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Haar Wavelets

The Haar wavelet transform was invented by Alfréd Haar and involves pairing up input values and storing their differences while passing their sums. The most commonly used discrete wavelet transforms were formulated by Ingrid Daubechies in 1988 based on recurrence relations. The dual-tree complex wavelet transform provides nearly shift invariant and directionally selective properties with lower redundancy than other transforms. Discrete wavelet transforms like the Haar, Daubechies, and dual-tree complex transforms have applications in signal processing, image processing, data compression and more.

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Mihai Dragomir
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101 views3 pages

Haar Wavelets

The Haar wavelet transform was invented by Alfréd Haar and involves pairing up input values and storing their differences while passing their sums. The most commonly used discrete wavelet transforms were formulated by Ingrid Daubechies in 1988 based on recurrence relations. The dual-tree complex wavelet transform provides nearly shift invariant and directionally selective properties with lower redundancy than other transforms. Discrete wavelet transforms like the Haar, Daubechies, and dual-tree complex transforms have applications in signal processing, image processing, data compression and more.

Uploaded by

Mihai Dragomir
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Haar wavelets

Main article: Haar wavelet

The first DWT was invented by Hungarian mathematician Alfréd Haar. For an input represented by a list
of {\displaystyle 2^{n}}2^{n} numbers, the Haar wavelet transform may be considered to pair up input
values, storing the difference and passing the sum. This process is repeated recursively, pairing up the
sums to prove the next scale, which leads to {\displaystyle 2^{n}-1}2^{n}-1 differences and a final sum.

Daubechies wavelets

Main article: Daubechies wavelet

The most commonly used set of discrete wavelet transforms was formulated by the Belgian
mathematician Ingrid Daubechies in 1988. This formulation is based on the use of recurrence relations
to generate progressively finer discrete samplings of an implicit mother wavelet function; each
resolution is twice that of the previous scale. In her seminal paper, Daubechies derives a family of
wavelets, the first of which is the Haar wavelet. Interest in this field has exploded since then, and many
variations of Daubechies' original wavelets were developed.[1][2]

The dual-tree complex wavelet transform (DℂWT)

Main article: Complex wavelet transform

The dual-tree complex wavelet transform (ℂWT) is a relatively recent enhancement to the discrete
wavelet transform (DWT), with important additional properties: It is nearly shift invariant and
directionally selective in two and higher dimensions. It achieves this with a redundancy factor of only
{\displaystyle 2^{d}}2^{d} substantially lower than the undecimated DWT. The multidimensional (M-D)
dual-tree ℂWT is nonseparable but is based on a computationally efficient, separable filter bank (FB).[3]

Others

Other forms of discrete wavelet transform include the LeGall-Tabatabai (LGT) 5/3 wavelet developed by
D. Le Gall and Ali J. Tabatabai in 1988 (used in JPEG 2000),[4][5][6] the non- or undecimated wavelet
transform (where downsampling is omitted), the Newland transform (where an orthonormal basis of
wavelets is formed from appropriately constructed top-hat filters in frequency space). Wavelet packet
transforms are also related to the discrete wavelet transform. Complex wavelet transform is another
form.
Properties

The Haar DWT illustrates the desirable properties of wavelets in general. First, it can be performed in
{\displaystyle O(n)}O(n) operations; second, it captures not only a notion of the frequency content of the
input, by examining it at different scales, but also temporal content, i.e. the times at which these
frequencies occur. Combined, these two properties make the Fast wavelet transform (FWT) an
alternative to the conventional fast Fourier transform (FFT).

Time issues

Due to the rate-change operators in the filter bank, the discrete WT is not time-invariant but actually
very sensitive to the alignment of the signal in time. To address the time-varying problem of wavelet
transforms, Mallat and Zhong proposed a new algorithm for wavelet representation of a signal, which is
invariant to time shifts.[7] According to this algorithm, which is called a TI-DWT, only the scale
parameter is sampled along the dyadic sequence 2^j (j∈Z) and the wavelet transform is calculated for
each point in time.[8][9]

Applications

The discrete wavelet transform has a huge number of applications in science, engineering, mathematics
and computer science. Most notably, it is used for signal coding, to represent a discrete signal in a more
redundant form, often as a preconditioning for data compression. Practical applications can also be
found in signal processing of accelerations for gait analysis,[10] image processing,[11] in digital
communications and many others.[12] [13][14]

It is shown that discrete wavelet transform (discrete in scale and shift, and continuous in time) is
successfully implemented as analog filter bank in biomedical signal processing for design of low-power
pacemakers and also in ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless communications.[15]

Example in Image Processing

Image with Gaussian noise.

Image with Gaussian noise removed.


Wavelets are often used to denoise two dimensional signals, such as images. The following example
provides three steps to remove unwanted white Gaussian noise from the noisy image shown. Matlab
was used to import and filter the image.

The first step is to choose a wavelet type, and a level N of decomposition. In this case biorthogonal 3.5
wavelets were chosen with a level N of 10. Biorthogonal wavelets are commonly used in image
processing to detect and filter white Gaussian noise,[16] due to their high contrast of neighboring pixel
intensity values. Using these wavelets a wavelet transformation is performed on the two dimensional
image.

Following the decomposition of the image file, the next step is to determine threshold values for each
level from 1 to N. Birgé-Massart strategy[17] is a fairly common method for selecting these thresholds.
Using this process individual thresholds are made for N = 10 levels. Applying these thresholds are the
majority of the actual filtering of the signal.

The final step is to reconstruct the image from the modified levels. This is accomplished using an inverse
wavelet transform. The resulting image, with white Gaussian noise removed is shown below the original
image. When filtering any form of data it is important to quantify the signal-to-noise-ratio of the
result.[18] In this case, the SNR of the noisy image in comparison to the original was 30.4958%, and the
SNR of the denoised image is 32.5525%. The resulting improvement of the wavelet filtering is a SNR gain
of 2.0567%.[19]

It is important to note that choosing other wavelets, levels, and thresholding strategies can result in
different types of filtering. In this example, white Gaussian noise was chosen to be removed. Although,
with different thresholding, it could just as easily have been amplified.

Comparison with Fourier transform

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