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    Endocerida: Endocerida Is An Extinct Nautiloid Order, A

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    ReynaLord Rafael-san
    Endocerida was an extinct order of nautiloid cephalopods from the Lower Paleozoic era characterized by cone-like deposits in their siphuncle. They flourished from the Early Ordovician to possibly the Late Silurian, exhibiting a diversity of shell forms. Some endocerids reached enormous sizes up to 6 meters long. Their ecology is debated but they may have been apex predators or filter feeders. Endocerids evolved from earlier ellesmerocerids and became extinct relatively early in cephalopod history.

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    Endocerida: Endocerida Is An Extinct Nautiloid Order, A

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    ReynaLord Rafael-san
    22 views17 pages
    Endocerida was an extinct order of nautiloid cephalopods from the Lower Paleozoic era characterized by cone-like deposits in their siphuncle. They flourished from the Early Ordovician to possibly the Late Silurian, exhibiting a diversity of shell forms. Some endocerids reached enormous sizes up to 6 meters long. Their ecology is debated but they may have been apex predators or filter feeders. Endocerids evolved from earlier ellesmerocerids and became extinct relatively early in cephalopod history.

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    Endocerida

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    Endocerida

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    Endocerida was an extinct order of nautiloid cephalopods from the Lower Paleozoic era characterized by cone-like deposits in their siphuncle. They flourished from the Early Ordovician to possibly the Late Silurian, exhibiting a diversity of shell forms. Some endocerids reached enormous sizes up to 6 meters long. Their ecology is debated but they may have been apex predators or filter feeders. Endocerids evolved from earlier ellesmerocerids and became extinct relatively early in cephalopod history.

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    22 views17 pages

    Endocerida: Endocerida Is An Extinct Nautiloid Order, A

    Uploaded by

    ReynaLord Rafael-san
    Endocerida was an extinct order of nautiloid cephalopods from the Lower Paleozoic era characterized by cone-like deposits in their siphuncle. They flourished from the Early Ordovician to possibly the Late Silurian, exhibiting a diversity of shell forms. Some endocerids reached enormous sizes up to 6 meters long. Their ecology is debated but they may have been apex predators or filter feeders. Endocerids evolved from earlier ellesmerocerids and became extinct relatively early in cephalopod history.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 17

    Endocerida

    Endocerida is an extinct nautiloid order, a


    group of cephalopods from the Lower
    Paleozoic with cone-like deposits in its
    siphuncle.
    Endocerida
    Temporal range: Floian–Hirnantian[1][2]
    PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K PN
    g

    Scientific classification

    Kingdom: Animalia

    Phylum: Mollusca

    Class: Cephalopoda

    Subclass: Nautiloidea

    Order: †Endocerida
    Teichert, 1933

    Families

    † Proterocameroceratidae
    † Najaceratidae
    † Piloceratidae
    † Endoceratidae

    Endocerida comprises a diverse group of


    cephalopods that lived from the Early
    Ordovician possibly to the Late Silurian.
    Their shells varied in form. Some were
    straight (orthoconic) others curved
    (cyrtoconic); some were long
    (longiconic), others short (breviconic).
    Some long-shelled forms like Endoceras
    attained shell lengths close to 6 metres
    (20 ft). The related Cameroceras is
    anecdotally reported to have reached
    lengths approaching 9 metres (30 ft), but
    these claims are problematic. The
    overwhelming majority of endocerids and
    nautiloids in general are much smaller,
    usually less than a meter long fully
    grown.

    Morphology

    Endoceras fossils

    Endocerids may have had a relatively


    small body chamber as well as a
    proportionally large siphuncle that in
    some reached nearly half the shell
    diameter, suggesting much of the
    visceral mass may have been housed
    within the siphuncle itself rather than just
    in the body chamber as with other
    nautiloids (Teichert, 1964). Endocerids
    are primarily distinguished by the
    presence of calcareous deposits, known
    as endocones, formed in the more apical
    portion of the siphuncle and thought to
    counterweight the animal’s body. The
    chambers (camerae) of endocerids are
    always free of organic deposits, unlike
    other orders such as the Michelinocerida
    and Actinocerida.

    Body Size
    Endocerids reached enormous body
    sizes. The largest confirmed specimen,
    belonging to Endoceras giganteum, is 3
    metres (9.8 ft) long as preserved, but is
    missing a substantial portion of its
    aboral end.[3][4] The reconstructed length
    of the shell is nearly 6 metres (20 ft).[3][4]
    An alleged endocerid specimen 30 feet
    (9.1 m) long is unconfirmed.[3]

    Ecology
    The mode of life of endocerids is
    debated.[5] Endocerids may have been
    the apex predators of the Ordovician,
    probably living close to the sea floor, and
    preying on trilobites, molluscs,
    brachiopods and other bottom-dwelling
    organisms.[1] They were probably not
    active nektonic swimmers, but rather
    crawled over the floor of epicontinental
    seas or lay there in ambush. However,
    the extremely long, straight shells of
    endocerids would have made them slow
    and not very maneuverable, poorly suited
    for an active predatory role or a life near
    the sea floor.[5] Rather, endocerids may
    have been pelagic filter feeders, similar
    to other gigantic sea animals such as
    baleen whales and whale sharks.[5]

    Reproduction
    Endocerids laid relatively large eggs, and
    hatched at a relatively large body size.[6]
    It is likely that endocerids were demersal
    after hatching, as large eggs would make
    an easy target for predators in the
    pelagic zone.[6] Endocerids may have
    migrated from their habitat in the open
    ocean to shallower water to lay their
    eggs.[5]

    Diversity
    Endocerids were among some half a
    dozen cephalopod orders that appeared
    in the Lower Ordovician. They reached
    their greatest diversity during the Lower
    to Mid-Ordovician, but were already in
    decline by the middle of this period with
    most genera becoming extinct by the end
    of the Sandbian (late Ordovician), while
    some rare hangers on lasted into the
    Silurian.[2] In any case, the endocerid
    lineage became completely extinct
    relatively early on in cephalopod history.

    Evolution
    Endocerids evolved from the earlier
    ellesmerocerids, most likely from a
    genus similar to Pachendoceras. This
    ellesmerocerid gave rise to
    Proendoceras, the earliest representative
    of the Proterocameroceratidae and
    hence of the Endocerida. Endocerids
    evolved from ellesmerocerids by
    reduction of siphuncle diaphragms and
    the development of endocones. From
    that time, in the early middle Lower
    Ordovician, the Endocerida quickly
    diversified into different families. Two
    general evolutionary trends can be
    recognized. In one lineage, the siphuncle
    grew more complex, resulting in genera
    such as Chihlioceras and Allotrioceras. In
    the other lineage, overall size increased,
    resulting in such genera as Endoceras
    and Cameroceras.

    Taxonomy and classification


    Citing its diversity, Curt Teichert (1964)
    placed the Endocerida in its own
    subclass called the Endoceroidea or
    Endoceratoidea. (Some Russian
    paleontologists ranked it as a superorder
    instead). Rousseau Flower rejected this
    separation on the grounds that
    endocerids were no more diverse or
    complex than any other order and
    considered them simply another order
    within the Nautiloidea.

    Flower (1958) divided the Endocerida


    into two suborders, the
    Proterocamerocerina and the
    Endocerina, which respectively follow the
    two primary evolutionary trends
    described above. As defined the
    Proterocamerocerina includes the
    Proterocameroceratidae,
    Manchurocheratidae, and
    Emmonsoceratidae; the Endocerina, the
    Piloceratidae and Endoceratidae.

    See also
    Cephalopod size

    References
    1. Kröger, Björn; Yun-Bai, Zhang (2008).
    "Pulsed cephalopod diversification
    during the Ordovician".
    Palaeogeography,
    Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.
    273: 174–183.
    doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.12.015 .
    2. Barskov, I. S.; Boiko, M. S.;
    Konovalova, V. A.; Leonova, T. B.;
    Nikolaeva, S. V. (2008).
    "Cephalopods in the marine
    ecosystems of the Paleozoic".
    Paleontological Journal. 42 (11):
    1167.
    doi:10.1134/S0031030108110014 .
    3. Teichert, Curt; Kummel, Bernhard
    (1960). "Size of endoceroid
    cephalopods". Breviora. 128.
    4. Klug, Christian; De Baets, Kenneth;
    Kröger, Björn; Bell, Mark A.; Korn,
    Dieter; Payne, Jonathan L. (2015).
    "Normal giants? Temporal and
    latitudinal shifts of Palaeozoic
    marine invertebrate gigantism and
    global change". Lethaia. 48 (2): 267–
    288. doi:10.1111/let.12104 .
    5. Mironenko, Aleksandr A.
    "Endocerids: suspension feeding
    nautiloids?". Historical Biology.
    doi:10.1080/08912963.2018.14915
    65 .
    6. Laptikhovsky, Vladimir; Nikolaeva,
    Svetlana; Rogov, Mikhail (2018).
    "Cephalopod embryonic shells as a
    tool to reconstruct reproductive
    strategies in extinct taxa". Biological
    Reviews. 93 (1): 270–83.
    doi:10.1111/brv.12341 .

    Further reading
    Clarke, J.M. 1897. The Lower Silurian
    Cephalopoda of Minnesota . In: E.O.
    Ulrich, J.M. Clarke, W.H. Scofield &
    N.H. Winchell The Geology of
    Minnesota. Vol. III, Part II, of the final
    report. Paleontology. Harrison & Smith,
    Minneapolis. pp. 761–812.
    Flower, 1955, Status of Endoceroid
    Classification; Jour. Paleon. V 29. n.3
    May 1955,pp 327–370; figs, plts.
    Flower,1958, Some Chazyan and
    Mohawkian Endoceratida; Jour. Paleon
    V32, n.3,pp 433–468; figs, plts.
    Flower, 1976, Ordovician Cephalopod
    Faunas and Their Role in Correlation, in
    Bassett,M.C.(Ed); The Ordovician
    System: Proceedings of a
    Paleontological Association
    Symposium; Birmingham,Eng.1974;
    Univ of Wales and Welsh Nat’l Mus
    Press.
    Teichert, C. 1964, Endoceratoidea, in
    the Treatise on Invertebrate
    Paleontology, Part-K (Nautiloidea; Geol
    Soc of America and University of
    Kansas Press; pp K160–K188; figs.
    Neale Monks and Philip Palmer.
    Ammonites. Smithsonian Institution
    Press, Washington D.C. 2002.
    Retrieved from
    "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
    title=Endocerida&oldid=894472428"

    Last edited on 28 April 2019, at 03:02

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