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DC CIRCUITS
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(ii) KVL, KCL, EQUIVALENT R, L, C & MESH
ANALYSIS
1. CALCULATION OF EQUIVALENT OF R,L,C
1.1. Series & Parallel Combination of Resistors:
(i) Series Combination:
Req = R1 + R2 + R3 …. Rn
(ii) Parallel Combination:
1 1 1 1 1
= + + ...
R eq R1 R2 R3 Rn
1.2. Series & Parallel Combination of Inductors:
(i) Series Combination:
Leq = L1 + L2 + ....... + LR
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(ii) Parallel Combination:
1 1 1 1 1
= + + ....
L eq L1 L2 L3 LR
1.3. Series & Parallel Combination of Capacitors:
(i) Capacitance in series
1 1 1 1 1
= + + ......
Ceq C1 C2 C3 Cn
(ii) Capacitance in parallel
Ceq = C1 + C2 + .....Cn
2. STAR – DELTA/ DELTA – STAR TRANSFORMATION
Delta Connection: When three branches are so connected that they form a closed loop in
which a branch is connected nose to tail is referred as Delta connection.
Star or Wye Connection: When three branches are so connected that they are connected to a
common point to form a Y like pattern is known as Star connection.
2.1. Star to Delta Conversion:
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R AR B
R1 = R A + RB +
RC
R AR C
R2 = R A + R C +
RB
RBR C
R 3 = RB + R C +
RA
2.2. Delta to Star Conversion:
R AR B
R1 =
R A + RB + R C
R AR C
R2 =
RA + RB + R C
RBR C
R3 =
RA + RB + R C
3. SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS IN CIRCUIT LAW
Circuit: A circuit is a closed conducting path through which electric current flows.
Junction: A point where three or more branches meet is called junction.
Node: A point at which two or more elements are joined together is called Node.
Loop: It is a closed path in a circuit in which no element or node is encountered more than
once is called Loop.
Mesh: It is a loop that contains no other loop within it.
4. CURRENT DIVISION RULE
Current division rule states that the current in any of the parallel branches is equal to the ratio
of opposite branch resistance to the total resistance, multiplied by the total current.
R2
I1 = I
R1 + R2 S
R1
I2 = I
R1 + R2 S
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5. VOLTAGE DIVISION RULE
Voltage division rule states that the voltage is divided between the two resistors in direct
proportion to their resistances.
IR2 V1R2
Vout = V1 =
I (R1 + R 2 ) (R1 + R 2 )
6. KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
6.1. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL):
The algebraic sum of all branch voltages around any closed loop at a network is zero at
all instant of time. Kirchhoff’s voltage law is the conservation of energy. Consider the
network,
According to the Kirchhoff’s voltage law:
Vg – V1 – V 2 – V 3 – V 4 – V5 = 0
Mathematically KVL can be written as
∑V = 0
6.2. Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):
Kirchhoff’s current law is a principle of conservation of charge. According to Kirchhoff’s
Current Law, the algebraic sum of the currents entering a node is same as the sum of the
currents leaving the node. Consider the network,
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According to KCL at node O, we have
i1 + i2 − ( i3 + i4 ) = 0
Or i1 + i2 = i3 + i4
Mathematically KCL can be written as
∑i = 0
NOTE: The reference direction of voltage and current for any passive element can be
shown as follows:
VR ( t ) = R iR ( t )
diL ( t )
VL ( t ) = L
dt
t
1
VC ( t ) = ic ( t ) dt
C −
7. SOURCE TRANSFORMATION
A practical source is represented by a resistance in series with an ideal voltage source or a
resistance in parallel with an ideal current source. An ideal voltage source is one which gives a
constant voltage V irrespective of the current drawn from it. An ideal current source is one
which gives a constant current irrespective of the voltage across it.
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(i) Voltage Source transformed into Current Source:
(ii) Current Source transformed into Voltage source:
8. MESH ANALYSIS
Mesh is a loop that doesn’t consists of any other loop inside it. Mesh analysis technique, uses
mesh currents as variables , instead of currents in the elements to analyse the circuit.
Therefore, this method reduces the number of equations to be solved . Mesh analysis applies
the Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) to determine the unknown currents in a given circuit. Mesh
analysis is also called as mesh-current method or loop analysis. After finding the mesh currents
using KVL, voltages anywhere in a given circuit can be determined by using Ohms law.
8.1. Steps to Analyse the Mesh analysis technique :
1. Check whether there is a possibility to transform all current sources in the given
circuit to voltage sources.
2. Assign the current directions to each mesh in a given circuit and follow the same
direction for each mesh.
3. Apply KVL to each mesh and simplify the KVL equations.
4. Solve the simultaneous equations of various meshes to get the mesh currents and
these equations are exactly equal to the number of meshes present in the network.
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By applying KVL around the first loop or mesh we get
V1 – V3 – R2 ( I1 − I3) – R4 ( I1 − I2) = 0 ……………………………………..(i)
Similarly , by applying KVL around second mesh we get,
−V2 – R3 ( I2 − I3) – R4 ( I2 – I1 ) = 0 ………………………………………(ii)
And by applying KVL around third mesh or loop we get,
V3 – R1 I3 – R3 ( I3 – I2 ) – R2 ( I3− I1 ) = 0 …………………………………….(iii)
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