AGUETE V.

PHILIPPINE NATIONAL BANK

G.R. No. 170166, [April 6, 2011]

DOCTRINE:

Where the husband contracts obligations on behalf of the family business, the law
presumes, and rightly so, that such obligation will redound to the benefit of the conjugal
partnership.

FACTS:

Spouses Jose Ros and Estrella Aguete filed acomplaint for annulment against PNB before
the Court of First Instance of Rizal.

Jose Ros previously obtained a loan in the amount of P115,000.00 from PNB and as
security, a real estate mortgage over a parcel of land with TCT. No. T-9646 was executed.
Upon maturity, the loan remained unpaid and an extrajudicial foreclosure proceeding on
the mortgaged property was instituted by PNB. After the lapse of a year, the property
was consolidated and registered in the name of PNB.

Estrella Aguete, claiming she had no knowledge of the said loan nor the mortgage
constituted on the land which is part of their conjugal property, contested the
transactions and filed for an annulment of the proceedings. She interposed in her defense
that the signatures affixed on the documents were forged and that the proceeds of the loan
did not redound to the benefit of the family.

RTC ruled for the spouses, stating that Aguete may during their marriage and within ten
years from the transaction mentioned, may ask the court for an annulment of the case. On
notice of appeal by PNB, Court of Appeals reversed this ruling and found for PNB, stating
that forgery was concluded without adequate proof. It also found that the loan was used
in the expansion of the family business.

Hence, this petition.

ISSUE:

How is the benefit to the family proven so as to render the loan contracted by the husband
binding upon the conjugal property?

HELD:

If the husband himself is the principal obligor in the contract, that contract falls within
the term “x x x x obligations for the benefit of the conjugal partnership.”

Here, no actual benefit may be proved. It is enough that the benefit to the family is
apparent at the signing of the contract. Where the husband contracts obligations on
behalf of the family business, the law presumes, and rightly so, that such obligation will
redound to the benefit of the conjugal partnership.

Court denies the petition.

RATIO:

Annulment of the contract will only be granted upon a finding that the wife did not give
her consent to the transaction. Even as Aguete disavows the documents supposedly
acknowledged before the notary public, the document carries the evidentiary weight
conferred upon it with respect to its due exececution. It has in its favor the presumption
of regularity which may only be rebutted by evidence so clear, strong and convincing as
to exclude all controversy as to the falsity of the certificate.

Petitioners did not present any corroborating witness, such as a handwriting expert, who
could authoritatively declare that Aguete’s signatures were really forged.

In her testimony, Aguete confirmed that Ros engaged in such business, but claimed to be
unaware whether it prospered. Debts contracted by the husband for and in the exercise of the
industry or profession by which he contributes to the support of the family cannot be deemed to
be his exclusive and private debts. It is immaterial, if in the end, his business or profession fails
or does not succeed, such may

Sps. Ros v. PNB

FACTS:
 Jose Ros obtained a loan from PNB Laoag Branch and as security executed a real estate mortgage involving a
land with all its improvements. The loan remained outstanding upon maturity. Thus PNB instituted extrajudicial
foreclosure proceedings. A Certificate of Sale was issued in favor of PNB as the highest bidder. After the lapse of
1 year without the property being redeemed, the property was consolidated and registered in the name of PNB.
 Claiming that Estrella Aguete (the wife) has no knowledge of the loan obtained by her husband nor she consented
to the mortgage instituted on the conjugal property – a complaint was filed by her and her husband to annul the
mortgage interposing the defense that her signatures affixed on the documents were forged and that the loan did
not redound to the benefit of the family.
 PNB prays for the dismissal of the complaint and insists that it was the spouses own acts of omission/connivance
that bar them from recovering the land on the ground of estoppel, laches, abandonment and prescription.
 RTC: in favor of Spouses. Under the Civil Code, the effective law at the time of the transaction, Ros could not
encumber any real property of the conjugal partnership without Aguete’s consent. Aguete may, during their
marriage and within 10 years from the transaction questioned, ask the courts for the annulment of the contract her
husband entered into without her consent.
 CA: reversed. Assuming that Aguete did not give her consent to Ros’ loan, the conjugal partnership is still liable
because the loan proceeds redounded to the benefit of the family. The records of the case reveal that the loan was
used for the expansion of the family’s business. Therefore, the debt obtained is chargeable against the conjugal
partnership.

ISSUE: WON the debt contracted by Jose is chargeable against the conjugal partnership of gains. – YES.

RATIO:
 The Civil Code was the applicable law at the time of the mortgage. The property, acquired during Ros and Aguete’s
marriage, is thus considered part of the CPG.
 The husband cannot alienate or encumber any conjugal real property without the consent, express or implied, of
the wife. Should the husband do so, then the contract is voidable under Art. 173 of CC. But, annulment will be
declared only upon a finding that the wife did not give her consent.
 o In this case, the document disavowed by Aguete was acknowledged before a notary public, hence they are
public documents. The execution of a document that has been ratified before a notary public cannot be
disproved by the mere denial of the alleged signer.
 Moreover, the application for loan shows that it would be used exclusively “for additional working [capital] of buy &
sell of garlic & virginia tobacco.” Even in her testimony, Aguete confirmed that Ros engaged in such business, but
claimed to be unaware whether it prospered. Debts contracted by the husband for and in the exercise of the
industry or profession by which he contributes to the support of the family cannot be deemed to be his exclusive
and private debts.

still be charged against the conjugal property of the spouses.

Republic of the Philippines

SECOND DIVISION

G.R. No. 170166 April 6, 2011

JOE A. ROS and ESTRELLA AGUETE, Petitioners,

DECISION

CARPIO, J.:

The Case

G.R. No. 170166 is a petition for review1 assailing the Decision2 promulgated on 17 October 2005 by
the Court of Appeals (appellate court) in CA-G.R. CV No. 76845. The appellate court granted the
appeal filed by the Philippine National Bank – Laoag Branch (PNB). The appellate court reversed the
29 June 2001 Decision of Branch 15 of the Regional Trial Court of Laoag City (trial court) in Civil
Case No. 7803.

The trial court declared the Deed of Real Estate Mortgage executed by spouses Jose A. Ros3 (Ros)
and Estrella Aguete (Aguete) (collectively, petitioners), as well as the subsequent foreclosure
proceedings, void. Aside from payment of attorney’s fees, the trial court also ordered PNB to vacate
the subject property to give way to petitioners’ possession.

The Facts

The appellate court narrated the facts as follows:

On January 13, 1983, spouses Jose A. Ros and Estrella Aguete filed a complaint for the annulment
of the Real Estate Mortgage and all legal proceedings taken thereunder against PNB, Laoag Branch
before the Court of First Instance, Ilocos Norte docketed as Civil Case No. 7803.

The complaint was later amended and was raffled to the Regional Trial Court, Branch 15, Laoag
City.
The averments in the complaint disclosed that plaintiff-appellee Joe A. Ros obtained a loan of
₱115,000.00 from PNB Laoag Branch on October 14, 1974 and as security for the loan, plaintiff-
appellee Ros executed a real estate mortgage involving a parcel of land – Lot No. 9161 of the
Cadastral Survey of Laoag, with all the improvements thereon described under Transfer Certificate
of Title No. T-9646.

Upon maturity, the loan remained outstanding. As a result, PNB instituted extrajudicial foreclosure
proceedings on the mortgaged property. After the extrajudicial sale thereof, a Certificate of Sale was
issued in favor of PNB, Laoag as the highest bidder. After the lapse of one (1) year without the
property being redeemed, the property was consolidated and registered in the name of PNB, Laoag
Branch on August 10, 1978.

Claiming that she (plaintiff-appellee Estrella Aguete) has no knowledge of the loan obtained by her
husband nor she consented to the mortgage instituted on the conjugal property – a complaint was
filed to annul the proceedings pertaining to the mortgage, sale and consolidation of the property –
interposing the defense that her signatures affixed on the documents were forged and that the loan
did not redound to the benefit of the family.1avvphi1

In its answer, PNB prays for the dismissal of the complaint for lack of cause of action, and insists
that it was plaintiffs-appellees’ own acts [of]

omission/connivance that bar them from recovering the subject property on the ground of estoppel,
laches, abandonment and prescription.4]

The Trial Court’s Ruling

On 29 June 2001, the trial court rendered its Decision5 in favor of petitioners. The trial court declared
that Aguete did not sign the loan documents, did not appear before the Notary Public to
acknowledge the execution of the loan documents, did not receive the loan proceeds from PNB, and
was not aware of the loan until PNB notified her in 14 August 1978 that she and her family should
vacate the mortgaged property because of the expiration of the redemption period. Under the Civil
Code, the effective law at the time of the transaction, Ros could not encumber any real property of
the conjugal partnership without Aguete’s consent. Aguete may, during their marriage and within ten
years from the transaction questioned, ask the courts for the annulment of the contract her husband
entered into without her consent, especially in the present case where her consent is required. The
trial court, however, ruled that its decision is without prejudice to the right of action of PNB to recover
the amount of the loan and its interests from Ros.

The dispositive portion reads:

WHEREFORE, premises considered, judgment is hereby rendered:

1. DECLARING the Deed of Real Estate Mortgage (Exhibit "C") and the subsequent
foreclosure proceedings conducted thereon NULL and VOID;

2. ORDERING the Register of Deeds of the City of Laoag to cancel TCT No. T-15276 in the
name of defendant PNB and revert the same in the name of plaintiffs spouses Joe Ros and
Estrella Aguete;

3. ORDERING defendant to vacate and turnover the possession of the premises of the
property in suit to the plaintiffs; and
 4. ORDERING defendant to pay plaintiffs attorney’s fee and litigation expenses in the sum of
TEN THOUSAND (₱10,000.00) PESOS.

No pronouncement as to costs.

SO ORDERED.6]

PNB filed its Notice of Appeal7 of the trial court’s decision on 13 September 2001 and paid the
corresponding fees. Petitioners filed on the same date a motion for execution pending appeal,8 which
PNB opposed.9 In their comment to the opposition10 filed on 10 October 2001, petitioners stated that
at the hearing of the motion on 3 October 2001, PNB’s lay representative had no objection to the
execution of judgment pending appeal. Petitioners claimed that the house on the subject lot is
dilapidated, a danger to life and limb, and should be demolished. Petitioners added that they obliged
themselves to make the house habitable at a cost of not less ₱50,000.00. The repair cost would
accrue to PNB’s benefit should the appellate court reverse the trial court. PNB continued to oppose
petitioners’ motion.11

In an Order12 dated 8 May 2002, the trial court found petitioners’ motion for execution pending
appeal improper because petitioners have made it clear that they were willing to wait for the
appellate court’s decision. However, as a court of justice and equity, the trial court allowed
petitioners to occupy the subject property with the condition that petitioners would voluntarily vacate
the premises and waive recovery of improvements introduced should PNB prevail on appeal.

The Appellate Court’s Ruling

On 17 October 2005, the appellate court rendered its Decision13 and granted PNB’s appeal. The
appellate court reversed the trial court’s decision, and dismissed petitioners’ complaint.

The appellate court stated that the trial court concluded forgery without adequate proof; thus it was
improper for the trial court to rely solely on Aguete’s testimony that her signatures on the loan
documents were forged. The appellate court declared that Aguete affixed her signatures on the
documents knowingly and with her full consent.

Assuming arguendo that Aguete did not give her consent to Ros’ loan, the appellate court ruled that
the conjugal partnership is still liable because the loan proceeds redounded to the benefit of the
family. The records of the case reveal that the loan was used for the expansion of the family’s
business. Therefore, the debt obtained is chargeable against the conjugal partnership.

Petitioners filed the present petition for review before this Court on 9 December 2005.

The Issues

Petitioners assigned the following errors:

I. The Honorable Court of Appeals erred in not giving weight to the findings and conclusions of the
trial court, and in reversing and setting aside such findings and conclusions without stating specific
contrary evidence;

II. The Honorable Court of Appeals erred in declaring the real estate mortgage valid;
III. The Honorable Court of Appeals erred in declaring, without basis, that the loan contracted by
husband Joe A. Ros with respondent Philippine National Bank – Laoag redounded to the benefit of
his family, aside from the fact that such had not been raised by respondent in its appeal.14]

The Court’s Ruling

The petition has no merit. We affirm the ruling of the appellate court.

The Civil Code was the applicable law at the time of the mortgage. The subject property is thus
considered part of the conjugal partnership of gains. The pertinent articles of the Civil Code provide:

Art. 153. The following are conjugal partnership property:

(1) That which is acquired by onerous title during the marriage at the expense of the
common fund, whether the acquisition be for the partnership, or for only one of the spouses;

(2) That which is obtained by the industry, or work or as salary of the spouses, or of either of
them;

(3) The fruits, rents or interest received or due during the marriage, coming from the common
property or from the exclusive property of each spouse.

Art. 160. All property of the marriage is presumed to belong to the conjugal partnership, unless it be
proved that it pertains exclusively to the husband or to the wife.

Art. 161. The conjugal partnership shall be liable for:

(1) All debts and obligations contracted by the husband for the benefit of the conjugal
partnership, and those contracted by the wife, also for the same purpose, in the cases where
she may legally bind the partnership;

(2) Arrears or income due, during the marriage, from obligations which constitute a charge
upon property of either spouse or of the partnership;

(3) Minor repairs or for mere preservation made during the marriage upon the separate
property of either the husband or the wife; major repairs shall not be charged to the
partnership;

(4) Major or minor repairs upon the conjugal partnership property;

(5) The maintenance of the family and the education of the children of both husband and
wife, and of legitimate children of one of the spouses;

(6) Expenses to permit the spouses to complete a professional, vocational or other course.

Art. 166. Unless the wife has been declared a non compos mentis or a spendthrift, or is under civil
interdiction or is confined in a leprosarium, the husband cannot alienate or encumber any real
property of the conjugal partnership without the wife’s consent. If she refuses unreasonably to give
her consent, the court may compel her to grant the same.
Art. 173. The wife may, during the marriage, and within ten years from the transaction questioned,
ask the courts for the annulment of any contract of the husband entered into without her consent,
when such consent is required, or any act or contract of the husband which tends to defraud her or
impair her interest in the conjugal partnership property. Should the wife fail to exercise this right, she
or her heirs after the dissolution of the marriage may demand the value of the property fraudulently
alienated by the husband.

There is no doubt that the subject property was acquired during Ros and Aguete’s marriage. Ros
and Aguete were married on 16 January 1954, while the subject property was acquired in
1968.15 There is also no doubt that Ros encumbered the subject property when he mortgaged it for
P115,000.00 on 23 October 1974.16 PNB Laoag does not doubt that Aguete, as evidenced by her
signature, consented to Ros’ mortgage to PNB of the subject property. On the other hand, Aguete
denies ever having consented to the loan and also denies affixing her signature to the mortgage and
loan documents.

The husband cannot alienate or encumber any conjugal real property without the consent, express
or implied, of the wife. Should the husband do so, then the contract is voidable.17 Article 173 of the
Civil Code allows Aguete to question Ros’ encumbrance of the subject property. However, the same
article does not guarantee that the courts will declare the annulment of the contract. Annulment will
be declared only upon a finding that the wife did not give her consent. In the present case, we follow
the conclusion of the appellate court and rule that Aguete gave her consent to Ros’ encumbrance of
the subject property.

The documents disavowed by Aguete are acknowledged before a notary public, hence they are
public documents. Every instrument duly acknowledged and certified as provided by law may be
presented in evidence without further proof, the certificate of acknowledgment being prima
facie evidence of the execution of the instrument or document involved.18 The execution of a
document that has been ratified before a notary public cannot be disproved by the mere denial of the
alleged signer.19 PNB was correct when it stated that petitioners’ omission to present other positive
evidence to substantiate their claim of forgery was fatal to petitioners’ cause.20 Petitioners did not
present any corroborating witness, such as a handwriting expert, who could authoritatively declare
that Aguete’s signatures were really forged.

A notarized document carries the evidentiary weight conferred upon it with respect to its due
execution, and it has in its favor the presumption of regularity which may only be rebutted by
evidence so clear, strong and convincing as to exclude all controversy as to the falsity of the
certificate. Absent such, the presumption must be upheld. The burden of proof to overcome the
presumption of due execution of a notarial document lies on the one contesting the same.
Furthermore, an allegation of forgery must be proved by clear and convincing evidence, and
whoever alleges it has the burden of proving the same.21]

Ros himself cannot bring action against PNB, for no one can come before the courts with unclean
hands. In their memorandum before the trial court, petitioners themselves admitted that Ros forged
1avv phi1

Aguete’s signatures.

Joe A. Ros in legal effect admitted in the complaint that the signatures of his wife in the questioned
documents are forged, incriminating himself to criminal prosecution. If he were alive today, he would
be prosecuted for forgery. This strengthens the testimony of his wife that her signatures on the
questioned documents are not hers.

In filing the complaint, it must have been a remorse of conscience for having wronged his family; in
forging the signature of his wife on the questioned documents; in squandering the P115,000.00 loan
from the bank for himself, resulting in the foreclosure of the conjugal property; eviction of his family
therefrom; and, exposure to public contempt, embarassment and ridicule.22]

The application for loan shows that the loan would be used exclusively "for additional working
[capital] of buy & sell of garlic & virginia tobacco."23 In her testimony, Aguete confirmed that Ros
engaged in such business, but claimed to be unaware whether it prospered. Aguete was also aware
of loans contracted by Ros, but did not know where he "wasted the money."24 Debts contracted by
the husband for and in the exercise of the industry or profession by which he contributes to the
support of the family cannot be deemed to be his exclusive and private debts.25

If the husband himself is the principal obligor in the contract, i.e., he directly received the money and
services to be used in or for his own business or his own profession, that contract falls within the
term "x x x x obligations for the benefit of the conjugal partnership." Here, no actual benefit may be
proved. It is enough that the benefit to the family is apparent at the signing of the contract. From the
very nature of the contract of loan or services, the family stands to benefit from the loan facility or
services to be rendered to the business or profession of the husband. It is immaterial, if in the end,
his business or profession fails or does not succeed. Simply stated, where the husband contracts
obligations on behalf of the family business, the law presumes, and rightly so, that such obligation
will redound to the benefit of the conjugal partnership.26]

For this reason, we rule that Ros’ loan from PNB redounded to the benefit of the conjugal
partnership. Hence, the debt is chargeable to the conjugal partnership.

WHEREFORE, we DENY the petition. The Decision of the Court of Appeals in CA-G.R. CV No.
76845 promulgated on 17 October 2005 is AFFIRMED. Costs against petitioners.

SO ORDERED.