd order square matrix. i 759 ] 34 2 ag (2)) | re law] MATRIX 1 " =BA {using (1)) =A {using 2) | ‘Therefore, A is an idempotent matrix. Also, B= B-B = B-(AB) fusing (1)) | [by associative law] (using (2)] {using (1) ws Let A be a matrix of order m x n, then transpose of A, denoted by AT or A’, is defined as the matrix obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A. Thus if A = (@y))mooys then AT = (@;,)pm 16 15-2 E Example: If A then its transpose A7=| 5 9], 69 4 aa Note: We observe that the element lying at the junction of ith row and jth column of AT is same as the element lying at the junction of jth row and ith column of A. Properties (U7 IEA and B are two matrices, then (@ kA)" = kAT, where kis a scalar (or number) Gi) (aT =A (iii) (A+B)" = AT +B", provided A + Bis defined () (A-By! = AT—B", provided A-B is defined (©) (cA+dB)? = cA” +dB", provided cA + dB is defined, where c, d are scalars (or numbers) (vi) (ABT = BTAT, provided AB is defined. av Ty being identity matrix of order n. ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES ay M2 M3 Cttsample 1: For the matrix A=|a,) az zs |, verity (i) = , 431 32 G33 (ATT =A, (id (cA)? = cAT, where c is a number. Solution: Here 1 dy Oy) 7, ATs] a2 a 32 4 3 ayy nes 12 yay ay Oe AN slay ay ay [=A Ay Ay yy Hence the Verification, yy ey cay Gi) Now, A=] em cay cay My Cy Cay em, cay, cay, My My Ay . * (A) | cay cay dy, |= clazz. ay, | = cA". em cays cays My Ay yy Hence the verification, 13 -2 64 3 o ammtea: th () . ;] o-(f : A verify @ Gay = 347, (i) (A+ BY = AT 4 BT, (i) G— By = aT_ pr, () 2A + 3B)" = 247 4 387 Solution: (i) Here, 13-2) (3 9 -6 0-5 4}>lo -15 12 30 2 7 * GayT=| 9 -15], 3a7= 3] 3 -sla] 9 -15 — -204 — \ oe GA)T = 3a? (Gi) and (iii) 146 344 —a43) wee ABA loa 549 ass)" i o} 3-4 -2-3 -S oa) cas 4-5 ae 61 3 “| 49 35 s(-3 =I = soy -(1 741 (apy =] -1 -14 19 “5-1 HEI [A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATE (yt Agait Solu Natniy t iv) Mere, Again, Clearly Example 3:11 A=|3_ 0 $s Solution: Now, ‘3 to ony) (nt Abyabe} Mat svotefr ad dedyodesy (ho Iso Ont) fos ot Abeta] ded S90] at omy, -2-3 4-5} [+s =I (ey AT enh and (he my AT =n a -2) (6 43 aavane 2! wf 0s A) N95) wf? 6-4), (18 oo o = 8) 3 27 15, 7 G12 449) (20 10427 g4is}" (3 203 QA+3B)" =| 18 17 52 10) (61 2 0) (18 3 ar aan? = 2] a -sieald ole! 6 -10}+)12 27 -2 4) (3 5s} [-4 8) (9 15 2418 #3) (20 3 =| 6412 -10+27] =] 18 17 s449 aes) [5 23 (2A+3B)" = 247 +387 12-1 100 2 [and B= ]2 10}, verify that (Az)! = BTAT. 430 013 12-11 0 0) (14440 042-1 040-3 Ab=|3 0 2{2 1 O]=|3+0+0 0+0+2 +046 45 Off0 1 3) [441040 0+5+0 0+0+0 51-3 a]32 6 Ws 0 14 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS (VOL, q 34 * 205 fl) 6 34 120 | Also, 0 5) ar=0 14 20 903 2 OV 13-4) (14440 34040 441040 2 11120 s}slos2-1 o+o42 0+5+0 © 3-12 0) (ov0-3 o+r046 04040 $314 es] 125 2) 36 0 A square matrix 4 = alee 2. A square mat ef 0 Note: (9 Ina skew-symmetsie matix A = y)ven We have oy =a, therefore ag = sity ay= 0,421, Hence, in a skew-symmetric mat z 2 £ : e z i A _— (We see that in a symmeue matrix, the ‘lements equidistant fro ‘qual in magnitude and sign, In a i +) a for i, ~ay for outing, ements ral are Us are MATRIX 15 ero and the elements equidistant from the principal diagonal are equal in magnitude and ‘opposite in sign. Properties 1, IfA, B are symmetric matrices of same order, then A + B is symmetric, Proof: (4+) = A745" = A+B (ATA, BT=B) 2. The product AB of two symmetric matrices A, B of same order is symmetric if and only if AB = BA. Proof: Let AB be symmetric, then (AB)" = AB, or BTA" = AB, or BA = AB (-: AT = A, BT = B) conversely, let AB = BA, then (AB)” = BTA™ = BA = AB, 3. AAT and ATA are both symmetric for every matrix A of order mx n. Proof: AA’ and ATA are square matrices of orders m and n respectively. Now, (AATF = (AT)TAT = AAT and (ATAYT = ATATY = a7, 4, If A be a square matrix, then A + AT is symmetric and A — AT is skew-symmetric. Proof: (ASATY = AT (ATT = aT 44 = AtAT. (A-ATY = AT (ATT = AT-a = 4A~AT) 5. Any square matrix can be expressed uniquely as a sum of a symmetric matrix and a skew- ‘symmetric matrix. (W.B.U.T, 2006, 2011, 2013) Proof: Let A be a square matrix of order n, then we can write LigsatTytaeaty As S(AtAT)4—(A-A") = BEC, 2 » 2 » Laeat Lacat | where B= L(A a’ = haat, vhere B 2 +A") and C 3 ). 1 Now, aF=(Jasat] = pasa = area , = Sat aay = Data) <8. La-aty = Lat -ay) | Also, 3 L | (AT =A) = -La~a) =-€ Therefore, B is symmetric and C is skew-symmetric, Hence the result. | 6. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then A” is symmetric, Proof: (42)" = (A-A)T = ata? = (-A)-(-A) = a? (ce Ais skew-symmetric) press the following as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric mal S 238 5-46 ei) 2038 Solutions Let 5-46 7414 2057 x ata|3 -4 1 8 64 (. 43 : 2 Now, =| 4-4 2) 2 wor | which is a symmetric matrix. 2 2 1 oat ; if -2 2 2 Also, =g4-A)= 212 0 sla} 1 9 5} \ Ses Onc o which is a skew-symmetric matrix. 202 Clearly Bac 2 48)(o 12 2038 2 2 ie, 5-46-14 -4 Tht 1 9 3) 714 > wor Gf yas? S 2 2 22 age 2: Prove tht PTAP isa symmetric or a skew-symmetic matrix acontng as A is symmetric or skew-symmetric, (WB.U.T: 2009) Solution: Now, (PAP = PM APT = (API PTY = (pT ATyp If. (1) 4 symmetric matrix, then A? = A and from (1), F (PT APY = pl ap. So, PTAP is symmetric Mie or « Fr as Ais © 2009) ol) MATRIX | an IFA is a skew-symmetric matrix, then AT (PTAPY = (PTAP) So, in this case PTAP is skew-symmetric. MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES Example 1: Find the matrices A and B when ALA+B = 287, 34428 142 ease «yA 0B Cte om 124) 1-10 = =A and from (1), b Solution: (j) Here, A + B = 2B7, therefore, 3A + 3B = 6B" o() Also, by question, 34 + 2B = Jy (2) Subtracting (2) from (1), we get B= 687 —1 3) ” BT = (6B -1,)' = 6B" - 1 = 6(8"Y -1, = 68-1, Thus, 6B" = 36B - 61, ‘Adding (3) and (4), we get B+6B" = 6B" -1,+36B-61; or -358 = Ih, to (to) [5 ) 1 & a=1,-40 1 oJ=}0 + S* Alo ot 5 00 100 From (2). we get A=1¢,-28) 0 i OF 3 oo1 \ 2 0 0) ft 5 5 =4}0 1-2 0 |zlo 3 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS (VOL. 1) 18 too | =B=|0 1 0 AzB=|0 5 | = ol) (i) Here 2A +387 = 2) and AT+ B= @) Taking transpose of both sides of (2), we have (ABT = CT or (AT 4BT = CT, or Aan S 3A43BT = 3¢7 -@) Subtracting (1) from (3), we get A= 307-1, = 3/1 tig =ala2 -af 2100 3-1 3-0 =]12-0 6~ 6-0 3 142) (2 12 6) (1 -g 4 From (2), Pec-ar=|t 2al}3 5 3h_|) 3 1) To} \3 3 -} [2 9 Eximplef 1 se Possible (A +B), (A ~B), AB and BA, stating with reasons where the operations are“not possible, when 4 2-1 23 = B=|-3 0 4 (s i i) -15 Solution: Here order ofA is 2x 3 and order of Bis 3 x 2. Since orders of the matrices A and B fre now Same, therefore (A +B) and (A ~ B) are not possible Since the number of columns of A is equal to the numiver of ows of B, therefore AB is defined and 23 apa(4 2-1 3 9]_( 8-641 1240-5 (a 7 “\3-701 a1 5] (6+21-1 94045]" [26 14 4 Al) (2) 3) here the Aand B defined 4) MATRIX | 19 and Also the number of columns of B is equal to the number of rows of A, therefore BA is defined 23 849 4-21 -243 7-171 4 2-1 BA 30 (; 7 i} -12+0 -6+0 34+0|/=|-12 -6 3 -15 —4415 -2-35 9 145 Il -37 6 ‘cos® —sin®’ Example 3: If A (8) = Sin’), then show that sin cos@ x (@A@)-AG@) = AQ)-AO) A@+9) (W.B.U.T. 2006, 2009) (i) AGB) = (A()J", where n is a positive integer. Solution: () —A(®)-AC@) ea “Sse =) sin@ cos@}| sing cos@_ cosScosp-sinBsing ~cos0sing-sindcosp) + = | sin@cosp+cos@sing —sinOsing+cosBcoso _ (mor) | A@+9) m7 “| sin(@+@) — cos(6+9) Similarly, A(g)-A(@) = A(O+9)- * A@-A() = A(Q)-A® = AO+9)- (i Now, A(-8) = A®) = (A@Y. {A@}? = A@-A®) = AC) ‘Therefore, the result is true for n = 1, 2. Let us assume that the result is true for some positive integer m. s {A(@)J" = A(m®) [by assumption] 2) Now, {A@Y"" = (A)]"-AO) = A (em8)-A (8) fby @] _(cosm® -sinm@)(cos® sin * | sinm® —cosm® }\ sin@ cos ‘cosm@cos0—sin mOsin@ +—cos mBsin@—sin mcos® sin mO.cos@+cos m@sin@ —sin m@sin8 +cos mBcos® [putting @ = 6 in (1)) ‘cos(m+1) sin (m-+1)@ = = A(m+08) (sremepe conse] 400229 ‘Therefore ifthe result i true for any positive integer m, then it is also true for m + 1. But we have already seen that the result is tre for 1, 2, therefore, itis true for 2+ 1 =3,341=4,441=Setc. i.e. the result holds good for any positive integer n. 4: A(n®) = {A(@)", where n is a positive integer. Oo A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS [VOL. 1 20 eh / Example 4: If A and B are square matrices of order n, then prove that A and B wil and only if A 2, B -Ad commute for every scalar A. : Solution: (A~2d)(B—M) = (B~AN)(ARl) if and only if if if AB-2(A+B)+HT = BA-2(B+ A)+281 if and only i | veel (cA+B=B+A), AB = BA | o EL Ca ee | Example s:1ta=|0 -2 0lade=|1 0 0} 7 10s and BT Prove that BTAB is a diagonal matrix. s o1 y 0 Solution; BB =| 1 to 1 2 4 92 oy, 14 4A o 4 v2 200 =|% 21 0 ol=| 0 4 of, 1 ee ope ae 006 F a BV Ba : which is a diagonal matrix. | Example § Prove that a square matrix A is involutary if and only if (1+ A) 1-4) = 0, a null | matrix. | Solution: If A is an involutary matrix, then P= 1011 ~A?=0, or PA? =0, . I | or (I+) (1-4) = 0 ( IA=Al= A) A Conversely, if (1+A)(1—A) = 0, then P-IA+AI-A? = 0,01 P42 20 (IA=AD ' ar Le, A is involutary. Aisampte 7: If A and B are symmetric matrices, prove that AB + BA is a symmetric matrix and AB ~ BA is a skew-symmetric matrix. 1 1 Solution: Since A, 8 are symmettic matrices, therefore, AT = A and BT = ) law, st I : pe L = an and a) MATRIX 1 Now, Also, Hence, AB — BA is a skew-symmetric matrix. Example 8: If A and B are two matrices such that AB = A and BA = a (AB+ Bay” = (AB +(BA)" pecan ext 477] beryl =¥7X7] {using (1)} = AB4+ BA ‘Therefore, AB + BA is a symmetric matrix. (AB- Bay" = (ABy" ~(BA (eor-ryf = xT -¥7) = BAT ATR” bequnyt = 7X7) (using (DI then prove that A, AY, B and BT are idempotent matrices. Solution: Here AB=A ...(1), BA=B ..(2) Now, A = (AB)-A (using (1)] ‘Therefore, A is an idempotent matrix. Also, ‘Therefore, B is an idempotent matrix. From (1), we have (ABY" = A, or BTA? = AT ‘Also from (2), we have (BA) = BY, or ATBT = BT (BA) [by associative law] AB {using 2) =A {using (1)) BP = B-B = (BAB {using @ = BAB) {by associative aw] BA {using (1) =B [using (2)] Hence A” is an idempotent matrix. Also, (AT = aT AT = ATOBTAT) {using @)] = (ATBT)AT {by associative law] = Brat {using (41 =al {using (3)] (ety = BT BT = BTCATB") (using (49) = (BTAT) BT [by associative law] = ator {using @)] =e {using (49) ‘Therefore, BT is an idempotent matrix. Example 9: If, B and C are matrices such that the products AC and BC obey the commutative law, show that Solution: (AB+BA)C = C(AB+ BA) (AB+BA)C = (AB)C+(BA)C [by distributive law] OLN se TeT800K OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS IV 0 A(BC)+ BAC) {by associative law] (CB)+B(CA) (AC) B+(BC)A (CA) B+(CB)A (AB)+C(BA) C(AB+ BAY. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS r23)_fi23 1 : * wal 2 3} ( : 3} then A K «+ BC and AC obey commutative 12] {by associative 120} “+ AC and BC obey commutative aw] [by associative law] [by distributive law} ‘00 0 000 000 @ ( 7 ° cy (t : | © ( ) (@ none ofthese. 4) (484 a c{ fae] 1 2-1), then a iequalto a} [+363 m1 100 @e2n w]2 © joro (@ oe ofthese. 1 oor sue(} ‘)me-fe) onapeeen ; a wae(S Smee (5 Sa ies (2) abet tm neti (©) BA is defined but AB is not defined (d) AB = BA. fnelt 0 ofan (2 Jascelo 1 Shoe (@) A (GO) is defined (©) B (CA) is defined (©) A (CB) is defined (@) (CB) Ais defined. MATRIX | (a) a nilpotent matrix (B) an idempotent matrix (©) an invotutary matrix, (a) none of these. 4 Rt 0) (4 8 WE Ello fly of tens vae of kis @ 6 m5 ol as a Bb Ris 8, The matrix | 4PY BE (a) a symmetric matrix (©) a nilpotent matrix () a skew-symmetric matrix (@_ none of these. If BA =A and AB = B, then A? + Bis equal to @ A+B B) 248 ie 10. ae i ‘} then A is aU 10 @ Le ‘ © iS H ° Ls H| (a) none of these. 11. IFA, B are two square matrices of same order st Le A=B () AB = BA ( A=-B GWA, B, C are three matrices such that BYAB is defined, then (a) BYAB is symmetric if A is symmetric (b) BTAB is symmetric if A is skew-symmetric (c) BTAB is skew-symmetric if A is symmetric (a) none of these. 13, IFA, B, C are three matrices such that BTAB is defined, then (a) BTAB is symmetric if A is skew-symmetric (b) BTAB is skew-symmetric if A is symmetric (c) BTAB'is skew-symmetric if A is skew-symmetric (a) none of these. 14, IfA is a symmetric as wel (@) unit max (©) involutary matrix as a skew-symmettic matrix, then A must be (0) null matrix (@)_ none of these. (d) none of these. (WB.U.T. 2009) ich that (A+B)? = A? +2AB+B?, then (ad A=-B". {EMATICS {VOL. 1] \ S A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHE AS. 1A isany square matrix, then A+ AT is (@) symmetric (©) identity matrix IA is a square matrix, then A — AT is (@) symmetric (©) skew-symmetric (b) skew-symmetric (a) none of these. 16, (D) identity matrix, (d)_ none of these. 1 17, IfA is a skew-symmettic, then A? is : (@) ske (0) symmetric 2 (©) idempotent (@)_ none of these, 2 18. IA isa matrix of onder 3 x 4 and AB, BA are defined, then the order of Bis @ 4x4 3x3 (@ 3x4 (4x3. | 19. IAB = Band BA =A, then Ais (@) idempotent &) symmetric (© skew-symmetric (@_ none of these, 20. IF the order of a is 2 x 3, ATB and BTA are defined, then the order of B is Lut @) 3x3 (&) 3x2 (© 2x3 (@) 2x2 21. If the order of A is 2 x 3, A7B and BAT are defined, then the order of B is (@) 2x2 () 2x3 (© 3x2 (@ 3x3. 22. I A. B are two matics such that AB = BA and the ener Of A is nxn, then the order of B is @ mx@eD— WH @4Nxn — () nx(n~1) (@) nxn. 25. IEA, B, Care tive square matrices such that AB < pe 1, then @aA ®) A=B © Bec (@) none of these, 2A. The onder of , for which (123 45)A = (3 1) holds, is (@ 5x5 &) 2x5 (©) 5x2 @) 2x2, = ESC apo ’ 3-1 41 @ & E s.1 61 (WB.UT. 2011) / MATAIK | 25 f L@ ae zw 3 b) 4, (d) 8. (d) . 6 (a) 7. by rn @ 10. (ce) 11, (b) 12. (a) mm Ke 14, (b) 15, (a) 16, (c) py 18, (d) 19. (a) 20. (c) ¥ 21 () 22, d) 23. (a) ws. () i} i 25. (b) BG ld). 7.0 | | | root “1 -2 =f 1-1 ft Reis esp al oles ee el ca] 2 pee 3-2 3 s 1 5s} [3-3 3 (i) A+ B+ OQ=AFB4C ( AtC=CHA (iv) (B+ QA=BAFCA Bis (iil) A (B+ 0) = AB + AC (iv) A (BO) = (AB) C. "Also show that AB = 0, BA # 0, AC # 0, CA = O- 1-30 2 coo 2. GivenA=|2 1 -3|,B=]2 11 1,¢ I" 4-3 -! 1-212 | find AB and AC and show that they are equal. \ 120 2-15 | 1 4 Vaver 6 -3 3|and24-B=|2 -1 6}, find A and B. -5 31 o 12 > 3-11 12-1 wan|2 0 3) B= {0 0 2 fr verify that (A+ BY = o1 2 4-32 +AB+ BA+B?. _f 12 a3 2) ; aon 3 66. Find the values of x,y,z and £ which satisfy the matrix equation 43 xt2y)_ (0 -7 z-1 41-6) (3 2 uy) A . A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS [VOL. |] . where the operations are 7. Find, where possible, (4+ 8),(A~B), AB and BA, stating with reasons where the oPers Se, in the following cases. 201 : -1 4 3 a 0 1 0 | : 0 O10 . pa 010 000 9 wf 0 1}, B=|1 0 0}, prove that for any number k, (A+kB*)? = ki, where Tis 000 o10 the unit matrix. 1 5 10. ae[ ‘ A choose @ and b so that (al +bA)? = A. 0 un ll. A= “| and / is a unit matrix of order 2, show that = 0 1+a= a-afee =| sina cose 12 Waa (0 i} show that A" = (: ‘} for any positive integer n. 13. Show by means of an example that in matrices AB = O does not necessarily mean that either A=0 or B= 0, where O stands for the mull matrix. 414. Show by means of an example that in matrices if AB = AG, it is not necessarily true that B= C, ~ like ordinary algebra, the equal matrices in the identity cannot be cancelled. 15. IFA and B are square matrices of the same order, explain in general | @ sere s24Be (i) (A-By eat—2ABs | Gi) (A+ B)(A-B)2 PB a w (i) 19. Let . / 21. Expre 22. IfAa 23. IFA ( that ¢ MATRIX | ar 16. Show that ot eee lee | i () | 3 -3 3] is an idempotent matrix. (WB.U.T. 2003) ee r-rot £2005) (i) |-3 3-3} is a nilpotent matrix with index 3. (WB.U-T. 2005) -4 4-4 0 1-1 (iy [4-3-4 is an involutary matrix. 3-3 4 Plea-(? mere(— Tp rm uomacnesow \ 3 18. ua(f}a=c4 10) and C=|-2 i 2 0 1-1 0) a9, etazlo|,8=|0 3|,.c=]o 2 3}, Compute, if possible, the products ATCA, BB". 2 b-t 40-1 i tl i 1 : = |. show ‘A ao tan|t oy yp stow eine al 4-1-1 1 ela d ‘21, Express the matrix] 2 3 4 as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric matrix. 505 122, IFA and B are skew-symmetric matrices then AB is symmetric if and only if A and B commute. 2 that Ac) ACs) = AG), where vy = “LEY 1 ICS (VOL. 7 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS [VOL I ANSWERS TO PROBLEMS 3-30 4 | 2 ape] 1 15 0 -sleac -3 15 0 -5 { 102 O ian 2-1 3\)a=| 2-1 of, 14 —2 i 0 Bi 3 y= 224123, Matrices 7. @ A¥B,A~B,BA are n0t possible, these are (3 64 _ AB= asascal 20-11 16 since dis (i) A+B, A~ Bare n0t possible, rmathems 100 4 Permut. AB=|0 1 0|, pax Per 100 yu now the ii) A+B, A~B,BA axe not possible Fo exactly | ape(s 448 iti 30 6 pemutat j Pox permutat 1,3) 4 0 2 Definiti 19. ATCA =5, Bar =|0 9 3 2-3 2 Le 9 s a5 a\(o § 9 5 = 3 2h > 02 Aisdeno a. | 2 a . 2200 2 aoe where th % Pui | | | RANK OF A MATRIX Spbmatrix Submatrix of a matrix A= (4j)q xn is any matrix obtained from A by deleting some rows and columns in A. A= (Gj) xn is a submatrix of itself (obtained by removing zero ro Rank Rank of a matrix A = (4) xn (i) there exists at least one rth order non-singular square st (ii) all the square submatrices of A of order greater than r are singular. Rank of matrix A is denoted by rank (A). Notes: (i) Ranks of A and A? are same. (ii) Rank of a null matrix is zero. mx n, rank of A $ min (m, 1"). trix A, if rank (A) = 1, then] A|#0, i yw and column). is the positive integer r such that submatrix of A. (iii) For a matrix of order A is non-singular. (iv) For an nth order square m: Ais singular. (») For any square matrix A of order n, if rank (A)

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