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Grounding in
Instrumentation Systems
TI21W1 Version 1.1
© 2004
Standards
Certification
Education & Training
Publishing
Conferences & Exhibits
© 2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1) 1
Seminar Logistics
• Seminar materials
– Downloadable presentation
– Question and Answer session (audio and email)
– Survey
– Earn 1 Professional Development Hour (PDH)
• Seminar length
– 60 minute presentation
– Three 10-minute question and answer sessions
Audio Instructions
• As a participant, you are in a “listen-only” mode.
• You may ask questions via the internet, using your
keyboard, at any time during the presentation. However, the
presenter may decide to wait to answer your question until
the next Q&A Session.
• If you have audio difficulties, press *0.
© 2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1) 2
Audio Instructions for Q&A Sessions
• Questions may be asked via your telephone line.
• Press the *1 key on your telephone key-pad.
• If there are no other callers on the line, the operator will
announce your name and affiliation to the audience and
then ask for your question.
• If other participants are asking questions, you will be placed
into a queue until you are first in line.
• While in the queue, you will be in a listen-only mode until the
operator indicates that your phone has been activated. The
operator will announce your name and affiliation and then
ask for your question.
Introduction of ISA Presenter
• ISA Presenter
– Larry Thompson, CAP
– ISA Adjunct instructor since 1984. B.A.A.S Tarleton State University.
Instructor for Texas State Technical College in Instrumentation (1977-
1979), Computer Networking and System Administration (1996-1999),
E-Commerce Technology (1999-2003). CCST Certificate, FCC
Radiotelephone License (General, formerly First Class). Served 20
years USAF primarily in Electronic Encryption Systems. Owned and
managed own services business since 1979.
– Designed, developed, taught and maintained industrial controls in many
varied applications.
– Author of ISA books: Industrial Data Communications and Basic
Electrics/Electronics for Control
© 2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1) 3
Introduction of Presenter
• Wayne Oswald recently retired after 35 years
with The Dow Chemical Company. He served
as Maintenance Process Leader for
Electrical/Instrumentation/Refrigeration
Services functions for Dow's Texas
Operations. Since retiring from Dow, Wayne
has taught Electrical Continuing Education
courses for Associated Builders and
Contractors and is currently serving as Project
Director for the Greater Houston Construction
Careers Initiative, involved in recruiting and
training entry level construction workers along
the Texas Gulf Coast.
• Wayne received his BS degree in Electrical
Engineering Technology from The University of
Houston. He serves as Chairman of the Texas
Skill Standards Board and is active in The
Associated Builders and Contractors and
Houston Business Roundtable organizations.
Key Benefits of Seminar
• Know the terminologies surrounding grounds and grounding
in Measurement and Control applications.
• Be familiar with the grounding philosophies employed in
Measurement and Control applications.
• Understand the concepts of shielding and noise reduction
as related to grounding.
• Be able to determine what is the best grounding and
shielding approach for different applications.
© 2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1) 4
Section 1: Electrical Grounds
• What is a ground
• What must be grounded
• What may not be grounded
• Intentional grounding systems
• Separately grounded systems
Grounds
Connection to earth or other large conducting mass
© 2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1) 5
How do we connect to the “ground” ?
Instrument Power/Signals Requiring Grounding
When supplying <50 V When supplying 50 – 1KV
230 50 VAC
VAC 50 VAC
Ungrounded
© 2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1) 6
Intentionally Grounded Systems
L1 L1 A
B
N
N
N L2
C
120 VAC 120/240 VAC
120/208 VAC
277/480 VAC
A A
B B
N
C
C
120/240 VAC 480 VAC
Intentionally Grounded Systems
Types of Grounding
A A
B
C B
Solidly Grounded C
Zig-Zag Grounded
A
B
N
N
A
C B
Resistance Grounded
C
Impedance Grounded
© 2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1) 7
Instrument Power/Signals Requiring Grounding (cont’d)
• Separately Derived AC Systems (NEC Article 250-20(d
– Commonly used in measurement and control circuits
• Direct-Current Circuits: (NEC Article 250-162)
– Commonly used in measurement and control circuits
Separately Derived System - Generator
Service Panel
Generator
Neutral
Transfer Switch
Feeder Neutral Equipment
Ground
© 2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1) 8
Separately Derived System – Transformer #1
DRY EQUIPMENT
TRANSFORMER GROUND
Ground at
NEUTRAL
Transformer
BUS
FIRST
DISCONNECT GROUNDING ELECTRODE
INSULATED
EQUIPMENT NEUTRAL
GROUND BUS BUS
Separately Derived Transformer System
Grounded at the Transformer
Separately Derived Ground – Transformer #2
GROUNDING
DRY EQUIPMENT
ELECTRODE
TRANSFORMER GROUND
Ground at
First Disconnect
FIRST
DISCONNECT
NEUTRAL
EQUIPMENT BUS
GROUND BUS
Separately Derived Transformer System
Grounded at First Disconnect
© 2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1) 9
Instrument Power/Signals NOT Requiring Grounding
NEUTRAL
BUS
Review of Key Points
• What is a ground?
• What must be grounded?
• What may not be grounded?
• Intentional grounding systems
• Separately grounded systems
© 2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1) 10
Live Question and Answer Session
• During Q&A, questions may be asked via your telephone line.
• Press the *1 key on your telephone key-pad.
• If there are no other callers on the line, the operator will
announce your name and affiliation to the audience and then
ask for your question.
• If other participants are asking questions, you will be placed into
a queue until you are first in line.
• While in the queue, you will be in a listen-only mode until the
operator indicates that your phone has been activated. The
operator will announce your name and affiliation and then ask
for your question.
Section 2: Types of Grounding Systems
• Ground Considerations
• Single Point Ground (DC to Low Frequency Signals)
• Low Frequency Multi-Point
• High Frequency Single Point Ground
• High Frequency/Low Frequency Model
• Series Ground
© 2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1) 11
Ground Potential Difference
Power & Instrument
Safety Ground Ground
Different Earth
Ground Connections
(typ) Mirror Earth Current
Assume zero reference point 1 Ohm
Ig
10,000 E = IR = 10,000 x 1 =10,000 V
Amps
LF Single Point Ground Model
POWER & INSTRUMENT COMPUTER INTRINSIC
SAFETY GROUND GROUND SAFETY
GROUND GROUND
Equivalent
Line
Resistance
© 2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1) 12
Low Frequency Multi-Point Ground
HF Single Single Point Ground Model
POWER & INSTRUMENT COMPUTER INTRINSIC
SAFETY GROUND GROUND SAFETY
GROUND GROUND
Equivalent Line
Inductances
© 2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1) 13
HF/LF Ground Model
POWER & INSTRUMENT COMPUTER INTRINSIC
SAFETY GROUND GROUND SAFETY
GROUND GROUND
Short as Possible
Low Inductive
Connection
(TYP)
SRG SRG
Isolated Ground System(IG)
Source CB Panel Equipment
Load
Phase
Neutral
N N N
Isolated
Ground
IG IG
Safety Ground
G G
Conduit
© 2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1) 14
Simple Illustration of Instrument Grounding System
Intrinsic Safety Instrument Ground
Ground System System
Instrument Ground
90 V 150 kA SG
Spark Gap
Single Point of Connection
Service Entrance Ground
Power & Safety Grounds Power & Safety Grounds
Example DCS Type Grounding
Computer Power Panel DCS Power Panel
A A
B B
C C
N N
EG EG
DCS IS Barrier
COMPUTER
H H
N N
G G
High Frequency
Ground
G
SIGNAL REFERENCE ELECTRONIC INTRINSIC SAFETY
GRID(SRG) REFERENCE GROUND
GROUND(ERG)
Master Reference
Ground
NEC required Connection
SAFETY GROUND
GRID
Earth Ground
© 2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1) 15
Example Plant Grid
Structural
To Tank
Steel Farm
Bond(Typ) and Flare
Power Triad(Typ)
Instrument
Triad
Instrument
Grounds
Equipment Control MCC
Room Room
Building Steel
MCC Grounds(Typ)
Bond(Typ)
Example Plant Ground Grid
Review of Key Points
• Ground Considerations
• Single Point Ground (DC to Low Frequency Signals)
• Low Frequency Multi-Point
• High Frequency Single Point Ground
• High Frequency/Low Frequency Model
• Series Ground
© 2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1) 16
Live Question and Answer Session
• During Q&A, questions may be asked via your telephone line.
• Press the *1 key on your telephone key-pad.
• If there are no other callers on the line, the operator will
announce your name and affiliation to the audience and then
ask for your question.
• If other participants are asking questions, you will be placed into
a queue until you are first in line.
• While in the queue, you will be in a listen-only mode until the
operator indicates that your phone has been activated. The
operator will announce your name and affiliation and then ask
for your question.
Section 3: Shielding/Noise Reduction
• Field definitions
• Electrostatic Shielding
• Electromagnetic Shielding
• Shielding Applications
© 2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1) 17
Field Definitions
Electrostatic Shield Model
CIRCUIT #1 -
SOURCE
C1-S2
V1 C1-G
CIRCUIT #2 -
C1-2 RECEPTOR
Path
C2-S ld
Shie
S-G
C2S-G
C2-G
Vnoise
Electrostatic Shield Model
(Capacitive)
© 2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1) 18
Noise in a 4-20 mA Loop
DC Signal + NM + CM
Receiver
Instrument
DC + +
+24 VDC P/S
Transmitter
DC +
4-20 mA
P/S
Twisted Pair
DC + +
Both Normal and Common Mode Noise
Reduced by Common Mode Rejection
of Input Differential Amplifier
CM Reduced by Twisted Pair
Noise in a 4-20 mA Loop
4-20 mA Instrument Cable Shield
F
TX FTB MTB
Shield
DCS
- - -
Tape Back
S S -
Twisted Pair
24 VDC
P/S
4-20 mA Instrument Loop Shield
© 2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1) 19
Magnetic Coupling Model
CIRCUIT #1
SOURCE
CIRCUIT #2
RECEPTOR
V1
Signal Circuits Grounded at Both Ends
System #1 System #2
Shield grounded at one end
opens exposure to magnetic
fields when the signal circuit is
System #1 grounded at both ends. System #2
Shield grounded at both ends
reduces exposure to magnetic
fields when the circuit is grounded
at both ends.
© 2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1) 20
Common Mode Chokes
System #1 System #2
Balun
Vg
System #1 System #2
Magnetic Core
Vg
Ferrite Beads
System #1 System #2
Good for >1 MHz(typ)
Vnm
Vcm Vcm
Symbol
© 2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1) 21
Differential Amplifier
System #1 System #2
CMRR
Vnm
Differential Amp
Vcm Vcm
A differential amplifier will pass normal
mode noise but will reject common
mode noise based on its common
mode reduction ratio (CMRR).
Balanced Signal Lines
Unbalanced Circuit
System #1 System #2
Rs
RS-232 Vs Vn RL
Vg
Balanced Circuit
System #1 System #2
Rs
Noise cancels due it appearing
Vn RL on both circuit legs but the
RS-422/485 Rs Vn RL
balanced receiver only responding
to the difference between the legs.
Vg
Balanced and Unbalanced Lines
© 2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1) 22
Review of Key Points
• Field definitions
• Electrostatic Shielding
• Electromagnetic Shielding
• Shielding Applications
How Many People are at Your Site?
• Poll Slide
• Click on the appropriate number indicating the number of
people that are at your site.
© 2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1) 23
Live Question and Answer Session
• During Q&A, questions may be asked via your telephone line.
• Press the *1 key on your telephone key-pad.
• If there are no other callers on the line, the operator will
announce your name and affiliation to the audience and then
ask for your question.
• If other participants are asking questions, you will be placed into
a queue until you are first in line.
• While in the queue, you will be in a listen-only mode until the
operator indicates that your phone has been activated. The
operator will announce your name and affiliation and then ask
for your question.
Related Courses from ISA
• Grounding and Noise Considerations for Control Equipment
and Computers (TI21)
• Understanding Electrical Systems (TI15)
• Industrial Electronics (TI20)
• Electrical Noise Reduction in Instrumentation Systems
(TI21W2)
• All ISA courses are available any time as on-site training
• For more information: www.isa.org/training or (919) 549-8411
© 2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1) 24
Other Related Resources from ISA
• Electrical Instruments in Hazardous Locations, 4th Edition
by E.C. Magison from ISA Press
• The ANSI/ISA12 series of standards and technical reports
on electrical instruments & apparatus
• ISA Membership connects you to people and ideas in
automation and control
– Just $85 per year, plus $9 for each division
• For more information: www.isa.org/shopISA or (919) 549-8411
ISA Certifications
• Certified Automation Professionals ® (CAP ® )
– www.isa.org/CAP
• Certified Control Systems Technician® (CCST®)
– www.isa.org/CCST
• Please visit us online for more information on any of these
programs, or call (919) 549-8411.
© 2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1) 25
Seminar Survey
• Web-based Seminar Surveys are tools to help ISA maintain
the quality of our training programs.
• Please complete the following four slides of the survey and
fax to ISA when it is complete.
Please fax completed survey pages to (919) 549-8288.
Seminar Survey (cont’d)
Date of Web-Seminar ___________________________
Please mark only one circle for each question.
Scale Definition: P-Poor; F-Fair; G-Good; VG-Very Good; E-Excellent
P F G VG E
1. Seminar objectives were clear and
attainable with the allotted time.
2. Pre-program seminar description
was accurate.
3. How was registration process?
4. How was the audio quality?
Please fax completed survey pages to (919) 549-8288.
© 2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1) 26
Seminar Survey (cont’d)
Name of Presenter: _____________________
P F G VG E
5. Demonstrated practical
knowledge about the subject.
6. Provided clear answers to
questions/comments.
7. How many people listened at your site?
1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21+
Please fax completed survey pages to (919) 549-8288.
Seminar Survey (cont’d)
8. Would you participate in another
virtual seminar? Yes No
9. Did the web component add
to the value of the virtual seminar? Yes No
10. Did the seminar satisfy your
professional objectives? Yes No
11. How did you hear about this seminar?
_____________________________________________
_____________________________________________
Please fax completed survey pages to (919) 549-8288.
© 2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1) 27
Seminar Survey (cont’d)
12. List other topics you would like to view as a web
seminar, along with your overall impression of the
program.
________________________________________________
________________________________________________
13. May we quote your comments?
Yes No
Name of Participant (optional) ____________________
Name of Your Company __________________________
Please fax completed survey pages to (919) 549-8288.
© 2004, ISA
TI21W1 (1.1) 28
