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Temperature

Temperature is a measure of the energy (mostly kinetic) of molecules in a system. It tells us about a system's ability to transfer energy as heat. There are four temperature scales: Fahrenheit, Celsius, Rankine and Kelvin. The relations between the scales are defined by formulas that allow for conversion between them. Examples show how to use the conversion formulas to change between temperature units and modify equations to use a different scale. Problems provide practice applying the temperature conversions and changing between temperature units in equations.

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Dr.Ahmed
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191 views4 pages

Temperature

Temperature is a measure of the energy (mostly kinetic) of molecules in a system. It tells us about a system's ability to transfer energy as heat. There are four temperature scales: Fahrenheit, Celsius, Rankine and Kelvin. The relations between the scales are defined by formulas that allow for conversion between them. Examples show how to use the conversion formulas to change between temperature units and modify equations to use a different scale. Problems provide practice applying the temperature conversions and changing between temperature units in equations.

Uploaded by

Dr.Ahmed
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chemical Engineering principles– First Year/ Chapter Four

Dr. Ahmed Faiq Al-Alawy

Chapter 4
Temperature
 Temperature is a measure of the energy (mostly kinetic) of the molecules in a system. This
definition tells us about the amount of energy.
 Other scientists prefer to say that Temperature is a property of the state of thermal
equilibrium of the system with respect to other systems because temperature tells us about
the capability of a system to transfer energy (as heat).
 Four types of temperature:
Two based on a relative scale, degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and Celsius (°C), and two based on an
absolute scale, degree Rankine (°R) and Kelvin (K).
 Temperature Conversion

Also, the °C is larger than the °F

The proper meaning of the symbols °C, °F, K, and °R, as either the temperature or the unit
temperature difference, must be interpreted from the context of the equation or sentence being
examined.
Suppose you have the relation:

What are the units of a and b? The units of a must be °F for consistency. The correct units for b
must involve the conversion factor (1.8 °F\°C), the factor that converts the size of a interval on
one temperature scale

Unfortunately, the units for b are usually ignored; just the value of b (1.8) is employed.

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Chemical Engineering principles– First Year/ Chapter Four
Dr. Ahmed Faiq Al-Alawy

 The relations between °C, °F, K, and °R are:

Or T°R = T°F + 460

Or TK = T°C + 273

Or T°F = 1.8 T°C + 32

Example 4.1
Convert 100 °C to (a) K, (b) °F, and (c) °R.
Solution

or with suppression of the  symbol,

or

Example 4.2
The heat capacity of sulfuric acid has the units J/(g mol)(°C), and is given by the relation
Heat capacity = 139.1 + 1.56 * 10-1 T
where T is expressed in °C. Modify the formula so that the resulting expression has the associated
units of Btu/(lb mol) (°R) and T is in °R.
Solution
T°F = 1.8 T°C + 32 T°C = (T°F – 32)/1.8
T°R = T°F + 460 T°F = T°R – 460
 T°C = [T°R – 460 – 32]/1.8

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Chemical Engineering principles– First Year/ Chapter Four
Dr. Ahmed Faiq Al-Alawy

Note the suppression of the  symbol in the conversion between °C and °R.

Problems
1. Complete the following table with the proper equivalent temperatures:

2. The heat capacity of sulfur is Cp = 15.2 + 2.68T, where Cp is in J/(g mol)(K) and T is in K.
Convert this expression so that Cp is in cal/(g mol)(°F) with T in °F.
Answers:
1.

2. Cp =93.2 + 0.186 T°F

Supplementary Problems (Chapter Four):

Problem 1

37
Chemical Engineering principles– First Year/ Chapter Four
Dr. Ahmed Faiq Al-Alawy

Problem 2

38

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