GENERAL CHEMISTRY

NATURE AND STATES OF MATTER  Continuous Theory – matter can be divided

indefinitely without changing the fundamental
THE PARTICULARE NATURE OF MATTER characteristics of the material – a direct contrast
to the discrete theory of the atomists.
 “Matter is made up of particles”
 Earliest belief of Greek philosophers was that matter STATES OF MATTER
was made up of a single element.
 Anaximenes (545 BCE) – primal element was air  Matter is anything that has Mass and Volume.
 Thales of Miletus (6th Century BCE) – water  Mass – amount of matter
 Heraclitus (540-480 BCE) – fire  Volume – space it occupies
 Empedocles (490-430 BCE) – 4 fundamental  All living and nonliving things are made up of matter
elements (earth, water, fire and air)  Substances can change from one phase to another
 Law of Constant Proportions – All things of the same when the physical forces between the particles
type have the same proportions of the elements that composing them are changes.
compose them.  As temperature rises, matter can transform to a more
active state without changing its chemical
ATOMS composition.

 “Uncuttable” SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES

 Leucippus and his student Democritus
SOLID
FIVE MAIN PRINCIPLES
 Have definite shape and volume.
 All matter is made up of atoms that are too tiny to be  Particles are tightly packed together
seen by the naked eye. They cannot be broken down  Almost incompressible
further into smaller portions. All forms of matter  Particles vibrate in a fixed position; can’t move/slide
result from the coming together or breaking apart of past each other
atoms.  High densities
 Atoms are in constant motion around an empty space  Can expand only slightly
called void
 Atoms are completely solid LIQUIDS
 Atoms are uniform, with no internal structure
 Have NO definite shape but definite volume
 Atoms come in different shapes and sizes
 Particle are close with one another
ATOMIST  Not arranged in a rigid or orderly manner
 Can slide past each other allowing them to flow freely
 Epirucus of Samos (341-270 BCE) and take the shape of its container
 “Matter is made up of atoms”  ALMOST incompressible
 Highly opposed by famous philosophers including  Medium densities
Plato and Aristotle.  Tend to expand slightly
GASES
ARISTOTLE
 NO definite volume
 Agreed with Empedocles
 Takes the shape of the container
 Suggested that one element could be transformed to
 Can expand to fill any volume
another – a pioneering idea to the field of alchemy.
 Takes both the shape and volume of the container
 Added a fifth fundamental element aether
 Particles are MUCH FARTHER APART than those in a
 Aether – made up of matter found outside of Earth liquid
and the moon.
 Because of the large space between the particles,
gases are easily compressed into a smaller volume
when pressure is increased
 Greatly expand
 Low densities
 PHASE  Chemical Reactivity – how a substance reacts with
another substance.
 Absorbing or releasing an amount of energy (heat)  Inert – substance that are chemically unreactive with
into or out of matter. other substances
DIFFERENT PHASES EXTENSIVE AND INTENSIVE PROPERTIES
 Melting – solid to liquid EXTENSIVE PROPERTY
 Vaporization – liquid to gas
 Condensation – gas to liquid  Mass, volume, length and size depend on the
 Freezing – liquid to solid AMOUNT of matter
 Sublimation – solid to gas  The MORE matter there is, the GREATER its mass,
 Deposition – gas to solid volume, or any of its extensive property

PLASMA AND BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE INTENSIVE PROPERTY

PLASMA  Depends on the TYPE of matter

 Density, color, physical state, melting, boiling,
 Fourth state of matter freezing point and thermal conductivity.
 Formed by heating and ionizing a gas  May be used to identify a substance
 Made up of groups of negatively and positively
charged particles. CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER
 Not the same as gases
 Have neither a definite volume nor a definite shape.
MATTER
 Ionized gases, aurora borealis, lightning, comet trails  Can be classified as pure substance or mixture
BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATE PURE SUBSTANCE
 Fifth state of matter
 Characterized by an unchanging or specific
 Produced when a cloud of bosons is cooled to
composition
temperature very close to absolute zero
 Cold liquid helium and superconductors like nucleons MIXTURE
inside a neutron star.
 Composed of different pure substances that are
PROPERTIES OF MATTER physically combined

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

PHYSICAL PROPERTY
 Can be observed without changing the composition of
a substance
 Phase, color, solubility, density, melting and boiling
points, volatility, viscosity and conductively.
 Determining a physical property of matter may be
accompanied by a change in its physical state.

CHEMICAL PROPERTY
 Can be observed with an accompanying change in the
chemical composition of a substance.
 Flammability – burn when in contact with flames.
 PURE SUBSTANCES: ELEMENTS AND SOLUTION
COMPOUNDS
 Made up of two parts: solute & solvent
ELEMENT  Solute – substance that gets dissolved
 Solvent – the one that does the dissolving
 Composed of only one kind of atom  Solvent is present in larger quantity than solute
 Specific one-letter or two-letter symbol  Saltwater – salt is the solute, water is the solvent
 Cannot be decomposed into much simpler
component through ordinary chemical means HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES
 Components are not evenly distributed
 Can be physically identified
 Oil-water mixture

PHYSICAL METHODS OF SEPARATING MIXTURES

 Magnets – remove magnetic solids from the

nonmagnetic components
 Decantation – separates mixtures of liquid and heavy
insoluble solids
 Evaporation – continuously heating the solution,
leaving behind the solid component of the mixture
 Sublimation – separates volatile (flammable) solids
from nonvolatile substances
COMPOUND  Filtration – solid-liquid mixture is allowed to pass
through a filter, trapping the solid in it
 Composed of two or more elements combined
 Distillation – separates miscible liquids of different
chemically in definite proportions.
boiling points such as ethyl alcohol and water.
 Classified as either covalent or ionic depending on
 Chromatography – separate components of different
the nature of the element that comprise them
degrees of solubility using a moving and a stationary
 Chemical Bonds – particles in a compound are held fluid
together by forces of attraction
 Can be decomposed into their constituent elements
only through chemical means.

MIXTURES: HOMOGENEOUS AND

HETEROGENEOUS
MIXTURES
 Made up of two or more substances that are only
physically combined and can be separated into their
components through simple physical means.

HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES
 Exist in a single phase
 The appearance, properties and composition are
uniform throughout a sample
 Solution – can be physically combined in varying
proportions
 Saltwater and air