NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL TECHNICAL REPORT No.

113 DECEMBER 2016

UDC 550 . 344 . 4 : 627 . 235

Technical Report

Coastal Dyke and Tide Barrier Technologies

for Large Earthquakes and Tsunami Runups
Kazutaka OTSUSHI* Tatsuaki KUROSAWA
Kakuta FUJIWARA Kazuhide TODA
Kenroh YOSHIHARA Yohichi OKUDA
Kazuo NISHIBE Kazuyasu KUROSAKI

Abstract
Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation researches and develops solution technol-
ogy related to the reinforcement and renovation of coastal protection facilities, such as
coastal dykes and tide barriers, as the countermeasure against large earthquake and tsu-
nami such as Nankai Trough Earthquake, which is concerned to occur in the near future.
This paper reported the research and proposal case about the reinforcement of coastal dykes
against earthquake and tsunami using steel sheet-piles which are excellent in toughness
and strength. And then, this paper reported that upright precast type tide barriers, which can
be constructed even in lack of material and labor, and expected high tenacity against disas-
ters with steel pipe pile foundation, was put on the market.

1. Introduction application in national disaster prevention projects and in earth-

Coastal protection facilities must have sufficient structural sta- quake disaster reconstruction in the Tohoku region.
bility to withstand multiple disasters, including earthquakes and tsu-
namis, and particularly gigantic earthquakes, such as the Nankai 2. Coastal Dyke Reinforcement with Double Steel
Trough Earthquake, which is highly likely to occur in the near fu- Sheet Pile Walls
ture. Considering the serious lack of construction materials and la- 2.1 Case examples of applications with and without damage
bor for earthquake disaster reconstruction in the Tohoku region, from the Great East Japan Earthquake
there is a growing need to incorporate structural features that mini- Photo 1 shows a coastal dyke damaged by the Great East Japan
mize the labor required. In this paper, we introduce technology solu- Earthquake and Tsunami (2011). Although this post-earthquake tsu-
tions such as labor-saving structural features that combine the use of nami devastated the dyke, a double steel sheet pile wall structure
steel sheet and steel pipe piles that have excellent toughness and being used as a temporary cofferdam in Iwate prefecture is reported
strength with precast concrete members to construct specific coastal to have survived the tsunami, as shown in Photo 2. This structure
dykes and tide barriers that can resist liquefaction-related damage or was hit by post-earthquake tsunamis estimated to be 9 m in height,
tsunami forces. 1, 2) These solutions can reduce structural deforma- which far exceeded the crown of the structure in the direction or-
tion and damage following a major earthquake and facilitate the thogonal to that of the tsunami, while maintaining its function and
rapid construction of structures that can mitigate damage inside remaining intact. 3) Although the filling soil was drained and the
dyke areas without failure against post-quake tsunamis. ground in front of the steel sheet piles was scoured by the tsunami,
We focus on coastal dyke reinforcement with double steel sheet the steel sheet pile walls and the tie beams connecting the steel sheet
pile walls and an upright precast tide barrier. Of the available rein- piles endured.
forcement or renewal technologies, we describe the use of steel Here, we focus on the tenacity of double steel sheet pile walls
sheet piles or steel pipe piles as a recent technical advance against against gigantic earthquake and tsunamis, and attempt to solve a
gigantic earthquakes or tsunamis, and explain their development and number of technical problems in order to establish a coastal dyke

* Senior Manager, Dr. Eng., Foundation Products Engineering Dept.-II, Construction Products Development Div., Construction Products Unit
2-6-1 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8071

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NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL TECHNICAL REPORT No. 113 DECEMBER 2016

reinforcement method, as shown in Fig. 1. However, there has been no evaluation yet of the structural behavior
2.2 Identification of technical problems of a double steel sheet pile dyke subjected to tsunami overflow.
2.2.1 Establishment of the deformation verification technique with Therefore, we conducted a hydraulic model experiment to study tsu-
respect to gigantic earthquakes nami overflow, verify structural behavior, and better understand the
Although there are techniques for predicting the deformation of reinforcement effect.
a structure hit by an earthquake in order to verify the earthquake-re- 2.2.3 Evaluation regarding multiple disasters with continuous occur-
sistance of a coastal or river dyke, as yet, the reinforcement effect of rences of earthquakes and tsunamis
a double steel sheet pile dyke in response to a gigantic earthquake While past research has validated the integrity of structures
such as the predicted Nankai Trough Earthquake has not been fully against individual disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, or storm
verified. For these circumstances, we conducted a reproduction surges, it is necessary to consider multiple disasters to comprehen-
analysis using a shaking table model experiment and a dynamic ef- sively evaluate the disaster prevention and mitigation performance
fective stress analysis to establish a deformation verification tech- of structures, since tsunamis occur shortly after the occurrence of
nique that is applicable to gigantic earthquakes with a high accelera- earthquake damage in some areas. Here, we use numerical analysis
tion amplitude and a long duration, and quantitatively evaluated the to evaluate the reinforcement effect of the reported structure (tenaci-
enforcement effect. ty) against a series of multiple disasters, including earthquakes and
2.2.2 Evaluation of structural stability against overflow tsunami tsunamis.
In structural design, it is standard procedure to test the expected
tsunami wave force on a dyke with respect to hydraulic distribution. 3. Research and Development
3.1 Establishment of structural analysis evaluation technique
for gigantic earthquakes 5)
3.1.1 Vibration table model experiment
(1) Experimental conditions
To establish a numerical analysis technique, we conducted vibra-
tion-table model experiments (1G), with a geometric scale λ of 1/25,
to acquire measurement data on the deformation behavior of rein-
forcement structures. The experimental conditions are shown in Ta-
ble 1 and Fig. 2. We used the wave observed during the Great East
Japan Earthquake (K-NET Kamaishi) (Fig. 3) as the seismic wave
input, and adjusted the duration time, in preparation for developing
a strategic response to a future gigantic earthquake.
(2) Experimental results
Photo 1 Suffer example of coastal dykes 4) Photo 3 shows the condition of the deformed dyke after the ex-
periment. Even after the ground is liquefied by vibration, the defor-
mation and settlement of the dyke and the ground surrounded by the
sheet piles was mitigated. Furthermore, since the depth of the sheet
piles extended into the unliquefiable layer, almost no settlement oc-
curred to the sheet piles themselves, and the top level of the struc-
ture was maintained.

Table 1 Size of levee, ground and countermeasure

Coastal dykes Liquefiable Unliquefiable

Countermeasure
height layer layer
Hat-type steel
Prototype 7.5 m 8 m 5 m sheet pile 900
(25H)
Test 320 mm 200 mm Steel plate
300 mm
Photo 2 Tsunami suffer example of double steel sheet pile walls model (Dr = 45%) (Dr = 90%) (t = 3.2 mm)

Fig. 1 Reinforcement for coastal dykes against overflow Fig. 2 Cross section of test model

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 NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL TECHNICAL REPORT No. 113 DECEMBER 2016

Fig. 4 Levee deformation with excess pore water pressure ratio in analysis

Fig. 3 2011 Tohoku Region Pacific Coast Earthquake

(K-NET Kamaishi)

Photo 3 Levee deformation in model test

Fig. 5 Time histories of vertical displacement at top of levee

3.1.2 Reproduction numerical analysis
Based on the results of the vibration-table model experiment, we
conducted a reproduction analysis using a two-dimensional dynamic
effective stress analysis code (LIQCA2D12), which is widely used
in liquefaction problems, to evaluate the validity of this analysis
technique.
Together with the deformation condition of the dyke, Fig. 4
shows the excess pore water pressure ratio Δu/σvo’ contour (80 s after
vibration). Although the ground was liquefied, as in the model ex-
periment, the sheet piles demonstrated their settlement mitigation
effect. Along with the results of the case without reinforcement, Fig.
5 shows the time history of the vertical displacement of the dyke
crown. Settlement started to occur at around 15 s, when the acceler-
ation amplitude began to increase, with or without sheet piles. We
can see that at around 25 s the acceleration amplitude began to in-
crease again, and the settlement amplitude of the dyke crown be-
Fig. 6 Bending deformation of sheet-piles
came smaller in the reinforcement case than in the case without re-
inforcement. As the seismic motions continued, and deformation
progressed in the case without reinforcement and reached a residual 3.2 Verification of tsunami-resistant performance with hydrau-
settlement of about 95 mm. In contrast, settlement progressed only a lic experiment 6)
little in the case with reinforcement, and residual settlement was 42 (1) Experimental conditions
mm, less than half that of the case without reinforcement. Figure 6 We placed a model of a dyke with a geometric scale of 1/50 in
shows the residual deformation of the sheet piles. In this exercise, an open channel 450 cm long and 15 cm wide, with a horizontal
we precisely reproduced the behavior of the steel sheet piles bend- gradient, and conducted an experiment by running a constant flow
ing toward the outside of the dyke as the ground deformation prog- of water with adjusted overtopping depths (Fig. 7). Table 2 lists the
ressed. experimental conditions. To verify the reinforcement effect of the
When seismic motions influenced the dyke while the ground steel sheet pile structure under the most severe conditions that total-
was liquefied, the dyke without reinforcement experienced a serious ly destroy the interior slope of the dyke, we conducted this experi-
progression of damage. However, the dyke reinforced with double ment without covering the dyke with concrete. Considering the re-
steel sheet piles exhibited a high level of deformation and settlement cent research trend that suggests the possibility of scouring contrib-
control against these seismic motions. In the above series of evalua- uting to the energy absorption of tsunami overflow, we examined
tions, good reproducibility was demonstrated with respect to the de- the effect of mitigating the tsunami force.
formation condition or reinforcement effect of the dyke reinforced (2) Experimental results
with the double steel sheet piles. Finally, we successfully established 1) Tsunami-resistant performance of the reinforced dyke
a deformation prediction technique for gigantic earthquakes charac- Figure 8 shows the shape of the dyke and sheet piles used in the
terized by a high acceleration amplitude, long duration time, and experiment. Without reinforcement, the entire dyke rapidly corroded
chain occurrence. immediately after the start of the overflow. With steel sheet pile re-
inforcement, scouring began on the rear slope soon after the start of
the overflow, and eventually the sheet piles slightly slanted. Howev-

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Fig. 7 Hydraulic experiment model

Table 2 Experimental conditions

Coastal dykes
Overflow
Slope Countermeasure
Height Breadth time
gradient
Hat-type steel sheet
Prototype 7.5 m 6.0 m 1 : 1.5 10 min
pile 900 (25H)
Test Steel plate
15 cm 12 cm 1 : 1.5 85 s
model (t = 1.6 mm)

Photo 4 Experiment conditions

Fig. 9 Distribution of velocity-depth

sheet piles prevented the structure from collapse under severe condi-
tions that caused scouring in the interior ground area of the dyke
and allowed the structure to maintain tenacious dyke function.
2) Tsunami force mitigation effect inside the dyke area
Based on the shape data of the scouring obtained from Fig. 8, we
produced a water channel model using a fixed bed, and conducted
an experiment by running water to the same overflow depth. Photo
4 shows the experimental conditions, and Fig. 9 shows the distribu-
Fig. 8 Coastal dykes reinforcement against overflow tsunami tion of the average horizontal flow velocity for vertical depth at a
position 200 cm downstream (100 m in the actual length). For the
er, even though the ground height behind the sheet piles neared the case with a scour, differences occurred depending on the shape of
ground height of the foundation (z = 0 in the figure), the dyke did not the scour after overtopping, but we observed a greater tendency for
collapse, and the crown height remained almost the same. The dyke flow velocity slowdown than in the case without scour.
height of the double wall structure at the end of the experiment In addition to the abovementioned influence of the double steel
showed a settlement of about 0.3 cm (about 2% of the initial crown sheet pile structure in reducing the amount of tsunami overflow, the
height), so there was no significant reduction in dyke height. The above results suggest the possibility of scour contributing to a re-
measured bending strain of the sheet piles was smaller than their duction of flow velocity in the area inside the dyke. It is reasonable
yield strain, which indicates that the sheet piles did not cause the to conclude that structures reinforced with double steel sheet piles
yielding. This result confirms that reinforcement with double steel have structural serviceability related to tsunami-resistant functions,

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 NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL TECHNICAL REPORT No. 113 DECEMBER 2016

including the capacity to reduce the amount of tsunami run-up to the (3) Results of analysis under tsunami force
land area. To simulate the arrival of a tsunami before full dissipation of the
3.3 Performance evaluation for multiple disasters including excess pore water pressure, we utilized the above analysis results
earthquake and tsunami 7) and conducted a further analysis by applying tsunami force under
(1) Analytical conditions the ground just under the embankment, with a Ru ratio of 0.8, based
Figure 10 shows the structure studied in this subsection. For the on the assumption that the tsunami arrives 10 min after the occur-
seismic motion input, we used the double occurrence Tonankai and rence of the earthquake. We evaluated the ground rigidity of the liq-
Nankai Earthquake wave (Kochi prefecture model) estimated by the uefiable layer as a condition that allows the effective confining pres-
Central Disaster Prevention Council (2003) (Fig. 11). As an earth- sure to remain at about 20% of the initial value, and for the tsunami
quake analysis evaluation technique, we used the analysis code loads we applied to the wall the wave pressure proposed in the Tani-
(LIQCA2D13) whose validity was verified in section 3.1. The eval- moto equation 8), assuming a tsunami height of 5.5 m. We assumed
uation included the time to the dissipation process of the excess pore the dyke slope to move by the impact of the wave forces or scouring
water pressure after the end of the earthquake. Then, assuming the by overtopping waves, and applied the tsunami forces (uprush and
tsunami arrives before full dissipation of the excess pore water pres- backrush) under conditions in which the sheet pile side embankment
sure from the ground, we conducted a step analysis (Code: ALID) in had been removed.
which we applied the tsunami load to the condition of the ground Figure 14 shows the deformation condition when the dyke ex-
with reduced effective stress. perienced uprush (first wave). Although a slightly larger deforma-
(2) Analytical results for earthquake and excess water pressure dis- tion occurred from the uprush, the deformation of the embankment
sipation surrounded by the steel sheet piles remained minimal even after the
Figure 12 shows the dyke deformation when the earthquake second wave, a or tsunami; the structure did not collapse and the
ended and the distribution of the excess pore water pressure ratio Ru dyke crown nearly maintained its initial height. This is presumably
(Δu/σvo’ ), and Fig. 13 shows a plot of the time history of the excess because of the shear resistance of the ground surrounded by the
pore water pressure. In the ground enclosed by the cofferdam, the sheet piles and the rigidity and strength of the sheet piles resisting
dissipation of the water pressure accelerated after the earthquake the tsunami external force.
ended. Ten minutes after the end of the earthquake, the Ru ratio was Figure 15 shows the depth distribution of the response bending
about 0.8, which reduced to 0.4 and 0.2 after 4 h and 8 h, respec- moments of the sheet piles in each of the tsunami force application
tively, and then almost dissipated. With respect to the ground near cases. With respect to the bending moment of the sheet piles, the
the sheet piles outside the cofferdam and its effect on the deflection sheet piles did not reach the totally plastic state, although some piles
of sheet piles or toppling or sliding of the structure, the Ru ratio in- yielded, which prevented drastic lateral deformation and eventually
creased to about 0.6 when the earthquake ended and its value was maintained the structural stability and original functions of the dyke.
nearly the same as that of the ground in the cofferdam, due to the These numerical analysis results confirm that dyke reinforce-
water pressure dissipation thereafter. Even immediately after the
earthquake was over, there remained effective stress in the ground
around the sheet piles. We presume that a ground reaction corre-
sponding to residual effective stress may be expected in light of the
behavior of the steel sheet pile wall that deformed in the lateral di-
rection due to the dissipation of the excess pore water pressure be-
fore the arrival of the tsunami. Fig. 12 Deformed configuration and excess pore water ratio counter

Fig. 10 Analytical prototype model

Fig. 13 Time history of excess pore water pressure ratio

Fig. 11 Input motion Fig. 14 Deformed configuration of reinforced coastal dykes

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ment with double steel sheet piles has a reinforcement effect that dyke has a crown width of 7.7 m and is about 6 m in height from the
makes the dyke a “tenacious” structure that can maintain its crown surface of the prefectural road behind the dyke. We expect that a
height and will not collapse even when hit by multiple disasters in- major earthquake will cause the sandy layer 7 to 10 m deep under
volving strong quakes, liquefaction of the foundation ground, and the crown of the dyke to liquefy and that this liquefaction will cause
the action of tsunami external forces accompanied by overtopping. settlement and deformation of the dyke. The eventual reduction in
3.4 Case example of dyke reinforcement applied with double the crown height is of major concern, which would induce devastat-
steel sheet pile wall ing damage by tidal surges or tsunamis to the area inside the dyke.
As one measure of coastal protection facilities' ability to cope As one way to address this problem, dyke reinforcement with dou-
with the Nankai Trough Earthquake, coastal dyke reinforcement ble steel sheet piles is being employed.
work is being conducted using the above reported structure
equipped with earthquake- and tsunami-resisting capabilities along 4. Upright Precast Tide Barrier
the Pacific coasts, particularly in the Tokai and Shikoku areas, to 4.1 Reconstruction following damage from the Great East Ja-
strengthen their realize disaster prevention and mitigation capabili- pan Earthquake
ties. In this section, we address action related to the upright precast
One examples is a seismic retrofit project at the Nino Coast, tide barrier. As a result of the Great East Japan Earthquake, a large
west of the Katsurahama area, Kochi city, Kochi prefecture, which number of tide barriers failed along the Pacific in the Tohoku region
faces the Pacific, as shown in Fig. 16 and Photo 5. The existing (Photo 6). During reconstruction, the height of the coastal dykes
was revised significantly in three prefectures damaged by the earth-
quake–Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima. In the coastal area north of
the Ojika Peninsula, Miyagi prefecture, there is not much flat land
due to the ria coastal topography, so an upright tide barrier was
deemed necessary to manage in its small construction area. As the
rehabilitation work progressed, the project was plagued by a short-
age of materials and labor, including ready-mixed concrete, aggre-
gates, and labor for reinforcement work and formwork. This raised a
demand for upright precast tide barriers that minimize the need for
local procurement of materials and labor force.
In response to these circumstances, the Nippon Steel & Sumi-
tomo Metal Group established precast tide barrier system structures
(Table 3) that feature a combination of precast superstructure and a
steel pipe pile foundation that provides toughness against earth-
quakes and tsunamis and is consistent with its commitment to gen-
erate optimal structural, design, and construction solutions. Due to
Fig. 15 Bending moments of sheet pile their inherent advantages of stability and rapid construction, these
systems are increasingly being applied to various projects amid the
intensifying shortages of local materials and labor force. Some of
these application cases are presented below:
4.2 Case examples of application of the upright precast tide bar-
rier
4.2.1 Fujiwara area of the Miyako Port, Iwate prefecture: Inverted
T-shaped precast tide barrier
In the Fujiwara area of the Miyako port, Nippon Steel & Sumi-
tomo Metal Group located a tide barrier of T.P. + 8.5 m behind an in-
dustrial area. A 50-m long section of the 1 190-m long tide barrier
had been destroyed by the tsunami, and the tsunami overflow caused
scouring in some of the back slopes of the barrier. We determined
Fig. 16 Cross section the need for a new tide barrier of T.P. + 10.4 m to be constructed be-
hind a port road in the Fujiwara area of the Miyako port, and con-
struction work is now underway. Due to the lack of ready-mixed

Photo 5 Construction condition Photo 6 Suffer example of tide barrier 4)

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Table 3 Menu of precast type tide barrier

Inverted T-shaped
L-shaped precast tide barrier
precast tide barrier
(NIPPON STEEL & SUMIKIN
(Yokogawa Sumikin Bridge Corp.,
ENGINEERING CO., LTD.)
GEOSTR Corporation)

Cantilevered precast tide barrier

Cantilevered precast tide barrier
(Nippon Steel & Sumikin Metal
(Kyowa Concrete Industry Co., Ltd.)
Products Co.,Ltd.)
Photo 8 Construction condition of cantilevered type precast tide barrier

requires no footing and can use a single row of piles (Photo 8).
Since the construction site area was small with hard layers with N
values of 50 or more, when the steel piles that support the tide barrier
were driven to the ground, we employed the Gyropress method™,
which screws piles into the ground by attaching a bit to the front end
of the pile.
The new tide barrier is being constructed with steel pipe piles,
each 800 mm in diameter, driven at intervals of 2.0 m on the pile
centers. We achieved continuous pile-driving while maintaining the
predetermined pile-to-pile interval by using the dedicated skip lock
attachment, as shown in Photo 8.

5. Conclusion
In preparation for gigantic earthquakes and tsunamis such as the
Nankai Trough Earthquake that is predicted to occur in the near fu-
ture, Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Corporation propose R&D
and technology solutions related to the reinforcement and renewal
Photo 7 Construction condition of reverse T type precast tide barrier of coastal protection facilities such as coastal dykes and tide barri-
ers. We have proposed various structural systems and technologies
concrete in the Miyako area, a precast tide barrier was necessary to that incorporate steel, which are being used in many projects. We
considerably reduce the local demand for ready-mixed concrete. We intend to continue to develop technical proposals that promote ef-
investigated a structural option that uses a system of two lines of fective and feasible facility renewal and reinforcement using steel
pipe piles to resist the external forces of earthquakes and tsunamis. infrastructure, including disaster prevention and mitigation projects
Eventually, we adopted an economically efficient inverted T-shaped that build national resilience and reconstruction projects following
precast tide barrier is with a steel and concrete composite construc- earthquake damage, thereby contributing to the betterment of soci-
tion for its footing (Photo 7). To drive the steel pipe piles that sup- ety.
port the tide barrier, we used the pile driving method as there were
no buildings or homes in the port area. Acknowledgments
4.2.2 Ohdaira area, Kamaishi Port, Iwate prefecture: Cantilevered For their instructions and guidance through our joint research,
precast tide barrier we acknowledge Prof. Atsushi Yashima and Prof. Kazuhide Sawada
In 1965, a tide barrier, T.P. + 4.0 m in height was constructed in of Gifu University with respect to the establishment of the deforma-
the Ohdaira area, Kamaishi Port coast. The Great East Japan Earth- tion verification technique for gigantic earthquake situations, Prof.
quake caused wide-area ground settlement of this area of about 1 m. Hitoshi Tanaka and Assoc. Prof. Yuta Mitobe of Tohoku University
In addition, the area suffered catastrophic damage as the barrier with respect to the hydraulic experiment with tsunami overflow, and
failed at several locations during the tsunami. In the Kamaishi bay Prof. Tadashi Hara of Kochi University with respect to the evalua-
area, Nippon Steel & Sumitomo Metal Group is constructing new tion of quake-and-tsunami interlinked multiple disasters. We also
dykes, T.P. + 6.1 m in height to resist an L1 tsunami. Considering the greatly thank Giken Ltd., Construction Project Consultants, Inc.,
fact that offices of an oil terminal and an industrial park are located GEOSTR Corporation, Yokogawa Sumikin Bridge Corp., and Kyowa
close by in the hinterland of the tide barrier in the Ohdaira area, it Concrete Industry Co., Ltd. for their great assistance as we solved
was necessary to minimize the cross-section of the new tide barrier. various problems.
Therefore, we adopted the cantilevered precast tide barrier, which

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NIPPON STEEL & SUMITOMO METAL TECHNICAL REPORT No. 113 DECEMBER 2016
inforcement of Coastal Dykes with Steel Sheet Piles against Gigantic
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Port and Harbour Facilities with Commentaries. 2007

Kazutaka OTSUSHI Kenroh YOSHIHARA

Senior Manager, Dr. Eng. Senior Manager
Foundation Products Engineering Dept.-II Construction Products Engineering Dept.
Construction Products Development Div. Osaka Office
Construction Products Unit
2-6-1 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8071
Tatsuaki KUROSAWA Yohichi OKUDA
Senior Manager Senior Manager
Construction Products Dept. Shikoku Marketing Branch
Tohoku Marketing Branch

Kakuta FUJIWARA Kazuo NISHIBE

Steel Structures Research Lab. Senior Manager
Steel Research Laboratories Plate, Construction Products Dept.
Nagoya Marketing Branch

Kazuhide TODA Kazuyasu KUROSAKI

Foundation Products Engineering Dept.-II Senior Manager, Dr. Eng.
Construction Products Development Div. Plate, Construction Products Dept.
Construction Products Unit Nagoya Marketing Branch

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