SECOND YEAR PRACTICAL TRAINING SEMINAR REPORT

PROJECT NAME/CASE STUDY

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Bachelor of Technology

Rajasthan Technical University

By

MOHIT PANDEY
(PIET17CS064)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

POORNIMA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAIPUR
(Academic Year 2019-20)
 SECOND YEAR PRACTICAL TRAINING SEMINAR REPORT

PROJECT NAME/Case Study

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the degree of Bachelor of Technology

Rajasthan Technical University

By

Mohit Pandey
(PIET17CS064)

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING

POORNIMA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAIPUR
(Academic Year 2019-20)

i
 RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

POORNIMA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, JAIPUR

CERTIFICAT
E

This is to certify that Final Year Practical Training Seminar Report entitled
“PROJECT NAME” has been submitted by “Student Name (Registration No.), XYZ
(CE/11/001)” for partial fulfilment of the Degree of Bachelor of Technology of
Rajasthan Technical University. It is found satisfactory and approved for
submission.

Date:
<Date>

Mr. Deepak Moud Dr. Dinesh Goyal

Head, Director,
Dept. of Comp Engg PIET, Jaipur

PIET, Jaipur

ii
Company Certificate to be attached

iii
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the seminar report entitled “Project Name(in capital)" was
carried out and written by me under the guidance of Mr. Krutibash Nayak and Ms.
Sneha sharma, Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Engineering,
Poornima Institute of Engineering & Technology,Jaipur. This work has not been
previously formed the basis for the award of any degree or diploma or certificate nor
has been submitted elsewhere for the award of any degree or diploma.

Place: Student Name

Date: Registration Number

iv
Annexure 5.5: Second Year Practical Training Seminar Report Format (Acknowledgement –
Sample)

ACKNOWLEDGEMEN
T

A project of such a vast coverage cannot be realized without help from numerous sources
and people in the organization. I am thankful to Mr. Shashikant Singhi,
C h a i r m a n , PGC and Dr. Dinesh Goyal, Director, PIET for providing me a
platform to carry out such a training successfully.

I am also very grateful to Mr. Deepak Moud (HOD,CE) for his kind support.

I would like to take this opportunity to show my gratitude towards Dr. Megha
Gupta & Prof (Dr) Rekha Jain (Coordinator, PTS) who helped me in successful
completion of my Second Year Practical Training. They have guided, motivated & were
source of inspiration for me to carry out the necessary proceedings for the training to be
completed successfully.

I am also grateful to the <Company Project Guide> for his/her guidance

and support.

I am thankful to<Domain Expert> for his/her kind support and providing me expertise
of the domain to develop the project.

I am also privileged to have <Faculty Member(s)> who has/have flourished me with

his/her/their valuable facilities without which this work cannot be completed.

I would also like to express my hearts felt appreciation to all of my friends whose direct
or indirect suggestions help me to develop this project [and to entire team members for
their valuable suggestions.

Lastly, thanks to all faculty members of Computer Engineering department for their moral
support and guidance.

Submitted
by:

Student
Name:

v
Annexure 5.6: Second Year Practical Training Seminar Report Format (Abstract – Sample)

ABSTRACT

A prototype system has been developed to connect an IBM PC or compatible to an IBM

3081 mainframe computer for making direct database accesses. The system includes
programs which run on both the PC and the mainframe to allow communications and to
forward database access queries and the results of the queries. The system was
developed based on the ideas which have been used in different microcomputer
packages. However, no existing system includes the widowing functionality, or the
interactive capabilities have been developed here. The system was developed in Turbo
Pascal for the IBM PC, and IBM Pascal on the main frame. The design criteria and the
implementation details are presented in this report.

Subject Descriptors:
8 CS 1 Distributed Systems
6 CS 4 Web Technology
5 CS 4 Database Management Systems
4 CS 3 Software Engineering

Keywords:
Distributed databases, micro-mainframe link

Implementation Software and Hardware:

IBM PC/XT, MS_DOS 3.1, MS-Windows, Turbo Pascal 3.0.1, IRMA
Card, IBM 3081, VM/CMS, IBM Pascal

6
 Chapter 1

Introduction to ORACLE

1.1 SIGNIFIANCE OF TRAINING-

Having an Oracle DBA certification makes you qualified in a large set of skills. An Oracle
DBA utilizes specialized software to store and organize data. The role also requires
installation, capacity planning, production monitoring, database design among many other
things. This also imparts the qualities of determination and immense hard work.
The Oracle Database certification ensures a better pay. One of the greatest concerns is the
financial security that the job has to give. An Oracle DBA is a senior level manager who is
responsible for the management of mission-critical data; this post does account for an
excellent deal of financial security. This is also a motive to endeavor harder and do your job
in new and innovative ways.
Credibility is one of the influential factors associated with an IT job. Earning an
authentic Oracle DBA certification will only improve the overall repertoire of the person.
This works towards enhancing employee productivity and also assures consistent quality of
work delivered by the DBA. The organization also benefits and puts its employees above
everything satisfying them with a lot of respect.

Since the IT field deals with the advanced technologies, this certification offers countless
opportunities for promotion. DBA is also responsible for baking up systems in case of power
outage and other hazards. Also, it ensures the integrity of the database, confirming that the
data stored comes from reliable sources.

Oracle certification course guarantees a series of high-grade rewarding projects that will
work towards the improvement of your skills. Being one of the best certifications, it should
always be a priority as it will help secure one of the best jobs in the future.

Besides validating your professional and technical expertise, it has been found that Oracle
DBA certification proves more useful regarding verification. It showcases your hard work
for achieving expertise and each badge offer validation of particular skills that you have
achieved.

Thus, pursuing an Oracle DBA certification course will only add to the assets and promise
a better future.

7
1.2 COMPANY PROFILE-
Company Name-TechieNest pvt. ltd.
TechieNest is a certified ISO 9001:2008, technology service provider and training organization.
The soul mission of founders is to facilitate the education, research and development program;
all under one roof. In a very short span of time our team has successfully delivered the impactful
service to more than 350 colleges, including the most prestigious institutions of India, such as
IIT Mumbai, IIT Delhi and all the NITs. All over the India, with our 6 centers, we are renowned
for our own manufacturing unit and unique content. TechieNest is moving ahead with an
ideology where practical and theory are equally emphasized. In the vast growing ‘Technical Era’
we are rising with a mission to expand the set boundaries of the ‘techie-brains’ to Explore,
Invent and Innovate!

8
 Chapter 2
Technology specification
2.1 LANGUAGE LEARNED-
Structured Query language (SQL) pronounced as "S-Q-L" or sometimes as "See-Quel"is
actually the standard language for dealing with Relational Databases.

SQL programming can be effectively used to insert, search, update, delete database records.

That doesn't mean SQL cannot do things beyond that.

In fact it can do lot of things including, but not limited to, optimizing and maintenance of
databases.

2.2 TOOLS USED-

Oracle Database 11g
Oracle Database is a relational database with object and Extensible Markup Language
(XML) capabilities. In a relational database, all data is stored in two-dimensional tables that
are composed of rows and columns. Oracle Database enables you to store data, update it,
and efficiently retrieve it, with a high degree of performance, reliability, and scalability.

Oracle Database is composed of the following elements:

 The Oracle software that you install on your host computer

 The database, which is a collection of physical files on one or more disks

The database contains user data, metadata, and control structures. Metadata, or data
about the data, is the collection of information on disk that permits Oracle software to
manage user data. An example of metadata is the data dictionary. Control structures (such
as the control file and online redo log files) ensure the integrity, availability, and
recoverability of user data.

 The Oracle instance, which is composed of the following:

o The background processes, which are the operating system processes or threads
that perform the work of accessing, storing, monitoring, and recovering user data,
metadata, and control files associated with the database
o The shared memory areas used by the background processes
 Server processes that perform work on behalf of connected users and applications, and
the memory and temporary storage used by these processes

Server processes parse and execute SQL statements, and retrieve and return results to the
user or application

9
 Chapter 3

Oracle Database 11g

3.1 INTRODUCTION OF DATABASE

3.1.1 DATABASE

A database is a collection of information organized to provide efficient retrieval. The collected

information could be in any number of formats (electronic, printed, graphic, audio, statistical,
combinations). There are physical (paper/print) and electronic databases.

3.1.2 DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

A database management system (DBMS) is a computer software application that interacts with the user,
other applications, and the database itself to capture and analyze data. A general-purpose DBMS is
designed to allow the definition, creation, querying, update, and administration of databases. Well-known
DBMSs include MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle, Sybase, SAP HANA, and IBM DB2. A database
is not generally portable across different DBMSs, but different DBMS can interoperate by
using standards such as SQL and ODBC or JDBC to allow a single application to work with more than
one DBMS.

10
 Figure: 1

3.2 DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR

A database administrator (DBA) is a person responsible for the design, implementation,

maintenance and repair of the database. The main goal of the DBA is to keep the
database server up at all times and make it available for the authenticated users. The DBA
makes sure that the database is protected and in case of any failure data loss is minimal
by implementing the high availability or by designing the robust backup/restore
techniques.

3.2.1 TYPES OF DBA

 ADMINISTRATIVE DBA – Work on maintaining the server and keeping it

running. Concerned with backups, security, patches, replication, etc. Things that concern
the actual server software.
 DEVELOPMENT DBA – works on building queries, stored procedures, etc. that
meet business needs. This is the equivalent of the programmer. You primarily write T-
SQL.
 ARCHITECT DBA– Design schemas. Build tables, FKs, PKs, etc. Work to build a
structure that meets the business needs in general. The design is then used by developers
and development DBAs to implement the actual application.
 DATA WAREHOUSE DBA – Newer role, but responsible for merging data from
multiple sources into a data warehouse. May have to design warehouse, but cleans,
standardizes, and scrubs data before loading. In SQL Server, this DBA would use DTS
heavily.

11
3.2.2 RESPONSIBILITY OF DBA

 Creates and maintains all databases required for development, testing, education and
production usage.
 Computer often have applications or tools on them in addition to the Oracle Databases.
 Performs ongoing tuning of the database instances.
 Plans and implements backup and recovery of the Oracle database.
 Controls migrations of programs, database changes, reference data changes and menu
changes through the development life cycle.
 Implements and enforces security for all of the Oracle Databases.
 Administers all database objects, including tables, clusters, indexes, views, sequences,
packages and procedures.
 Troubleshoots with problems regarding the databases, applications and development
tools.
 Create new database users as required.
 Manage sharing of resources amongst applications.
 The DBA has ultimate responsibility for the physical database design.

3.2.3 The DBA should have the following skills

 A good knowledge of the operating system(s)

 A good knowledge of physical database design
 Be able to provide a strategic database direction for the organization.
 Excellent knowledge of Oracle backup and recovery scenarios.
 Good skills in all Oracle tools.

12
  A good knowledge of Oracle security management.
 A good knowledge of how Oracle acquires and manages resources.
 Sound knowledge of the applications at your site.
 Experience and knowledge in migrating code, database changes, and data through the
various stages of the development life cycle.
 A good knowledge of the way Oracle enforces data integrity.

3.3 PREREQUISITES OF ORACLE DATABASE

There is some steps that we have to perform on Linux before installing oracle database on Linux. And
these are as follows as:-

 Create two group :-

#groupadd oinstall
#groupadd dba

groupadd :- It is a Linux based command which is used create new users.

 Create new user :-

#useradd –m –g oinstall -G dba oracle

Useradd:- It is used to create new with oracle name as well with some priorities.

 Create and configure oracle based directory :-

1. Creation of oracle based directory

#mkdir –p /u01/app/oracle

13
 #chown –R oracle:oinstall /u01/app/oracle
#chmod –R 775 /u01/app/oracle

 Creation of oraInventory based directory

#mkdir –p /u01/app/oraInventory
#chown –R oracle:oinstall /u01/app/oraInventory
#chmod –R 775 /u01/app/oraInventory

2. Creation of Oracle based home directory based directory

#mkdir –p /u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_home
#chown –R oracle:oinstall /u01/app/ oracle/product/11.2.0/db_home
#chmod –R 775 /u01/app/ oracle/product/11.2.0/db_home

chown :- This command is used to change ownership.

chmod :- This command is used to change mode of directory or file means provide
read, write and execute permissions to user.
mkdir :- This command is used to create multiple directories using –p
.
 Configuration of Kernel parameter :-

1. Open kernel parameter file via vi editor and following parameter into this file
#vi /etc/sysctl.conf
2. Use below command to check kernel parameters are right or wrong

#sysctl -p

14
 Figure: 2

 Configuration of shall limits :-

1. Open shall limits file via vi editor and following parameter into this file

#vi /etc/security/limits.conf

Figure: 3

 Configuration of .bash_profile :-

1. Open .bash_profile via vi editor in oracle user and following parameter into this file

#su – oracle (This command is used to switch user from root to oracle)

15
 #vi .bash_profile

Add parameter

export ORACLE_HOME=/u01/app/oracle/product/11.2.0/db_home

export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH:$HOME/bin

Figure: 4

16
 3.4 INSTALLATION OF ORACLE DATABASE

Installations steps of Oracle Database are as follows:-

1. For this installation, you need either the DVDs or a downloaded version of the DVDs. In
this tutorial, you install from the downloaded version. From the directory where the DVD
files were unzipped, open a terminal window and enter the following:

./runInstaller.sh

2. The product you want to install is Oracle Database 11g. Make sure the product is
selected and click Next.
3. You will perform a basic installation with a starter database. Enter prod for the Global
Database Name and oracle for Database Password and Confirm Password. Then,
click Next.
4. You need to specify your Inventory directory. The location should be set
to /u01/app/oracle/oraInventory. Accept the default Operating System group
name, oinstall. Then, click Next.
5. The installer now verifies that the system meets all the minimum requirements for
installing and configuring the chosen product. Please correct any reported errors before
continuing. When the check successfully completes, click Next.
6. Oracle Configuration Manager allows you to associate your configuration information
with your Metalink account. You can choose to enable it on this window. Then,
click Next.
7. Review the Summary window to verify what is to be installed. Then, click Install.
8. The progress window appears.
9. The Configuration Assistants window appears.
10. Your database is now being created.
11. You need to execute orainstRoot.sh and root.sh as the root user.
12. Open a terminal window and enter the following commands. Follow the prompts as
instructed.

17
 #su – root

Password:- oracle (invisible)

13. Switch back to the Universal Installer and click OK.

14. Click Exit. Click Yes to confirm exit
.

3.5 BASIC OF SQL

SQL stands for ‘Structure query language. By which we can perform any change in our database.
Every changes will perform in database by using SQL queries. Basically SQL commands further
divide into four parts which are as follows:-

3.5.1 DML (Data manipulation language):-

DML commands are used to perform for data select, delete, insert and updation of data into
database. DML commands are as follows:-

1. Select:- This command is simply used to access the data by following method.
Syntax:
select column name from objectname;

2. Insert:- This command is used add data into any object.

Syntax:
Insert into tablename (column name1, column name2…….)
values(data1,data2…);

18
 3. Delete:- This command is used delete data from any object.
Syntax:
Delete from tablename where column name=’data’;

4. Update:- This command is used add data into any object.

Syntax:
Update table tablename set column name=’new data’ where column
name=’old data’;

3.5.2 DDL (Data Definition language):-

DDL commands are used to modify the structure of object like size of datatype ,name of
column name etc . DDL commands are as follows:-

1. Create:- this command is use to create new table with specify column name.
Syntax:-
Create table tablename (columnname datatype(size)………);

2. Alter:- this command is used to perform modification in our object.

Syntax:-
Alter table tablename add cplumnname datatype(size);(used to add new column name)
Alter table tablename Drop cplumnname datatype(size);(used to delete column name)

3. Truncate:-this command is used to delete whole data of table and also release the space.
Syntax:-
Truncate table tablename;

3.5.3 TCL (Transactional Control language):-

19
 TCL commands are used to save the data and used rollback data. This can be done by
following command:-

1. commit:- this is used for save the data.

Syntax:-
Commit;

2. rollback:- Used for rollback last recent data which is deleted.

Syntax:-
Rollback;

Note:- DML commands are commited command and DDL commands are auto-commited
commands.

3.5.4 DCL (Data Control language):-

DCL commands are used to provide and revoke the permission to any user or from any user.
This can be done by following commands:-

1. grant:- used to provide permission to any user.

Syntax:
Grant permission name to username;

2. Revoke:- used to revoke permission from any user.

Syntax:
Revoke permission name from username;

3.5.5 CONSTRAINT:-

Constraints are usually created at the same time as the table. Constraints can be added to a table
after its creation and also temporarily disabled.

20
Constraints can be defined at one of two levels.

Constraint Level Description

Column References a single column and is defined within a specification for

the owning column; can define any type of integrity constraint.

Table References one or more columns and is defined separately from the
definitions of the columns in the table; can define any constraints
except NOT NULL

Syntax:

• Column constraint level

column [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] constraint_type,

• Table constraint level

column,... [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] constraint_type (column, ...),

In the syntax:

constraint_name is the name of the constraint

constraint_type is the type of the constraint

The NOT NULL Constraint:-

21
 The NOT NULL constraint ensures that the column contains no
null values. Columns without the NOT NULL constraint can contain null values by default.

The UNIQUE Constraint:-

A UNIQUE key integrity constraint requires that every value in a

column or set of columns (key) be unique—that is, no two rows of a table can have duplicate
values in a specified column or set of columns. The column (or set of columns) included in the
definition of the UNIQUE key constraint is called the unique key. If the UNIQUE constraint
comprises more than one column, that group of columns is called a composite unique key

The PRIMARY KEY Constraint:-

A PRIMARY KEY constraint creates a primary key for the

table. Only one primary key can be created for each table. The PRIMARY KEY constraint is a
column or set of columns that uniquely identifies each row in a table. This constraint enforces
uniqueness of the column or column combination and ensures that no column that is part of the
primary key can contain a null value.

The FOREIGN KEY Constraint:-

The FOREIGN KEY, or referential integrity constraint,

designates a column or combination of columns as a foreign key and establishes a relationship
between a primary key or a unique key in the same table or a different table

The CHECK Constraint:-

22
 The CHECK constraint defines a condition that each row must
satisfy. The condition can use the same constructs as query conditions, with the following
exceptions:

• References to the CURRVAL, NEXTVAL, LEVEL, and ROWNUM pseudo

columns

• Calls to SYSDATE, UID, USER, and USERENV functions

• Queries that refer to other values in other rows

3.6 INTRODUCTION TO ORACLE

An Oracle database is a collection of data treated as a unit. The purpose of a database is to store
and retrieve related information. A database server is the key to solving the problems of
information management. In general, a server reliably manages a large amount of data in a
multiuser environment so that many users can concurrently access the same data. All this is
accomplished while delivering high performance. A database server also prevents unauthorized
access and provides efficient solutions for failure recovery.

Basically ORACLE – SERVER is a combination of instance and physical storage area. It has
three main component as a computer has. These are as follows:-

23
 Figure: 5

1. Memory: It is a temporary memory.

2. Background processes: Oracle-server has six mandatory processes which is handle the
whole database.
3. Storage area: It is a physical storage means where our actual would be stored.

3.6.1 INSTANCE:-

1. Basically it is a combination of memory and background process.

2. When only one instance can access the database that is called single instance
database.
3. Instance create when we will execute startup command.

3.6.2 ORACLE-SERVER:-

It is basically a combination of instance and storage area. Whenever we are going to start
database using startup command. That time instance of database is create then oracle server
make link with storage area. The Oracle server extends the data modeling capabilities to support

24
an object relational database model that brings object-oriented programming, complex data
types, complex business objects, and full compatibility with the relational world. It includes
several features for improved performance and functionality of online transaction processing
(OLTP) applications, such as better sharing of run-time data structures, larger buffer caches, and
deferrable constraints. Data warehouse applications will benefit from enhancements such as
parallel execution of insert, update, and delete operations; partitioning; and parallel-aware query
optimization. Operating within the Network Computing Architecture (NCA) framework,
Oracle9i supports client-server and Web-based applications that are distributed and multitier.

3.7 SGA AND PGA

3.7.1 SYSTEM OR SHARED GLOBAL AREA

It is combination of following things:-

1. Database buffer cache :

o Used to hold data blocks read from datafiles by server processes.
o Contains ‘dirty’ or modified blocks and ‘clean’ or unused or unchanged blocks.
o ‘Dirty’ and ‘clean’ blocks are managed in lists called the dirty list and the LRU.
o Free space is created by DBWR writing out ‘dirty’ blocks or aging out blocks
from the LRU.
o Size is managed by the parameter DB_BLOCK_BUFFERS.
2. Redo log buffer :
o A circular buffer that contains redo entries

25
 – Redo entries reflect changes made to the database
o Redo entries take up contiguous, sequential space in the buffer
o Data stored in the redo log buffer is periodically written to the online redo log
files
o Size is managed by the parameter LOG_BUFFER
– Default is 4 times the maximum data block size for the operating system
3. Shared pool :
o Consists of multiple smaller memory areas
– Library cache
 Shared SQL area
Contains parsed SQL and execution plans for statements
already run against the database
– Procedure and package storage
o Dictionary cache
– Names and datatypes of columns in the database tables
– Privileges of all users
– Names of all tables and views in the database
o Managed via an LRU algorithm
o Size determined by the parameter SHARED_POOL_SIZE

Figure: 6

26
3.7.2 PROGRAMMABLE GLOBAL AREA (PGA)

o Used for a single process (in upward version of oracle it holds multiple process info.)
o Not shareable with other processes
o Writable only by the server process
o Allocated when a process is created and deallocated when a process is terminated
o Contains:
 Sort area – Used for any sorts required by SQL processing
 Session information – Includes user privileges
 Cursor state – Indicates stage of SQL processing
 Stack space – Contains session variable

3.8 BACKGROUND PROCESS

In Oracle-Server there is six mandatory process on which oracle-server runs. And these process
are as follows:-

1. DBWR (Database writer) :

o Writes contents of database buffers to datafiles
o Primary job is to keep the database buffer ‘clean’
o Writes least recently used (LRU) ‘dirty’ buffers to disk first Writes to datafiles in
optimal batch writes
o Only process that writes directly to datafiles
o Mandatory process
o DBWR writes to disk when:
A server process cannot find a clean reusable buffer – A timeout occurs (3
sec) – A checkpoint occurs

27
 DBWR cannot write out ‘dirty’ buffers before they have been written to
the online redo log files.

2. LGWR(Log writer):
o Writes contents of redo log buffers to online redo log files
o Primary job is to keep the redo log buffer ‘clean’
o Writes out redo log buffer blocks sequentially to the redo log files
o May write multiple redo entries per write during high utilization periods
o Mandatory process
LGWR writes to disk when:
– A transaction is COMMITED
– A timeout occurs (3 sec)
– The redo log buffer is 1/3 full
– There is more than 1 megabyte of redo entries
– Before DBWR writes out ‘dirty’ blocks to datafiles

3. SMON :
o Performs automatic instance recovery
o Reclaims space used by temporary segments no longer in use
o Merges contiguous areas of free space in the datafiles (if PCTINCREASE > 0)
o SMON ‘wakes up’ regularly to check whether it is needed or it may be called
directly Mandatory process
o SMON recovers transactions marked as DEAD within the instance during
instance recovery
o All non-committed work will be rolled back by SMON in the event of
server failure
o SMON makes multiple passes through DEAD transactions and only
applies a specified number of undo records per pass, this prevents short
transactions having to wait for long transactions to recover
o SMON primarily cleans up server-side failures

28
 4. PMON:
o Detects both user and server aborted database processes
o Automatically resolves aborted processes
o PMON rolls back the current transaction of the aborted process
o Releases resources used by the process
o If the process is a background process the instance most likely cannot continue
and will be shut down
o PMON primarily cleans up client-side failures

5. CKPT:
o Forces all modified data in the SGA to be written to datafile
o Occurs whether or not the data has been committed
o CKPT does not actually write out buffer data only DBWR can write to the
datafiles
o Updates the datafile headers.

3.9 PARAMETER FILE

Oracle-server is going start that time oracle first of all read the parameter file. Parameter file
contains whole information about database, memory etc. Without parameter file database can
never be start. For that industry always make many backup of parameter file. Parameter file
contains following information:-

1. db_name (database name)

2. memory information
3. controlfile information
4. tablespace and datafile

29
 5. archive file destination

3.9.1 TYPES OF PARAMETER FILE

1. PFILE :-
o By default database start with pfile in older version of oracle 9i (exclude).
o It is completely in text format.
o Parameter of pfile can be change simply open file by pfile and add parameter into
it.
o Whenever changes occur in pfile then database must be restart for getting
changes.
2. SPFILE :-
o By default database start with pfile in newer version of oracle after 8i (exclude).
o It is partially in text and binary format.
o Parameter of SPfile can be change using command.
o Whenever changes occur in SPfile then database must not be restart for getting
changes.

3.9.2 TABLESPCE

A database is divided into logical storage units called tablespaces, which group related logical
structures together. For example, tablespaces commonly group together all application objects to
simplify some administrative operations.

Each database is logically divided into one or more tablespaces. One or more datafiles are
explicitly created for each tablespace to physically store the data of all logical structures in a
tablespace. The combined size of the datafiles in a tablespace is the total storage capacity of the
tablespace.

Oracle database contains a SYSTEM tablespace and a SYSAUX tablespace by default.

To check all tablespace then use following command:-

30
 Figure: 7

3.9.3 DATAFILES

Every Oracle database has one or more physical datafiles. The datafiles contain all the database
data. The data of logical database structures, such as tables and indexes, is physically stored in
the datafiles allocated for a database.

The characteristics of datafiles are:

 A datafile can be associated with only one database.

 Datafiles can have certain characteristics set to let them automatically extend when the
database runs out of space.
 One or more datafiles form a logical unit of database storage called a tablespace.

Data in a datafile is read, as needed, during normal database operation and stored in the memory
cache of Oracle. For example, assume that a user wants to access some data in a table of a
database. If the requested information is not already in the memory cache for the database, then it
is read from the appropriate datafiles and stored in memory.

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To check location of datafile :

Figure: 8

3.9.4 REDO LOG FILES

Every Oracle database has a set of two or more redo log files. The set of redo log files is
collectively known as the redo log for the database. The primary function of the redo log is to
record all changes made to data. If a failure prevents modified data from being permanently
written to the datafiles, then the changes can be obtained from the redo log, so work is never lost.

To check location of Redofiles :

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 Figure: 9

3.9.5 ARCHIVE LOG FILES

You can enable automatic archiving of the redo log. Oracle automatically archives log files when
the database is in ARCHIVE mode.

Sql command to check log list and enable or disable Archive log :-

Sql>alter database close; (database work in mount stage)

Sql>alter database archivelog; (to enable archive log)

Sql>alter database noarchivelog; (to disable archive log)

Figure: 10

3.9.6 CONTROL FILES

Every Oracle database has a control file. A control file contains entries that specify the physical
structure of the database. For example, it contains the following information:

 Database name
 Names and locations of datafiles and redo log files
 Time stamp of database creation

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To check all Control file:

Figure: 11

3.10 MULTIPLEXING AND RECOVERY OF CONTROL FILE

3.10.1 MULTIPLEXING OF CONTROL FILE:-

Basic meaning of multiplexing is creating a number of copies of single thing. As similarly we

perform multiplexing of control file by which we can create number of copies of control file and
can provide different –different location to each controlfile. Basically we perform multiplexing
of controlfile because control file is the heart of oracle which means it contains the whole
information about database. So, we create number of copies of controlfile for recovery purpose
in any industry.

multiplexing of controlfile using pfile:-

1. Start database with pfile

2. Open initsid.ora file in vi editor and add controlfile location
3. Shut down database

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 4. Copy new controlfile using exiting controlfile on provide above location by cp command.
5. Start database.

Figure: 12

3.10.2 RECOVERY OF CONTROLFILE:-

We perform recovery operation when our controlfile corrupt during the database is running.
Then we perform following operations:-

1. Crate text controlfile in /home/oracle location

2. Open text controlfile and remove it all data and add data which shown in below diagram:-
3. Shut down database
4. Startup in mount stage
5. Execute text controlfile
6. Open database with resetlogs

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 3.11 CONCLUSION

During the industrial training I have learn about oracle database, roles and responsibility of DBA
in any company like user management, memory management, backup, restore and it’s recovery
when database is running and learn deadlock situation when it will occur and how to resolve the
deadlock situation. And also learned about client-server management which means connectivity
between number of client to number of server where actual database is present and how to access
the data from server and store in own database.

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 3.12 REFERENCES

There are some references from we can get information about oracle and it’s product. These are
as follows:-

 www.oracle.com
 www.tutorialspoint.com
 www.stackoverflow.com
 www.javatpoint.com

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