Reinforced Concrete Design Experience Information

CE 502 Reinforced Concrete Design

2st Semester, SY 2018-2019

Student Manigo,Anthony V.
CE51FB1
Project Title Design of a Five-Storey Residential Building
Program Concentration Area Structural
Constraints
A. Quantitative
The set of tradeoffs, which the designer has arisen, will be evaluated according to the
structure’s cost efficiency. The trade-offs were designed to be compared whether
which of the three designs trade-off is more economical. The tradeoffs will be
assessed by classifying the materials needed for the structure to be constructed and
Economic estimating the total costs of the structure itself. The structural design which will
exemplify a cheaper amount of structural cost will be more favorable to use and will
be considered as more economical compared with the other design. This constraint
has a big part of the design because the client wants the cheaper one but efficient to
use.
As a structure to be built, time is a great constraint that the construction phase will
face. To consider time as a constraint, the engineering designs will be evaluated as
to which is more practical and appropriate to use considering the difficulty and
Constructability duration of the construction. The tradeoffs will be compared of which of the tradeoffs
is easier to construct. The evaluation will be based on the number of man-hours and
equipment needed for the completion of the structure. The one which will excel on
both criteria will be more favorable to construct.
Risk assessment refers to the process of identifying the potential hazards which may
occur to the specific structure. In terms of slope protection system, there are many
Risk Assessment ways on how it will fail. Therefore, the best trade-off for this constraint will have the
least probability of failure because it is considered as the safest. To measure the
parameters in this constraint is to research past research or studies.
The spontaneous natural calamities is a great factor in designing the structure. That
is why; the designer has considered it as a constraint on the design of the structure.
Sustainability
In the Philippines, We can consider the lifespan of the building. The tradeoffs will be
evaluated according to its’ prolong lifespan
B. Qualitative
Environmental constraint takes into account the uncertainty of the effects of
calamities. It is also the factors found in the environment you are sited on the
project.
Environmental
Tradeoffs
Reinforced concrete special moment frames are used as part of seismic
force-resisting systems in buildings that are designed to resist earthquakes. Beams,
columns, and beam-column joints in moment frames are proportioned and detailed
to resist flexural, axial, and shearing actions that result as a building sways through
Special Moment Resisting multiple displacement cycles during strong earthquake ground shaking. Special
Frame proportioning and detailing requirements result in a frame capable of resisting strong
earthquake shaking without significant loss of stiffness or strength. These moment-
resisting frames are called “Special Moment Frames” because of these additional
requirements, which improve the seismic resistance in comparison with less
stringently detailed Intermediate and Ordinary Moment Frames.
Dual System is a combination of moment-resisting frames and shear walls or braced
Dual System frames while Special Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF) is a moment-resisting frame
specially detailed to provide ductile behavior. In this case, shear walls are used for
the dual system
Standards
1. National Structural Code of Frame design: NSCP Section 208.4.6.2
the Philippines (NSCP) Seismic loads: NSCP Section 208
2015 Wind loads: NSCP Section 207
Gravity loads: NSCP Section 205
Live loads: NSCP Section 205
Dead loads: NSCP Section 205
Room Classification: NSCP Section 205
Materials:
Fy of steel: NSCP Section 406
F’c of concrete: NSCP Section 406
Strength reduction factor: NSCP Section 409.4.2
Column: NSCP Section 410
Beam: NSCP Section 409
Slab: NSCP Section 407 & 408
RSB: PNS 49/ASTM 615
TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
938 Aurora Boulevard, Cubao, Quezon City

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

Civil Engineering Department

CE 502
Reinforced Concrete Design

Design of a Five-Storey Residential Building

Submitted by:
Manigo, Anthony V.
CE51FB1

Submitted to:
Engr. Rhonnie Estores

March, 2019
Table of Contents
CHAPTER 1: PROJECT BACKGROUND ................................................................................................... 1
1.1 The Project ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Project Location ............................................................................................................................. 2
1.3 Project Objectives .......................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 The Client ....................................................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Scope and Limitation...................................................................................................................... 3
1.6 Project Development ...................................................................................................................... 4
CHAPTER 2 – DESIGN INPUTS................................................................................................................. 6
2.1 Preliminary Data ............................................................................................................................. 6
2.2 Design Inputs ................................................................................................................................. 6
2.3 Related Literature .................................................................................................................. 15
Chapter 3-Constraints, Tradeoffs and Standards.................................................................................... 16
3.1 Design Constraints....................................................................................................................... 16
3.2 Raw Designer’s ranking................................................................................................................ 19
Chapter 4 – Design Methodology ........................................................................................................... 25
4.1 Design Methodology .................................................................................................................... 25
4.2 Structural Modelling and Analysis ................................................................................................ 26
4.3 Structural Design ......................................................................................................................... 36
4.4 Validation of Constraints, Tradeoffs, Standards ........................................................................... 39
4.5. Final Ranking and Assessment ................................................................................................... 43
CHAPTER 5 - FINAL DESIGN .................................................................................................................. 44
Appendix A: Codes and Standards ........................................................................................................ 48
APPENDIX B: DESIGN OF SPECIAL REINFORCED CONCRETE MOMENT RESISTING FRAME (TRADEOFF
1) ........................................................................................................................................................... 60
 CHAPTER 1: PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.1 The Project

The project aims to design a five-storey residential building and to be constructed along Sumulong
Highway, in front of Blue Wave mall. The Sumulong Highway, constructed in 1960, is the highway
in the Philippines that connects Marikina with Antipolo and the municipalities of Teresa and Morong
in the province of Rizal. It was named after Don Juan Sumulong, a former President of the
Democrata Party. Near the boundary of Antipolo with Marikina the highway meets the Marikina-
Infanta Highway, the highway that connects Metro Manila with the northern towns of Infanta and
General Nakar in the province of Quezon. (Wikipedia, n.d.)
The five-storey residential building will be rectangular shaped structure with a fire exit located at
the right side of the building. The lot area is approximately 30m x 20 m or 600 m2. Each floor has
a 416 m2 which makes the total floor area of 2080 m2. The building provides two room designs, the
first one is the smallest which is a 4m x 7m room. This room is consist of a bathroom, a kitchen, a
small dining room and a bed room. This room is design for one or two dwellers. The next room
design is the largest, it is an 8m x 7m room. The room is consist of a bathroom, a kitchen, a small
dining room, a living room and a bed room. The room is design for two to four dwellers.
The structural members of the commercial building were designed using Reinforced Concrete. The
column of the commercial building will be deliberated in comparison of using rectangular tied
columns or circular spiral column.

Fig 1.1 Perspective View of the Apartment Building

1
1.2 Project Location

The location for the proposed project will be along Sumulong Highway and Mayor Gil Fernando
Avenue. It is also near the Marikina Sports Center and Blue Wave Mall. The location is convenient
because it near these recreational places.

Fig 1.2 Location of the Apartment Building

1.3 Project Objectives

In line with the intended Student Outcomes (SO’s) of Technological Institute of the Philippines
Quezon City Civil Engineering Department, the objective of this project is to apply the concepts
and principles of mathematics, science and engineering.
1.1.1 General Objectives

The main objective of the project is to provide a design based on engineering methods and
applications, analyzing and comparing the alternatives based on the constraints such as economic,
sustainability, constructability, and others given by the client.

2
1.1.2 Specific Objectives

1. To design a multistory car park building in accordance to the National Structural Code of the
Philippines 2015 and National Building Code of the Philippines.
2. To provide the Structural plans, Details, and cost estimate of the structure.
3. To evaluate the trade-offs based on the design constraints given by the client and the design
requirements.

1.4 The Client

The client for this project will the Marikina City government that will be represented by Mayor
Marcelino Teodoro.

1.5 Scope and Limitation

1.1.3 Scope

The project will;

1. Provide architectural and structural drawings,

2. Focus only on the structural integrity and stability of the proposed structure,

1.1.4 Limitation

The project will;

1. Not provide the design plans for mechanical, electrical, plumbing and fire protection
system
2. Not provide cost estimates for mechanical, plumbing, electrical and fire protection
system.

3
1.6 Project Development

The designers’ methodology for the preparation of the design of the slope protection system is
listed below.

Identifying the problems - the designers identify the problems for the insufficient residential space
in order for them to come up a better idea and to formulate the best solution.

Conceptualize- The designers conceptualize residential building design considering the data that
is needed such as the location, ground characteristics, purpose, design process, materials,
duration of the construction and the set of standard provided in the Philippines.

Data Gathering- After conceptualization, available data are gathered and the related written works
comes next in order to begin the project with its problem and the possible solutions.

Constraints and Standards- the designer determine the possible obstructions that affect the
formulation of the design so that in the early stage these constraints will be lessen. The constraints
and standards are considered in the process of the design.

Trade-offs- based on reviewed related literatures regarding residential building, the designer will
provide alternatives in order to choose the most efficient and effective solution that is also accurate
for the identified constraints.

Evaluation of Trade-offs- After presenting each tradeoff with their specific aspects; results will be
compared and evaluated in order to come up with the most efficient alternative.

4
 START

IDENTIFYING THE PROBLEMS

CONCEPTUALIZATION

DATA GATHERING
TRADE OFF 1 DESIGN OF TRADE OFF 1

PROJECT CONSTRAINTS AND

STANDARDS TRADE OFF 2 DESIGN OF TRADE OFF 2

EVALUATION OF RESULT

FINAL DESIGN

Figure 1.3 Project Development Flow Chart

END

5
 CHAPTER 2 – DESIGN INPUTS
2.1 Preliminary Data

2.1.1. Project Description

The project aims to design a five-storey residential building and to be constructed along Sumulong
Highway, in front of Blue Wave mall. This project aims to design an efficient residential building for
persons who wants to live in Marikina City.

2.2 Design Inputs

2.2.1 Dead Loads

Dead loads are loads are loads caused by parts of the structure that are permanent in the structure for
its life span. Dead loads are primarily due to the weights of the members of the structure, permanent
partition walls, slabs, fixed permanent equipment and weight of different materials used in the structure.
Dead loads consists of the weight of all materials and fixed equipment incorporated into the building or
other structure. (NSCP 2015, Section 202)
Dead loads consists of the weight of all materials of the construction incorporated into the building or
other structure, including but not limited to walls, floors, roofs, ceilings, stairways, built-in partitions,
finishes, cladding and other similarly incorporated architectural and structural item, fixed service
equipment, including weigh of cranes. (NSCP 2015, 204.1)

Design Parameters Dead Loads (kpa)

Gypsum board (per mm thick) 0.008
Suspended steel channel system 0.1
Corrugated asbestos-cement roofing 0.19
Cinder Concrete, per mm 0.017
Ceramic or quarry tile(20 mm) on 25mm mortar bed 1.1
CHB (100mm) 2.11
CHB (150mm) 2.73
Masonry Grout(full) 0.11

Plaster(both faces) 0.48

Table 2.1 Design Parameters from Tables 204-1 and 204-2 (NSCP 2015 Section 204.2)

6
2.2.2 Live Loads
Live loads include all temporary loads that will be placed in the building or a structural element. They
include people and vehicles which will mainly use the structure that we are designing.
Live loads are those loads produced by the use and occupancy of the building or other structure and
do not include dead load, construction load, or environmental loads. (NSCP 2015)
Dead Loads
Design Parameters
(kpa)
Residential Occupancy 1.9

Table 2.2 Design Parameters from Tables 205-1 (NSCP 2015 Vol 1, Section 205)

2.2.3 Earthquake Loads Parameters

To lessen the probability that the structure will fail when an earthquake occurs, we will design according
to the earthquake provisions provided by the National Structure Code of the Philippines 2015 (NSCP
2015). Earthquake loads are computed based on Section 208 of the NSCP 2015.

Seismic Design Input

Occupancy Category V (Miscellaneous Structures)
Seismic Importance Factor I=1.0
Seismic Zone Factor Z=0.4
Seismic Source Type A
Soil Profile Type Sc
Near Source Factor, Na Na=1.5
Near Source Factor, Nv Nv=2.0
Seismic Coefficient, Ca Ca=0.40Na
Seismic Coefficient, Cv Cv=0.56Nv
Table 2.3 Seismic Design Input from Section 208 of the NSCP 2015

7
2.2.4 Wind Load Parameters
The following are the parameters taken from NSCP 2015 used in the design process considering the
wind load.

Parameters
Basic Wind Speed 260 kph
Exposure Category C
Building Classification Category V
Structure Type Building Structure
Enclosure Classification Partially Enclosed
Importance Factor 0.87

Table 2.4 Wind Load Design Parameters

2.2.5 Total Factored Loads

We input all possible applicable loads including wind and earthquake loads as stated under National
Structural Code of the Philippines.
Basic Load Combinations (Section 203.3.1 NSCP 2015)

1) 1.2(DL + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or R)

2) 1.2DL + 1.6(Lr or R) + (f1L or 0.5W)
3) 1.2DL +1.0W + f1L + 0.5(Lr or R)
4) 0.9DL + 1.0 W + 1.6H
5) 1.2DL + 1.0E + f1L
6) 0.9DL + 1.0 E + 1.6H

8
2.2.6 Design Criteria
NSCP 2015 Section 208 provides a general procedure in dealing with Seismic loads which is patterned
from the Uniform Building Code. The structure limitations and design are guided with seismic zoning,
field characteristics, occupancy and structural configuration.
Below are the Seismic analysis parameters for calculation of the lateral seismic forces on designing a
five (5) residential building:
2.2.6.1 Occupancy Category
Occupancy Category: Miscellaneous Structures (Table 103-1 of Section 103 NSCP 2015)
2.2.6.2 Occupancy Importance Factor
Occupancy Importance Factor, I: 1.0 (Table 208-1 of Section 208.4.2 NSCP 2015)
2.2.6.3 Seismic Zone
As per NSCP 2015, the Philippine Archipelago is divided into two seismic zones only. Zone 2 covers
the provinces of Palawan (Except Busuanga), Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi while the rest of the country is
under zone 4.

Figure 2.1 Referenced Seismic Map of the of the Philippines © NSCP Volume I,
7th Edition, 2015

9
2.2.6.4 Near Source Factors
As per NSCP 2015, in Seismic Zone 4, each site shall be assigned near source factors in accordance
with Tables 208-5 and 208-6 based on the Seismic Zone Type as set forth in Section 208.4.4.0032.

Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-2 Nearest Active Fault Trace
©faultfinder.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph

Nearest Active Fault Trace: 1.9km

Fault Name: Valley Fault System
Segment Name: West Valley Fault
Year Mapped: 2013
Mapping Scale Used: 1:5,000

10
2.2.6.5 Architectural Plans

Fig.2.3. 1st Floor plan

11
Fig2.4. 2nd – 4th Floor plan

Fig.2.4. 5th Floor Plan

Fig.2.5. Front Elevation

12
Fig.2.6. Rear Elevation

Fig.2.7. Left Elevation

13
 Fig.2.8. Right Elevation
2.2.7 STAAD
For structural analysis the designer will use the program called STAAD to solve moments, shear and
axial forces on the structure that the designer will be designing.

14
2.3 Related Literature

These buildings are characterized by a combination of shear walls and frames in both directions. The
buildings are multiple housing units found in the main cities of Syria. The shear walls are often part of
the elevator and service corps, whereas the frames are arranged in-plane, Report # 59 Report Date
05-06-2002 Country SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC Housing Type RC Moment Frame Building Housing
Sub-Type RC Moment Frame Building : Dual System - Frame with Shear Wall Author(s) Adel Awad,
Hwaija Bassam, Isreb Talal (Reviewer(s) Ravi Sinha http://www.world-
housing.net/whereport1view.php?id=100026)
In this building they also use shear wall like what I did in my project. It is to support the whole
structure for torsional problems. The building is not a regular so the building experience more
moment at structural framing. My building is just a regular building. The moments and the reaction of
forces are just small.
According to Behzad Rafezy in What Makes a Special Moment Frame SPECIAL? Is that SMRF are
designed to withstand large inelastic deformation during an earthquake. This is why special
proportioning and detailing requirements are therefore essential to resisting strong earthquake shaking.
The SMF connection should be capable of sustaining an inter-story drift angle of at least 0.04 radians,
with the measured resistance of the connection being at least 80% of the connected beam’s nominal
plastic flexural strength.
in conjunction with the walls, to support the floor system. Stiffness and mass distribution are irregular
and the majority of buildings may experience soft-story or torsional problems. As a result, these
buildings are expected to have only moderate seismic resistance. 1. General Information Buildings of
this construction type can be found in the main cities of Syria like Damascus, Aleppo, Latakia, Homs,
and Hama. This type of housing construction is commonly found in urban areas. This construction
type has been in practice for less than 25 years. Currently, this type of construction is being built. This
is the modern construction followed in the last 30 years. (http://www.world-housing.net/wp-
content/uploads/2011/06/RC-frame-with-concrete-shear-walls-dual-system.pdf)

15
 Chapter 3-Constraints, Tradeoffs and Standards

3.1 Design Constraints

Constraint describes the relationships between objects and processes. Also, it helps to narrow choices
when creating a project. There are multiple constraints present in designs, it is important to consider
and discuss the constraint related to the project to reduce its impact and effect.
These are the constraints that will be considered in this design:
3.1.1. Quantitative Constraint
3.1.1.1 Sustainability (Lifespan)
The spontaneous natural calamities is a great factor in designing the structure. That is why; the
designer has considered it as a constraint on the design of the structure. In the Philippines, We can
consider the lifespan of the building. The tradeoffs will be evaluated according to its’ prolong lifespan.
The evaluation will be done by comparing the lifespan of the 3 structural and 3 geotechnical tradeoffs.
3.1.1.2 Economic (Cost)
The set of tradeoffs, which the designer has arisen, will be evaluated according to the structure’s cost
efficiency. The trade-offs were designed to be compared whether which of the three designs trade-off
is more economical. The tradeoffs will be assessed by classifying the materials needed for the structure
to be constructed and estimating the total costs of the structure itself. The structural design which will
exemplify a cheaper amount of structural cost will be more favorable to use and will be considered as
more economical compared with the other design. This constraint has a big part of the design because
the client wants the cheaper one but efficient to use.
3.1.1.3 Constructability (Time)
As a structure to be built, time is a great constraint that the construction phase will face. To consider
time as a constraint, the engineering designs will be evaluated as to which is more practical and
appropriate to use considering the difficulty and duration of the construction. The tradeoffs will be
compared of which of the tradeoffs is easier to construct. The evaluation will be based on the number
of man-hours and equipment needed for the completion of the structure. The one which will excel on
both criteria will be more favorable to construct.
3.1.1.4 Risk Assessment
Risk assessment refers to the process of identifying the potential hazards which may occur to the
specific structure. In terms of slope protection system, there are many ways on how it will fail. Therefore,
the best trade-off for this constraint will have the least probability of failure because it is considered as
the safest. To measure the parameters in this constraint is to research past research or studies.

16
3.1.2 Qualitative Constraint
3.1.4 Environmental Constraint
Environmental constraint takes into account the uncertainty of the effects of calamities. It is also the
factors found in the environment you are sited on the project.
3.2 Tradeoffs
Design trade-offs are given by the designer to satisfy the multiple constraint mention above. The
designer will evaluate each trade-offs to determine which is most effective and efficient considering
each constraint. The tradeoffs will be divided into structural design and geotechnical design.
The following are the trade-offs chosen by the designers:

3.2.1 Structural Design Tradeoffs

3.2.1.1 Special Moment Resisting Frame
Reinforced concrete special moment frames are used as part of seismic force-resisting systems in
buildings that are designed to resist earthquakes. Beams, columns, and beam-column joints in moment
frames are proportioned and detailed to resist flexural, axial, and shearing actions that result as a
building sways through multiple displacement cycles during strong earthquake ground shaking. Special
proportioning and detailing requirements result in a frame capable of resisting strong earthquake
shaking without significant loss of stiffness or strength. These moment-resisting frames are called
“Special Moment Frames” because of these additional requirements, which improve the seismic
resistance in comparison with less stringently detailed Intermediate and Ordinary Moment Frames.

Fig 3.1 Sample of a Special Moment Resisting Frame

17
ADVANTAGES
1. Provide a potentially high-ductile system with a good degree of redundancy, which can allow freedom
in architectural planning of internal spaces and external cladding.
2. Their flexibility and associated long period may serve to detune the structure from the forcing motions
on stiff soil or rock sites.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Poorly designed, moment resisting frames have been observed to fail catastrophically in earthquakes,
mainly by formation of weak stories and failures around beam-column joints.
2. Beam column joints represent an area of high stress concentration, which needs considerable skill
to design successfully.
3. Requires good fixing skills and concreting.
3.2.1.3 Dual System
Dual System is a combination of moment-resisting frames and shear walls or braced frames while
Special Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF) is a moment-resisting frame specially detailed to provide
ductile behavior. In this case, shear walls are used for the dual system

Fig.3.3 Sample of a Dual System

18
ADVANTAGES
1. High strength of resisting lateral loads because of shear walls and resisting frames working together.
2. In mid-to-high rise structures, dual systems (DS) enable a structural designer to satisfy the stringent
drift limitations of current codes without compromising ductility.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Difficulties in designing two (2) structural system.

3.2 Raw Designer’s ranking

The Tradeoffs are based on the stated constraints on the Chapter 3.1 Design Constraints of the project.
Three structural designs were considered by the designers that can meet the necessary requirements
for the satisfaction of the multiple constraints. By providing the client an option into which one of the
interchange design that will be chosen, the designer used the model on tradeoff strategies in
engineering design by Otto and Antonsson (1991), scaled the criterion’s importance from 0 to 10, 10
being the highest and likewise, to satisfy the ability of the criterion it was scaled also from 0 to 10, and
10 being the highest.

Computation of ranking for ability to satisfy criterion of materials:

𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸−𝐿𝑂𝑊𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸
%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 = 𝑋 10 Equation
𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸
3.1
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 − (%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 𝑋 10) Equation
3.2

The Governing Rank is an independent variable set by the designer subjectively in ranking the
constraints, which depends on the designer’s own perception of the importance of each constraint in
the design of the structure. The Subordinate Rank in Equation 3-2 is the dependent variable that
corresponds to its percentage distance from the governing rank along the ranking scale of 0 to 10

19
3.2.1 Designer’s Structural Design Tradeoff Raw Ranking
In the following table, the designer has provided an initial estimate to Conventional System, S.M.R.F.
System, and Dual System. With the aid of this estimate, the designers able to identify on which
engineering design will govern for all constraint.
Design Constraint
S.M.R.F. System Dual System

Economic (Php) 3002486.552 3179435.168

Constructability (Php) 440 545
Sustainability (years) 60 65
Risk Assessment 8.5 6.5
Table 3.1 Structural Design Tradeoff
Solution for economic constraint:
Since S.M.R.F. System has the lowest amount, the designers gave a scale of 10.

For Dual System vs S.M.R.F. System

𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸 − 𝐿𝑂𝑊𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸
%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 = 𝑋 10
𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸
3179435.168 − 2715716.172
%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 = 𝑋 10
3179435.168
%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 = 1.458 %
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 − (%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 𝑋 10)
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 10 − 1.458
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 8.54

20
Solution for constructability constraint:
Since S.M.R.F. System has the lowest amount, the designers gave a scale of 10.
For Dual System vs S.M.R.F. System
𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸 − 𝐿𝑂𝑊𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸
%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 = 𝑋 10
𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸
545 − 420
%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 = 𝑋 10
545
%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 = 2.2936%
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 − (%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 𝑋 10)
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 10 − 0.4545
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 7.7064

Solution for sustainability constraint:

Since Dual System has the highest amount, the designers gave a scale of 10.

For S.M.R.F System vs Dual System

𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸 − 𝐿𝑂𝑊𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸
%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 = 𝑋 10
𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸
65 − 60
%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 = 𝑋 10
65
%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 = 0.7692%
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 − (%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 𝑋 10)
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 10 − 1.5385
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 9.2308

21
Solution for risk assessment:
Since S.M.R.F system has the highest amount, the designers gave a scale of 10.
For Dual System vs S.M.R.F. System
𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸 − 𝐿𝑂𝑊𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸
%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 = 𝑋 10
𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸
8.5 − 6.5
%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 = 𝑋 10
8.5
%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 = 2.3529%
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 − (%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 𝑋 10)
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 10 − 2.3529
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 7.6471

Summary of Results of Structural Design Tradeoffs Raw Ranking

Criterion’s Ability to satisfy the criterion

Importanc (on a scale from 0 to 10)
e
Decision Criteria Special Moment Dual System
(on a scale
Conventional Resistant Frame
of 0 to 10)
System
1. Economic 10 10 9.045 8.54
2. Constructability 9 10 9.5455 7.7064
3.Sustainability 8 8.4615 9.2308 10
4.Risk Assessment 8 5.294 10 7.6471
Over-all Rank 300.044 330.2059 295.9344
Table 3.2 Structural Design Tradeoffs Raw Ranking Result

22
3.4 TRADEOFF ASSESSMENT
The criterion’s importance is subjective and its value will still depend on the mutual decision of
the client and designer. The economic constraint was given an importance value of ten (10),
thus it is very important to consider on how to make the expenses at minimum as possible
without affecting the integrity of the structure. The environmental constraint was given an
importance value of nine (9) because its effect will be on the after construction of the structure
in which lives safety is a great factor. Lastly, both the constructability and sustainability
constraints were given an importance value of eight (8) because the structure, while being
cheap, was maintained to be adequate in resisting the forces applied to it.

3.4.1 Economic Assessment

The designer has calculated the initial cost estimate of the three structural design based on
the typical cost per floor area of the structure to determine which of the four designs is more
economical over the other. It turns out that the structural cost of Special Moment Resisting
Frame System is more economical compared with the initial estimate of the structural cost of
Dual System/

3.4.2 Sustainability Assessment

In the sustainability constraint, the Dual System exemplify in longest sustainability compared
Special Moment Resisting Frame. Also, the Dual System uses shear wall, instead of non-load
bearing wall, which gives significant stiffness for the structure. Therefore, the Dual System was
given a much higher value compared to the other design.

3.4.3 Constructability Assessment

Based on the initial estimate of the labor works needed for the construction of the three
structural designs, seems that it takes more time to construct the Dual System Design than
Special Moment Resisting Frame. The longer duration for the dual system is mainly because
of the difficulty in constructing the shear wall while Dual System Design requires good fixing
skills and concreting. In this case, the Special Moment Resisting Frame becomes a more
favorable design with respect to the constructability of the structure. In terms of geotechnical
design.

3.4.3 Risk Assessment

The designers based the ranking in design standards, in result, Dual System and Conventional
System is high in potential hazards which may occur to the specific structure compared to Special
Moment Resisting Frame.

23
3.5 Design Standards
The designer some come up with the design of the school building with accordance to the following
codes and standards:

1. National Building Code of the Philippines

2. National Structural Code of the Philippines (NSCP) vol. 1-2015 edition (PD1096)

The National Building Code of the Philippines (PD 1096).

The National Building Code of the Philippines, also known as Presidential Decree No. 1096 was
formulated and adopted as a uniform building code to embody up-to-date and modern technical
knowledge on building design, construction, use, occupancy and maintenance. The Code provides for
all buildings and structures, a framework of minimum standards and requirements to regulate and
control location, site, design, and quality of materials, construction, use, occupancy, and maintenance.

The National Structural Code of the Philippines 2010.

This code provides minimum standards to safeguard life or limb, property and public welfare by
regulating and controlling the design, construction, quality of materials pertaining to the structural
aspects of all buildings and structures within its jurisdiction. The provision of this code shall apply to
the construction, alteration, moving, demolition, repair, maintenance and use of any building or
structure within its jurisdiction, except work located primarily in a public way, public utility towers and
poles, hydraulic flood control structures, and indigenous family dwellings.

• Section 203 Load Combination

• Section 204 Dead Loads
• Section 205 Live Loads
• Section 207 Wind Loads
• Section 208 Earthquake Loads

24
 Chapter 4 – Design Methodology
4.1 Design Methodology

The design of the 5-storey residential building’s structural elements is in accordance with the standards
of National Structural Code of the Philippines (2015). The design methodology used for the structural
elements (beams, columns, slabs and shear wall) is the Ultimate Strength Design Method. The building
information model and analysis was performed through computer software (STAAD).
The flowchart above is consists of the design stages performed by the designers to come up
with the final structural design that will be used in the project. The flowchart generally implies the
process of design between the trades-offs, the Special Reinforced Concrete Moment Resisting Frame,
Conventional System and Dual system. The first step which was the geometric modelling covers the
architectural drawings that were designed in accordance with the National Building Code of the
Philippines. Next was the determination of design specification and standards that will be applied during
the design process.
And then, the structural modelling, such as the orientation of the beams, columns, slabs and shear
walls (if any), will now be performed through the computer software (STAAD). The modelling of loads
will be performed next by applying the different types of loadings that will act on the building (Gravity,
Earthquake and Wind Loads). When the load modelling is done, the structural analysis of the framing
system can now be performed to obtain the design forces (axial, shear and bending moment) that will
be used in the Structural Design. And finally, the structural design of the mentioned structural elements
will be performed by the design methodology suggested by the code (Ultimate Strength Design)

25
4.2 Structural Modelling and Analysis
The design process of the trade-offs, namely the Special Reinforced Concrete Moment Resisting
Frame (SMRF), Conventional System and Dual system is presented individually below
4.2.1 Design of S.M.R.F System

4.2.1.2 Framing Plans

2nd to 5th Floor Framing plan

26
4.2.1.3 Load Diagrams

Shear Diagram at Y

Shear Diagram at Z

27
Moment Diagram at Y

Moment Diagram at Z

28
4.2.1.3 Load Combinations
The load combination used in the analysis is the one who governed between the load combinations
provided by the National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015 .The governing load combinations
diagram models are shown below.

Load Case 1 (1.2DL + 1.6LL)

Load Case 5 (1.2DL + 1.0E)

29
4.2.2. Design of Dual System
4.2.2.1 Modelling

4.2.2.2 Framing Plans

2nd to 5th Floor Framing plan

30
4.2.2.3 Load Diagrams

Shear Diagram at Y

Shear Diagram at Z

31
Moment Diagram at Y

Moment Diagram at Z

32
4.2.2.3 Load Combinations
The load combination used in the analysis is the one who governed between the load combinations
provided by the National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015 .The governing load combinations
diagram models are shown below.

Load Case 1 (1.2DL + 1.6LL)

Load Case 5 (1.2DL + 1.0E)

33
4.2.1.4 Structural Analysis
The following results shows the maximum axial, shear, torsion and bending forces that the structure is
subjected. The results were obtained through the computer software (STAAD). For the shear wall, the
design in-plane shear, in-plane axial and in-plane bending were also determined by STAAD.
Mark Sign Axial Shear Torsion Bending
Fx(kN) Fy(kN) Fz(kN) Mx(kNm) My(kNm) Mz(kNm)
GRID A Max +ve 0.006 91.263 16.871 206.174 0.015 145.609
Max -ve -4.816 -91.263 1.134 -1.756 3.706 -28.874
GRID B Max +ve 1.2 91.263 13.277 -111.205 -9.597 145.609
Max -ve -4.816 -91.263 1.647 3.061 5.243 -28.874
GRID C Max +ve 0.02 156.189 -14.731 75.119 10.076 156.189
Max -ve -4.78 -35.742 -1.01 -1.767 -3.542 -35.742
GRID D Max +ve 0.525 104.133 -15.417 -149.366 0.015 158.363
Max -ve -4.816 - -0.902 1.064 0.015 -32.551
104.133
GRID E Max +ve 0.36 104.133 -0.144 -1.087 0.161 158.363
Max -ve -4.816 - 0.144 1.087 0.701 -32.551
104.133
GRID F Max +ve 0.40 102.465 -0.564 1.077 1.544 156.710
Max -ve -4.816 - 0.564 -1.077 1.668 -32.551
102.465
GRID G Max +ve 0.45 102.117 0.846 -0.766 -2.249 156.367
Max -ve -4.816 - -0.846 0.766 -2.826 -35.742
102.117
GRID H Max +ve 0.45 104.22 -0.289 -1.611 1.248 158.447
Max -ve -4.816 -104.22 0.289 1.611 0.486 -35.728
GRID I Max +ve -16.871 94.963 -1.601 -12.927 4.504 149.278
Max -ve 16.871 -94.963 1.601 12.927 5.099 -22.765

34
Mark Sign Axial Shear Torsion Bending
Fx(kN) Fy(kN) Fz(kN) Mx(kNm) My(kNm) Mz(kNm)
GRID 1 Max +ve -1.601 91.263 16.871 206.174 -15.146 145.609
Max -ve 6.039 -91.263 1.134 -1.756 3.706 -28.874
GRID 2 Max +ve 2.055 91.263 13.277 -111.205 -9.597 145.609
Max -ve 21.033 -91.263 1.647 3.061 5.243 -28.874
GRID 3 Max +ve 1.086 156.189 - 75.119 10.076 156.189
14.731
Max -ve 13.829 -35.742 -1.01 -1.767 -3.542 -35.742
GRID 4 Max +ve -1.541 104.133 - -149.366 13.667 158.363
15.417
Max -ve 7.637 - -0.902 1.064 -3.089 -32.551
104.133
GRID 5 Max +ve - 104.133 -0.144 -1.087 0.161 158.363
67.145
Max -ve 67.145 - 0.144 1.087 0.701 -32.551
104.133
GRID 6 Max +ve 11.417 102.465 -0.564 1.077 1.544 156.710
Max -ve - - 0.564 -1.077 1.668 -32.551
11.417 102.465

MAX. DISPLACEMENT
STOREY
(mm)
2ND -9.56
3rd -10.48
4th -10.72
5th -11.48
ROOF -11.984

Maximum Lateral Deflection per floor

35
4.3 Structural Design
The structural design was performed based on the following procedures with accordance to the
standards of National Structural Code of the Philippines (2015).
4.3.1 Procedures in Designing Beams
I. Determine the values of loads, DL, LL and other loads.
II. Compute the factored load on different load combinations
Governing Load Combinations:
a.) 1.2D+1.6LL
b.) 1.2D+1LL+1E
III. Compute the factored moment to be resisted by the beam, Mu.
IV. Try a value of steel ratio ρ of 90 percent of ρmax, but not be less than ρmin. This value of ρ
will provide enough allowance in the actual value of ρ due to rounding-off of the number
of bars to be used so that it will not exceed the maximum ρ.
V.
0.85f ′ cβ600
ρb =
fy(600 + fy)
β = 0.85 for f’c ≤ 28 Mpa
0.05
β = 0.85 – (f’c – 28) for f’c > 28 Mpa
7

ρ max = 0.75 ρb
1.4
ρ min =
fy
VI. Compute the value of ω, ω = ρfy/f’c
VII. Solve for the bd2;
Mu = ∅f’cωbd2 (1-0.59ω)
bd2 =
VIII. Try a ration d/b (from d = 1.5b to d = 2b), and solve for d. (round-off this value to reasonable
dimension)
Check also the minimum thickness of beam required by the Code; NSCP 2010
After solving for d, substitute its value to Step VI, and solve for b.
Compute the weight of the beam and compare it to the assumption made in Step II.
IX. Solve for the required steel area and number of bars.
As = ρbd
As
N=π
(db)2
4

36
4.3.2 Procedures in Designing Columns
Design Procedure for Short Axially Loaded Columns:
1. Identify the factored axial load Pu acting on the column.
2. Decide on the reinforcement ratio ρ that is between 0.01-0.08 as required by the code.
Determine the gross sectional area Ag of the concrete section using the assumed ρ.

Pu = φ 0.80 Ag [0.85f ′ c(1 − ρg ) + fyρg ]

3. Choose the dimensions of the cross section based on its shape. For rectangular section, the
ratio of the longer and shorter side is recommended to not exceed 3.
4. Readjust the reinforcement ratio by substituting the actual cross sectional area. The ration has
to fall to the specified code limits.
5. Calculate the needed area of the longitudinal reinforcement ratio based on the adjusted
reinforced ratio and the chosen concrete dimension.
6. Choose the number and diameter of needed reinforcing bars. For rectangular sections, a
minimum of four bars is needed.
7. Design the lateral reinforcement according to the type of column, either ties or spirals.

Use the smallest of the following:

< 16db
< 48 tie db
< least dimension of column

8. Check whether the spacing between longitudinal reinforcing bars satisfies the NSCP 2010
code requirements.

37
4.3.3 Procedures in Designing Slabs
I. Identify the uniform floor pressure (kPa) to be carried by the slab.
II. Determine the minimum slab thickness “h” from NSCP 2010.
III. Compute the weight of slab (kPa)
weight = yconcrete x thickness
IV. Calculate the factored moment (Mu) to be carried by the slab per meter strip
V. Compute the effective depth of the slab. Clear cover must at least 20mm
VI. Compute the required steel ratio, ρ:
Solve for Rn from Mu = ∅R n bd2 where b= 1000 mm

0.85 f ′ c 2R n
ρ= (1 − √1 − )
fy 0.85 f ′ c

Solve for ρmax and ρmin

 If ρ is less than ρmax and greater than ρmin, use ρ
 If ρ is greater than ρmax , increase depth of slab to ensure ductile failure
 If ρ is less than ρmin , use ρ= ρmin
VII. Compute the require main bar spacing

As = ρbd
As 1000 (1meter strip)
N=π S=
(db)2 N
4
Use the smallest of the following for the main bar spacing:
a. S1
b. 3 x h
c. 450 mm
VIII. Temperature bars
At = 0.002bt
1000 (1meter strip)
S=
N
Use the smallest of the following for temperature bar spacing:
a. S2
b. 5 x h
c. 450 mm

38
4.4 Validation of Constraints, Tradeoffs, Standards

In order to prove the initial estimates performed in Chapter 3, the designers now have to validate the
trade-offs based on the results obtained in the design process. This validation process will either
support or oppose the initial estimates made.
Based on the design results performed, the Special Reinforced Concrete Moment Resisting Frame has
a lower cost, in terms of number of cement bags and volume of sand and gravel, than the Dual system.
A brief comparison between the savings of each trade-off is presented below

4.4.1 Raw Designer’s ranking

The Tradeoffs are based on the stated constraints on the Chapter 3 Design Constraints of the project.
Three structural designs were considered by the designers that can meet the necessary requirements
for the satisfaction of the multiple constraints. By providing the client an option into which one of the
interchange design that will be chosen, the designer used the model on tradeoff strategies in
engineering design by Otto and Antonsson (1991), scaled the criterion’s importance from 0 to 10, 10
being the highest and likewise, to satisfy the ability of the criterion it was scaled also from 0 to 10, and
10 being the highest.

Computation of ranking for ability to satisfy criterion of materials:

𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸−𝐿𝑂𝑊𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸
%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 = 𝑋 10 Equation
𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸
4.1
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 − (%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 𝑋 10) Equation
4.2

The Governing Rank is an independent variable set by the designer subjectively in ranking the
constraints, which depends on the designer’s own perception of the importance of each constraint in
the design of the structure. The Subordinate Rank in Equation 3-2 is the dependent variable that
corresponds to its percentage distance from the governing rank along the ranking scale of 0 to 10

39
4.4.2 Designer’s Structural Design Tradeoff Raw Ranking
In the following table, the designer has provided an initial estimate to Conventional System, S.M.R.F.
System, and Dual System. With the aid of this estimate, the designers able to identify on which
engineering design will govern for all constraint.

Design Constraint
S.M.R.F. System Dual System

Economic (Php) 3002486.552 3179435.168

Constructability (Php) 440 545
Sustainability (years) 60 65
Risk Assessment 8.5 6.5
Table 3.1 Structural Design Tradeoff
Solution for economic constraint:
Since S.M.R.F. System has the lowest amount, the designers gave a scale of 10.
For Dual System vs S.M.R.F. System
𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸 − 𝐿𝑂𝑊𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸
%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 = 𝑋 10
𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸
3002486.552 − 2715716.172
%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 = 𝑋 10
3002486.552
%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 = 0.955 %
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 − (%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 𝑋 10)
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 10 − 0.955
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 9.045

40
Solution for constructability constraint:
Since S.M.R.F. System has the lowest amount, the designers gave a scale of 10.
For Dual System vs S.M.R.F. System
𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸 − 𝐿𝑂𝑊𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸
%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 = 𝑋 10
𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸
440 − 420
%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 = 𝑋 10
440
%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 = 0.4545%
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 − (%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 𝑋 10)
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 10 − 0.4545
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 9.5455

Solution for sustainability constraint:

Since Dual System has the highest amount, the designers gave a scale of 10.

For S.M.R.F System vs Dual System

𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸 − 𝐿𝑂𝑊𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸
%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 = 𝑋 10
𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸
65 − 60
%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 = 𝑋 10
65
%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 = 0.7692%
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 − (%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 𝑋 10)
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 10 − 1.5385
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 9.2308

41
Solution for risk assessment:
Since S.M.R.F system has the highest amount, the designers gave a scale of 10.

For Dual System vs S.M.R.F. System

𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸 − 𝐿𝑂𝑊𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸
%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 = 𝑋 10
𝐻𝐼𝐺𝐻𝐸𝑅 𝑉𝐴𝐿𝑈𝐸
8.5 − 6.5
%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 = 𝑋 10
8.5
%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 = 2.3529%
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐺𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 − (%𝐷𝐼𝐹𝐹𝐸𝑅𝐸𝑁𝐶𝐸 𝑋 10)
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 10 − 2.3529
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 7.6471

Summary of Results of Structural Design Tradeoffs Raw Ranking

Criterion’s
Importance
Decision Criteria (on a scale of 0
Special Moment Dual System
to 10)
Resistant Frame
1. Economic 10 9.045 8.54
2. Constructability 9 9.5455 7.7064
3.Sustainability 8 9.2308 10
4.Risk Assessment 8 10 7.6471
Over-all Rank 330.2059 295.9344
Table 3.2 Structural Design Tradeoffs Raw Ranking Result

42
4.5. Final Ranking and Assessment
The designer’s final ranking shows the results of the quantitative analysis performed throughout the
design process. The Special Reinforced Concrete Moment Resisting Frame ranked at the top because
of its cost efficient and faster construction compared to the Dual system. Although the Dual system
ranked top for the serviceability criterion, the cost and constructability criterion still come in favor of the
Special R.C Moment Resisting Frame.

43
 CHAPTER 5 - FINAL DESIGN

The final conclusion that was made by the designers after the series of comparative analysis was that
the Special Reinforced Concrete Moment Resisting Frame system will satisfy the client’s requirements
more effectively than the Dual system. The final design was in accordance with the National Building
Code of the Philippines for the standards and specifications of the architectural plan and National
Structural Code of the Philippines 2015 for the structural plans and details. The structural members
that were considered by the designers were the beams or girders, slabs and columns.
The tables and figures presented below are the structural schedules and details of the Special
Reinforced Concrete Moment Resisting Frame obtained from the previous chapters. The manual
computation of the structural elements were presented in the Appendix.
LONG SPAN REINFORCEMENT
Mark Location Mu b d ω ρdesign As N Spacing
Midspan 6.57 1000 134 0.01465 0.00338 453.14 5 200
Column Strip
Support 11.55 1000 134 0.02592 0.00338 453.14 5 200
SLAB 1
Midspan 16.58 1000 134 0.03747 0.00338 453.14 5 200
Middle Strip
Support 29.15 1000 134 0.06708 0.00454 607.89 6 160

Mark Location Mu b d ω ρdesign As N Spacing

Midspan 9.06 1000 134 0.02026 0.00338 453.14 5 200
Column Strip
Support 13.94 1000 134 0.03139 0.00338 453.14 5 200
SLAB 2
Midspan 14.65 1000 134 0.03302 0.00338 453.14 5 200
Middle Strip
Support 22.53 1000 134 0.05135 0.00347 465.34 5 200

Mark Location Mu b d ω ρdesign As N Spacing

Midspan 3.46 1000 134 0.00768 0.00338 453.14 5 200
Column Strip
Support 5.28 1000 134 0.01175 0.00338 453.14 5 200
SLAB 3
Midspan 10.55 1000 134 0.02365 0.00338 453.14 5 200
Middle Strip
Support 16.1 1000 134 0.03636 0.00338 453.14 5 200

SHORT SPAN REINFORCEMENT

Mark Location Mu b d ω ρdesign As N Spacing
Midspan 10.14 1000 122 0.02748 0.00338 412.56 4 250
Column Strip
Support 13.48 1000 122 0.03674 0.00338 412.56 4 250
SLAB 1
Midspan 21.843 1000 122 0.06039 0.00408 498.27 5 200
Middle Strip
Support 26.425 1000 122 0.07365 0.00498 607.72 6 160

44
 Mark Location Mu b d ω ρdesign As N Spacing
Midspan 10.193 1000 122 0.02763 0.00338 412.56 4 250
Column Strip
Support 13.29 1000 122 0.03621 0.00338 412.56 4 250
SLAB 2
Midspan 16.09 1000 122 0.04404 0.00338 412.56 4 250
Middle Strip
Support 20.976 1000 122 0.05790 0.00392 477.77 5 200

Mark Location Mu b d ω ρdesign As N Spacing

Midspan 3.4 1000 122 0.00911 0.00338 412.56 4 250
Column Strip
Support 5.57 1000 122 0.01498 0.00338 412.56 4 250
SLAB 3
Midspan 10.37 1000 122 0.02811 0.00338 412.56 4 250
Middle Strip
Support 17 1000 122 0.04661 0.00338 412.56 4 250
Table 5.1 Slab Results

Reinforcement
Thickness
Slab Long Span Short Span Remarks
(mm) Top Bars Bottom Bars Top Bars Bottom Bars
S1 160 12mmΦ @ 160mm 12mmΦ @ 160mm 12mmΦ @ 160mm 12mmΦ @ 160mm TWO WAY
S2 160 12mmΦ @ 160mm 12mmΦ @ 160mm 12mmΦ @ 160mm 12mmΦ @ 160mm TWO WAY
S3 160 12mmΦ @ 160mm 12mmΦ @ 160mm 12mmΦ @ 160mm 12mmΦ @ 160mm TWO WAY
Table 5.2 Slab Reinforcement Results

Bar
Mar Locatio Mu(kN B D Analysi As (with
ω ρ As Bars Dia
k n m) (mm) (mm) s torsion)
(mm)
0.318
Support 87.6 200 350 0.1821 Singly 1092.6 3201.36278 4
678 25
B-1
0.083 1198.20 1198.20692
Midspan 23.5 200 350 0.005 Singly 3
6 7 2 25
3843.25 3843.25320
Support 14.2 200 350 0.268 0.011 Singly 2
3 8 25
B-2
1434.19 1434.19240
Midspan -1.79 200 350 0.1 0.001 Singly 2
2 2 25
3843.25 3843.25320
Support 35.7 200 350 0.268 0.015 Singly 4
3 8 25
B-3
1434.19 1434.19240
Midspan 21.7 200 350 0.1 0.006 Singly 4
2 2 25
Table 5.3 Floor Beam Design Results for Flexure

45
 Computerized Computation and results for shear reinforcements
Mark Vu(kN) Av b D Vc Vs Spacing Max.Spacing Spacing used
B-1 64.2 226.1952 200 350 190.706 131.133 342.830 175 175
B-2 21.2 226.1952 200 350 190.706 216.153 207.984 175 175
B-3 53 226.1952 200 350 190.706 229.378 195.992 175 175
Table 5.4 Beam Design Results for Shear

Computerized Computation and results for torsional reinforcements

Mark Tu(kNm) b H Consider Torsion? Aoh Ao ph
B-1 1.916 200 350 YES 161396 137186.6 1656
B-2 2.829 200 350 NO 161396 137186.6 1656
B-3 2.494 200 350 NO 161396 137186.6 1656
Table 5.5 Beam Design Results for Torsion

Continuation for the torsional computation

Final
Add.
Section Spacing Add.
Mark At/s Av/s Av(total)/s Spacing Smax Main Min AL.
Adequate? Used Main
Reinf.
Reinf.
B-1 YES 0.512988 0.659788 1.685765 130 200 130 769.482 Passed 769.482
B-2 YES 0.036661 1.087562 1.160883 190 200 0 0.000 1223.15 0.000
B-3 YES 0.032319 1.154104 1.218743 180 200 0 0.000 1229.662 0.000
Table 5.6 Beam Design Results for Torsion
Note: Stirrups final spacing is the governing spacing between the shear reinforcement only and the
shear and torsional reinforcement. The middle depth reinforcement is the additional main bars due to
torsion.
Stirrups Final No. of bars for middle
Mark Bar diameter
Spacing (mm) depth Reinf.
B-1 175 2 16
B-2 175 0 0
B-3 175 0 0
Table 5.7 Final Results of Design for Shear and Torsion

46
 No. of Bar dia. Actual no.
Mark Pu b t ρ Ast Actual ρg Po (act.)
bars (mm) of bars
C1 1144.70 500 500 0.015 5400 5.3052 36 8 0.02262 2107.613
C2 1144.70 500 500 0.015 5400 6.7143 32 8 0.017872 2160.844
C3 1144.70 500 500 0.015 5400 6.7143 32 8 0.017872 2760.844
Table 5.8 Design of Column Results

Check for the eccentricity and adequacy

Mark Location Pu Moment e eb Evaluation c Pn Pcap Adequate?
Compression
At Y 100.320 192.14 389.46 5612.64 3648.2 YES
Controls
C1 1144.7 315.1
Neglect
At Z 22.268 7.43 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Eccentricity
Compression
At Y 100.320 258.56 327.4 4157.74 2702.5 YES
Controls
C2 1144.7 315.1
Neglect
At Z 22.268 58.10 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Eccentricity
At Y 100.320 358.32 Tension Controls 255.93 2940.23 1911.2 YES
C3 1144.7 315.1 Neglect
At Z 22.268 54.37 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Eccentricity
Table 5.9 Adequacy check results for columns

Mark Tie Bar Dia. (mm) Spacing (mm)

C1 12 500
C2 12 500
C3 12 500
Table 5.10 Column Tie spacing

47
Appendix A: Codes and Standards
National Building Code of the Philippines (NBC)
The following are the sections and codes that are followed in conceptualizing and designing the
structural plan of the apartment building:
 Section 401. Types of Construction
Type I. The structural elements may be any of the materials permitted by this Code.

 Section 701. Occupancy Classified.

Group B. Residentials, Hotels and Apartments

 Section 805. Ceiling Heights.

Habitable rooms provided with artificial ventilation have\ ceiling heights not less than 2.40
meters measured from the floor to the ceiling; Provided that for buildings of more than one-
storey, the minimum ceiling height of the first storey shall be 2.70 meters and that for the
second storey 2.40 meters and succeeding storeys shall have an unobstructed typical head-
room clearance of not less than 2.10 meters above the finished floor. Above stated rooms with
a natural ventilation shall have ceiling height not less than 2.70 meters.

 Section 806. Size and Dimensions of Rooms.

Minimum sizes of rooms and their least horizontal dimensions shall be as follows:

1. Rooms for Human Habitations. 6.00 square meters with at least dimensions of 2.00
2. Kitchens. 3.00 square meters with at least dimension of 1.50 meters;
3. Bath and toilet. 1.20 square meters with at least dimension of 0.90 meters.

 Section 808. Window Openings.

Every room intended for any use, not provided with artificial ventilation system as herein
specified in this Code, shall be provided with a window or windows with a total free area of
openings equal to at least ten percent of the floor area of room, and such window shall open
directly to a court, yard, public street or alley, or open water courses.

 Section 1207. Stairs, Exits and Occupant Loads.

General. The construction of stairs and exits shall conform to the occupant load requirements
of buildings, reviewing stands, bleachers and grandstands:

48
 a. Determinations of Occupant Loads. The Occupant load permitted in any building or portion
thereof shall be determined by dividing the floor area assigned to that use by the unit area
allowed per occupant as determined by the Secretary.

b. Exit Requirements. Exit requirements of a building or portion thereof used for different
purposes shall be determined by the occupant load which gives the largest number of persons.
No obstruction shall be placed in the required width of an exit except projections permitted by
this Code.

National Structural Code of the Philippines (2015)

STRUCTURAL CONCRETE NOTATIONS

Ag = Gross area of section, mm2.
As = area of nonprestressed tension reinforcement, mm2.
As,min = minimum amount of flexural reinforcement, mm2.
Ast = total area of nonprestressed longitudinal reinforcement (bars and steel shapes), mm 2.
Av = area of shear reinforcement within a distance s, mm2.
Avf = area of shear-friction reinforcement, mm2.
A′s = area of compression reinforcement, mm2.
b = width of compression face of member, mm.
bw = web width, mm.
c = distance from extreme compression fiber to neutral axis, mm.
cc = clear cover from the nearest surface in tension to the surface of the flexural tension reinforcement,
mm.
Cm = a factor relating actual moment diagram to an equivalent uniform moment diagram.
D = dead loads, or related internal moments and forces.
d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement, mm.
d′ = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of compression reinforcement, mm.
db = nominal diameter of bar, wire, or prestressing strand, mm.

49
dc = thickness of concrete cover measure from extreme tension fiber to center of bar or wire located
closest thereto, mm.
ds = distance from extreme tension fiber to centroid of tension reinforcement, mm.
dt = distance from extreme compression fiber to extreme tension steel, mm.
E = load effects of earthquake, or related internal moments and forces.
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete, MPa.
Es = modulus of elasticity of reinforcement, MPa.
EI = flexural stiffness of compression member, N-mm2.
F = loads due to weight and pressures of fluids with well defined densities and controllable maximum
heights, or related internal moments and forces.
f′c = specified compressive strength of concrete, MPa.
fy = specified yield strength of nonprestressed reinforcement, MPa.
fyt = specified yield strength fy
H = loads due to weight and pressure of soil, water in soil, or other materials, or related internal
moments and forces.
h = overall thickness of member, mm.
I = moment of inertia of section beam about the centroidal axis, mm4.
Icr = moment of inertia of cracked section transformed to concrete, mm4.
Ie = effective moment of inertia for computation of deflection, mm4.
Ig = moment of inertia of gross concrete section about centroidal axis, neglecting reinforcement, mm4.
L = live loads, or related internal moments and forces.
Ld = development length, mm.
ln = length of clear span measured face-to-face of supports, mm.
Ma = maximum moment in member at stage deflection is computed.
Mcr = cracking moment. See Equation 409-9.
Pb = nominal axial load strength at balanced strain conditions
Pn = nominal axial load strength at given eccentricity.
Vc = nominal shear strength provided by concrete
W = wind load, or related integral moments and forces.

50
wc = unit weight of concrete, kN/m3.
wu = factored load per unit length of beam or per unit area of slab.
αf = ratio of flexural stiffness of beam section to flexural stiffness of a width of slab bounded laterally
by center line of adjacent panle, if any on each side of beam.
αfm = average value of αf for all beams on edges of a panel.
β1 = factor defined in Section 410.3.7.3
εt = net tensile strain in extreme tension steel at nominal strength.
λ = modification factor reflection the reduced mechanical properties of lightweight concrete.
λΔ = multiplier for additional long-time deflection as defined in Section 409.6.2.5
ρ = ration of nonprestressed tension reinforcement = As ⁄bd
ρ′ = ratio of nonprestressed compression reinforcement = A′s ⁄bd
ρb = reinforcement ratio producing balanced strain conditions. See Section 410.4.2
Φ = strength-reduction factor. See Section 409.4

Section 203 – Combination of Loads

203.3 Load Combination using Strength Design or Load and Resistance Factor Design
The following equations are used to identify the governing load combination that will be used
in the design.
1.4(D+F) (203-1)
1.2(D+F+T) + 1.6(L+H) + 0.5(Lr or R) (203-2)
1.2D + 1.6(Lr or R) + (f1L or 0.8W) (203-3)
1.2D + 1.6W + f1L + 0.5(Lr or R) (203-4)
1.2D + 1.0E + f1L (203-5)
0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H (203-6)
0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H (203-7)

51
203.5 Special Seismic Load Combination
For both allowable stress design and strength design for concrete, and Load and Resistance
Factor Design and Allowable Strength Design for steel, the following special load combinations for
seismic design shall be used as specifically required by section 208, or by Chapters 3 through 7 (NSCP
2015).
1.2D + f1L + 1.0Em (203-19)
0.9D ± 1.0Em (203-20)

Where:
f1 = 1.0 for floors in places of public assembly, for live loads in excess of 4.8kPa, and for garage live
load
= 0.5 for other live loads
Em = the maximum effect of horizontal and vertical forces as set forth in Section 208.6.1

Section 207 – Wind Loads

Section 207.4 Basic Wind Speed

The basic wind speed, V, used in the determination of design wind loads on buildings and
other structures for the different wind zones of the country is tabulated in Table 207-1 and as shown in
Figure 207-1 except as provided in Sections 207.4.1 and 207.4.2. The wind shall be assumed to come
from any horizontal direction.

Section 207.5.4 Wind Directionality Factor

The wind directionality factor, Kd, shall be determined form Table 207-2. This factor Shall only be
applied when used in conjunction with load combinations specified in Section 203.3 and 203.4.

Section 207.5.5 Importance factor

An importance factor Iw, for the building or other structure shall be determined from Table 207-
3 based on building and structure categories listed in Table 103-1.

52
Section 207.5.6 Exposure
For each wind direction considered, the upwind exposure category shall be based on ground
surface roughness that is determined from natural topography, vegetation, and constructed
facilities.
Section 207.5.7 Topographic factor
The wind speed up effect shall be included in the calculation of design wind loads by using the
factor kzt. If site conditions and locations of structures do not meet all the conditions specified
in Section 207.5.7.1 the kzt= 1.0
Section 207.5.8 Gust Effect factor
The gust effect factor shall be calculated as permitted in Sections 207.5.8.1 to 207.5.8.5, using
appropriate values for natural frequency and damping ratio as permitted in Section 207.5.8.6.
Section 207.5.9 Enclosure Classifications
For the purpose of determining internal pressure coefficients, all buildings shall be classified
as enclosed, partially enclosed, or open as defined in Section 207.2.
Section 207.5.10 Velocity Pressure
Velocity pressure, qz, evaluated at height z shall be calculated by the following equation qz=
47.3x10-6 kz kzt kd V2 Iw.

Section 207.5.11 Pressure and Force Coefficients

Internal Pressure Coefficients, GCpi, shall be determined from fig. 207-5 based on building
enclosure classifications determined from Section 207.5.9

Section 207.5.12 Rigid Building for all heights

Design wind pressures for the MWFRS of a buildings of all heights shall be determined by the
following equation;
P= qGCP – qi (GCPi)

Section 207.5.15 Design Wind Loads on other Structures

The design wind force for other structures shall be determined by the following equation:
F=qzGfCfAf

53
Section 208 – Earthquake Loads

Section 208.4.2 Occupancy Categories

For purposes of earthquake-resistant design, each structure shall be placed in one of the
occupancy categories listed in Table 103-1 (NSCP 2010). Table 208-1 assigns importance factors, I
and Ip, and structural observation requirements for each category.
Occupancy Category Seismic Importance Seismic Importance
Factor I Factor Ip

I. Essential facilities 1.5 1.5

II. Hazardous facilities 1.25 1.5

III. Special Occupancy 1.0 1.0

Structures
IV. Standard Occupancy 1.0 1.0
Structures
V. Miscellaneous 1.0 1.0
Structures
Seismic Importance Factors

Section 208.4.3.1 Soil Profile type

Soil Profile Types SA, SB, SC, SD and SE are defined in Table 208-2 and Soil Profile Type SF is defined
as soils requiring site-specific evaluation as follows:
1. Soils vulnerable to potential failure of collapse under seismic loading, such as liquefiable soils,
quick and highly sensitive clays, and collapsible weakly cemented soils.
2. Peats and/or highly organic clays, where the thickness of peat or highly organic clay exceeds
3.0 meters.
3. Very high plasticity clays with a plasticity index, PI>75, where the depth of clay exceeds 7.5
meters.
4. Very thick soft/medium stiff clays, where the depth of clay exceeds 35 meters.
The criteria set forth in the definition for Soil Profile Type SF requiring site-specific evaluation shall
be considered. If the site corresponds to these criteria, the site shall be classified as Soil Profile
Type SF and a site-specific evaluation shall be conducted.

54
 Soil Profile Average Properties for Top 30 m Soil Profile
Soil Profile Type Name/ Generic Shear Wave Velocity SPT,N Untrained Shear Strength,SU
Description Vs (m/s) (blows.300mm) (kPa)

SA Hard Rock >1500

SB Rock 760 to 1500
Sc Very Dense Soil 360 to 760 >50 >100
SD Stiff Soil Profile 180 to 360 15 to 50 50 to 100
SE Soft Soil Profile <180 <15 <50
SF Soil Requiring Site-Specific Evaluation See Section 208.4.3.1
Soil Profile Types

Section 208.4.4.1 Seismic Zone

The Philippine archipelago is divided into two seismic zones only. Zone 2 covers the provinces of
Palawan (except Busuanga), Sulu and Tawi-Tawi while the rest of the country is under Zone 4.
Each structure shall be assigned a seismic zone factor Z, in accordance with Table 208-3.

ZONE 2 4
Z 0.2 0.4
Seismic Zone Factor Z

Section 208.4.4.2 Seismic Source Types

Table 208-4 defines the types of seismic sources. The location and type of seismic sources to be
used for design shall be established based on the approved geological data; see Figure 208-2A
(NSCP 2010). Type A sources shall be determined from Figure 208-2B, 2C, 2D, 2E or the most
recent mapping of active faults by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology. (NSCP
2010)

55
 Seismic
Source
Seismic
Definition
Source Seismic Source Description
Maximum
Type
Moment
Magnitude, M
Faults that are capable of
producing large magnitude
A M ≥ 7.0
events and that have a high
rate of seismic activity
All faults other than Types A
B 6.5 ≤M < 7.0
and C.
Faults that are not capable of
producing large magnitude
C eaerthquakes and that have a M < 6.5
relatively low rate of seismic
activity
Seismic Source Types
Section 208.4.4.3 Seismic Zone 4 Near-Source Factor
In seismic Zone 4, each site shall be assigned near-source factors in accordance with Tables 208-
5 and 208-6 based on the Seismic Source Type as set forth in Section 208.4.4.2.

Seismic Source Closest Distance to Known

Type Seismic Source
≤ 5 Km ≥10 Km
A 1.2 1.0
B 1.0 1.0
C 1.0 1.0
Near-Souce Factor Na

Seismic Closest Distance to Known

Source Type Seismic Source
≤ 5 Km 10 Km ≥15 Km
A 1.6 1.2 1.0
B 1.2 1.0 1.0

56
 C 1.0 1.0 1.0
Near-Souce Factor Nv
Section 208.4.4.4 Seismic Response Coefficients
Each structure shall be assigned a seismic coefficient, Ca, in accordance with Table 208-7 and a
seismic coefficient, Cv, in accordance with Table 208-8.

Seismic Zone
Soil Profile Type 2 4
Z=0.2 Z=0.4
SA 0.16 .32Na
SB 0.2 .40Na
Sc 0.24 .40Na
SD 0.28 .44Na
SE 0.34 .44Na
SF See Footnote 1 of Table 208-8
Seismic Coefficient, Ca

Seismic Zone
Soil Profile Type 2 4
Z=0.2 Z=0.4
SA 0.16 .32Na
SB 0.20 .40Na
Sc 0.32 .56Na
SD 0.40 .64Na
SE 0.64 .96Na
SF See Footnote 1 of Table 208-8
Seismic Coefficient, Cv
1. Site-specific geotechnical investigation and dynamic site response analysis shall be performed to determine seismic coefficients

57
 Section 208.4.6.4 Dual System

A structural system with the following features:

1. An essentially complete space frame that provides support for gravity loads
2. Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or braced frames and moment-
resisting frames (SMRF, IMRF, MMRWF or steel OMRF). The moment-resisting frames
shall be designed to independently resist at least 25% pf the design base shear.
3. 3. The two systems shall be designed to resist the total design base shear in proportion to
their relative rigidities considering the interaction of the dual system.
Section 208.5.2 Static Force Procedure
Section 208.5.2.1 Design Base Shear
The total design base shear in a given direction shall be determined form the following
equation:
CvIW
V=
RT

The total design base shear need not exceed the following:
2.5CaIW
V=
R
The Base Shear shall not be less than the following:

V = 0.11CaIW
Section 208.5.2.2 Structure Period

Determine the structure period T using Method A

T = Ct(hn)3/4
Where
Ct = 0.0731 for reinforced concrete moment resisting frames and eccentrically braced frames.

Section 208.6 Earthquake Loads and Modelling Requirements

Section 208.6.1 Earthquake Loads
Structures shall be designed for ground motion producing structural response and seismic
forces in any horizontal direction. The following earthquake loads shall be used in the load
combinations set forth in Section 203:

58
 E = ρEh + Ev
Em = ΩoEh

System Limitation and

Basic Seismic Force Resisting System R Ω0 Building Limitation
Zone 2 Zone 4
C. Moment Resisting Frame
Special reinforced concrete moment frames 8.5 2.8 NL NL
D. Dual Systems
Special reinforced concrete shear walls 8.5 2.8 NL NL
Earthquake-Force-Resisting Structural Systems of Concrete

59
APPENDIX B: DESIGN OF SPECIAL REINFORCED CONCRETE MOMENT RESISTING FRAME
(TRADEOFF 1)
Computation of Slab:
Loads on the slab:

Floor and Ceiling Finishes

Ceramic or quarry tile (20mm) on 25mm mortar bed
1.10 kPa
Acoustical Fiber Board 0.05 kPa
Mechanical Duct Allowance 0.2 kPa
Suspended Steel Channel system 0.1 kPa
Wall partition (CHB 100mm with Grout and Plaster) 2.72 kPa
Total Load 4.17 kPa

Roof Deck
Cement Finish on stone concrete fill (25mm) 1.53 kPa
Acoustical Fiber board 0.05 kPa
Mechanical Duck Allowance 0.2 kPa
Suspended Steel Channel system 0.1 kPa
Total Load 1.88 kPa

60
Check for minimum thickness of slab:

Where:
be = effective width of flange
t = assumed thickness of slab
Hw = height of the beam under the slab
Bw = beam width
Solve for the dimensions above
Given:
Beam dimension = 400 x 600 mm Assumed slab thickness = 160 mm

X = Hw if; Hw ≤ 4t Be = bw + 2x
X = Hw = 600mm – 160 mm ≤ 4 (160) = 400 + 2(440)
𝐗 = 𝐇𝐰 = 𝟒𝟒𝟎 𝐦𝐦 < 640 mm 𝐎𝐊! 𝐁𝐞 = 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟎 𝐦𝐦

Moment of Inertia of T-beam with respect to Neutral Axis

Aŷ = A1ŷ1 + A2ŷ2

(1280)(160)(80)+(400)(440)(380)
ŷ= (1280)(160)+(400)(440)
= 𝟐𝟏𝟖. 𝟔𝟓𝟓 𝐦𝐦

61
d = distance from the centroid of the area to ŷ
d1 = 138mm ; d2 = 161mm

Bet3
I= + Ad2
12
(1280)(160)3 (400)(440)3
I= + (1280)(160)(138)2 + + (400)(440)(161)2
12 12

𝐈 = 𝟏𝟏, 𝟕𝟗𝟓. 𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝟒

Moment of Inertia of slab

L t3
Is =
12
Where:
L = Transverse tributary width of slab
6000(160)3
Is(long span ) = = 𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟖 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝟒
12
6000(160)3
Is(short span ) = = 𝟐𝟐𝟒𝟖𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝟒
12

Ratio of flexural stiffness of beam-slab (𝛂𝐟)

I
αf =
Islab

11161.48 × 106 11161.48 × 106

αf(long) = = 𝟒. 𝟗𝟕 αf(short) = = 𝟒. 𝟗𝟕
2248 x 106 2248 x 106

2(4.95) + 2(5.36)
αfm(ave. ) = = 𝟒. 𝟗𝟕
4

αfm(ave. ) = 4.97 > 2

Use minimum thickness formula below:

62
 fy
Ln (0.8 + 1400)
tmin = ≥ 90mm
36 + 9β
Where:
Ln = clear span of long side fy = Grade of steel (414Mpa)
β = long to short clear span ratio

414
6400 (0.8 + 1400)
tmin = ≥ 90mm
6400
36 + 9
5500
tmin = 151mm ≥ 90mm
𝐭𝐦𝐢𝐧 = 𝟏𝟓𝟏𝐦𝐦 ≤ 𝟏𝟔𝟎𝐦𝐦 Therefore, the assumed thickness (160mm) can be used.

Thickness of slab = 160 mm

Self-weight = Density of concrete x thickness of slab
= (23.54)x (0.16)
= 3.77 kPa
Total Loads:
Superimposed Dead loads = 4.17 kPa Basic Floor Area load = 1.9 kPa
Slab self-weight = 3.77 kPa Live Load = 1.9 kPa
Dead Load = 7.94 kPa

Factored Load:
Wu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL
= 1.2 (7.94) + 1.6 (1.9)
𝐖𝐮 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟕 𝐤𝐏𝐚

63
Two way Slab (Using Equivalent Frame Method)
Long Span Strip:

Ecs = Modulus of elasticity of slab Column Dimension = 600 x 600 mm

C1A = Column dimension along strip C1B = Column dimension perpendicular to
strip
C2A = Column dimension along strip C2B = Column dimension perpendicular to
strip
L1 = Length of bay along strip (center) L2 = Length of bay perpendicular to strip
(center)

Span (All spans are the same):

𝐂𝟏𝐀 𝟎.𝟔 𝐂𝟏𝐁 𝟎.𝟔
= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟖 = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟏
𝐋𝟏 𝟔.𝟏 𝐋𝟐 𝟔.𝟔

By interpolation:
K = 4.161 COF = 0.511
M = 0.085

T-beam dimensions:
Be (tributary width of slab) = 6600 mm (average of two span) Bw = 400 mm
T = 160 mm Hw = 440 mm

Moment of Inertia of T-beam with respect to Neutral Axis (Isb):

Aŷ = A1ŷ1 + A2ŷ2

(6000)(160)(80)+(400)(440)(380)
ŷ= (6000)(160)+(400)(440)
= 𝟏𝟐𝟔. 𝟒𝟕𝟗 𝐦𝐦

d = distance from the centroid of the area to ŷ

d1 = 42.857 mm ; d2 = 257.143 mm

64
 Bet3
Isb = + Ad2
12
(6000)(160)3 (400)(440)3
Isb = + (6000)(160)(42.857)2 + + (400)(440)(257.143)2
12 12

𝐈𝐬𝐛 = 𝟏. 𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐦𝟒

Slab-Beam Stiffness (Ksb):

KEcs Isb
K sb =
L1

4.161 ( 25,400)(18669.409 ×106 )

K sb = = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟑𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 𝐍 𝐦𝐦
6100

Column Stiffness (Kc):

K Ecc Ic
Kc =
H
Where:
Ecc = Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete in Column
Ic = Moment of inertia of column
H = Height of column in one storey

Column dimension = 600 x 600 mm

600(600)3
Ic = = 𝟏𝟎, 𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝐱 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝟒
12

Factors:
a half of thickness of slab above 80 mm
= half of thickness of slab below = 80 mm = 1
b

65
lu clear height of column 3.34
= = = 0.95
ln center height of column 3.5

By interpolation:
K = 4.55 COF = 0.54

4.55(25,400)(10,800 × 106 )
=
3500

𝐊𝐜 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟔𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 N mm

Torsional Stiffness (Kt):

0.63X X 3 Y
C = ∑(1 − )( )
Y 3
Where:
C = cross-sectional constant to define torsional properties of slab and beam
X = short dimension
Y = long dimension

2 2
1

a.) Interior Member Section

Area 1: Area 2:
X = 400mm; Y = 600mm X = 160mm; Y = 440mm

66
 0.63(400) (400)3 (600) 0.63(160) (160)3 (440)
= (1 − )( ) + 2 (1 − )( )
600 3 440 3

𝐂 = 𝟖. 𝟑𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎^𝟗 𝐦𝐦𝟒

9 Ecs C Isb
Kt = ×
C Is
l2 (1 − 2 )3
l2
Where:
Ecs = Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete for slab l1 = Span length along strip
l2 = Transverse span length C2 = Transverse column dimension
Isb/Is = multiplier if the panels have beam supports

9 (25,400) (8350.24×106 ) 9 (25,400) (8350.24×106 ) 18669.409 × 106

=( 600 3 + 600 3 ) ×
6200(1− ) 7000(1− ) 2252.8 x 106
6200 7000

∑𝐊𝐭 = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 N mm

Equivalent Column Stiffness (Kec):

(∑ Kc)(∑ Kt)
K ec =
(∑ Kc) + (∑ Kt)

2(3.566 × 1011 ) × (6.42 × 1012 )

=
2 × (3.566 × 1011 ) + (6.42 × 1012 )

𝐊𝐞𝐜 = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟏𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 𝐍 𝐦𝐦

Fixed End Moments:

Wu = 12.57 kPa
FEM along long span = 0.085 × Wu × l2 × l1 2

67
where:
Wu = factored total load on slab l1 = span length along strip
l2 = span length transverse to the strip

= 0.085 × 12.57 × 6.0 × 6.12

= 𝟐𝟒𝟏. 𝟗𝟔 𝐤𝐍 𝐦

Moment Distribution for Interior Strip Moments (kNm)

A B C D E
AB BA BC CB CD DC DE ED
DF 0.33 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.33
COF 0.511 0.511 0.511 0.511
-
FEM -262.396 262.396 262.396 262.396 -262.396 262.396 -262.396 262.396
86.5906
1BAL 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 -86.5907
44.2478
CO 0 4 0 0 0 0 -44.2478 0
11.0619 11.0619
2BAL 0 -11.062 -11.062 0 0 6 6 0
5.65266 5.65266
CO -5.65266 0 0 -5.65266 1 0 0 1
1.86537
3BAL 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.86538
0.95320
CO 0 8 0 0 0 0 -0.95321 0
0.23830 0.23830
4BAL 0 -0.2383 -0.2383 0 0 2 2 0
0.12177 0.12177
CO -0.12177 0 0 -0.12177 2 0 0 2
0.04018
5BAL 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.04018
0.02053
CO 0 4 0 0 0 0 -0.02053 0
- 0.00513 0.00513
6BAL 0 -0.00513 0.00513 0 0 4 4 0
0.00262 0.00262
CO -0.00262 0 0 -0.00262 3 0 0 3

68
 0.00086
7BAL 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.00087
0.00044
CO 0 2 0 0 0 0 -0.00044 0
- 0.00011 0.00011
8BAL 0 -0.00011 0.00011 0 0 1 1 0
5.65E- 5.65E-
CO -5.7E-05 0 0 -5.7E-05 05 0 0 05
1.86E-
9BAL 05 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1.9E-05
9.53E-
CO 0 06 0 0 0 0 -9.5E-06 0
10BA -2.4E- 2.38E- 2.38E-
L 0 -2.4E-06 06 0 0 06 06 0
296.312 - 256.618 273.701
SUM -179.676 5 273.702 9 -256.619 5 -296.313 179.676

Design Moment from Moment Distribution (kNm)

Design V at Design -
Span Negative Moments L(m) V(Left) V(Right) X1 X2
+Mu Support Mu
Left Support 179.676 213.173 123.790
AB Right 6.1 233.913 272.155 2.82 3.28 150.086
296.3125 251.414 230.866
Support
Left Support 273.702 235.094 212.336
BC Right 6.1 255.834 250.234 3.08 3.02 120.763
256.62 229.493 196.654
Support
Left Support 256.62 229.493 196.654
CD Right 6.1 250.234 255.834 3.02 3.08 120.763
273.702 235.094 212.336
Support
Left Support 296.3125 251.414 230.866
DE Right 6.1 272.155 233.913 3.28 2.82 150.086
179.676 213.173 123.790
Support

Column Strip Interior Negative Factored Moment (%)

l2 / l1 0.5 1 2
(αf1 l2 / l1) = 0 75 75 75
(αf1 l2 / l1) ≥ 1 90 75 45
(Section 413.7.4.1 NSCP 2010)

69
 Column Strip Exterior Negative Factored Moment (%)
l2 / l1 0.5 1 2
βt = 0 100 100 100
(αf1 l2 / l1) = 0
βt ≥ 2.5 75 75 75
βt = 0 100 100 100
(αf1 l2 / l1) ≥ 1
βt ≥ 2.5 90 75 45
(Section 413.7.4.2 NSCP 2010)
Linear Interpolation for the given table:
Ecb C
βt =
2Ecs Is
0.63X X3 Y
C = ∑ (1 − )( ) = 8350.24 × 106 mm4 (Computed before)
Y 3

Where:
Ecb = Modulus of Elasticity of Beam Ecs = Modulus of Elasticity of Slab
Is = Moment of inertial of slab along strip

αf(long) = 4.95
L2 6.6
= = 1.08
L1 6.1
αf1L2 4.95 ×6.6
= = 5.36 ≥ 1
L1 6.1
E C 8350.24 ×106
βt = 2Ecb I = = 1.9
cs s 2(2252.8 × 106 )

Interpolated Values:
%INTERIOR COLUMN %EXTERIOR COLUMN
72.54 80.48

Section 413.7.4.5 Factored Moments in Beams

αf1L2
For ≥ 1; 85% of column strip will be distributed to beam and 15% to the slab
L1

Section 413.7.6.1 Factored Moments in Middle Strip

The portion of negative and positive factored moment not resisted by column strip shall be resisted by
middle strip

70
Positive / Negative Column Strip (interior) = Mu x (% Int. Column Strip)

Positive = 120.763 kNm x (0.7254) x 0.15

= 𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟒 𝐤𝐍𝐦
Negative = 212.336 kNm x (0.7254) x 0.15
= 𝟐𝟑. 𝟏𝟎 𝐤𝐍𝐦

Positive / Negative Column Strip (exterior) = Mu x (% Ext. Column Strip)

Positive = 150.086 kNm x (0.8048) x 0.15

= 𝟏𝟖. 𝟏𝟐 𝐤𝐍𝐦
Negative = 230.866 kNm x (0.8048) x 0.15
= 𝟐𝟕. 𝟖𝟕 𝐤𝐍𝐦

Distributed Factored Moments for Slab 1

SLAB 1
LONG SPAN
Mu Sign Column Strip Middle Strip
120.763 + 13.140 33.160
INT. SPAN
212.336 - 23.105 58.305

Distributed Factored Moments for Slab 2

SLAB 2
LONG SPAN
Mu Sign Column Strip Middle Strip
150.086 + 18.119 29.292
END SPAN
230.866 - 27.871 45.057

71
 For the Exterior Strip along Long Span
Repeat the process but the transverse length (tributary width) will be reduce to half
Ksb = 2.70 × 1011 Nmm
Kec = 6.72 × 1011 Nmm
Moment Distribution for Exterior Strip Moments
A B C D E
AB BA BC CB CD DC DE ED
DF 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
COF 0.511 0.511 0.511 0.511
FEM -121.797 121.797 -121.797 121.797 -121.797 121.797 -121.797 121.797
1BAL 26.79534 0 0 0 0 0 0 -26.7953
CO 0 13.69242 0 0 0 0 -13.6924 0
2BAL 0 -3.01233 -3.01233 0 0 3.012332 3.012332 0
CO -1.5393 0 0 -1.5393 1.539302 0 0 1.539302
3BAL 0.338646 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.33865
CO 0 0.173048 0 0 0 0 -0.17305 0
4BAL 0 -0.03807 -0.03807 0 0 0.038071 0.038071 0
CO -0.01945 0 0 -0.01945 0.019454 0 0 0.019454
5BAL 0.00428 0 0 0 0 0 0 -0.00428
CO 0 0.002187 0 0 0 0 -0.00219 0
6BAL 0 -0.00048 -0.00048 0 0 0.000481 0.000481 0
CO -0.00025 0 0 -0.00025 0.000246 0 0 0.000246
7BAL 5.41E-05 0 0 0 0 0 0 -5.4E-05
CO 0 2.76E-05 0 0 0 0 -2.8E-05 0
8BAL 0 -6.1E-06 -6.1E-06 0 0 6.08E-06 6.08E-06 0
CO -3.1E-06 0 0 -3.1E-06 3.11E-06 0 0 3.11E-06
9BAL 6.84E-07 0 0 0 0 0 0 -6.8E-07
CO 0 3.49E-07 0 0 0 0 -3.5E-07 0
10BAL 0 -7.7E-08 -7.7E-08 0 0 7.69E-08 7.69E-08 0
SUM -96.2177 132.6138 -124.848 120.238 -120.238 124.8479 -132.614 96.21768

Distributed Factored Moments for Slab 3

SLAB 3
LONG SPAN
Mu Sign Column Strip Middle Strip
67.286 + 6.927 21.106
END SPAN
102.628 - 10.565 32.192

72
Short Span Strip:
𝐂
Column Dimension = 600 x 600 mm
𝐋

C1A = Column dimension along strip C1B = Column dimension perpendicular to

strip
C2A = Column dimension along strip C2B = Column dimension perpendicular to
strip
L1 = Length of bay along strip (center) L2 = Length of bay perpendicular to strip
(center)

Span (A3-B3):
𝐂𝟏𝐀 𝟎.𝟔 𝐂𝟏𝐁 𝟎.𝟔
= = 0.097 = = 0.098
𝐋𝟏 𝟔.𝟐 𝐋𝟐 𝟔.𝟏

By interpolation:
KA3-B3 = 4.173 COF = 0.512
M = 0.085

Span (B3-C3):
𝐂𝟏𝐀 𝟎.𝟔 𝐂𝟏𝐁 𝟎.𝟔
= = 0.086 = = 0.098
𝐋𝟏 𝟕.𝟎 𝐋𝟐 𝟔.𝟏

By interpolation:
KA3-B3 = 4.154 COF = 0.511
M = 0.085

Span (C3-D3):
Same values as span A3-B3
T-beam dimensions:
Be (tributary width of slab) = 6100 mm Bw = 400 mm
T = 160 mm Hw = 440 mm

73
Moment of Inertia of T-beam with respect to Neutral Axis (Isb):
Aŷ = A1ŷ1 + A2ŷ2

(6100)(160)(80)+(400)(440)(380)
ŷ= (6100)(160)+(400)(440)
= 𝟏𝟐𝟓. 𝟖𝟑𝐦𝐦

d = distance from the centroid of the area to ŷ

d1 = 45.83 mm ; d2 = 254.17mm

Bet3
Isb = + Ad2
12
(6100)(160)3 (400)(440)3
Isb = + (6100)(160)(45.83)2 + + (400)(440)(254.17)2
12 12

𝐈𝐬𝐛 = 𝟏𝟖, 𝟑𝟒𝟏. 𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝟒

Slab-Beam Stiffness (Ksb):

𝐊𝐄𝐜𝐬 𝐈𝐬𝐛
𝐊 𝐬𝐛 =
𝐋𝟏

𝟒.𝟏𝟕𝟑 ( 𝟐𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟎)(𝟏𝟖,𝟑𝟒𝟏.𝟔 ×𝟏𝟎𝟔 )

𝐊 𝐀𝟑−𝐁𝟑 = = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟑𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 N mm
𝟔𝟐𝟎𝟎

𝟒.𝟏𝟓𝟒 ( 𝟐𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟎)(𝟏𝟖,𝟑𝟒𝟏.𝟔 ×𝟏𝟎𝟔 )

𝐊 𝐁𝟑−𝐂𝟑 = = 𝟐. 𝟕𝟔𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 N mm
𝟕𝟎𝟎𝟎

Column Stiffness (Kc):

Column dimension = 600 x 600 mm
600(600)3
Ic = = 10,800 x 106 mm4
12

Factors:
a half of thickness of slab above 80 mm
= half of thickness of slab below = 80 mm = 1
b

74
lu clear height of column 3.34
= = = 0.95
ln center height of column 3.5

By interpolation:
K = 4.55 COF = 0.54

K Ecc Ic
Kc =
H
Where:
Ecc = Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete in Column
Ic = Moment of inertia of column
H = Height of column in one storey

4.55(25400)(10,800 × 106 )
=
3500

𝐊𝐜 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟔 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 N mm

Torsional Stiffness (Kt):

0.63X X 3 Y
C = ∑(1 − )( )
Y 3
Where:
C = cross-sectional constant to define torsional properties of slab and beam
X = short dimension
Y = long dimension

2 2
1

a.) Interior Member Section

75
Area 1: Area 2:
X = 400mm; Y = 600mm X = 160mm; Y = 440mm

0.63(400) (400)3 (600) 0.63(160) (160)3 (440)

= (1 − )( ) + 2 (1 − )( )
600 3 440 3

𝐂 = 𝟖𝟑𝟓𝟎. 𝟐𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝐦𝐦𝟒

𝟗 𝐄𝐜𝐬 𝐂 𝐈𝐬𝐛
𝐊𝐭 = ×
𝐂 𝐈𝐬
𝐥𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝟐 )𝟑
𝐥𝟐
Where:
Ecs = Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete for slab l1 = Span length along strip
l2 = Transverse span length C2 = Transverse column dimension
Isb/Is = multiplier if the panels have beam supports

9 (25,400) (8350.24 × 106 ) 18341.6 × 106

=( ×
600 2082.13 x 106
6100(1 − 6100)3

𝐊𝐭 = 𝟑. 𝟓𝟑𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟐 N mm

Equivalent Column Stiffness (Kec):

(∑ Kc)(∑ Kt)
K ec =
(∑ Kc) + (∑ Kt)

2(3.566 × 1011 ) × 2(3.538 × 1012 )

=
2 × (3.566 × 1011 ) + 2(3.538 × 1012 )

𝐊𝐞𝐜 = 𝟔. 𝟒𝟕𝟗 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 𝐍 𝐦𝐦

76
Fixed End Moments:
Wu = 12.57 kPa
𝐅𝐄𝐌 𝐚𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐠 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭 𝐬𝐩𝐚𝐧 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖𝟓 × 𝐖𝐮 × 𝐥𝟐 × 𝐥𝟏 𝟐
where:
Wu = factored total load on slab l1 = span length along strip
l2 = span length transverse to the strip

= 0.085 × 12.57 × 6.1 × 6.22

𝐅𝐄𝐌𝐀𝟑−𝐁𝟑 = 𝐅𝐄𝐌𝐂𝟑−𝐃𝟑 = 𝟐𝟓𝟎. 𝟓𝟑𝟒 𝐤𝐍 𝐦

= 0.085 × 12.57 × 6.1 × 72

𝐅𝐄𝐌𝐁𝟑−𝐂𝟑 = 𝟑𝟒𝟖. 𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝐤𝐍 𝐦
Moment Distribution for Interior Strip Moments
A B C D
AB BA BC CB CD DC
DF 0.32 0.25 0.22 0.22 0.25 0.32
COF 0.512 0.511 0.512
FEM -250.534 250.534 -319.36 319.36 -250.534 250.534
1BAL 80.17088 17.2065 15.14172 -15.1417 -17.2065 -80.1709
CO 8.809728 41.04749 -7.73742 7.737419 -41.0475 -8.80973
2BAL -2.81911 -8.32752 -7.32822 7.328216 8.327518 2.819113
CO -4.26369 -1.44339 3.744718 -3.74472 1.443386 4.263689
3BAL 1.364381 -0.57533 -0.50629 0.506293 0.575333 -1.36438
CO -0.29457 0.698563 0.258716 -0.25872 -0.69856 0.294571
4BAL 0.094263 -0.23932 -0.2106 0.210601 0.23932 -0.09426
CO -0.12253 0.048262 0.107617 -0.10762 -0.04826 0.122532
5BAL 0.03921 -0.03897 -0.03429 0.034294 0.03897 -0.03921
CO -0.01995 0.020076 0.017524 -0.01752 -0.02008 0.019953
6BAL 0.006385 -0.0094 -0.00827 0.008272 0.0094 -0.00638
CO -0.00481 0.003269 0.004227 -0.00423 -0.00327 0.004813
7BAL 0.00154 -0.00187 -0.00165 0.001649 0.001874 -0.00154
CO -0.00096 0.000789 0.000843 -0.00084 -0.00079 0.000959
8BAL 0.000307 -0.00041 -0.00036 0.000359 0.000408 -0.00031
CO -0.00021 0.000157 0.000183 -0.00018 -0.00016 0.000209

77
 9BAL 6.68E-05 -8.5E-05 -7.5E-05 7.49E-05 8.51E-05 -6.7E-05
CO -4.4E-05 3.42E-05 3.83E-05 -3.8E-05 -3.4E-05 4.36E-05
10BAL 1.4E-05 -1.8E-05 -1.6E-05 1.59E-05 1.81E-05 -1.4E-05
SUM -167.573 298.9228 -315.912 315.9116 -298.923 167.5731

Design Moment from MDM

Design V at Design -
Span Negative Moments L(m) V(Left) V(Right) X1 X2
+Mu Support Mu
Left Support 167.573 211.103 100.509
1 Right 6.2 235.991 278.361 2.84 3.36 168.080
298.923 253.473 219.148
Support
Left Support 315.912 265.472 232.537
2 Right 7 290.360 290.360 3.5 3.5 192.218
315.912 265.472 232.537
Support
Left Support 298.923 253.473 219.148
3 Right 6.2 278.361 235.991 3.36 2.84 168.080
167.573 211.103 100.509
Support

Distributed Factored Moments for Slab 1

SLAB 1
SHORT SPAN
Mu Sign Column Strip Middle Strip
192.218 + 22.280 43.686
INT. SPAN
232.537 - 26.953 52.849

Distributed Factored Moments for Slab 2

SLAB 2
SHORT SPAN
Mu Sign Column Strip Middle Strip
168.080 + 20.386 32.176
END SPAN
219.148 - 26.579 41.952

78
For the Exterior Strip along Short Span
Repeat the process but the transverse length (tributary width) will be reduce to half

𝐊 𝐀𝟑−𝐁𝟑 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟓𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 𝐍𝐦𝐦

𝐊 𝐁𝟑−𝐂𝟑 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝟑𝟒 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 𝐍𝐦𝐦
𝐊𝐞𝐜 = 𝟔. 𝟖𝟒𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟏 𝐍𝐦𝐦

Moment Distribution for Exterior Strip Moments

A B C D
AB BA BC CB CD DC
DF 0.24 0.2 0.18 0.18 0.2 0.24
COF 0.512 0.511 0.512
FEM -125.267 125.267 -159.68 159.68 -125.267 125.267
1BAL 30.06408 6.8826 6.19434 -6.19434 -6.8826 -30.0641
CO 3.523891 15.39281 -3.16531 3.165308 -15.3928 -3.52389
2BAL -0.84573 -2.4455 -2.20095 2.20095 2.4455 0.845734
CO -1.2521 -0.43302 1.124686 -1.12469 0.433016 1.252096
3BAL 0.300503 -0.13833 -0.1245 0.124501 0.138334 -0.3005
CO -0.07083 0.153858 0.06362 -0.06362 -0.15386 0.070827
4BAL 0.016998 -0.0435 -0.03915 0.039146 0.043495 -0.017
CO -0.02227 0.008703 0.020004 -0.02 -0.0087 0.02227
5BAL 0.005345 -0.00574 -0.00517 0.005167 0.005741 -0.00534
CO -0.00294 0.002736 0.00264 -0.00264 -0.00274 0.00294
6BAL 0.000705 -0.00108 -0.00097 0.000968 0.001075 -0.00071
CO -0.00055 0.000361 0.000495 -0.00049 -0.00036 0.000551
7BAL 0.000132 -0.00017 -0.00015 0.000154 0.000171 -0.00013
CO -8.8E-05 6.77E-05 7.87E-05 -7.9E-05 -6.8E-05 8.76E-05
8BAL 2.1E-05 -2.9E-05 -2.6E-05 2.63E-05 2.93E-05 -2.1E-05
CO -1.5E-05 1.08E-05 1.35E-05 -1.3E-05 -1.1E-05 1.5E-05
9BAL 3.6E-06 -4.8E-06 -4.4E-06 4.36E-06 4.85E-06 -3.6E-06
CO -2.5E-06 1.84E-06 2.23E-06 -2.2E-06 -1.8E-06 2.48E-06
10BAL 5.96E-07 -8.1E-07 -7.3E-07 7.33E-07 8.14E-07 -6E-07
SUM -93.5498 144.6408 -157.81 157.8103 -144.641 93.54984

79
 Distributed Factored Moment for Slab 3
SLAB 3
SHORT SPAN
Mu Sign Column Strip Middle Strip
66.014 + 6.790 20.745
END SPAN
108.237 - 11.133 34.014

Design Moments for slabs (Summary)

The values in the table were obtained by dividing the distributed factored moment by half (considering
one side only) for interior strips. For exterior strips, the computed distributed factored moment will be
the design moment.

Design Moment for Long Span (kNm)

Column Strip Middle Strip
MARK
Positive Negative Positive Negative
SLAB 1 6.57 11.55 16.58 29.15
SLAB 2 9.06 13.94 14.65 22.53
SLAB 3 3.46 5.28 10.55 16.1

Design Moment for Short Span (kNm)

Column Strip Middle Strip
MARK
Positive Negative Positive Negative
SLAB 1 10.14 13.48 21.843 26.425
SLAB 2 10.193 13.29 16.09 20.976
SLAB 3 3.4 5.57 10.37 19

Slab Reinforcements (for 1 meter strip):

Slab 1 Long Span Strip
Column Strip Positive

80
 Mu = 6.57 kNm f'c = 28 Mpa
b= 1000 mm fy = 414 Mpa
d= 134 mm Bar Size = 12 mm
φ= 0.9 β= 0.85

Solve for ρmax and ρmin:

0.75(0.85f ′ cβ600) 1.4

ρmax = = 0.021686 ρmin = = 0.00338
fy(600 + fy) fy

Solve for ω:
Mu = φ f’cbd2 ω (1 − 0.59 ω)
6.57 x 106 = 0.9 (28) (1000) (134)2 ω (1 − 0.59 ω)
𝛚 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟒𝟔𝟓

Solve for Reinforcement Ratio (ρ):

ωf′c
ρ= = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟗𝟗 If ρ < ρmin; use ρmin = 0.00338
fy

Therefore, use ρmin = 0.00338 as ρdesign

Compute for the Area of Reinforcing Bar (As):

As = ρ × bd = 𝟒𝟓𝟐. 𝟗𝟐 𝐦𝐦𝟐

Solve for the number of bars:

452.92
N=π ≈ 𝟓 − 𝟏𝟐𝐦𝐦∅
× 122
4

81
 Spacing
1 meter strip
S = = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝐦𝐦; Not greater than 5t (800mm) or 450mm –OK!
N

TABULATED RESULTS:
Note: The table shows the computation for every slab mark using computer (MS Excel)

LONG SPAN REINFORCEMENT

Mark Location Mu b d ω ρdesign As N Spacing
Midspan 6.57 1000 134 0.01465 0.00338 453.14 5 200
Column Strip
Support 11.55 1000 134 0.02592 0.00338 453.14 5 200
SLAB 1
Midspan 16.58 1000 134 0.03747 0.00338 453.14 5 200
Middle Strip
Support 29.15 1000 134 0.06708 0.00454 607.89 6 160

Mark Location Mu b d ω ρdesign As N Spacing

Midspan 9.06 1000 134 0.02026 0.00338 453.14 5 200
Column Strip
Support 13.94 1000 134 0.03139 0.00338 453.14 5 200
SLAB 2
Midspan 14.65 1000 134 0.03302 0.00338 453.14 5 200
Middle Strip
Support 22.53 1000 134 0.05135 0.00347 465.34 5 200

Mark Location Mu b d ω ρdesign As N Spacing

Midspan 3.46 1000 134 0.00768 0.00338 453.14 5 200
Column Strip
Support 5.28 1000 134 0.01175 0.00338 453.14 5 200
SLAB 3
Midspan 10.55 1000 134 0.02365 0.00338 453.14 5 200
Middle Strip
Support 16.1 1000 134 0.03636 0.00338 453.14 5 200

SHORT SPAN REINFORCEMENT

Mark Location Mu b d ω ρdesign As N Spacing
Midspan 10.14 1000 122 0.02748 0.00338 412.56 4 250
Column Strip
Support 13.48 1000 122 0.03674 0.00338 412.56 4 250
SLAB 1
Midspan 21.843 1000 122 0.06039 0.00408 498.27 5 200
Middle Strip
Support 26.425 1000 122 0.07365 0.00498 607.72 6 160

Mark Location Mu b d ω ρdesign As N Spacing

82
 Midspan 10.193 1000 122 0.02763 0.00338 412.56 4 250
Column Strip
Support 13.29 1000 122 0.03621 0.00338 412.56 4 250
SLAB 2
Midspan 16.09 1000 122 0.04404 0.00338 412.56 4 250
Middle Strip
Support 20.976 1000 122 0.05790 0.00392 477.77 5 200

Mark Location Mu b d ω ρdesign As N Spacing

Midspan 3.4 1000 122 0.00911 0.00338 412.56 4 250
Column Strip
Support 5.57 1000 122 0.01498 0.00338 412.56 4 250
SLAB 3
Midspan 10.37 1000 122 0.02811 0.00338 412.56 4 250
Middle Strip
Support 17 1000 122 0.04661 0.00338 412.56 4 250

Slab Schedule:

Note: The governing spacing of the reinforcements is the smallest spacing in every direction (Long
span and Short Span). This is to have a uniform spacing in every direction and make the construction
easier and also for economical reason.

Reinforcement
Thickness
Slab Long Span Short Span Remarks
(mm) Top Bars Bottom Bars Top Bars Bottom Bars
S1 160 12mmΦ @ 160mm 12mmΦ @ 160mm 12mmΦ @ 160mm 12mmΦ @ 160mm TWO WAY
S2 160 12mmΦ @ 160mm 12mmΦ @ 160mm 12mmΦ @ 160mm 12mmΦ @ 160mm TWO WAY
S3 160 12mmΦ @ 160mm 12mmΦ @ 160mm 12mmΦ @ 160mm 12mmΦ @ 160mm TWO WAY

Table A.1 Slab Results

83
COMPUTATION OF BEAMS
Design of Beams:

Note: The design moment (Mu) used is the maximum moment along the given GRID ranging from 2nd
floor up to 5th floor.
GRID 5 (B1) @ Support:

Mu = 87.6 kNm f'c = 24 Mpa

b= 200 mm fy = 420 Mpa
d= 350 mm β= 0.85
φ= 0.9 Steel cover = 60mm

Steel covering = 70mm

Solve for ρmax and ρmin:

0.75(0.85f ′ cβ600) 1.4

ρmax = = 0.01821 ρmin = = 0.00333
fy(600 + fy) fy

Solve for ω:
ρmaxfy
ω= = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟕𝟓
f′c

Solve for d: (assume 2b=d)

Mu = φ f’cbd2 ω (1-0.59 ω)
87.6 x 106 = 0.9 (24) (d/2) (d) 2 (0.318675)(1-0.59 (0.318675))
d = 315.3034≈350 mm
b=200 mm

Compute for the Area of Reinforcing Bar (As):

84
As = ρ × bd = 𝟏𝟐𝟕𝟒. 𝟕 𝐦𝐦𝟐

Solve for the number of bars:

1274.7
N=π ≈ 𝟒 − 𝟐𝟎𝐦𝐦∅
× 202
4

Solve for Reinforcement Ratio (ρ):

ρ = As/bd = 0.01795 If ρ < ρmax; design as singly; If ρ > ρmax; design as doubly
ρ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟗𝟓< ρmax
Since ρ < ρmax; design as singly

SHEAR:
Factored Shear at critical section (Vu) = 69.176 KN
φ(shear) = 0.75

Solve for the shear capacity of concrete:

Vc = 0.17 × √f′c × b × d
Vc = 0.17 × √24 × 200 × 290
𝐕𝐜 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟑𝟎 𝐤𝐍

Calculate for the capacity of shear reinforcement:

Vu = φVs + φVc
Vu − φVc
Vs = = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟗𝟑 𝐤𝐍
φ

Calculate for the spacing of shear reinforcement:

Av × fyt × d
S=
Vs

85
Where:
Fyt = 375 Mpa (Yield Strength of shear reinforcement)
Av = area of shear reinforcement
π
Av = × 122 × 2 = 𝟕𝟐𝛑
4
72π × 375 × 390
S=
43.93 × 1000
𝐒 = 𝟕𝟓𝟑. 𝟎𝟑 𝐦𝐦

Max spacing for shear reinforcements

Condition 1:

If Vs < 0.33 × √f′c × b × d

d
Max S = or 600mm
2

Condition 2:

If Vs > 0.33 × √f′c × b × d

d
Max S = or 300mm
4

= 0.33 × √24 × 200 × 390 = 𝟏𝟐𝟔. 𝟎𝟏𝐤𝐍

Vs < 126.01kN
390
Max S =
2
= 𝟏𝟗𝟓𝐦𝐦 (Governs)! Use spacing = 195 mm o.c

86
TORSION
Check if torsion reinforcement is required:

∅ λ √f′c Acp2
Tu < ×( )
12 Pcp

Where:
Tu = design torque
Acp = Area enclosed by outside perimeter of section of concrete
Pcp = perimeter of section of concrete

Mx (design torsion Tu)

Tu = 1.196 kNm f'c = 24 Mpa
b= 200 mm fy = 420 Mpa
h= 350 mm
φ= 0.75

(0.75) (1) √24 (200x350)2

= ×( )
12 2(200 + 350)

= 𝟏. 𝟏𝟗𝟔 𝐤𝐍𝐦 < 𝟏. 𝟑𝟔 𝐤𝐍𝐦

Therefore, Torsional Reinforcement are needed.

87
Solve for the section properties:

h = thickness of the beam

b = width of the beam
Aoh = Area enclosed by center of
outer closed transverse torsional
reinforcement
ph = perimeter of centreline of
outermost closed transverse
torsional reinforcement
At = transverse torsional reinf.
Ao = 85 percent of Aoh
Clear cover = 40mm
Stirrups diameter = 12mm
Fyt = Yield stress of shear reinf.
bars (375 Mpa)

Typical Section

Solve for the factors defined above:

X = b – 2 × clear cover − half of stirrups bar diameter = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝐦𝐦

Y = h – 2 × clear cover − half of stirrups bar diameter = 𝟐𝟕𝟎 𝐦𝐦

ph = 2(x + y) = 𝟕𝟖𝟎𝐦𝐦
Aoh = xy = 𝟑𝟐𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦𝟐
Ao = 0.85Aoh = 𝟐𝟕𝟓𝟒𝟎𝐦𝐦𝟐

88
Check if the Torsional Moment Strength of concrete can resist the design torque
For solid sections:

Vu 2 Tu ph 2 Vu 2√f ′ c
√( ) +( ) ≤ ∅ ( + )
b×d 1.7Aoh2 b×d 3

Solve:
2
69.176 × 1000 2 1.36 × 106 (780) 69.176 × 1000 2√24
√( ) +( ) ≤ (0.75) ( + )
200 × 350 1.7(32400) 2 200x350 3

𝟏. 𝟏𝟓 ≤ 𝟑. 𝟏𝟗 − 𝐎𝐊! Section is Adequate

𝐀𝐭
Solve for the transverse torsional reinforcement required ( 𝐒 )
2 Ao At fyt
Tn = cotθ
S

Note: For non-pre stressed beam, θ = 45°

1.196
( ) × 106 At Av Vs
0.75 (1) = = (shear reinf. excluding torsion)
2(27540)(375) S S fyt × d

At Av
= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟕 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑
S S

Total shear reinforcement:

Av (total) Av 2At
= +
S S S
Av (total)
= 0.033 + 2 × 0.077 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕
S

89
Using 12mmΦ stirrups
π
Av(total) = × 122 × 2 = 𝟕𝟐𝛑
4
72π
= 1.87
S
S = 123.96 ≈ 130mm

Maximum Spacing:
ph
Smax = or 300mm
8
780
= = 97.5 mm
8

Spacing for shear only = 195 mm

Spacing for shear and torsion = 130mm
𝐓𝐡𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐞, 𝐔𝐬𝐞 𝐒𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐧𝐠 = 𝟏𝟑𝟎𝐦𝐦 𝐨. 𝐜

Compute for the additional main bar reinforcement (longitudinal reinforcement, Al):
ph At fyt cot 2 θ
Al =
S fy

(1656) (375)
= × 0.077 = 𝟒𝟏𝟑. 𝟒𝟏𝟖𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝟐
414

Check for minimum Al required by the code:

5√f ′ c Acp At ph fyt
Al(min) = −
12 fy S fy

Al(min) = 𝟐𝟖𝟔. 𝟓𝟖𝟏𝟗 𝐦𝐦𝟐 < 𝟒𝟏𝟑. 𝟒𝟏𝟖𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝟐 𝐎𝐊!

90
Distribution of additional main reinforcement due to torsion is shown below.

1
of Al at Top
3

1
of Al at Middle depth
3

1
of Al at Bottom
3

Additional Middle depth reinforcement:

1 1
As = As(flexure) + 3 Al (torsion) As (mid depth) = Al (torsion)
3
1 1
As = 1274.7 + 3 413.4181 = 413.4181
3

𝐀𝐬 = 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟐. 𝟓𝟏 𝐦𝐦𝟐 As(mid depth) = 137.81mm2

Solve for the number of bars: Number of bars (using 16mm∅):

1412.51 137.81
N= π ≈ 𝟑 − 𝟐𝟓𝐦𝐦∅ N=π ≈ 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟔𝐦𝐦∅
× 252 × 162
4 4

91
DEFLECTION
Note: The beam that has the longest span is the most critical section for deflection. So, the checking
of beam deflection considered the critical span.

Compute the modulus of elasticity of concrete

Ec = 4700√f′c; Ec = 4700√24; Ec = 23025.20 MPa

Modulus of rupture:
fr = 0.62λ√f ′ c; fr = 0.62(1)√24; fr = 3.04 MPa

Moment of inertia of gross section:

bt 3 200(350)3
Ig = ; Ig = ; Ig = 7.1458 × 108 mm4
12 12
Compute the cracking moment

fr Ig 3.04(7.1458 × 108 )
M cr = ; M cr = ;
yt 175
M cr = 12.41 kNm

Modular ratio:
Es 200000
n= ; n= ; n = 8.686
Ec 23025.20
Solve for cracking moment of inertia:

bx 3
Icr = + nAs(d − x)2
3

Icr = 5.04 × 108 mm4

92
Solve for effective moment of inertia
Wu = 7.94 kPa
Tributary width = 3.5m
Span length = 4m
WuL2
Mo =
12
Mo = 37.05 kNm

M cr 3 M cr 3
Ie = ( ) I + (1 − (( ) ) Icr ;
Ma g Ma
Ie = 4586 × 106 mm4

Compute for the actual deflection:

WuL4
δ act = ;
384Ec Ie

7.94(3500)(4000)3
δ act =
384(23025.20 )(5.04 × 108 )

𝛅𝐚𝐜𝐭 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟐𝟏 𝐦𝐦

L 4000
δ allowable = ; δ allowable = ; δ allowable = 11.11 mm
360 360

check if δ allowable > δ act

𝟏𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝐦𝐦 > 𝟑. 𝟕𝟐𝟏𝐦𝐦

93
 Therefore, beam is safe for deflection!
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
For tension side:

fy ψt ψe ψs
Ldh = ( ) db
′ c + K tr
1.1λ√f c ( )
db

Where:
ψt = reinforcement location factor
= 1.3 for d > 300mm, 1 for others

ψe = coating factor
= 1.5 for Epoxy − coated bars
= 1.2 for other epoxy − coated bars
= 1.0 for uncoated bars
ψt ψe ≤ 1.7
ψs = reinforcement ratio
= 0.8 for 20mm diameter below and deformed wires
= 1 for 25mm diameter above

1
c = smaller bet. steel cover and spacing of bars being developed
2
c = 60mm (steel cover)
400 − 2(60) 86.67mm
c= = = 𝟓𝟑. 𝟑𝟕𝐦𝐦; 𝐮𝐬𝐞!
3 2

40Atr
Ktr = transvere reinf. index = ; can be taken as 0 for simplification
sn
Atr = total cross sectional area of transverse reinf.

94
s = c. c spacing of transverse reinf. bars
n = number of bars being developed along the plane of splitting

Solve for development length

(414) (1)(1)(1)
Ldh = ( ) 25
43.33 + 0
1.1(1)√28 ( )
25

𝐋𝐝𝐡 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎. 𝟗𝟒 𝐦𝐦 (𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐝𝐞)

For compression side

0.24 fy
Ldh =
λ√f′c
0.24 (414)
Ldh = db
(1)√28
𝐋𝐝𝐡 = 𝟒𝟖𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝐦𝐦

95
 TABULATED RESULTS:

FLOOR BEAMS
Note: The table shows the computation for every beam mark using computer (MS Excel)

Bar
Mar Locatio Mu(kN B D Analysi As (with
ω ρ As Bars Dia
k n m) (mm) (mm) s torsion)
(mm)
0.318
Support 87.6 200 350 0.1821 Singly 1092.6 3201.36278 4
678 25
B-1
0.083 1198.20 1198.20692
Midspan 23.5 200 350 0.005 Singly 3
6 7 2 25
3843.25 3843.25320
Support 14.2 200 350 0.268 0.011 Singly 2
3 8 25
B-2
1434.19 1434.19240
Midspan -1.79 200 350 0.1 0.001 Singly 2
2 2 25
3843.25 3843.25320
Support 35.7 200 350 0.268 0.015 Singly 4
3 8 25
B-3
1434.19 1434.19240
Midspan 21.7 200 350 0.1 0.006 Singly 4
2 2 25
Table C.1 Floor Beam Design Results for Flexure

Computerized Computation and results for shear reinforcements

Mark Vu(kN) Av b D Vc Vs Spacing Max.Spacing Spacing used
B-1 64.2 226.1952 200 350 190.706 131.133 342.830 175 175
B-2 21.2 226.1952 200 350 190.706 216.153 207.984 175 175
B-3 53 226.1952 200 350 190.706 229.378 195.992 175 175
Table C.2 Beam Design Results for Shear

96
 Computerized Computation and results for torsional reinforcements
Mark Tu(kNm) b H Consider Torsion? Aoh Ao ph
B-1 1.916 200 350 YES 161396 137186.6 1656
B-2 2.829 200 350 NO 161396 137186.6 1656
B-3 2.494 200 350 NO 161396 137186.6 1656
Table C.3A Beam Design Results for Torsion

Continuation for the torsional computation

Final
Add.
Section Spacing Add.
Mark At/s Av/s Av(total)/s Spacing Smax Main Min AL.
Adequate? Used Main
Reinf.
Reinf.
B-1 YES 0.512988 0.659788 1.685765 130 200 130 769.482 Passed 769.482
B-2 YES 0.036661 1.087562 1.160883 190 200 0 0.000 1223.15 0.000
B-3 YES 0.032319 1.154104 1.218743 180 200 0 0.000 1229.662 0.000

Table C.3B Beam Design Results for Torsion

Note: Stirrups final spacing is the governing spacing between the shear reinforcement only and the
shear and torsional reinforcement. The middle depth reinforcement is the additional main bars due to
torsion.
Stirrups Final No. of bars for middle
Mark Bar diameter
Spacing (mm) depth Reinf.
B-1 130 2 16
B-2 200 0 0
B-3 190 0 0
Table C.4 Final Results of Design for Shear and Torsion

97
DESIGN OF COLUMN

C-1 (INTERIOR COLUMN)

Pu = 1144.70 kN f'c = 28 Mpa
b= 500 mm fy = 414 Mpa
t= 500 mm d= 500 mm
φ= 0.65 β= 0.85
My = 22.868 kNm Mz = 26.496 kNm

Note: Assume first that the column is concentrically loaded

For columns subjected to concentric loadings

P = φ 0.80 Ag [0.85f ′ c(1 − ρg ) + fyρg ]

Where:
P = Axial load capacity of section f’c = compressive strength of
concrete
As
ρg = steel ratio (Ag) fy = yield strength of steel bars

Ag = Gross area of section of concrete Ast = Area of steel reinforcement

Φ = reduction factor for column design

Assume steel ratio (ρg ) = 0.015

= 0.65(0.80)(5002 )[0.85(24)(1 − 0.015) + 400(0.015)]

P = Po = 5603.04 kN
Note: Po is the capacity of a concentrically loaded column only

98
Compute for the area of reinforcement for the column section

Ast = ρg × Ag
= 0.015 × 5002
= 𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟎 𝐦𝐦𝟐

Using 36mm∅ Main Bars

5400
N= π ≈ 6 pcs (Must be a multiple of 4)
(4 × 362 )

≈ 𝟖 − 𝟑𝟔𝐦𝐦∅

Actual Po:

Ast(actual) 0.25π × 362 × 8

ρg = = = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝟔 (𝐛𝐞𝐭𝐰𝐞𝐞𝐧 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖, 𝐎𝐊!)
Ag (actual) 6002

Po(act) = φ 0.80 Ag [0.85f ′ c(1 − ρg ) + fyρg ]

𝐏𝐨(𝐚𝐜𝐭) = 𝟔𝟏𝟎𝟔. 𝟏𝟖𝟕 𝐤𝐍

99
Bar distribution on columns:

Typical Section of column

Check the capacity of column for flexure:

Compute for the balance load and eccentricity

100
For balanced condition, Fs = Fy = F’s
Where:
Fs = stress at bars subjected to tension Fy = yield strength of reinforcing bars
Fs’ = stress at bars subjected to compression C1 = force exerted by outermost steel layer
at compression area
Cc = force exerted by concrete C2 = force exerted by steel layer near N.A
T = force exerted by outermost steel layer at tension area yt = 230 mm

Balanced Neutral Axis:

600d
Cb = = 313.61mm
fy + 600
ab = βCb = 266.569mm (Depth of compression block)

Spacing of bars (S):

500 = 2(d’) +2S
S = 230mm

101
Solve for the stress C2 (refer to strain diagram):
Ratio of similar triangle
εs2′ 0.003
′
=
cb − d − S cb
εs2′ = 0.00013019
fs2′
εs2′ = (Es = 200Gpa)
Es
𝐟𝐬𝟐′ = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟎𝟒 𝐌𝐩𝐚

Force and Moment Equilibrium (see diagram):

∑F = 0 (As = As’1 )
Pb + T = Cc + C1 + C2
Pb + Asfy = 0.85f’cab + As’1 fy + As’2 fs’2
π
Pb = 0.85(28)(266.569)(600) + × 362 × 2 × 26.04
4
𝐏𝐛 = 𝟑𝟖𝟓𝟗. 𝟔𝟏𝟔 𝐤𝐍

∑M @ T = 0
ab
Pb (eb + yt) = Cc (d − ) + C1(d − d′ ) + C2(S)
2
ab
Pb (eb + yt) = 0.85f ′ cab b (d − ) + As1′ fy(d − d′ ) + As2′ fs2′ (S)
2
𝐞𝐛 = 𝟑𝟏𝟓. 𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐦

102
Solve for eccentricity:
Mz My
ey = ez =
Pu Pu
26.496(1000) 685.576(1000)
ey = = 𝟕. 𝟒𝟑𝐦𝐦 ez = = 𝟏𝟗𝟐. 𝟏𝟑𝟕𝐦𝐦
3568.166 3568.166

Minimum eccentricity:
e
If ≤ 0.1 (Design for concentrically loaded can be used)
t

7.43
= 0.01238 < 1 (Pny = Po)
600

192.137
= 0.320 > 1 (Solve for Pnz)
600
Compute for Pnz:

103
𝐞𝐛 = 𝟑𝟏𝟓. 𝟏𝟎 𝐦𝐦 > 𝐞𝐳 (Compression Controls, fs’ = fy)
Strain Diagram:
εs2′ 0.003
′
=
cb − d − S cb
0.003(c − 300)
εs2′ =
c
600(c − 300)
fs2′ =
c
600(d − c)
fs =
c

Assume fs will not yield:

∑F = 0
Pny + T = Cc + C1 + C2
Pny = 0.85f’cβcb + As’1 fy + As’2 fs’2 − Asfs
600(c − 300)
Pny = 12138c + 1264202.017 + 648π ( )
c
600(530 − c)
− 972π ( ) 𝐄𝐐. 𝟏
c

∑M @ T = 0
a
Pny (ez + yt) = Cc (d − ) + C1(d − d′ ) + C2(S)
2
βc
Pny (ez + yt) = 0.85f ′ cβcb (d − ) + As1′ fy(d − d′ ) + As2′ fs2′ (S)
2

Pny (422.137)
0.85c
= 12138c (d − ) + 972π(414)(530 − 70)
2
600(c − 300)
+ 648π ( ) (S)
c

104
 𝐄𝐐. 𝟐
Substituting EQ.1 to EQ.2 and solving for c
c = 389.544 mm
a = 331.112 mm

Verify the assumptions:

600(d − c) 600(530 − 389.544)
fs = = = 𝟐𝟏𝟔. 𝟑𝟑𝟗 𝐌𝐩𝐚 𝐎𝐊!
c 389.544

600(c − 300) 600(378.59 − 300)

fs2′ = = = 137.92 Mpa
c 378.59

Solve for Pny using EQ.1

Pny = 12138(389.544) + 1264202.017 + 648π(137.92) − 972π(239.96)
𝐏𝐧𝐲 = 𝟓𝟔𝟏𝟐. 𝟔𝟑𝟗 𝐤𝐍

Bressler’s Equation:

1 1 1 1
= + −
Pn Pnz Pny Pno

Since Pnz = Pno, Pn = Pny

Puy = φPny = (0.65) 5612.639
Puy = Pcapacity = 𝟑𝟔𝟒𝟖. 𝟐𝟏𝟓 𝐤𝐍 > 𝟑𝟓𝟔𝟖. 𝟏𝟔𝟔 𝐤𝐍(𝐏𝐮)

Therefore, the section and reinforcements for C-1 is adequate!

105
Use the minimum ties provided by the code:
Choose the smallest
< 16db
< 48 tie db
< Least dimension of column
db (main reinforcement diameter) = 36mm
Tie db (shear reinforcement diameter) = 12mm
16db = 16 x 36 = 576mm
48 tie db = 48 x 12 = 576mm
Least dimension = 600mm
Use 570mm o.c

106
 TABULATED RESULTS:

Note: The table shows the computation for every column mark using computer (MS Excel)

No. of Bar dia. Actual no.

Mark Pu b t ρ Ast Actual ρg Po (act.)
bars (mm) of bars
C1 1144.70 500 500 0.015 5400 5.3052 36 8 0.02262 2107.613
C2 1144.70 500 500 0.015 5400 6.7143 32 8 0.017872 2160.844
C3 1144.70 500 500 0.015 5400 6.7143 32 8 0.017872 2760.844
Table D.1 Design of Column Results

Check for the eccentricity and adequacy

Mark Location Pu Moment e eb Evaluation c Pn Pcap Adequate?
Compression
At Y 100.320 192.14 389.46 5612.64 3648.2 YES
Controls
C1 1144.7 315.1
Neglect
At Z 22.268 7.43 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Eccentricity
Compression
At Y 100.320 258.56 327.4 4157.74 2702.5 YES
Controls
C2 1144.7 315.1
Neglect
At Z 22.268 58.10 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Eccentricity
At Y 100.320 358.32 Tension Controls 255.93 2940.23 1911.2 YES
C3 1144.7 315.1 Neglect
At Z 22.268 54.37 N/A N/A N/A N/A
Eccentricity
Table D.2 Adequacy check results for columns

Mark Tie Bar Dia. (mm) Spacing (mm)

C1 12 500
C2 12 500
C3 12 500
Table D.3 Column Tie spacing

107
 COST ESTIMATION
Note: The following tables shows the quantity take off of the design using computer program (MS
Excel)

STEEL WORKS

Middle Depth
Top Bars Bottom Bars Cont. No.
Bars Density Weight
Beams Length of
Size Size (kg/cu.m) (kg)
Number Size Number Number (m) floors
(mm) (mm)
GRID
25 3 25 2 12 2 19.4 4 7850 1632.896
1
GRID
25 3 25 2 0 0 19.4 4 7850 1495.107
2
GRID
28 3 28 2 0 0 19.4 4 7850 1875.462
3
GRID
28 3 28 2 0 0 19.4 4 7850 1875.462
4
GRID
28 3 28 2 12 2 19.4 4 7850 2013.251
5
GRID
28 3 28 2 12 2 19.4 4 7850 2013.251
6
GRID
20 3 20 3 16 2 24.4 4 7850 1752.273
A
GRID
20 3 20 3 12 2 24.4 4 7850 1617.483
B
GRID
20 3 20 3 16 2 24.4 4 7850 1752.273
C
GRID
20 3 20 3 12 2 24.4 4 7850 1617.483
D
GRID
20 3 20 3 12 2 24.4 4 7850 1617.483
E
GRID
20 3 20 3 12 2 24.4 4 7850 1617.483
H
GRID I 20 3 20 3 12 2 24.4 4 7850 1617.483
GRID J 20 3 20 3 12 2 24.4 4 7850 1617.483

108
B-1 20 2 20 2 12 2 6.2 4 7850 288.678
B-2 16 2 16 2 12 2 3.8 4 7850 122.953
B-3 16 2 16 2 12 2 3 4 7850 97.068
SUBTOTAL 16,380.14
Table D.1 Floor Beam Main Reinforcement

Cont. Length Weight per Total

Beams Spacing Stirrups Size
(m) pc (kg) Weight
GRID 1 19.4 130 12mmΦ 1.78 265.631
GRID 2 19.4 200 12mmΦ 1.78 172.660
GRID 3 19.4 190 12mmΦ 1.78 181.747
GRID 4 19.4 190 12mmΦ 1.78 181.747
GRID 5 19.4 130 12mmΦ 1.78 265.631
GRID 6 24.4 100 12mmΦ 1.78 434.320
GRID A 24.4 200 12mmΦ 1.78 217.160
GRID B 24.4 90 12mmΦ 1.78 482.578
GRID C 24.4 200 12mmΦ 1.78 217.160
GRID D 24.4 200 12mmΦ 1.78 217.160
GRID E 24.4 200 12mmΦ 1.78 217.160
GRID F 24.4 200 12mmΦ 1.78 217.160
GRID G 24.4 200 12mmΦ 1.78 217.160
GRID H 24.4 200 12mmΦ 1.78 217.160
GRID I 24.4 200 12mmΦ 1.78 217.160
B-1 6.2 110 12mmΦ 1.78 100.327
B-2 3.8 110 12mmΦ 1.78 61.491
B-3 3 110 12mmΦ 1.78 48.545
SUBTOTAL 2,729.32

Table D.2 Floor Beam Stirrups

109
 Long span Short Span Total
Top Bottom Top Bottom No. Length
Density Weight
SLAB Qty. Bars Bars Bars Bars of of Bars
Length Length floors Required (kg/cu.m) (kg)
Spacing Spacing Spacing Spacing per Slab
S1 2 160 160 7 160 160 6.1 5 1067.500 7850 9477.44
S2 7 160 160 6.2 160 160 6.1 5 945.500 7850 29380.06

SUBTOTAL 57,486.16

Table D.3 Slab Main reinforcement

Reinforcements Tie Weight

Total Density Weight
Mark Qty. Spacing of Tie
Size Number Height (kg/cu.m) (kg)
(mm) per pc
C1 24 36 8 16.5 500 2.2 7850 7178.157
C2 20 32 8 16.5 500 2.2 7850 9675.836
C3 4 32 8 16.5 50 2.2 7850 3870.334
SUBTOTAL 20,724.33
Table D.4 Column Reinforcement
CONCRETE WORKS
Floor
Cont.
(Incl. Volume Cement Sand Gravel
Beams b (m) t (m) Length
Roof (cu.m) (bag) (cu.m) (cu.m)
(m)
Beam)
GRID
0.2 0.35 26 5 9.1 85 5 9.5
1
GRID
0.2 0.35 26 5 9.1 85 5 9.5
2
GRID
0.2 0.35 26 5 9.1 85 5 9.5
3
GRID
0.2 0.35 26 5 9.1 85 5 9.5
4
GRID
0.2 0.35 26 5 9.1 85 5 9.5
5
GRID
0.2 0.35 26 5 9.1 85 5 9.5
6

110
 GRID
0.2 0.35 16 5 5.6 55 3 6
A
GRID
0.2 0.35 16 5 5.6 55 3 6
B
GRID
0.2 0.35 16 5 5.6 55 3 6
C
GRID
0.2 0.35 16 5 5.6 55 3 6
D
GRID
0.2 0.35 16 5 5.6 55 3 6
E
GRID
0.2 0.35 16 5 5.6 55 3 6
F
GRID
0.2 0.35 16 5 5.6 55 3 6
G
GRID
0.2 0.35 16 5 5.6 55 3 6
H
B-1 0.2 0.35 4 5 1.4 15 1 1.5
B-2 0.2 0.35 3.5 5 1.25 15 1 1.5
B-3 0.2 0.35 2 5 0.7 15 1 1.5
Note: Class A Mixture (1:2:4) SUBTOTAL 940 52 109.5
Table D.5 Floor Beam Concrete Take-off
Thickness Panel Volume Cement Sand Gravel
Slab Qty Floor
(m) Area(sq.m) (total) (bag) (cu.m) (cu.m)
S1 0.16 2 42.7 5 68.32 614.88 34.16 68.32
S2 0.16 7 37.82 5 211.792 1906.128 105.896 211.792
Note: Class A Mixture (1:2:4) SUBTOTAL 3,744.14 208.01 416.02
Table D.6 Slab Concrete Take-off
Total Total
Cement Sand
Column b (m) t (m) Qty Height volume Gravel (cu.m)
(bag) (cu.m)
(m) (cu.m)
C1 0.5 0.5 24 16.5 99 891 49.5 99
C2 0.5 0.5 20 16.5 82.5 743 41.30 82.50
C3 0.5 0.5 4 16.5 16.5 149 8.30 16.50
Note: Class A Mixture (1:2:4) SUBTOTAL 1,783 99.1 198
Table D.7 Column Concrete Take-off

111