Teaching Sight Vocabulary and Improving Reading

Fluency

A precision teaching approach

A Guide for Teachers and Parents

This NEPS Good Practice Guide was developed by educational

psychologists. It is based on current knowledge in this area. It is intended as a
guide only. Not all the suggestions here will apply to any one student or
situation.

NEPS LWG 2012

A Precision Teaching Approach to Teaching Sight
Vocabulary and Improving Fluency

It is important when working with children that they read at a level that is
called proficiency level. This means they can read material at a 95% accuracy
level.

Outlined below is a method that will support you to achieve this proficiency
level. It is a precision teaching method although precision monitoring may be
a better term to use as it monitors precisely learners‟ progress in acquiring
sight vocabulary. It is about building a sight-vocabulary using a visual method.
This is learning to read words by looking at them and remembering them,
rather than sounding them out.

1. Establishing target words

To start precision teaching one needs to identify where the learner is in
relation to either their current class reader or dolch list, textbooks, Jolly Phonic
„tricky‟ words or any list of key sight words being taught. Establish where they
are by checking the number or words which they can automatically recognise.
(Automatic recognition is different to decoding. It means the learner instantly
recognises the word as a whole word and does not hesitate or sound out the
word).

Provide the student with a copy of the list of words you wish to check and
keep a copy for yourself. Ask the student to read down the list and tick off the
words he/she can read instantly (see sample list below). The unrecognised or
hesitantly read words will form the student‟s longer term target list.

Select a short term list of words as a target for your student to learn. This can
vary depending on the age and ability of the student but is typically 4 to 6 new
words. This can be increased or decreased depending on the rate at which
the student learns.

2. Teaching Strategy
Following the identification of the target words you then select appropriate
teaching strategies. We have given one example below of a teaching strategy,
which is based on a direct instruction method. This teaching approach can
also be delivered by a parent, peer or a community volunteer under teacher
direction and demonstration.

Step 1
Print the short term target words onto card. (This can be varied for older
students as flashcards may seem a bit childish for them. Perhaps use
PowerPoint to teach new words). Do not use capital letters unless the word
starts with a capital letter.

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Try not to use card that is too big as it will be cumbersome to store. Make
sure you use the same colour and size of card and same colour marker so
there is no other way for the pupil to recognise a word. For example a student
may know that the green word is home, as opposed to recognising home as a
sight word. Avoid putting similar looking words together as this can make
learning harder for students e.g. home and house or their and they.

Place each card on the table one at a time and say the name of the word e.g.,
“this is the word shop”. Ask the learner to put the word into an oral sentence.
If they have difficulty with this, give them an example and get them to repeat
your example or give their own sentence. (Remember if a student doesn‟t
know or understand a word they shouldn‟t be learning to read it). Repeat this
process with all the target words.

Step 2
When all the cards are on the table say the following to the pupil, “Point to the
word shop”. The student must look at the word, putting their finger under
the first letter of the word and say the word at the same time. Then say,
“Point to the word home……” Continue like this for about 10 or 15 times,
moving between the words. Getting the student to place their finger under the
first letter cues them into the starting phoneme of the word and keeps them
focussed on the word.

This is can be done in a fun manner, or as a game. Younger students usually

enjoy being told, “Let‟s see if I can catch you out”. This allows the student lots
of practise to name the word without putting an expectation on the student to
recognise the word from his/her own memory.

Step 3
The next step is to pick up the cards and shuffle them. Place the cards down
in a random fashion and ask the student to name the word. Usually students
have no difficulty with this. Repeat this process 3 or 4 times. It may seem
tedious but is the essential learning part of the method.

3. Monitoring and charting progress

Following this teaching segment the teacher administers a one minute speed
test known as a „probe‟. The probe consists of the words the child has just
been taught. The probe gives information on the pupil‟s accuracy and fluency.
Probes are constructed by preparing a list of words just taught, which are
repeated randomly.

A simple user friendly probe generator is available from this website

www.johnandgwyn.co.uk/probe.html . (Click on „smaller print version’ and
then save it to your computer. A page will open with numbers 4 onwards, on
the very bottom of the page. Click on the number of target words you want in
your probe e.g. 4 or 5 or 6 etc. A page with a grid will appear. In each of the

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red squares at the top of the page type one target word. The probe will
automatically place the words randomly across the grid. An example of a
probe sheet with five target words and aim rate is shown below).

For the pupil to achieve sight word recognition at automaticity or fluency levels
they have to read 50 words on the probe within one minute with no more than
two errors. Each day following the teaching, the probe is administered and the
pupil‟s progress is charted on a graph/chart until the pupil achieves the aim
rate (50 words per minute with no more than 2 errors). Charts can be very
motivating for students. To see a sample graph/chart click on
www.eptoolbox.co.uk, then click on Precision Teaching on the left hand side.
When the next page opens up click on Daily Recording Charts and a sample
chart will open up.

If the pupil‟s rate of reading is not improving after 3 days then the number of
words being taught needs to be reduced. If after 8 days the pupil is not at or
very near your selected aim rate then you may consider adapting your
teaching strategy and reviewing your target words.

Over successive days of practice, the data (corrects and errors) plotted on the
chart produce learning pictures. When used effectively these learning pictures
can indicate for each child, whether a task is too difficult, too easy or just right;
whether the child requires further instruction, further practice, or should move
onto to more complex tasks. Most importantly it indicates whether the
teaching methods being adopted are having the desired effects.

When the aim rate is reached a new set of target words is identified and the
process is repeated again and again until the longer term targets can be read
automatically.

4. Possible extension work

The following steps are optional but provide extra extension work for students
and link in with other key skills.
 Place all the words on the table again and ask the child to point to the
word that starts with the sound /s/ or ends with the sound /s/. Pick other
letter sounds or letter patterns e.g. /a/, –ing, -and etc.

 Some words that children are learning may have smaller words within
them e.g. they, home, caravan. As an extra piece of work present
words like these to the children one at a time. For example with the
word caravan, cover the last four letters and ask the pupil, “What word
do you see now? car, or cover the first four letters and ask the pupil,
“What word do you see now? van. It doesn‟t matter if the child doesn‟t
recognise the words, tell them or prompt them. This is just an exercise
to develop their visual skills. If you do this every day they will soon start
to see those smaller words.

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  A more difficult step from the previous one is to then ask the child to
cover letters in the word caravan to show you car or van. Again don‟t
worry if they can‟t do this, demonstrate for them each time.

 If possible supplement their daily learning with words they already

know especially their name so sentences can be written with the words
they have just been learning.

5. Maintenance Check
It is very important to carry out regular „maintenance checks‟ of all target
words over a six to eight week period. This involves re-visiting or re-checking
the original long term target list of words. Generally pupils who have achieved
this level of fluency maintain those words; however any words they haven‟t
maintained can be included in the next list of target words.
It is good practice at the beginning of each session to ask the student to read
the words learnt previously.

6. Generalisation
One of the potential difficulties of learning words that are not in context is that
the pupil may not generalise their learning to written passages. Therefore, it is
important to present the student with unseen passages that contain the target
words to see if he/she can read the words fluently. That is the one advantage
of taking the target words from a graded reading scheme. Alternatively
teachers can compose passages of text which include the target words.

References
Chiesa, M., & Robertson, A. (2000). Precision teaching and fluency training:
Making maths easier for pupils and teachers. Educational Psychology in
Practice, 16 (3), 297-310. DfES. (2003)

Desjardins, E. A., & Slocum, T.A. (1993). Integrating Precision Teaching with
Direct Instruction. Journal of Precision Teaching, X (2), 20-24.

Ikin, A.B. (2005). Precision teaching: The Standard Celeration Chart. The
Behaviour Analyst Today, 6(4), 207-213.

Raybould, E. C., & Solity, J. E. (1988). More Questions on Precision

Teaching. British Journal of Special Education, 15(2), 59-61.

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Sample list of words

Jolly phonic Book 1

tricky words
I shoe books
the the box
he three bread
me tricks carrots
was two cheese
to at chips
said can dog
she did eating
we do everything
do four favourite
here glasses food
are her fruit
all his has
you lollipop He
your look lots
come on meat
some play milk
there see no
they you of
go pets
by pizza
like reads
no she
so Book 2 teddy
my an toast
one apple toys
have banana vegetables
live beans with
give blocks yogurt

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Sample probe sheet with five target words

said you we the of

you the of we said

we of you said the

you said the of we

the we said you of

said of the we you

of said we you the

you the we said of

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Word Probe Sheet

Name of child: ________________________________

Baseline: _____________________ Date: _____________

Target: ______________________ Date: _____________

Date:
Words:

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Precision Teaching Approaches and Using SNIP

SNIP is a resource pack aimed at increasing the reading ages of pupils with
reading ages of 10+. It includes curriculum words and words that often
contribute to reading hesitation and are irregular i.e. not phonic.

The packs are intended to be photocopied and a new one given weekly to
students who practise them daily and are then timed on their ability to read
them out loud. How the reading practice is organised depends on the
organisation of each school – some may be able to involve parents, adult
helpers and peers, but it is also important to encourage the pupils themselves
to practice unaided in order to allow them to gain fluency and control over the
process.

SNIP Precision Teaching Pack (credit Carol and Phil Smart)

www.snip-newsletter.co.uk This is a free download.

Sample from SNIP

Word

Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

guard

height

queue

straight

weird

strength

weight

NEPS LWG 2012

Checklists for the First Hundred Words, Second
Hundred Words and Phonics

These resources have been developed by NEPS to assist teachers who wish
to check a student‟s knowledge of sight words or phonics. They allow for
teaching and review of progress and may be particularly suited to using with a
precision teaching approach.

Click here to download these checklists

There are also extensive resources freely available on

www.theschoolbell.com. Once on this site look at the material labelled Dolch
kit. It allows you to make really attractive booklets with sight words set out in
11 lists.

There are, of course, many other ways of teaching sight vocabulary, including
teaching vocabulary works in advance of meeting them in text. Teaching
sight vocabulary is only one element of a balanced approach to literacy and
should form part of a coherent approach to literacy skills.

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