Positive Sequence

C
r
B
𝑟 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 Used with Electric Field and Capacitance
1
A 𝑟 ′ = 𝑟𝑒 −4 = 0.7788𝑟 Used with Magnetic Field and Inductance

3
𝐺𝑀𝐷 = 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑐𝑎 Geometric Mean Distance between Conductor Centers

𝜀0 = 8.854 × 10−12 Permittivity of Free Space (air)

𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7 Permeability of Free Space (air)

2
𝑉𝐿𝐿
𝑍𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 = Base Impedance for per-unit Analysis
𝑆𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒

Resistance
𝑅𝐴𝐶 = 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑦 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑢𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑟

Capacitance Inductance

2𝜋𝜀0 𝐹𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠
𝜇0 𝐺𝑀𝐷 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑦𝑠
𝐶= 𝐿= ln ′
𝐺𝑀𝐷 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 2𝜋 𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
ln 𝑟 Ω
𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑋 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐵 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑛𝑜 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑋 𝑛𝑜 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝐵𝑝𝑢 = 𝐵𝑍𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑋𝑝𝑢 =
𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑍𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
 Zero Sequence
C 3
𝐺𝑀𝐷 = 𝐷𝑎𝑏 𝐷𝑏𝑐 𝐷𝑐𝑎
9 2 2 2
B 𝐺𝑀𝐷𝐶0 = 𝐷𝐴_𝐴 𝐷𝐵_𝐵 𝐷𝐶_𝐶 𝐷𝐴_𝐵 𝐷𝐵_𝐶 𝐷𝐶_𝐴
Skin Depth of Earth
A 3
𝐺𝑀𝑅𝐶0 = 𝑟∗ 𝐺𝑀𝐷2 (very large for low frequencies)
2𝜌
𝐺𝑀𝐷𝐿0 = 1.31 𝑜𝑟 𝐺𝑀𝐷𝐶0 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
2𝜋𝑓𝜇0
DA_B 3
𝐺𝑀𝑅𝐿0 = 𝑟 ′ ∗ 𝐺𝑀𝐷2 𝑜𝑟 𝑟′ 𝑖𝑓 𝐺𝑀𝐷𝐶0 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
h DA_A DC_C DB_B
𝐺𝑀𝐷𝐿0 𝑐𝑎𝑛′ 𝑡 𝑏𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 𝐺𝑀𝐷𝐶0 (𝑖𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑍𝑒𝑟𝑜)

DC_A DB_C Resistance0

2𝜋𝑓𝜇0
𝑅0 = 𝑅𝐴𝐶 +
8
Capacitance0 Inductance0

2𝜋𝜀0 𝐹𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠 3𝜇0 𝐺𝑀𝐷𝐿0 𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑦𝑠

h 𝐶0 = 𝐿0 = ln 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐺𝑀𝐷 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 2𝜋 𝐺𝑀𝑅𝐿0
3ln 𝐺𝑀𝑅𝐶0
𝐶0 Ω
𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑋0 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐿0 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐵0 = 2𝜋𝑓𝐶0 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑛𝑜 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠 𝑋0 𝑛𝑜 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝐵0𝑝𝑢 = 𝐵0 𝑍𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑋0𝑝𝑢 =
_A 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑍𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

_B

_C
 = Resistivity (m)
 Transmission Line Ampacity and Heat Balance Equations
Bare Overhead Aluminum Conductors

Transmission line ampacity depends on many factors.

line heat generated + line heat absorbed < line heat lost to surroundings … must be True

𝐼2 𝑅 + 𝑄𝑠 = 𝑄𝑐 + 𝑄𝑅
𝐼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑅 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝐶 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

solar absorbed convection loss radiated loss

𝑄𝑠 𝐴, 𝜆, 𝜃, 𝑞𝑠 𝑄𝑐 𝐷, 𝜌, 𝑉, 𝜇, 𝑘, 𝑇𝑐 , 𝑇𝑎 𝑄𝑅 𝐷, 𝜖, 𝑇𝑐 , 𝑇𝑎
𝐴 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐷 = 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝜆 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝜌 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝜖 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝜃 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑉 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑇𝑐 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑞𝑠 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑘𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝜇 = 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑇𝑎 = 𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝑘 = 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑇𝑐 = 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟
𝑇𝑎 = 𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
 Transmission Line Ampacity and Heat Balance Equations
Bare Overhead Aluminum Conductors

Definitions of Terms
𝐼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑠 𝑎𝑡 60𝐻𝑧 𝑓𝑡
Ω 𝑉 = 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑅𝐴𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 60𝐻𝑧 ℎ𝑟
𝑓𝑡 𝑙𝑏𝑠
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝜇 = 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑄𝐶 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 ℎ𝑟 ⋅ 𝑓𝑡
𝑓𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝑘 = 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑄𝑅 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑓𝑡 𝜖 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝜆 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑄𝑆 = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑢𝑛
𝑓𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
𝑞𝑠 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑘𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
𝐷 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑇𝑎 = 𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 °𝐶 𝐷 𝑓𝑡 2
𝑇𝑐 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 °𝐶 𝐴 = 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
12 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑡
𝑇𝑐 + 𝑇𝑎
𝑇𝑓 = 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑚 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 = °𝐶 𝜃 = 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑛 𝑟𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
2
𝑙𝑏𝑠 𝐻𝑐 = 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
𝜌 = 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑍𝑐 = 𝑎𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
𝑓𝑡 2
𝑍𝐿 = 𝑎𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑠
 Transmission Line Ampacity and Heat Balance Equations
Bare Overhead Aluminum Conductors
Choose conductor related values
795 26/7 ACSR Drake 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 35.0° 𝑁 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒
𝐷 = 1.107" 𝜖 = 0.5 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 0.23, 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 = 0.91, 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 0.5
𝐷 𝜆 = 0.5 𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 0.23, 𝑏𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑘 = 0.95, 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 0.5
𝐴 = 0.09225 =
12 𝑍𝐿 = 270° 𝐸𝑎𝑠𝑡 − 𝑊𝑒𝑠𝑡 = 270° 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑡ℎ − 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑡ℎ = 180°
𝑅𝐴𝐶 = 0.0000263 Ω @ 75° 𝐶 𝑇𝑐 = 100° 𝐶 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒)

Adjust RAC to max conductor temperature Ω/kft

′
100 + 225
𝑅𝐴𝐶 = 0.000028492 Ω = 0.0000263 @ 100° 𝐶
75 + 225

𝐻𝑐 = 78° Get sun related values 𝑞𝑠 = 95.64

𝑍𝑐 = 180°

Calculate effective sun angle 78 95.64

𝜃 = cos−1 cos(𝐻𝑐 ) cos(𝑍𝑐 − 𝑍𝐿 )

𝜃 = cos−1 cos(78°) cos(180° − 270°)
𝜃 = cos−1 (0)
𝜃 = 90°
Transmission Line Ampacity and Heat Balance Equations
Bare Overhead Aluminum Conductors
Choose air related values
𝑇𝑎 = 40 °𝐶 104 °F
𝑓𝑡 𝑓𝑡
𝑉 = 2.0 = 7200
𝑠𝑒𝑐 ℎ𝑟
100 + 40 𝑇𝑐 + 𝑇𝑎
∴ 𝑇𝑓 = 70° 𝐶 = =
2 2

Get other air related values

𝜇 = 0.0494
𝜌 = 0.0643
𝑘 = 0.00898
 Transmission Line Ampacity and Heat Balance Equations
Bare Overhead Aluminum Conductors
Calculate conductor ampacity
𝐼2 𝑅 + 𝑄𝑠 = 𝑄𝑐 + 𝑄𝑅
𝑄𝑐 + 𝑄𝑅 − 𝑄𝑠
𝐼= ′
𝑅𝐴𝐶

0.52
𝐷𝜌𝑉
𝑄𝑐 = 1.01 + 0.371 𝑘 𝑇𝑐 − 𝑇𝑎
𝜇
4 4
−𝑜𝑟 − 𝑇𝑐 + 273 𝑇𝐴 + 273
0.60 𝑄𝑅 = 0.138𝐷𝜖 − 𝑄𝑠 = 𝐴𝜆𝑞𝑠 sin 𝜃
𝐷𝜌𝑉 100 100
𝑄𝑐 = 0.1695 𝑘 𝑇𝑐 − 𝑇𝑎
𝜇
𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

0.52 4 4
(1.107)(0.0643)(7200) 373 313
𝑄𝑐 = 1.01 + 0.371 0.00898 100 − 40 𝑄𝑅 = 0.138 1.107 0.5 −
0.0494 100 100
𝑄𝑐 = 25.04062 𝑄𝑅 = 7.45418
−𝑜𝑟 −
0.60
(1.107)(0.0643)(7200)
𝑄𝑐 = 0.1695 0.00898 100 − 40 𝑄𝑠 = 0.09225 0.5 95.64 sin 90°
0.0494 𝑄𝑠 = 4.41140
𝑄𝑐 = 23.45178

25.04062 + 7.45418 − 4.41140

𝐼= = 992.8 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑠 <--- Max amps @ 100 C
0.000028492
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