List of Content:: 2. Method of Determination of Fluid Saturation. 3. Problem

List of content:
1. Introduction.
2. Method of determination of fluid saturation.
3. Problem.
1
Introduction:
Geologists noted that initially the rock pores filled with
water, and then hydrocarbon migrate to those rock and displace
the native water to some minimum residual saturation. Therefore
more than one fluid is normally present in oil reservoir (oil, gas,
water etc). Fluid saturation is the measure of the gross void
space in a reservoir rock that is occupied by a fluid (such as
water, oil, or gas) and often measured in routine core analysis.
fluid saturation is:
S=volume of fluid/volume of pore
Saturation data is often reported in percentage units. The

saturation of each individual phase ranges between zero to 100
percent. By definition, the sum of the saturations is 100%,
therefore: Sg + So + Sw = 100
Where Sg: is gas saturation So: is oil saturation, Sw=is
water saturation.
Sg=Vg/Vp
So=Vo/Vp
Sw=Vw/Vp
2
Two methods to determine fluid saturation are:
1) core sample and
2) wire line logging.
Core sample is a direct method because it is a physical
measurement. However, wire line logging is an indirect method
because the values are derived from mathematical model.
Fig (1, 1)
3
Determination of Fluid Saturation from Rock Sample:
In order to measure the values of rock saturation there are three
suggested method:
 Evaporation of liquids in the rock
 leaching out of liquids from the rock
 Extraction of liquids with solvent.
One of the most famous ways of measuring original legislation is a
retort method.
In the Extraction of fluid with solvent method extraction can be
obtained by improved ASTM equipment or by centrifugation method.
A. normal distillation:
In the experiment the core sample is placed in thimble tube.
Solvent vapor rises through the sample and condenses into the condenser
and returns over the sample. The combined oil and water come out in the
sample. The water and the extracted liquid condense and accumulate in a
graduated tube. The method continues until more water is collected in
the receiving tube. This type of distillation device can directly calculate
water saturation.
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Fig(1,2)
B. Soxhelt Extraction:
A Soxhelt extractor is piece of laboratory apparatus invited in 1897
by Franz Von Soxhelt, it was originally designed for the liquid from
solid material.in this method a solvent is heated in Pyrex flask. The
vapor rises through the core in the same process the water in the core
plug is also vaporize .the water and solvent condense inside condenser
and both liquid and return over core plug, toluene dissolve all oil in core
and the liquid pass through Soxhlet tube then reached the siphon tube to
the boiling flask (one of the disadvantage of this method is it could take
long time especially in the case of heavy oil).
5
Fig(1,3)
C. vacuum distillation :
the principle of this method is just like the previous ones but the
differences is in the instruction of the vacuumed distillation apparatuses
and they are:
1. Source of heating is heating champers instead of heater
2. Nitrogen liquid is used to cool condensing column
3. Core sample is installed leak proof vacuum system.
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Fig(1,4)
D .Retort Method:
This method takes a sample and heats as to vaporize water and oil,
which is condensed and collected in a small receiving vessel. This
method has some disadvantage. First to vaporize all the in situ oil the
core sample should reached to a high temperature around 1100oF. At
this high temperature the water of crystallization within the rock is
driven off, causing the water recovery values to be greater than just
interstitial water. The second error is that the oil at this high temperature
range tends to cock and crack. This change in the molecule type causes
decreasing in the liquid volume and coats the internal walls of the core
sample.
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Fig(1,5)
E .Centrifugal method:
The extraction force is applied by a centrifugal force. The solvent
removes all the water and oil in the sample under the centrifugal force
and the extracted fluid collected in a container to determine the oil and
water saturation in the same way of ASTM method(The use of
centrifuge provides a very rapid method.)
F. Direct Injection of Solvent:
The core is placed in core holder and solvent are continually injected
under pressure into the core until the core soak with solvent. The fluid
will be force to flow from the core.
G. Gas Driven Solvent Extraction:
Solvent contain dissolved gas(toluene saturated with carbon dioxide )is
injected under pressure into the rock and pressure is rapidly released to
expand carbon dioxide and flash the solvent through the core displacing
oil and water
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9
The importance of fluid saturation estimation is the key to estimate the
oil in place value, beside some of important rock property such as
porosity, to predict the future of reservoir also to estimate oil also to
assess the potential hydrocarbon content of reservoir.
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