ABDU GUSAU POLYTECHNIC TALATA MAFARA

ZAMFARA STATE
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.

NDII COMPUTER SCIENCE

COMPILED BY

FESAL ALIYU
1707231173

AND
SAMSON OBILOR
1707231174
TOPIC
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CRIME
INVESTIGATION SYSTEM USING BIOMETRIC
APPROACH

{A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIA POLICE FORCE}

UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF DR. SAMAILA MUSA

OCTOBER 2019

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INTRODUCTION

Criminality is part and parcel of human nature and society (Alemika, E. 2004). That is
why no society can claim to be completely crime free. But the types of criminal behavior
tend to follow the pattern of social and economic development of a given society
(Sohnen, E. 2012). It is therefore not unexpected that a society at a low level of
development and as Madden and Chiu (1998) mentioned, uneven distribution of income
(and wealth) (Madden, P. and W.H. Chiu. 1998), tends to experience an upsurge in
the rate of violent crimes such as armed robbery, politically motivated killings, the
use of illegal weapons, ethnic and religious clashes and the like. What is worrisome,
however, is that the police which are meant to be the antidote to criminality appear to
be getting overwhelmed by the phenomenon. The criminals appear to be ahead of the
police such that the latter now only react to the commission of crimes and usually
after the offenders might have left the scene making things appear as if the original
emphasis on crime prevention has been completely lost. Aside other complaints,
there are institutional constraints, which contribute to the uncomplimentary image of the
police and thereby undermining their capacity to deliver efficient crime control via proper
and prompt investigation and policing services. These include inadequate manpower,
lack of expertise, lack of adequate equipment, low level of education, low morale, lack
of training facilities and lack of technological knowhow, etc.
In developed countries; computers have been used in crime detection for some
decades. Computer- Based Criminal Records Systems were the first of such systems
deployed as an attempt to record a person’s criminal history. Before the introduction and
the application of computers in criminal records, crime investigation, and detection,
most criminal records or other criminal related activities was carried out using the
manual or traditional approach in the process of data processing, which involves
the use of paper files, manual skills and human brain work.

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 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Various problems are encountered in the manual system of operations in any
organization, so it is in the crime investigation system in Nigeria Police Force. Some of
the problems encountered are:
i. Generating a case filing number for each of the cases has been cumbersome
because it is not easy to trace the file number of the last recorded case and this has
led to duplication Cases File Numbers.
ii. Accuracy about dates of filling various components of the cases are not
readily available making referencing them very cumbersome.
iii. Making references to existing Criminal cases is difficult because of the manual
mode of documentation.

iv. Delay in accessing information in paper files, paper files are sometimes damaged
by water, pest or fire outbreak and can easily be altered by an unauthorized user.
v. Missing criminal record files which might have been caused by theft or wrongly
placed or kept by the officer(s) in charge.
vi. Manual searching for information about crime cases handled by the Crime
Investigation Department has been very tedious because the cases files are not
arranged in a logical manner.
AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim of this study is to design and implement of a crime investigation system
Using biometric.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

Our Crime web based crime record and information system:

i. Help in the Reduction of redundancies and inconsistencies.

ii. Ensure user defined rules to ensure the integrity of security.
iii. Enable Police to track and investigate criminal across all sections.
iv. Ensures data access Security.
v. Have an automatic intelligent backup and recovery procedure of criminal data.
vi. Improve Integrity

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SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The research will center on the design and implementation of crime investigation system
using biometric approach for Nigerian police force.

LIMITATION OF THE STUDY

Usually, every work has some limitations and this study is not exempted.
The two major limitations of this study are the high programming technique as well as
financial constraints. The high programming technique constraint in PHP, JQUERY and
MYSQL prevents the researcher to have an in depth study and analysis on the subject
matter. While the issue of financial constraint limits the frequency of investigation to/from
the institution toward gathering the necessary information relevant for the study.

LITERATURE REVIEW
A normative definition views crime as deviant behavior that violates prevailing norms –
cultural standards prescribing how humans ought to behave normally. This approach
considers the complex realities surrounding the concept of crime and seeks to
understand how changing social, political, psychological, and economic conditions may
affect changing definitions of crime and the form of the legal, law-enforcement, and
penal responses made by society. Sohnen, E. (2012)
These structural realities remain fluid and often contentious. For example: as cultures
change and the political environment shifts, societies may criminalize or decriminalize
certain behaviors, which will directly affect the statistical crime rates, influence the
allocation of resources for the enforcement of laws, and re-shape the general public
opinion. (Drygajlo, A., 2010)
Similarly, changes in the collection and/or calculation of data on crime may affect the
public perceptions of the extent of any given "crime problem". All such adjustments
to crime statistics, allied with the experience of people in their everyday lives, shape
attitudes on the extent to which the State should use law or social engineering to enforce
or encourage any particular social norm. Behavior can be controlled and influenced by
society in many ways without having to resort to the criminal justice system. (Madden,
P. and W.H. Chiu., 1998)

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Indeed, in those cases where no clear consensus exists on a given norm, the drafting
of criminal law by the group in power to prohibit the behavior of another group may
seem to some observers (Imrohoroglu, A., et al., 2006) an improper limitation of the
second group's freedom, and the ordinary members of society have less respect for
the law or laws in general — whether the authorities actually enforce the disputed law
or not.
OVERVIEW OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM
Investigating the existing system of crime investigation using the Nigerian Police Force,
Niger State as case study, we were able to establish that there are stepwise processes
in carrying out crime investigation. Usually, when a crime scene is noticed or detected,
the first thing an officer does is to secure the scene. The officer or crime investigator
ensures that not only one aspect of the crime is preserved but also all areas are covered.

Next, the crime scene is examined by making proper documentation of the scene which
is usually done by gathering evidence, taking pictures of the crime scene. Taking
photocopies of the crime scene usually begins the very minute the investigation officer
arrives. It was also gathered that such documentation are done manually using paper
files. The investigation officer also gathered relevant fact from onlookers or anyone who
possibly could have spotted the criminal before escaping the crime scene. (Drygajlo, A.,
2010)
Finally, after all relevant facts are gathered and appropriate photograph taken, the
facts (evidence, whether physical or photographic) are analyzed by placing them side
by side with all the testimonies gathered along with all observation made while
examining the crime scene. Some of this evidence is examined in the laboratory in
order to get more in-depth analysis of the evidence, such as prints that will point to
the identity of the criminal. (Gautam, P. and S.G. Sharma., 2011)
PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION OF THE CURRENT SYSTEM
From the aforementioned processes or activities of crime investigation, it is clear that
the police force still makes use of manual process using paper files in the
documentation of the crime investigation findings. Hiew, B.Y., et al., 2007)
The manual process of documentation and managing criminal records or crime scenes
information has some limitations. There is the problem of delay in accessing

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information in paper files, paper files are sometimes damaged by water, pest or fire
outbreak and can easily be altered by an unauthorized user. There is also the problem
of missing criminal record files which might have been caused by theft or wrongly placed
or kept by the officer(s) in charge.
PROPOSE NEW SYSTEM

As a result of the limitations encountered with the use of manual method in investigating,
documentation, processing and managing criminal records, the need for an alternative
system for crime investigation cannot be undermined. The proposed alternative system
is a Biometric-Based Computerized Crime Investigation System. The
implementation of the automated system will ensure that crimes are well investigated
and criminal records are well managed.
Advantages of the Proposed System
A successful implementation of the Biometrics- Based Crime Records Investigation
System will greatly increase the efficiency of the Nigerian Police Force officers and will
help to ensure that criminal records are managed properly monitoring of criminal
suspects in the country. It will as well ensure the following:
i. Reduction of redundancies and inconsistencies.
ii. Ensure user defined rules to ensure the integrity of data.
iii. Enables data sharing across all applications.
iv. Ensures data access authorization.
v. Has an automatic intelligent backup and recovery procedure of data.
vi. Integrity can be improved.
Thus, the problem of delay in retrieving criminal suspects records for reference purposes
and for appropriate court action or prosecution to be taken can be reduced drastically
and the efficiency in the management of criminal records and investigation of criminal
case being rendered by the Nigerian Police Force will greatly be improved upon.
(Drygajlo, A. (2010)

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METHODOLOGY

Methodology is the underlying principles and rules that govern a system method; on the
other hand it is a systematic procedure for a set of activities. Thus, from these definitions
a methodology encompasses the methods used within a study.
Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method (SSADM) is a systems approach to the
analysis and design of information systems. Structured System Analysis and Design
Method (SSADM) is a waterfall method by which an Information System design can be
arrived at. Structured System Analysis and Design Method (SSADM) can be thought to
represent a pinnacle of the rigorous document-led approach to system design, and
contrasts with more contemporary Rapid Application Development methods such as
DSDM.
System design methods are a discipline within the software development industry which
seeks to provide a framework for activity and the capture, storage, transformation and
dissemination of information so as to enable the economic development of computer
systems that are fit for purpose.
ADVANTAGES OF THE PROPOSED SYSTEM
A successful implementation of the Biometrics- Based Crime Records Investigation
System will greatly increase the efficiency of the Nigerian Police Force officers and will
help to ensure that criminal records are managed properly monitoring of criminal
suspects in the country. It will as well ensure the following:
i. Reduction of redundancies and inconsistencies.
ii. Ensure user defined rules to ensure the integrity of data.
iii. Enables data sharing across all applications.
iv. Ensures data access authorization.
v. Has an automatic intelligent backup and recovery procedure of data.
vi. Integrity can be improved.
Thus, the problem of delay in retrieving criminal suspects records for reference purposes
and for appropriate court action or prosecution to be taken can be reduced drastically
and the efficiency in the management of criminal records and investigation of criminal
case being rendered by the Nigerian Police Force will greatly be improved upon.

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SUMMARY
While police organizations have existed as long as government itself, the idea of a
computerized crime tracking system by police force is relatively modern concept. Max
Weber famously argued that the state is that which controls the legitimate monopoly of
the means of violence. The military and police carry out enforcement at the request of the
government or the courts. The term failed state refers to states that cannot implement
or enforce policies; their police and military no longer control security and order and
society moves into anarchy, the absence of government. But with the implementation of
the crime tracking system designed I this project, it will be much easier for police to keep
track of crime information in other to have control over the state.

5.2 CONCLUSION
A successful implementation of the Biometrics- Based Crime Records Investigation
System will greatly increase the efficiency of the Nigerian Police Force officers and will
help to ensure that criminal records are managed properly monitoring of criminal
suspects in the country. the problem of delay in retrieving criminal suspects records for
reference purposes and for appropriate court action or prosecution to be taken can
be reduced drastically and the efficiency in the management of criminal records and
investigation of criminal case being rendered by the Nigerian Police Force will greatly
be improved upon.
Thus, this study on successful deployment would have great importance to the Nigerian
police as the Computerized Criminal Investigation System aiding prompt tracking of
criminals, proper management of criminal records and detection of criminals. It would
also be relevant to the court of law as it can be admitted as evidence in a criminal law
suit.
5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS
It is recommended that the Nigerian police are adequately trained on the use of
Information Technology in crime tracking. Computer literacy program should be
organized for the Nigerian police. This can be carried out set by set. At the end of the
training, it is recommended that the biometric crime tracking system be deployed to
every police station for investigation crimes.

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REFERENCES

Alemika, E. 2004. Crime and Policing in Nigeria. Journal of criminal investigation.

Nigeria legal institutes, Abuja
Drygajlo, A. (2010). Forensic Voice Comparison and Forensic Acoustics.
www.bioruofinvestigation/ retrieval on 21/07/2018 01:32pm
Gautam, P. and S.G. Sharma. 2011. Touch-less Fingerprint Recognition System at
Airports. Jonesburg crime investigation section,
Hiew, B.Y., A.B.J. Teoh, and Y.H. Pang 2007. “Digital Camera based Fingerprint
Recognition”.
Imrohoroglu, A., A. Merlo, and P. Rupert. (2006). “Understanding the Determinants of
Crime”. Journal of Economics and Finance. 30(2):270 –283.
Madden, P. and W.H. Chiu. (1998). “Burglary and Income Inequality”. Journal of Public
Economics. 69:123-141.
Rivera-Batiz, F. and L. Rivera-Batiz. 2002. “Democracy, Participation, and
Economic Development: An Introduction”. Review of Development
Economics. 6(2)”135-150.
Sohnen, E. (2012). Paying for Crime: A Review of the Relationships between Insecurity
and Development in Mexico and Central America., Journal for management
Information technology, Vol. (II) 20 Mexico, U.S.A.