Antigravitation in the Universe

Rykov A.V.1

The physical vacuum is environment determining a gravitation and an antigravitation in the Universe. The inertia is
a property of masses having a gravitational electrical charge, on which the electrical field acts with force,
proportional acceleration of a charge. These main features enables to evaluate operation of antigravitational
accelerations on space objects. The brief analysis of an antigravitation in a solar system, for the Universe as a
whole is conducted. The problems for definition of acceleration are put, at which it is possible to speak about
explosive character of motion, and determination of the actual size "of a black holes" at specific size of a
gravitational charge.

In behave of GTR, RTG and quantum theories in physics the scripts of an arise of the Universe from the moment of
Large Explosion are well known. Theoretical physics, most appropriate to state -of-the-art, it is accepted to consider
the inflationary theory of origin of the Universe. In it the basis the submission about «false» physical vacuum (PV),
deprived matter is necessary. The special quantum condition PV, deprived matter, has resulted in explosion and birth
in a consequence of a matter. That accuracy is most surprising, from which there was an act of birth of the Universe:
«... If in an instant appropriate 1 sec..... the speed of the extension would differ from the actual value more than on
10-18, it would appear rather for full destruction of thin balance" [1]. However, the key feature of explosive birth of
the Universe consists in strange a combination of a repulsion and gravitation. "It is easy to show, that the effects of a
space repulsion can be attributed to account of a usual gravitation, if as a source of a gravitational field to select
environment with exotic properties.... The space repulsion is similar to behavior of environment with negative
pressure" [1]. This notion is extremely important not only in problems of a cosmology, astrophysics, but also in
general in physics. In papers [2,3] a space repulsion or the antigravitation has received natural explanation based on
the so-called United Law of a Newton - of the Coulomb (of a Nature - ULN). It means natural connection between a
gravitation and inertia of a Newton, interactions of electrical charges and magnetic masses of the Coulomb. Briefly
this connection, expresses by the formulas:

as (1)
q = ρm , ρ = −8,614741 ⋅ 10 −11 [ ] , M = 29,97924 [Om] q
kg
Where:
q - gravitational electrical charge of mass, m - mass of a body, M - magnetic mass.
The value of a coupling coefficient between mass and charge is determined from a ratio of gravitational and
electrical constants PV [2, 3]. A major property PV is it weak electrical charging, due to which there is a gravitation
at the presence of a matter and antigravitation (negative pressure, a Colombian repulsion) in absence of a matter or in
case of its separation into space distances.
Because of data of submissions the count of a general charge of the Universe is made:

1
Copyright © A.V. Rykov, 1998.
Anatolij Vasil'evich Rykov, Head of Seismometry & Engineering Seismology Lab
United Institute of Physics of the Earth, Moscow, Russia. E-mail: [email protected]
 Q= –5.8040x1042 Coulomb (2)
The sign of a charge is defined by of sign of a magnetic field of the Earth, which is determined by a negative
electrical charge of mass of the Earth making 24 hours rotary motion. By the way, the count of strength of a magnetic
field along rotation axis has given size 37 а/м at actual strength on magnetic poles on the average 50 а/м. The
general charge of the Universe corresponds to density 1,608 g/sm3, that coincides under the order of value in the
theory RТG. The adduced data ULN confirm consistency it of main feature of conventional physics. Сoncept of
inertia in ULN is given below. It expresses by the formula:

x&& (3)
The force of inertia is F = −q [ kg ms − 2 ] , where &&
x - acceleration of a mass.
ρ
Any electrical charge moved with acceleration, experiences a force of resistance equivalent to usual force of inertia.
For detection of effect of an antigravitation, which carrier is electrical charged PV, we shall calculate modern density
of a charge of space:

4 3 (4)
ρU = Q πRU = −1,3846 ⋅ 10 − 26 [q m − 3 ]
3
From the formula of interaction of charges of the Coulomb we have a potential and electrical voltage:

q 1 (5)
U =ξ , E= U
R R
Where:
ξ = 1 ε - electrical constant, return size of a dielectric permeability PV,
R - distance of a point on distance of a potential and electrical field from a charge.
Under the formula (3) is defined acceleration of a self-repulsion (acceleration of an antigravitation):

q (6)
G = x&& = ρE = ρξ
R2
Accordingly charge of some volume of the spherical form with a radius R :

4 (7)
q= πR 3ρU
3
Where:
ρU - density of an electrical charge of object (for example, Universe)
By making all substitutions, we shall receive acceleration of a repulsion:

Q Q (8)
G= γξ R Or in other form G = E σ R
RU3 RU3
Where:

Eσ - PV parameter, RU ≈10 26 m - radius of the Universe adopted now (are visible quasars).
Formulas (8) for definition of acceleration of forces of an antigravitation include a constant of gravitation of a
Newton. Therefore there is nothing mysterious or surprising that the act of Large Explosion was executed with huge
accuracy of balance of a gravitation and antigravitation.
The substitution of all known sizes gives:
G= –8.9875*10-10[ms-2] (9)

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We have now the tool for an evaluation of a self-repulsion of any space object. The appropriate data for a solar
system are obtained.
For convenience of the review they are adduced in table 1:
№ Planet Acceleration g on Acceleration of a repulsion Acceleration of the Sun gs in The relation The relation
a planet ms-2 on a planet G, ms-2 a point of a planet ms-2 gs/G G/g
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 Mercury 3.33 -0.0022 0.0395 17.6818 6.6066e-4
2 Venus 8.52 -0.0056 0.0113 2.0179 6.5728e-4
3 The Earth 9.806169 -0.0057 0.0059 1.0351 5.8127e-4
а = 0.0057- p = =0.0061 1 - 0702
4 Mars 3.77 -0.0030 0.0026 0.8667 7.9576e-4
5 Jupiter 25.10 -0.0641 0.00021885 0.0034 0.0026
6 Saturn 5.688 -0.0535 0.000065077 0.0012 0.0094
7 Uranus 8.83 -0.0231 0.000016085 6.9632e-4 0.0026
8 Neptune 11.00 -0.0224 0.0000065515 2.9248e-004 0.0020

Have received curious parameters of a Solar system. The Earth takes a «especial» position among planets of earth
group. The force of a vacuum repulsion «is compensated» by force of solar attraction. And full compensation comes
in aphelion (and = 0.0057). The relation of accelerations of a solar origin on the Earth and vacuum repulsion about
accuracy 3 % is equal to 1 for mean deleting of the Earth from the Sun (column 6). The planet a Mars is close to the
given parameter. The Mars appears to be the closest on many parameters to the Earth (difference from 1 for a Mars
makes 13 %). In the «worse» position there is a Venus (relation = 2) and, especially, Mercury - 17,7. Probably, any
image this parameters connected to physical conditions of existence of planets. The group of planets of the Jupiter
sharply differs under the indicated relation from earth group of planets (parameter of a column 6 from 0,0012 up to
0,00029248). In 7 columns the relation of accelerations of a repulsion to accelerations of gravity are adduced that for
earth group of planets it is of one order, is rather small number and makes approximately 0,00066. For group of
planets - giants this parameters 100 times more, that, probably, determines an essential difference in planets of both
groups. Thus, the sizes and structure of planets appear determining in rations of accelerations of gravity and
antigravitation for planets of a solar system.
Let's deliver a problem of an evaluation of initial acceleration of a repulsion at the inflationary extension of the
Universe. The inflationary theory is based on the entry condition of existence of physical vacuum without «matter».
In a similar condition the vacuum experiences maximum a Colombian repulsion and it the extension is characterized
by large sizes negative acceleration. According to a conservation law of a charge at a Universe modern radius
R = RU3 ≈ 10 26 the acceleration is calculated under the formula:
Q Q (10)
G = − Eσ R = − Eσ = −4,4938 ⋅ 10 −10 mс-2.
RU3 RU2
The acceleration is insignificant a little. Actually state of our Universe is stationary, than extending with acceleration.
At the moment of origin the Universe had mesh sizes, the huge electrical charge was concentrated in small volume.
Let's make an evaluation of acceleration for an initial moment of birth.
Q (11)
G = − Eσ 2
RinU

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Setting a radius of the Universe RinU , we shall receive initial acceleration at Large Explosion. For example, for a
radius 1 м the acceleration at Large Explosion will be 4,4938*1042 ms-2. The time of accelerated motion Т from zero
speed to be defined probably according to a postulate Einstein with maximum speed 3*108 ms-1 of motion of a
3 * 108
matter. From here T =
42
= 6,6759 * 10 − 35 s . This evaluation gives submission about size of
4,4938 * 10
acceleration in period Т, above mentioned for the initial Universe with a radius 1 m. As the initial size is selected
arbitrary, it is useful to construct the graph of relation of time Т from the size RinU of the Universe. The formula of
calculation:
cρ 2 (12)
T= RinU = 6,6759 ⋅ 10 − 35 RinU
2
sec.
γQ
The schedule for radiuses in range 1 - 1000 м is adduced on fig.1. That the acceleration is characterized by explosive
character of the extension of the Universe is outside of any doubt. However, the general picture of the initial
Universe in theoretical physics based on quantum theories and the theory of a structure of matter, has in view of
existence of a singularity, i.e. mathematical point, from which «inhault» there was a let of a matter. The first
significant time of birth is a Plank time 10-43 seconds. In our case for Plank time the «mathematical» point finds the
size defined by the radius R = 3,87*10-5 m. In any case the quantum theories in ULN would default of that basic role,
Т, сек which is necessary in the conventional cosmology. In ULN
1E-28
the explosive character of birth of the Universe will be and
1E-29
1E-30 for time Т of the order 1 sec. The appropriate acceleration
1E-31 is equal 2,9979*1018 m/s-2, and the radius of the order
1E-32
1,2239*1017 m (approximately in 70 times is less than our
1E-33
1E-34
galaxy). It is enough of these entry conditions for explosive
1E-35 R, м
character of the Universe. The «black superhole» is
1 10 100 1000 satisfactory on the size for it and the concept of a singularity
is not required. The real entry conditions should be
Рис.1 Relation Т from R. investigated in addition. The problem consists in finding -
out of a capability of existence "of a black hole" with maximum allowed density. The connection of maximum
density with a radius "of a black hole" is established by [2, 3]:

1 (13)
ρ max = 1,3856 ⋅ 1016 [q m− 3 ]
R g2

On the other hand we matter of a general charge. From here density of the Universe as "of a black hole" and it the
size would be:

1 3Q 3Q 1 (14)
1,3856 ⋅ 1016 = Rg = = 10 26 m
R g2 4 πR g3 4 π 1,3856 ⋅ 1016

The size of a radius of an initial black hole appears to be equal 1026 m. The Universe on is less that and it falls out of
category of usual "black holes", having density of a charge on 10 oder more then usual "of a black hole" and being
thus "by a black superhole". Let's evaluate a maximum radius "of a black hole" at a general electrical charge. The
black hole is characterisieted by that the second space speed exceeds or is equal according to a Einstein postulate of
speed of light. Let's receive the formula for an evaluation of a radius of similar object:

1 (15)
Rg = 2 E σ Q = 10 26 м
V2
Outcome is paradoxical and coincides with a Schwarzschield's radius. Our Universe, outside of any doubt, is «a
black superhole» for the probable external worlds: it the radius falls in range of the sizes allowed for similar objects

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of space - from 10-36 up to 3*1035 m! There is a natural problem: at what acceleration of the extension of the
Universe it is possible to consider in a condition of explosion? Only by answering this problem, it is possible really
to evaluate a moment it of birth and initial size. At reaching of the size 3*1035 m, if the Universe will not begin to
contract earlier, it will become accessible for contacts and observations on the part of other same opened Universes,
as the electromagnetic signal can outcome. The radius 10-36 m also looks realistic only for the mathematical
description. The similar situation could be avoided, if Einstein postulate for boundary PV and for real empty space,
in which it is impossible to transmit any physical interactions, is incorrect. Unlimited on speed the extension PV in
vacuum is capable sharply to limit the indicated range of the sizes of a radius of the Universe at any moment of its
life, by giving cosmologies more realistic outlines.

Conclusions
1. Finds confirmation of ULN conceptions in main cosmological view of the conventional astrophysics.
2. The evaluation of effects of an antigravitation of physical vacuum on examples of a solar system and Universe is
conducted. The Earth takes the special among planets under precisely compensation of a local repulsion and solar
attraction.
3. The natural conclusion about a general source (PV) of a gravitation and antigravitation determining accuracy of
parameters of Large Explosion is obtained.
4. The Universe is "a black superhole".

Reference
1. Davis P. Superforce // Publishing House «World», М., 1989, 277 P.
2. Rykov А.V. Model of interactions in a Nature // published in UIPE RAS, 1999, 66p.
3. Rykov А.V. The United Law of Nature, 1998,
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