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NPTEL Web Course On Complex Analysis: A. Swaminathan

This document is a section from an NPTEL web course on complex analysis taught by A. Swaminathan and V.K. Katiyar of IIT Roorkee. It discusses the special transformations given by the mappings w=z^2 and w=z^(1/2), including how they transform the coordinate axes, vertical lines, and other geometric objects in the complex plane. The w=z^2 mapping doubles angles and scales distances, while w=z^(1/2) takes the principal square root with a branch cut along the negative real axis.

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Aditya Koutharapu
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65 views

NPTEL Web Course On Complex Analysis: A. Swaminathan

This document is a section from an NPTEL web course on complex analysis taught by A. Swaminathan and V.K. Katiyar of IIT Roorkee. It discusses the special transformations given by the mappings w=z^2 and w=z^(1/2), including how they transform the coordinate axes, vertical lines, and other geometric objects in the complex plane. The w=z^2 mapping doubles angles and scales distances, while w=z^(1/2) takes the principal square root with a branch cut along the negative real axis.

Uploaded by

Aditya Koutharapu
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 14

NPTEL web course

on
Complex Analysis

A. Swaminathan
I.I.T. Roorkee, India

and

V.K. Katiyar
I.I.T. Roorkee, India

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 1 / 14


Complex Analysis

Module: 8: Mapping of Elementary transformation


Lecture: 3: The mapping w = z 2 and its inverse mapping

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 2 / 14


Some Special Transformation

The mapping w = z 2

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 3 / 14


The mapping w = z 2

In this section we discuss the mapping w = z 2 .

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 4 / 14


The mapping w = z 2

The image of a point in the z-plane under the map w = z 2 is best


visualized by writing the complex number in its polar form.
For, if z = reiθ , w = r 2 ei2θ . This implies a magnification followed
by a rotation of z by its argument in the w-plane.
Hence an angle of θ radians will be mapped to an angle of 2θ
radians with the length of the rays stretching or shrinking
according as r < 1 or r > 1.
The transformation for r < 1 is shown below.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 5 / 14


The mapping w = z 2

=z
=z

2θ

r2
r θ
<z <z

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 6 / 14


The mapping w = z 2

Now we discuss some particular cases for the mapping w = z 2 .

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 7 / 14


The mapping w = z 2

Transformations of the co-ordinate axes


To study the mapping properties, we write z = x + iy so that

u = x 2 − y 2, v = 2xy

Consider the real axis y = 0, −∞ < x < ∞.


Then u = x 2 and v = 0, which implies u ≥ 0. As x varies from
−∞ to 0, u varies from ∞ to 0 and then as x moves further away
from 0, u traverses back the real axis from 0 to ∞.
Similarly for the imaginary axis x = 0, −∞ < y < ∞, u = −y 2 and
v = 0.
So as y traverses the imaginary axis from below towards origin, u
traverses the negative real axis from −∞ to 0 and then as y
moves upwards away from origin, u traverses back the negative
real axis from origin towards −∞.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 8 / 14


The mapping w = z 2

Image of a vertical line


Consider the vertical line x = k1 so that u = x 2 − y 2 , v = 2xy
gives u = k12 − y 2 , v = 2k1 y .
Eliminating y , we get the parabola

v 2 = 4k12 (k12 − u)

with vertex at (k12 , 0) and focus at (0,0).


Hence all vertical lines in the z-plane will have vertex on the
positive real axis and focus at (0,0).

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 9 / 14


Some Special Transformation

The mapping w = z 1/2

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 10 / 14


The mapping w = z 1/2

In this section, we discuss the properties of the mapping w = z 1/2 .


Even though, this is inverse of the mapping z = w 2 , there is an
underlying difference between these two mappings.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 11 / 14


The mapping w = z 1/2

w = z 1/2 gives two square roots of z, when z 6= 0.


In polar form, we have
√ iθ + wk π
z 1/2 = r exp , k = 0, 1.
2
Here the principal root occurs when k = 0.
z 1/2 can also be written as
 
1/2 1
z = exp log z .
2

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 12 / 14


The mapping w = z 1/2

The principal branch of the double valued function z 1/2 is obtained


by taking the principal branch of log z.
We denote this principal branch of z 1/2 as F0 .
This gives
 
1
F0 (z) = exp Logz , |z| > 0, −π < Argz < π.
2

The ray θ = π is the branch cut of F0 and z = 0 is the branch point.


Even though the values along the branch cut can be defined for
F0 , they are not even continuous there.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 13 / 14


The mapping w = z 1/2

The particular cases of this mapping can be obtained by using the


mapping w 2 = z.
In that case, only the Principal function F0 is taken into
consideration.
Example
For example, the function w = z 2 maps the hyperbola 2xy = 1 of the
z-plane onto the line v = 1 in the w-plane. Hence the mapping
w = z 1/2 (the principal branch, with branch cut at θ = 0) maps the line
y = 1 in the z-plane onto the branch of the hyperbola 2uv = 1 which
lies in the first quadrant of the w-plane. Both the mappings are one to
one.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL) Complex Analysis 14 / 14

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