Autumn 2019

Solutions
1. i) Let the Laplace transform of f (t) = 1
√
t
be F (s). Then,
Z ∞ Z ∞
−st 1
F (s) = e √ dt = e−st t−1/2 dt.
0 t 0

Let st = u. So, s dt = du. Therefore,

R∞
F (s) = 0 e−u ( us )−1/2 du
s
R∞ 1
= s−1/2 0 e−u u 2 −1 du
−1/2
= sp Γ(1/2)
π
= s
.
ii) Sucient condition for the existence of Laplace transform:-

If f (t) is dened and piecewise continuous on every nite interval

on the semi-axis t ≥ 0 and satises

|f (t)| ≤ M ekt

for some constant M and k(> 0) and for all t ≥ 0, then the Laplace
transform of f exists for all s > k.

The function 1
√
t
is not piecewise continuous on [0, ∞) as lim √1t =
t→0
∞, ie is not nite. By i), we have seen that the Laplace transform
of √1t exists.

R∞
2. i) Here F (s) = 0 e−stRf (t)dt. Let the Laplace transform of f (ct) be
∞
G(s). Then G(s) = 0 e−st f (ct)dt.

Let ct = u. So c dt = du. Therefore

R ∞ −s u f (u)
G(s) = 0R
e c c du
1 ∞ −( sc )u
= c 0
e f (u)du
1 s
= c
F ( c
).
 Autumn 2019

ii) The Laplace transform of cos t is s2s+1 . So, the Laplace transform
of cos ωt is s
1 ω s
s 2 = 2 .
ω (ω) + 1 s + ω2

3. Let the Laplace transform of f (t) be L(f ).

i) We have
f (t) = cos2 ( 21 πt)
= 12 (1 + cos πt).

Then
L(f ) = 1
2
L(1) + 21 L(cos πt) (by linearity)
11
= 2s
+ 12 s2 +πs
2
1 s2 +s2 +π 2
= 2 s(s2 +π 2 )
1 2s2 +π 2
= 2 s(s2 +π 2 )
.
ii) L(t3 e−3t ) = F (s + 3), (by First Shifting Theorem) where F (s) is
the Laplace transform of t3 . We know that F (s) = s3!4 .

So L(t3 e−3t ) = F (s + 3) = 6
(s+3)4
.
t
iii) L(e− 2 u(t − 2)) = F (s + 21 ), where F (s) is the Laplace transform
of u(t − 2) (by First Shifting Theorem).
1
e−2s t e−2(s+ 2 ) e−2s−1
F (s) = s
. So L(e− 2 u(t − 2)) = F (s + 12 ) = s+ 12
= s+ 12
.
iv) L((t − a)n )u(t − a)) = e−as F (s) (by Second Shifting Theorem),
where F (s) = L(tn ) = sn+1
n!
.
n n! e−as
∴ L((t − a) u(t − a)) = sn+1 .

4. Let the Laplace

R ∞ transform of f (t) be F (s).
F (s) = 0 e−st f (t)dt
Rp R 2p R np
= 0 e−st f (t)dt + p e−st f (t)dt + · · · + (n−1)p e−st f (t)dt + · · ·
R p −st
= (1 + e−ps −(n−1)ps


Rp + · · · + e + · · · ) 0
e f (t)dt
= 1−e1−ps 0 e−st f (t)dt.
 Autumn 2019

5. Let the Laplace transform of f (t) be L(f ).

i) Here f (t) = t cos ωt,
∴ f 0 (t) = cos ωt − ωt sin ωt,
∴ f 00 (t) = −2ω sin ωt − ω 2 t cos ωt.

By the result of Laplace transform of derivative, we know that

L(f 00 ) = s2 L(f ) − sf (0) − f 0 (0).
∴ L(−2ω sin ωt − ω 2 t cos ωt) = s2 L(t cos ωt) − s.0 − 1
∴ −2ωL(sin ωt) − ω 2 L(t cos ωt) = s2 L(t cos ωt) − 1
∴ (s2 + ω 2 )L(t cos ωt) = 1 − 2ωL(sin ωt)
2
∴ (s2 + ω 2 )L(t cos ωt) = 1 − s22ω +ω 2
2 −ω 2
∴ L(t cos ωt) = (ss2 +ω 2 )2 .

ii) Here f (t) = t sinh ωt

∴ f 0 (t) = sinh ωt + tω cosh ωt
∴ f 00 (t) = 2ω cosh ωt + ω 2 t sinh ωt.
By the result of Laplace transform of derivative, we have
L(f 00 ) = s2 L(f ) − sf (0) − f 0 (0)
∴ L(2ω cosh ωt + ω 2 t sinh ωt) = s2 L(t sinh ωt) − s.0 − 0
∴ 2ωL(cosh ωt) + ω 2 L(t sinh ωt) = s2 L(t sinh ωt)
∴ (s2 − ω 2 )L(t sinh ωt) = 2 s2ωs −ω 2
∴ L(t sinh ωt) = (s22ωs−ω 2 )2
.

6. Let L(f ) denote the Laplace transform of f (t).

R∞
L(f 0 ) = R0 e−st f 0 (t)dt R
a ∞ −st 0
= 0 e−st f 0 (t)dt + a
e f (t)dt R ∞ −st
−st a
R a −st −st ∞
= [e f (t)]0 + s 0 e f (t)dt Ra + [e f (t)]a + s a
e f (t)dt
R∞
= e−sa f (a − 0) − f (0) + s 0 e−st f (t)dt − e−sa f (a + 0) + s a e−st f (t)dt
= sL(f ) − f (0) − e−sa [f (a + 0) − f (a − 0)].

7. Let the inverse Laplace function of F (s) be L−1 (F ).

A1 A2 B1
L−1 (F ) = L−1 (s−a) Am Bn


m + (s−a)m−1 + · · · + s−a + s−b + · · · + s−b
1 n
A1 A2 B1
= L−1 (s−a) + L−1 (s−a) + · · · + L−1 s−a
Am
+ L−1 s−b + · · · + L−1 Bn






m m−1 s−bn
1
tm−1 tm−2


= eat A1 (m−1)! + A2 (m−2)! + · · · + Am + B1 eb1 t + · · · + Bn ebn t .
 Autumn 2019

8. i)
f (t) = t2 (1 − u(t − 2)) + 4t u(t − 2).
ii)

f (t) = sin t(1−u(t−π))+sin 2t(u(t−π)−u(t−2π))+sin 3t u(t−2π).

9. Let L(f ) be the Laplace transform of f (t).

i) f (t) = 5(1 − u(t − 7)).

L(f ) = L(5(1 − u(t − 7)))
= L(5) − 5L(u(t − 7)) by linearty
−7s
= 5s − 5 e s .
ii) f (t) = sin t(u(t − π2 ) − u(t − π)).
L(f ) = L(sin t(u(t − π2 ) − u(t − π)))
= L(sin t u(t − π2 )) − L(sin t u(t − π))
= L(sin(t − π2 + π2 )u(t − π2 )) − L(sin(t − π + π)u(tπ))
= L((sin(t − π2 ) cos π2 + cos(t − π2 ) sin π2 )u(t − π2 )) − L((sin(t − π) cos π
= + cos(t − π) sin π)u(t − π))
= L(cos(t − π2 )u(t − π2 )) + L(sin(t − π)u(t − π))
π
= e− 2 s L(cos t) + e−πs L(sin t)
π
= e− 2 s s2s+1 + e−πs s21+1 .

10. Let L(f ) be the Laplace transform of f (t).

i) We have
L(sin 3t) = s23+9
∴ L(t sin 3t) = − dsd
( s23+9 ) by dierentiation of Laplace transform
6s
∴ L(t sin 3t) = (s2 +9)2
∴ L(t2 sin 3t) = − dsd
( (s26s
+9)2
) by dierentiation of Laplace transform
2
18s −54
∴ L(t2 sin 3t) = (s2 +9)3 .
ii) Let f (t) = sin t.
R∞
By integration of Laplace transform, we have L( f (t)
t
) = s F (s̃)ds̃.
 Autumn 2019

Here F (s) = L(sin at) = s2 +a a

2 . So,
sin t
R ∞ a
L( t ) = s s̃2 +a2 ds̃
R∞ 0
= s s0ds2
+1
a
−1 0 ∞
= [tan s ] s
a
= π2 − tan−1 ( as )
= tan−1 ( as ).
iii) We have
L(4t ∗ e−2t )
= L(4t).L(e−2t ) by Convolution Theorem
= 4L(t).L(e−2t )
= s42 s+21
4
= s2 (s+2) .

11. i) We prove this by induction. From the result on the dierentiation

of the Laplace transform we know that
L(tf (t)) = −F 0 (s), where L(f ) is the Laplace transform of f .
Let's assume that L(tn−1 f (t)) = (−1)n−1 F (n−1) (s). Then
L(tn f (t)) = L(t.tn−1 f (t))
= −((−1)n−1 F (n−1) (s))0
= (−1)n F (n) (s).
ii) We have

(n)
L(tn ekt ) = (−1)n L(ekt )
1

(n)
= (−1)n s−k
= (−1)2n (s−k)n!(n+1)
n!
= (s−k)n−1 .

12. We do this by
R tnduction. Rt
(1 ∗ 1)(t) = 0 1(τ )1(t − τ )dτ = 0 dτ = t. We assume that 1 ∗ · · · ∗
tn−2
1(n − 1 times) = (n−2)! .
n−2
∴ 1 ∗ · · · ∗ 1(n times) = (n−2)!
t
∗1
R t τ n−2
= 0 (n−2)! 1(t − τ )dτ
R t τ n−2
= 0 (n−2)! dτ
tn−1
= (n−1)! .
 Autumn 2019

13. We have
Rt

L 0 sin u cos(t − u)du = L(sin t ∗ cos t)
= L(sin t).L(cos t)( by Convolution theorem)
= s21+1 . s2s+1
s
= (s2 +1) 2.

On the other hand,
0

L( 12 t sin t) = − 12 L(sin t)

0
= − 21 s21+1
= 21 (s+1)
2s
2
s
= (s2 +1)2 .
Rt
By uniqueness of inverse Laplace transform, 0 sin u cos(t − u)du =
1
2
t sin t.

14. i) We have a partial fraction representation

s−1 A
(s+3)(s2 +2s+2)
= s+3 + s2Bs+C
+2s+2
∴ s − 1 = A(s2 + 2s + 2) + (Bs + C)(s + 3)
∴ s − 1 = (A + B)s2 + (2A + 3B + C)s + (2A + 3C)

Equating the coecients of each power of s on both sides gives the

three equations
(a) A + B = 0, (b) 2A + 3B + C = 1, (c) 2A + 3C = −1.

∴ A = −4/5, B = 4/5, C = 1/5.

s−1 − 45 4
s+ 15
∴ (s+3)(s2 +2s+2)
= s+3
+ s25+2s+2
−4
L−1 (s+3)(ss−1 L−1 s+35 + 51 . s24s+1



∴ 2 +2s+2) = +2s+2
s+ 1
= − 54 L−1 ( s+3
1
) + 54 .L−1 ( (s+1)24+1) )
− 45 e−3t + 54 L−1 (s+1) s+1

4 3 −1 1


= 2 +1 − 5.4L (s+1)2 +1
= − 45 e−3t + 54 e−t cos t − 35 e−t sin t.
ii)
se−2s s
= e−2s .
s2 + 3s + 2 (s + 2)(s + 1)
We have a partial fraction representation
s A B
(s+2)(s+1)
= s+2 + s+1
s (A+B)s+(A+2B)
∴ (s+2)(s+1)
= (s+2)(s+1)
 Autumn 2019

Equating the coecients of each power of s on both sides gives the

two equations
A + B = 1, A + 2B = 0.
∴ A = 2, B = −1.
s 2 1
∴ (s+2)(s+1) = s+2 − s+1 .
−2s
L−1 (s+2)(s+1) = L−1 s+2
se 2 −2s 1 −2s



e − s+1 e
= L−1 s+22 −2s
− L−1 s+1
1 −2s



e e
= 2 u(t − 2)e−2(t−2) − u(t − 2)e−1(t−2)
( = 2e−2t+4 u(t − 2) − e−t+2 u(t − 2)
2e−2t+4 − e−t+2 , if t > 2
∴ f (t) =
0, if t < 2.
iii) We have

1 1
= = L(e−3t sin t)( by First Shifting Theorem).
s2 + 6s + 10 (s + 3)2 + 1

The,
2s+6 d 1


(s2 +6s+10)2
= − ds − s2 +6s+10
= L(te−3t sin t)
So, the inverse Laplace transform is te−3t sin t.
iv) Let F (s) = ln s+2


s+1
= ln(s + 2) − ln(s + 1).
0 1 1
∴ F (s) = s+2 − s+1 .
∴ L−1 (F 0 (s)) = e−2t − e−t
−t −2t
∴ L−1 (F 0 (s)) = −t. e −e t
−t −2t
∴ L−1 (F (s)) = e −e t
.
v) We have
L−1 (s+3)(s−1) L−1 s+3
1

1

−1 1


= .L s−1
−3t t
= e ∗e
R t −3τ t−τ
= e e dτ
R0t t−4τ
= 0
e dτ
et −4τ t
= −4
[e ]0
= 1 t
4
(e − e−3t ).
vi) We have
 Autumn 2019

L−1 s
= L−1 21 . (s2 −a 2s



(s2 −a2 )2 2 )2

= − 12 dsd 1


(s2 −a2 )
1 d


= − 2a ds
L(sinh
at)
d
= − ds L( sinh
2a
at
)
−1 s t sinh at


∴ L ( (s2 −a2 )2 = 2a .

15. Let the Laplace transform of f (t) be L(f ).

i) We Rhave
t Rt Rt
L( 0 { 0 1 f (τ )dτ }dt1 ) = 1s L( 0 1 f (τ )dτ

)
= 1s 1s L(f (t))
= s12 F (s).
R t R t1
Therefore the inverse Laplace transform of Fs(s) 2 is 0 { 0 f (τ )dτ }dt1 .

ii) We have
L(t2 f 00 (t)) = −L(tf 00 )0
= L(f 00 (t))00
= (s2 L(f ) − s f (0) − f 0 (0))00
= (s2 F (s) − s f (0) − f 0 (0))00

0
= 2s F (s) + s2 F 0 (s)) − f (0)
= 2 F (s) + 4s F 0 (s) + s2 F 00 (s)
= s2 F 00 (s) + 4s F 0 (s) + 2 F (s).

16. Let the Laplace transform of f (t) be L(f ).

i) We have
2 4 6
L(J0 (t)) = L(1 − 2t 2 + 22t 42 − 22 4t 2 62 + · · · · · · )
2 4 6
= L(1) − L( 2t 2 ) + L( 22t 42 ) − L( 22 4t 2 62 ) + · · ·
= 1s − 222!s3 + 22 44!2 s5 − 22 426!62 s7 + · · · · · ·

= 1s . 1 − 21 s12 + 1.3
2.4 s4
1 1.3.5 1
− 2.4.6 s6
+ ······
1
1 1 −2


= s 1 + s2
= √s12 +1 .
Then by Problem 2, the Laplace transform of J0 (at) is a1 . √ 1
=
( as )2 +1
√ 1 .
s2 +a2
 Autumn 2019

ii) Using series, we have

3 5 7
√ 1 t2 t2 t2
sin t = t2 − + − + ··· .
3! 5! 7!
The Laplace
√ transform is
1 3 5 7
L(sin t) = L(t 2 ) − 3!1 L(t 2 ) + 5!1 L(t 2 ) − 7!1 L(t 2 ) + · · ·
Γ( 32 ) Γ( 52 ) Γ( 27 ) Γ( 29 )
= 3 − 5 + 7 − 9 + ···
√s2 3!s 2 5!s 12 7!s 2 1
π 1 ( 2 )2 ( )3
= 3 {1 − 22 s
+ 2 s
2!
− 223!s }
2s
√2 1
π −
= 3 e 22 s
2s 2

17. Let the Laplace transform of f (t) be L(f ).

i) We
R ∞have−st
0
t e cos tdt = L(t cos t)

d
= − ds L(cos t)
d
= − ds ( s2s+1 )
2 −1
= (ss2 +1) 2
R ∞ −2t s2 −1 3
∴ 0 t e cos tdt = [ (s2 +1)2 ]s=2 = 25 .
ii) We
R ∞have e−3t −e−6t −3t −6t

e−st = RL e −e


0 t ∞ t
= Rs L(e−3t − e−6t
)ds̃
∞ 1 1
= s s̃+3 − s̃+6 ds̃
= [ln(s̃ +
3)]s − [ln(s̃ + 6)]∞
∞
s
s+6
= ln s+3
R ∞ −3t −6t
Taking the limit as s → 0+, we get 0 e −e t
= ln 2.