Chapter 18 - Computer Aided Manufacturing PDF

COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL OF
MACHINE TOOLS
Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and Automation
Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics
University of Patras, Greece
Dr. Dimitris Mourtzis

Associate professor
Patras, 2017

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Associate Professor Dimitris Mourtzis
Chapter 18:
Computer Aided Manufacturing

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Table of Contents
Chapter 18: Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)……….………………….4

18.1 Definition & Strategic Role of CAM……........... ……………………………………………………………………5
18.2 Theory & 18.3 Application.………………………………..…………………………………………………….16
18.5 Numerical Control & CAM..…………………..………………………………………………………….25
18.6 Flexible Manufacturing Systems & CAM…………………………………………………………..33
18.7 CAM Software Survey………………..………………………………………….………...……..37
18.8 Future of CAM Systems……………………………………………………………………....44
18.9 CAD/CAM Tutorial……...............................................................................................51

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Objectives of Chapter 18
 Understand Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) and its strategic role

in the production
 Know about how CAM and CNC are strongly related
 Discuss about Flexible Manufacturing Systems and how CAM can be

integrated
 Meet the variety of CAM software
 Learn some basic programming methods in a CAM software

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Definition
Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) can be defined as the use of
computer systems to plan, manage and control the operations of a
manufacturing plant through either direct or indirect computer interface with
the plant’s production resources
 In other words, the use of computer system in non-design activities but in

manufacturing process is called CAM (Elanchezhian et al. 2007)
Strategic Role of CAM
 The application of CAM in the production offers advantages to a company to

develop capabilities by combining traditional economies of scale with
economies of scope resulting in the desired flexibility and efficiency

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Definition
Strategic Role of CAM
 Amongst other benefits provided by CAM, Post identifies the following (Post
2003):
Greater supervision of the production
Fast response to changes in market demand
Greater flexibility
Product variety
Small lot-sizes
Distributed processing capability
Reduced waste

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Theory and Application
History
 The roots of CAD/CAM trail back to the beginning of civilization, when the
engineers of the ancient civilizations such as Egyptians, Greeks and Romans
acknowledged the importance of the graphical communication
 Later on, Leonardo Da Vinci developed technics, such as cross-hatching and

isometric views
 The invention of computers and xerography made possible the creation of

graphics and visualization (Zeid 1991)
 In the early 1950s, shortly after the World War II, the need for complex parts
led to the invention of the Numerical Control (NC) that substituted the
requirements for skilled human machine operators (Chang et al. 2006)

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History
 At the same time another invention, namely the digital computer, assisted the
development of NC and provided the means for the creation of robots,
computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
and flexible manufacturing systems (FMS)
 The utilization of CAM software systems began in large automotive and

aerospace industries in 1950
 During the late 1950s, APT (Automatically Programmed Tools) was

developed and in 1959, General Motors (GM) began to explore the potential
of interactive graphics.
 By the mid-1960s, the term Computer-Aided Design (CAD) started to

appear. GM announced their DAC-1 system (Design Aided by Computers)
in 1964

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History
 The decade of 1970 can be characterized as the golden era of computer

drafting and the beginning of ad hoc instrumental design applications (Zeid
1991)
 Among the first CAD/CAM systems was UNISURF that was developed by
Pierre Bezier in 1971 for the Renault industry and allowed surface modelling
for automotive body design and tooling (Bezier 1989)
 In 1979 the IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification) was initiated

and it enabled the exchange of model databases among CAD/CAM systems

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History
 Other notably standards that were developed in the same period include
(Zeid 1991):
➢ GKS. ANSI and ISO standard that interfaces the application program with
support package
➢ PHIGS, that supports high function workstations and their related
CAD/CAM applications
➢ VDI (Virtual Device Metafile), that describes the functions needed to
describe a picture
➢ NAPLPS, that describes text and graphics in the form of sequences of
bytes in ASCII code
 The computers evolved rapidly and today’s systems are capable of

planning, scheduling, monitoring, decision-making and generally
managing all the aspects of the manufacturing procedure, even “think”
and adapt to changes automatically (Chang et al. 2006)
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History
 The immense international competition that appeared in 1980s and the
high demand for industrial products became a worldwide phenomenon,
therefore, manufacturers were forced to adapt to the changes
 Small batches, reduced inventories, dynamic environment and rapid changes

of the environment call for increased flexibility and exploitation of the state
of the art technological achievements
 CAM was recognized as a solution to effectively cope with the requirements

in the shop-floor level

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 The CAM systems act as an interface between CAD and NC machines
 The complex drawings created by CAD tools require “translation” in order

to produce the coding for the NC machines
 Alongside with CAD, robotics and CNC, CAM is exploited by the majority of
the production systems nowadays
 Some of the most recent developments in CAM systems include rapid

prototyping, micro-electromechanical systems (MEMs),
nanotechnologies and artificial intelligence
"S. Makris, D. Mourtzis, G. Chryssolouris, “Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)”, CIRP
Encyclopedia of Production Engineering, Luc Laperrière and Gunther Reinhart (Εds.),
ISBN: 978-3-642-20616-0, DOI: 10.1007/SpringerReference_341106,
http://www.springerreference.com/docs/html/chapterdbid/341106.html "
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Figure 1: Example of an up-to-date CAM software workspace

(Photo of MasterCAM)
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 The evolution of virtual manufacturing has led to the creation of work-cell
simulation tools that are capable of developing, simulating and
validating manufacturing processes
 Moreover, off-line programming of multi-device robotic and automated

processes (virtual commissioning) offer optimization functionalities, from
the concept to the implementation phase
 At the 2000s, commercial CAM suites provided complete solutions to

Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) in multiple stages of the production,
i.e. conceptualization, design (CAD), manufacturing (CAM) and engineering
(CAE)
 A great number of CAD tools exist today that provide functionalities of

CAM/CAE (Chryssolouris 2005)

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 In Figure 2 the evolution of software

and hardware systems related to
CAD/CAM is presented
(Chang et al. 2006)
Figure 2: Evolution of CAD/CAM and related technologies (Chang et al. 2006)

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Application of CAM in the Production
 The utilization of CAM enables the automation and computer support of all
the production activities on the shop floor, in order to manufacture parts
designed with computer-aided design (CAD) and analysed with computer-
aided engineering (CAE)
 The equipment on the shop-floor, such as robots, controllers, machine

tools and machining centres are controlled and operated using CAM
systems (Post 2003)
 CAM technologies comprise NC machines, expert systems, machine

vision, robots, lasers and FMS technologies used alongside with computer
hardware, databases and communication technologies
 CAM systems are tightly connected with CAD systems

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 The CAD databases must reflect the manufacturing requirements such as

tolerances and features
 The part drawings must be designed having in mind CAM requirements.
Moreover, the manufacturing systems nowadays require high coordination
due to their networking characteristics
 Synchronization among robots, vision systems, manufacturing cells, material
handling systems and other shop floor tasks are challenging tasks that CAM
addresses
 The role of CAD/CAM systems in the production can be as the intersection of
five sets:
➢ design tools
➢ manufacturing tools
➢ geometric modelling
➢ computer graphics concepts and
➢ networking concepts (Zeid 1991)

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Figure 3: CAD/CAM and their constituents

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 Apart from the fact that the CAM technology has brought a revolution in
manufacturing systems by enabling mass production and greater
flexibility (Yeung2003)
 It has also enabled the direct link between the three-dimensional (3D)
CAD model and its production
 The data exchange between CAM, CAD and CAPP is a dynamic

procedure and takes place through various production stages

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 Data is exchanged regarding process routes and machines between function
of process route sequence and machine assignments from CAPP systems
and identified manufacturing process and machines from CAM systems
 Moreover, reports regarding setup methods, fixtures and operations

sequences between function of setup planning and fixture selection in
CAPP and function of identifying setups, fixtures, getting operation
sequences and machined features in CAM are transmitted
 Further to that, information about cutting tools and cutting parameters

between:
➢ Function of operation planning
➢ Cutting tool selection
➢ Cutting parameter selection
➢ Optimization
➢ Edit and output in CAPP and function of getting cutting tools and
cutting parameters in CAM is exchanged

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Figure 4: Role of CAM in a typical product lifecycle (Zeid 1991)

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 Finally, messages concerning process plan change suggestions

between:
➢ function of operation planning
➢ cutting tool selection
➢ cutting parameter selection
➢ optimization
➢ edit and output in CAPP
➢ function of generating cutting path
➢ CNC code and
➢ simulation in CAM are exchanged

(Ming et al. 2008)
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Figure 5:The collaboration between CAM, CAPP and CAD systems (Ming et al.2008)
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 The data interface between CAM and CAD is displayed in Figure 6
 The mechanical drawing files from CAD applications are required from the
CAM system in order for a part to be manufactured.
 CAM programs represent a designed part as a wireframe of two or three

dimensions
 The NC programmer needs to define auxiliary geometry during the

programming course and since the CAM program do not offer model editing
abilities the need is presented for the CAM system to be combined with a
CAD system (Seames 2002)
 Numerical Control refers to a system that includes hardware and software

and control machine tools and other production equipment via numerical
input (Post 2003)
 NC is a method of automatically operating a manufacturing machine

based on a code of letters, numbers, and special characters
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Numerical Control (NC) and CAM
Figure 6: CAD/CAM links and flow of a computer-aided system (Rehg and Kraebber 2005)
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Numerical Control Reminders
 Numerical Control refers to a system that includes hardware and

software and control machine tools and other production equipment via
numerical input (Post 2003)
 NC is a method of automatically operating a manufacturing machine

based on a code of letters, numbers, and special characters
 In 1947, John Parson of the Parsons Group, began experimenting with the
idea of using tree-axis curvature data to control machine tool motion for
the production of aircraft components. The project was funded by the US Air
Force

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 In 1951 MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology),USA, assumed the

project and the first NC machine was developed in 1950s at MIT (Seames
2002)
 The evolution of computers, led to the creation of Computer Numerical

Control (CNC) in the 1970s
 The difference in NC and CNC lies in the controller technology
 While, NC functions need to be designed and implemented in hardware

circuits, CNC functions can be implemented in CAM software.
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 The coding of the early NC machines and todays CNCs is performed using
the same standards, namely G&M codes formalized as the ISO 6893
standard (International Standards Organization 1982)
 The codes were stored in magnetic tapes, the most common of which were
¼ - inch computer grade cassette tape
 The Electronics Industries Association (EIA) developed standards for

tape format and coding (Seames 2002)

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 In order for the machine code to be produced, certain stages are required as
shown in Figure 7
 Moreover, to ensure the interoperability and the seamless data exchange

between the different stages of the chain that utilize different commercial
tools and technologies, the STEP standards have been developed and
formalized into
➢ ISO10303 (International Standards Organization 1994) and

evolved later to
➢ ISO14649 (International Standards Organization 2003) and
➢ ISO10303-AP238 (International Standards Organization 2004)

commonly known as STEP NC

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Figure 7: Manufacturing information flow in the state-of-the-art CAD/CAM/CNC chain

(Newman et al. 2008)

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 The improvements in the computer technology led to the creation of Direct

Numerical Control (DNC)
 DNC involves a computer that acts as a partial of full controller to one or

more NC machines
 Further to that, improvements in the field led to the creation of Distributed

Numerical Control, where several CNC machines are linked together inside
a network allowing the gathering and storing of upstream and downstream
shop-floor information
 In Figure 8 and Figure 9 the differences in the architecture of Direct and

Distributed Numerical Control are presented

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Figure 8: Direct Numerical Control (Seames 2002) Figure 9:Distributed Numerical Control
(Seames 2002)
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Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS) and CAM
 A Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) is a reprogrammable

manufacturing system capable of producing a variety of products
automatically (Chryssolouris 2005)
 An FMS employs programmable electronic controls that, in some cases,

can be set up for random parts sequences without incurring any set-up
time between parts
 Inside FMSs, the production components require adaptability to a variety

of product processing requirements and therefore, CNC
turning/machining centers and robotic workstations comprise the majority of
equipment in these systems (Chryssolouris 2005)
 CAM systems, NC and robotics offer reprogramming capabilities at the

machine level with minimum setup time

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 An FMS (Figure 10) comprise the

following features:
➢ Interchangeable and/or specific

machining units
➢ Various work pieces within a
component range
➢ Usually free component selection
Figure 10. FMS with integrated CAD/CAM systems

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 The main challenge in the installation of a FMS lies to the control of the
complex network of equipment and shop floor activities of such a system
 By utilizing state of the art CAM systems, the implementation of FMS

becomes feasible due to the benefits that CAM systems provide
 The deployment of an FMS with integrated CAD/CAM systems offer a variety

of benefits such as:
➢ improved productivity through higher machine utilization,
➢ shorter lead times,
➢ more reliable production (self-correcting production and uniform quality),
➢ reduced work-in-progress (Koenig 1990)
 Moreover, by integrating CAPP systems into FMS, the process plans can
be created rapidly and consistently and total new processes can be
developed as fast as plans similar to those for existing components (Rehg
and Kraebber 2005)

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 The benefits of FMS with CAD/CAM systems can be found in Table 1.
Table 1: Benefits of FMS with integrated CAD/CAM systems (Koenig 1990)

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CAM Software
 CAM software can be divided into 2D and 3D applications. The 2D means

that the CAM system imports a 2D drawing file from a CAD system and
calculates a tool path with all movements taking place on a constant Z-level
 Several tool paths on different Z-levels can be combined to create a 3D

result, which is then called 2.5D machining
 A 3D CAM system in contrast imports a full 3D CAD model and calculates

tool paths to create a 3D result
 A second distinction of CAM systems is between simple and high-end CAM

software

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CAM Software
 The high-end CAM software targets large enterprises that require absolute
control of the manufacturing parameters in order to produce an optimum
result
 High-end systems include functionalities that support a fourth or for full 5
axis machining:
➢ constant tool loading features
➢ automatic step-over calculation
➢ automatic detection
➢ removal of rest material
➢ rendered machining simulations
 Software vendors are currently developing integrated CAD/CAM systems,
further enhancing the capabilities of today's CAM applications

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CAM Software Survey
 Table 2 gives a glimpse of the status of CAM technology by presenting some
of the most popular CAD/CAM systems, the software vendors and some
notable features of each one

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CAM Software Survey
Table 2:Commercial CAD/CAM suites

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CAM Software Survey
 The solutions provided by the leading CAD/CAM vendors, offer high-end
features, like:
➢ parametric modelling for solid shapes

➢ 2 ½ to 5 axis machining tool path generation
➢ networking and collaborative design features
➢ post processing capabilities
➢ re-sequencing of operations
➢ simulation and optimization of NURBS interpolation and
➢ generative machining and
➢ assisted manufacturing that captures manufacturing and process know-
how and automates repetitive NC functions

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CAM Software Survey
CAM and related technologies Vendors Market share in 2009
 For 2009, Dassault Systèmes was the market leader on the basis of both
direct vendor revenues received and end-user payments for CAM software
and services
 Delcam was the leader in terms of industrial seats shipped
 Planit Holdings was the leader on the basis of industrial seats installed
 Siemens PLM Software’s NX was the leader in industrial seats shipped by

brand
 CNC Software’s Mastercam was the leader in both industrial and

educational seats installed by brand name
 OPEN MIND Technologies was named as the most rapidly-growing vendor,

although their revenue growth rate was only 1.6% (Table 2)

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CAM Software Survey
Figure 11: Market share of CAD/CAM software vendors in 2009

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Future of CAM Systems
 The manufacturing environment is characterized by ever changing

dynamics and evolution
 The production procedure is based more and more on virtual simulations

and networking features, in factory level as well as and global level
 The need is presented for effective coordination, collaboration and

communication amongst all the aspects of production, from humans to
machines
 The future CAM systems need to focus on collaborative technics,

effective communication and efficient data exchange

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 Moreover, Artificial Intelligence (AI) will allow the development of

“thinking” tools and the exploitation of AI in the CAM systems will offer
automatic optimization ofNC tool paths and benefit from knowledge-
based systems
 Adding to that, self-evolving robots are a fairly new concept and will have
positive impact on CAM systems
 The development of self-evolving robots can bring on CAM advantages on

more economical approach to robotics
 The cost of designing and building a robot will be reduced from millions
of dollars to just a few thousand dollars

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 In the future, the use of these inexpensive robots to assemble parts,

clean up spills, and perform many other specific tasks in a factory will
become a reality (Post 2003)
 Moreover , Virtual commissioning is a new concept that addresses the

complexity of the production systems and the need for short ramp-up time
 In the Virtual commissioning approach, virtual prototypes are used for

the commissioning of control software in parallel to the manufacture
and assembly of the particular production system (Reinhart and Wunsch
2007)

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 Virtual commissioning is tightly connected with CAD/CAM software and
the advances in the second impact the first
 Finally, digital manufacturing incorporates technologies for the virtual

representation of:
➢ factories
➢ buildings
➢ resources
➢ machine systems equipment
➢ labour staff and their skills, as well as
➢ for the closer integration of product ,and
➢ process development through modelling and simulation
 The implementation of digital manufacturing is relying on state of the

art CAD/CAM and CAPP systems and their evolution (Chryssolouris et al
2008)
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Figure 12: CAD/CAM and Digital Factory

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CAD-CAM
Design Part
Assembly Part
Design Stock
Prismatic machining
Figure 13a:CAD/CAM Process to generate G-Code

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CAD-CAM
Machining simulation
G - code
Figure 13b:CAD/CAM Process to generate G-Code
Execute code
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CATIA-CAM Tutorial

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Program Basic Settings
On Catia starting screen we select “Start” ,

“Machining” and “Prismatic Machining”
NOΤΕ: The design part and the stock must have

been designed and assembled before
this step

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 Starting screen of “Prismatic Machining” Workbench

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Machine operation menu
Drill
Pocketing
Pocketing for internal milling
Profile contouring
Curve following
Grove Milling
Point to Point
Prismatic Roughing
4axis pocketing

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 Firstly we select “Tools” then

“Option”
 On the appearing menu we select from the

process tree the “Machining” section

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 The options we focus on are :“Post Processor ,Controller Emulation folder” and
“Tool output point”
We select:
 IMS
 Tool Tip
 Since these settings are selected, “OK” to close “option” menu

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 Then we have to choose the proper machine,the coordinate system and define the
role for every part
 Firstly we select part operation from the process tree and by double-clicking the menu
appears
Part Operation menu

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 We click on machine tab:
➢ Then select 3axis machine (default choice) and in the tooling tab
MillanddrillStarterSet

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Ιn the Numerical Control tab we select:
• Controller Emulation: Fanuc5x
• Post Processor: fanuc0.lib
• Post Processor
Table:IMSPPCC_Mill.pptable
• NC data type: ISO
We select OK to save changes and return on

previous menu

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 We select Reference Machining Axis System:
Οn the appearing window the coordinate

system appears on the reference machining
axis
By selecting the center point,we define the
center point on our design, and by choosing
X and Z axis a menu appears to define the
directions of these axis depending on the
process
 The result is that the coordinate

system is determined:

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 We select Design Part:
➢ Choosing this option we define the

design part that is going to be
manufactured
Design Part
 We select Stock:
➢ Choosing this option we define the

stock that we will process
Stock

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 The final form of the Part Operation

menu should be like the one of the
image
 We click OK and leave menu

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Part Programming
 We select Manufacturing Program, from the tree
and start adding processes:
We select Pocketing
Then the corresponding

areas of the part that the
arrows indicate:
We select closed
pocket

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Part Programming
Final form of Pocketing menu
 We select the tooling tab, then more and insert
cutter’s diameter of 5mm then we return to second
tab
Tooling
By right clicking
we remove all
islands
Click replay then

ΟΚ

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Part Programming
 We select point-to-point tab and
the menu appears
 Then we select import new feature and
we select the perimeter
 Double click on an empty screen area
and return to menu
 Then we select replay, OK and again
ΟΚ to close the menu

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Part Programming
 The process is the same like the previous pocket then we select as the arrows
indicate:

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Final form of the manufacturing
program

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NC Code Output
 On the procedure tree, we select

manufacturing program and by right
clicking,we select “Manufacturing
Program.1 object” then “Generate NC
Code Interactively”

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1. We select NC code then browse 3. Then we click execute, to generate G-
2. Name the folder that G-code files will code and we are asked for a number to
be saved in name of the code

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Vocabulary Introduced to Chapter 18
 Computer Aided Technologies (CAx)
 Computer Aided Design (CAD)
 Computer Aided Engineering (CAE)
 Computer Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)
 Flexible Manufacturing Systems (FMS)
 Computer Aided Process Planning (CAPP)
 Numerical Control (NC)
 Computer Numerical Control (CNC)

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References
1. Bezier P (1989) First steps of CAD. Computer-Aided Design 21(5):259-261
2. Chang T C, Wysk R A and Wang H P (2006) Computer-Aided Manufacturing, 3rd ed. Prentice-
Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
3. Chryssolouris G (2005) Manufacturing Systems: Theory and Practice, 2nd ed. Springer-Verlag,
New York.
4. Chryssolouris G, Mavrikios D, Papakostas N, Mourtzis D, Michalos G, and Georgoulias K

(2008) Digital manufacturing: history, perspectives, and outlook. Proceedings of the Insitution of
Mechanical Engineers Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture 222(5):451-462
5. CIMdata, CAM Software Market Leaders named by CIMdata (2010),

http://www.cimdata.com/news_events/press_release.html?press_release_ID=67
6. Elanchezhian C, Selwyn T S and Sundar G S (2007) Computer-Aided Manufacturing, 2nd ed.

Laxmi Publications LTD, New Delhi
7. Groover M P (1987) Automation Production Systems and Computer-Aided Manufacturing, 1st

ed. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey

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References
8. ISO 10303-1 standard (1994) Product data representation and exchange, Part 1: Overview and
fundamental principles
9. ISO 10303-238 standard (2004) Product data representation and exchange, Part 238:
Application protocol: Application interpreted model for computerized numerical controllers
10. ISO 14649-1 standard (2003) Data model for computerized numerical controllers, Part 1:
Overview and fundamental principles
11. ISO6 983-1 standard (1982) Numerical control of machines—program format and definition of
address words, Part 1: Data format for positioning, Line motion and contouring control systems
12. Koenig D T (1990) Computer Integrated Manufacturing – Theory and Practice, 1st ed. Taylor &
Francis, New York
13. Michalos G, Makris S, Papakostas N, Mourtzis D and Chryssolouris G (2010) Automotive

assembly technologies review: challenges and outlook for a flexible and adaptive approach.
CIRP Journal of Manufacturing Science and Technology 2(2):81-91

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References
14. Ming X G, Yan J Q, Wang X H, Li S N, Lu W F, Peng Q J and Ma Y S (2008) Collaborative

process planning and manufacturing in product lifecycle management. Computers in Industry
59(2-3):154-166
15. Newman S T, Nassehi A, Xu X W, Rosso Jr. R S U, Wang L, Yusof Y, Ali L, Liu R, Zheng L Y,
Kumar S, Vichare P and Dhokia V (2008) Strategic advantages of interoperability for global
manufacturing using CNC technology. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing
24(6):699-708
16. Pena-Cabrera M, Lopez-Juarez I, Rios-Cabrera R and Corona-Castuera J (2005) Machine

Vision Approach for Robotic Assembly. Assembly Automation 25(3):204-216
17. Post A L (2003) Computer-Aided Manufacturing. Encyclopedia of Information Systems 1:187–

203
18. Reinhart G and Wunsch G (2007) Economic application of virtual commissioning to mechatronic
production systems. Computer Aided Engineering 1(4):371-379
19. Rehg J A and Kraebber H W (2005) Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 3rd ed. Prentice-Hall,
Upper Saddle River, New Jersey

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References
20. Seames W S (2002) Computer Numerical Control. Concepts & Programming, 4th ed. Delmar,
New York
21. "S. Makris, D. Mourtzis, G. Chryssolouris, “Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)”, CIRP
Encyclopedia of Production Engineering, Luc Laperrière and Gunther Reinhart (Εds.), ISBN:
978-3-642-20616-0, DOI: 10.1007/SpringerReference_341106,
http://www.springerreference.com/docs/html/chapterdbid/341106.html "
22. Yeung M K (2003) Intelligent process-planning system or optimal CNC programming – a step
towards complete automation of CNC programming. Integrated Manufacturing Systems
14(7):593–598
23. Zeid I (1991) CAD/CAM Theory and Practice, International ed. (Computer Science Series).
MacGraw-Hill, New York

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COMPUTER NUMERICAL CONTROL OF

Dr. Dimitris Mourtzis

Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and Automation

Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and Automation

Chapter 18: Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM)……….………………….4

18.2 Theory & 18.3 Application.………………………………..…………………………………………………….16

18.5 Numerical Control & CAM..…………………..………………………………………………………….25

18.6 Flexible Manufacturing Systems & CAM…………………………………………………………..33

18.7 CAM Software Survey………………..………………………………………….………...……..37

18.8 Future of CAM Systems……………………………………………………………………....44

18.9 CAD/CAM Tutorial……...............................................................................................51

Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and Automation

 Understand Computer Aided Manufacturing (CAM) and its strategic role

 Know about how CAM and CNC are strongly related

 Discuss about Flexible Manufacturing Systems and how CAM can be

 Meet the variety of CAM software

 Learn some basic programming methods in a CAM software

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 In other words, the use of computer system in non-design activities but in

Strategic Role of CAM

 The application of CAM in the production offers advantages to a company to

Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and Automation

Greater supervision of the production

Fast response to changes in market demand

Distributed processing capability

Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and Automation

 Later on, Leonardo Da Vinci developed technics, such as cross-hatching and

 The invention of computers and xerography made possible the creation of

Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and Automation

 The utilization of CAM software systems began in large automotive and

 During the late 1950s, APT (Automatically Programmed Tools) was

 By the mid-1960s, the term Computer-Aided Design (CAD) started to

Laboratory for Manufacturing Systems and Automation

 The decade of 1970 can be characterized as the golden era of computer

 In 1979 the IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification) was initiated

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 The computers evolved rapidly and today’s systems are capable of

 Small batches, reduced inventories, dynamic environment and rapid changes

 CAM was recognized as a solution to effectively cope with the requirements

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 The CAM systems act as an interface between CAD and NC machines

 The complex drawings created by CAD tools require “translation” in order

 Some of the most recent developments in CAM systems include rapid

Figure 1: Example of an up-to-date CAM software workspace

 Moreover, off-line programming of multi-device robotic and automated

 At the 2000s, commercial CAM suites provided complete solutions to

 A great number of CAD tools exist today that provide functionalities of

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 In Figure 2 the evolution of software

Figure 2: Evolution of CAD/CAM and related technologies (Chang et al. 2006)

 The equipment on the shop-floor, such as robots, controllers, machine

 CAM technologies comprise NC machines, expert systems, machine

 CAM systems are tightly connected with CAD systems

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 The CAD databases must reflect the manufacturing requirements such as

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Figure 3: CAD/CAM and their constituents

 The data exchange between CAM, CAD and CAPP is a dynamic

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