Practical Training & Internship Report

On
“CONSTRUCTION OF GOVT. ARTS COLLEGE ”
taken at
PUBLIC WORK DEPARTMENT, KOTA

Submitted to the
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota
In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the
Award of degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
By

LOKESH NAGAR
17CE29

Department of Civil Engineering

Government Engineering College, Ajmer
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
I take this opportunity to extend my gratitude to PUBLIC WORK
DEPARTMENT, KOTA for having provided me with an unbelievable practical
learning experience during summer training. It was indeed a pleasure tobea
part of such organization. First and foremost I would like to thank
Mr.Ganpat Singh (Head of civil department) ,Mr.Sharad Saxena, Project In
Charge and special Mr. Milan Sharma, Site Engineer and Miss. Neha
Maheshwari, Jr. Engineer, who support me through inspiring towards this
report. He had provided me a nice industrial experience. Secondly, I am no
less grateful to the other employees and members of the department for
their kind co-operation and spontaneous response. Last but not the least; I
express my gratitude toward my family members, my teachers and college
friends for their kind cooperation and encouragement which help me in
completion of thistraining.

LOKESH NAGAR
IV SEMESTER
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
GOVT. ENGINEERING COLLEGE AJMER
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this training report entitled “A Training Report on
Construction of Gov. Arts College” at PUBLIC WORK DEPARTMENT
has been undertaken by me. This training report has been prepared with
respect to a part of B.Tech. Civil Curriculum of GOVT. ENGINEERING
COLLEGE AJMER in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Certificate of 45 Days (10-06-2019 to 24-07-2019) Summer Internship in
second year. It is my original work and has not been submitted by any
other person.
I also declare that this report is the result of my own effort and that the
same has not been submitted to any other institution for the award of any
degree.
 ABSTRACT
The intership report in broad-spectrum contains some parts in which we try to explain
my 45 days (from 10-06-2019 to 24-07-2019) experience at construction site of Public
Work Department. The content of some part is broadly explained and it is constructed
from the practical basis of the site work.

In the opening part give details of the project those runs through the Public Work
Department. In this we put all record of project. So, it is give details of the project in
terms of reader can easily know about theproject.

The second part I explains my overall intership in 45 days. This is the main part and we
record on it the overall work I have been executing. It gives a high light what I have
been doing and main works of the construction site.

In the final part is conclusion, means what we learnt and understand from this
intership programme.
SR. NO. CONTENT PAGE NO.
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. BUILDING 2
a) CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDING
3. TYPES OF LOAD 7
4. SITE PLAN AND PLANNING OF BUILDING 8
5. FOUNDATION 9
6. BUILDING MATERIALS 10
7. BUILDING COMPONENTS 13
8. FORMWORK 23
9. STEP OF CONCRETE HANDLING 25
10. EQUIPMENT 29
11. SAFETY PROCEDURE 30
12.
13.
 PROJECT DETAILS
Project Name: Design of COMMERCE / ARTS College in
Rajasthan project launched by PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT
and contract for the construction gives to private company.

Scope: Design and construction of Arts College including

parking, labs, using aluminium form work.

■Chief Architect –U.S.NANDIWAL

■Date of ProjectS t a r t - 1 Oct. 2018

■No. of Floor -2
■Construction Period – 1 year
■Estimated Project Cost – 6Crores
 INTRODUCTION
Building construction is the engineering deals with the construction of
building such as residential houses. In a simple building can be define
as an enclose space by walls with roof, food, cloth and the basic needs
of human beings. In the early ancient times humans lived in caves, over
trees or under trees,toprotect themselves from wild animals, rain, sun, etc.
as the times passed as humans being started living in huts made of timber
branches. The shelters of those old have been developed nowadays into
beautiful houses. Rich people live in sophisticated condition houses.
Buildings are the important indicator of social progress of the county.
Every human has desire to own comfortable homes on an average
generally one spends his two-third life times in the houses. The security
civic sense of the responsibility. These are the few reasons which are
responsible that the person do utmost effort and spend hard earned
saving in owning houses. Nowadays the house building is major work of
the 0073ocial progress of the county. Daily new techniques are being
developed for the construction of houses economically, quickly and
fulfilling the requirementsofthe community engineers and architects do
the design work, planning and layout, etc., of the buildings.
Draughtsman are responsible for doing the drawing works of building as
for the direction of engineers and architects. The draughtsman must know
his job and should be able to follow the instruction of the engineer and
should be able to draw the required drawing of the building, site plans and
layout plans etc., as for the requirements.
 BUILDING
A structure, such as a house, shop or school, that has a roof, walls and
other building components.
Different types of Buildings
The buildings is classified in main two types.

1. Based upon occupancy

2. Based upon structure

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON OCCUPANCY

1. Residential building:-
These building include any building in which sleeping
accommodation provide for normal residential purposes, with or
without cooking and dining facilities.It includes single or multifamily
dwellings, apartment houses, lodgings or rooming houses, restaurants,
hostels, dormitories and residential hostels.

 Bunglows, flats, cottages, huts, hostels, chalsetc.

2. Educational building:-

These include any building used for school, college or day-care

purposes involving assembly for instruction, education or recreation
and which is not covered by assembly buildings.

 These buildings are used for running schools , colleges ,

training institution , libraries , universit y c .

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3. Institutional building:-

 It means a building constructed by government , semi-government

organizations , public sector .

 It is utilized for public activities such as education , medical ,

recreational and cultural,hostel,auditorium.

 It is also used for treatment or care of person suffering for physical

or mental illness.

4. Assembly building:-

 These building are used for assembly a large number of people for
amusement , recreation , social , religion , civil and similar purpose.

 Theaters , halls , museums , gymnasiums , restaurants ,

temple,church,mosque,dance halls,club.

5. Business building:-
 These buildings are used for transaction of business, for keeping of
accounts and records and for similar purposes, offices, banks, professional
establishments, courts houses, libraries. The principal function of these
buildings is transaction of public business and keeping of books and
records.

 Banks , city halls , court houses etc.

6. Mercantile building:-

 They are used as shops , stores , markets , for displaying and sale
of merchandise either wholesale orre tail.

7. Industrial building:-

 There are the buildings in which products or materials of all kinds

and properties are fabricated , assembled or p r o c e s s e d .

 They accommodate plants and machinery , refineries ,power plants

, dairies , saw mills , cleaning plants , pumping stations e t c .

7. Storage building:-

 These are used for storage or sheltering of goods , water , vehicles

etc…

 Water-houses , cold storage

 , freight depots , transit sheds , store houses , garages , hangers
etc…
8. HAZARDOUS BUILDINGS:-

These buildings are used for the storage, handling, manufacture or

processing of highly combustible or explosive materials or
products which are liable to burn with extreme rapidly and/or which
may produce poisonous elements for storage handling, acids or
other liquids or chemicals producing flames, fumes and ex plosive,
poisonous, irritant or corrosive gases processing of any material
producing explosive mixtures of dust which result in the division of
matter into fine particles subjected to spontaneous ignition.

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 CLASSIFICATION BASED ON STRUCTURE
According to structure there are two types of buildings.

 Load bearing structure

 Framed structure

1. Load bearing structure:-

 It has load bearing walls which receives the load and transmit the
same to the ground through their foundation.
 The load bearing walls supports R.C.C beams and s l a b s .
 Columns area voided.
 20 , 30 , 40 cm thick walls are load bearing w a l ls .
 Load bearing structure adopted for the buildings up to 3 story
construction.
 It is provided where soil strata is harden shallow d e p t h .
 The walls on all the floors are provided one above the another.
 Thickness of walls can be reduce on first floor compare to ground
floor.
 As the construction activity proceeds vertically floor by floor the
thickness of the wall reduces.
2. Framed structure:-

 It consists a rigidly connected network of columns and b e a m s .

 The beams support the walls and slabs.
 The columns receives the whole load of the structure and transmit
the same to the ground through footings.
 These provide greater floor area.
 The walls are partition (non load bearing)w alls .
 In this construction work of various floors handled
simultaneously.
 Speed in construction of a framed structure can be easyily
achieved.
 On upper floor air circulation is better.
 On higher floor noise of abutting streets and traffic is c u r t a i l e d .
 It is adopted for low and high rise buildings.

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 TYPES OF LOADS
Various loads are taken into account while designing the foundation of a
structure.
1. Dead loads
2. Wind loads
3. Snow loads
4. Earthquake loads
5. Live loads

Dead Load:Dead load comprises of the weight of all walls, partitions,

floors and roofs including all other permanent construction in the
building

Wind load:It is considered as basic wind pressure which is equivalent

static pressure in the direction of the wind.

Snow load:Actual load due to snow depends upon the shape of the roof
and its capacity to retain the snow.

Earthquake load:An earthquake load produced wavesinevery possible

direction below ground. As per intensity or scale of earthquake, jerks
and shocks are acting on the earth. As per the location of the building in
the prescribed zone of earthquake coefficients of earthquake loads
aredecided.
Live Load:Live Loads consist of moving or variable loads due to
people or occupants, their furniture, temporary stores, machineries.

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 SITE PLAN AND PLANING OF BUILDING

The planning of the building has the most important role in the civil
engineering because well designed building has the comfort and good working
conditions for the people who live and work in it.

The project on which I take training it is a construction of educational

buildings. This building is designed very carefully by keeping the
following views:

1. Laboratory
2. Classrooms
3. Auditorium
4. Sports lounge.
5. Canteen
6. Library.
7. Playground
8. Parking.

.
This building is situated in the Nayapura, kota. There are the environmental
condition is sun shiny and hot arid zone, good rain fall, good neighboring
conditions. The facing of the building is south.
 FOUNDATION

A)Shallow Foundation
B)Deep foundation

Types of Foundation

hallow Foundation:-
S

In shallow foundation, generally the depth at which the

foundation is placed is less than its width i.e. The ratio of depth of
foundation to its width is less than unit.
This type of foundation spreads the load of super structure
into the ground laterally. Hence shallow foundation are generally
known as spreadfooting.

e e p
D F o u n d a t i o n : -

In deep foundation, the depth at which foundation is placedi s

greater than its width.
The depth to width ratio of the foundation is usually greater
than 4 to5.

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 BUILDING MATERIALS
A building structure is composed of different types of the material these
materials are either called as building material. The material use in the building
on basis of the availability and cost. For construct a building the essential

Building material are as follow:

Cement :-
The cement often called the magic power is a fine ground material
consisting of compound of lime ,silica alumina and iron. When mixed
with water it forms a paste which hardened and bind the aggregates
(sand, gravel, crushed rock, etc.) together to form a durable mass called
the Concrete. Cement is the binder that holds concrete and mortars
together. Which is why it play the most critical role in giving
strength and durability to your building.

Sand :-
These are cohesion less aggregates of either, rounded sub rounded,
angular, sub angular or flat fragments of more or less unaltered rock of
minerals consisting of 90% of particles of size greater than 0.06 mm and
less than 2 mm.

Building Stone:-
Building stones are obtained from the rocks occurring in nature. The stones
are used into construct the foundation, super structure and many of
thebuilding components.
Bricks:-
Bricks are distinguished by their base (row) material and size. Standard
brunt clay bricks come in the size 10" x 5" x 3". Modular bricks, rarely
used because they are not easily available, come in the size 200mm
x 100mm x 100mm (including mortar thickness) Fly ash bricks,
sometimes also come in modular form.

Aggregate:-
Aggregates is a general term applied to those inert (that chemically
inactive) material, which when bounded together by cement, form
concrete. Most aggregates used in this country are naturally occurring
aggregates such as
Sand , crushed rock and gravel.

Water:-
The strength and durability of concrete depends also on the amount of
water mixed with it. Too much or too little Water can adversely affect the
strength of concrete. After concrete is cast, water is used to cure it so
that the temperature is controlled and concrete matures slowly.
It is very important to use clean, potable water in quality concrete
production. Brackish or salty water must never be used. Contaminated
water will produce concrete mortars with lower durability, erratic set
characteristics and inconsistent colours.

9
Reinforcement Steel:-
RCC stands for reinforced cement concrete. To enhance the load carrying
capacity of the concrete it is reinforced with steel bars of different
diameters provided in an appropriate manner. Such concrete is called
reinforced concrete and the bars are called the reinforcement. These bars
are provided at various locations to resist the internal forces, which
are developed due to the loads acting on the structure.
 Common Building Components
Super Structure

•The superstructure is that part of the building which is above the

ground and which serves the purpose ofbuilding’s intended
use.
• Plinth
• Wall and columns
• Beams
• Arches
• Roofs and slabs
• Lintel and arches
• Chajjas
• Steps and stairs

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 Building Components

 Plinth:
Plinth is that part of the building between surrounding ground
surface and floor space immediately above the ground. Plinth resists the
entry of rain water entry inside the building, entryofanimals, insects &
Rodents. General plinth height is 45, 60, 75, 90, 120c m .

 Wall:
The walls are building blocks of bricks or stones. They divide the
building space into various space into various rooms. They support
slabs and beams. They safely transmits the loads coming on them from
beams and slabs to the foundation. They provide privacy and protection
against heat, cold, rain, noise, dust winds. They offer resistant to
firewalls may be of
o Brick masonry
o Stone m a s o n r y
 Columns:
Are vertical members along which beams and slab /roof is
supported. They are square, rectangular and circular in shape in cross-
section.

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Floor:-
A floor is a plane area to support occupants, furniture and equipment.

Roof:-
The upper most part of the building constitutes the roof. The slab and
roof encloses the space and offers protection from rain, heat, snow, wind,
sound, fire. Slabs are 10, 12, 15 cm.
windows:-
A door provides a connecting link between rooms, allowing easy free
movement in the building. Window are opening provided in walls. Doors
and windows provide lighting and ventilation. The provide resistance to
weather, sound and heat. They provide security and privacy.

Sills:
Sills are lower portion of window and ventilator o p e n i n g .

Steps and Stairs:

Steps and stairs are meant to provide access between different
levels. Stairs should be properly located to provide easy access and fast
services to the building.
In one flight maximum 8 steps should be provided for more than 8 steps
it is recommended to provide them withlen d in g .
o Generally for residential building width of stair is 1.0 m and 1.2
m
o No of risers= Total heightoffloor/ Heightofriser
o No of tread= Number ofriser-1

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Beams:
o Beams are horizontal members above which the slabs are
provided. The beams are instead supported on walls and
columns
o They are generally 20, 39, and 45, 60 cm thick and deep
members as per structuraldesign.

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Lintels and arch:
o Lintel is a horizontal member which is placed across the opening.
An arch is normally a curved member comprising of wedge shaped
building blocks holding each other with mutualp r e s s u r e .

Chajjas:
o Chajjas are provided on external
wall opening to get protection
from rain, snow and heat. They
are weather sheds.Theirthickness
tapers from 100 to 75 mm and
projection is 30, 45,60,75, 90 cm.

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 REINFORCEMENT CEMENT CONCRETE
Plain concrete is very strong in compression but its tensile strength is only
about 1/10 of the strength in the compression. So, the use of the plain concrete is
limited to the structure in pure compression. Steel being equally strong in
compression and tension, is, therefore, used to reinforce the concrete in a suitable
way so that it can be used to build supporting structure where tension also
develops . Concrete, thus reinforced is known as reinforced concrete .

This combination is made because long steel bars can develops its full
strength where it cannot carry equal amount of compressive force due to its
buckling which is caused by the slenderness. Thus, the combination of concrete
and steel bars has proved to be ideal, as the two material are used to resist the
stresses for which they are most suitable.

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 Properties of the reinforced cement concrete:
1) The concrete develops very good bond with the surface of the steel bars and ,
the stresses are transferred from one material to the other which Cannot resist
individually.
2) The steel possesses a high tensile strength, a high modulus of elasticity
and same coefficients of expansion and contraction as concrete. Due to equal
linear coefficients, no internal stresses are set up within reinforced concrete
due to variation in temperature.
3) The coating of cement grout or paste on the surface of the reinforcement
protects it from corrosion and at the same time it does not chemically react
with the reinforcement.

Advantages of the reinforcement cement concrete:

1) It is overall economical in ultimate cost.
2) Its monolithic character provides more rigidity to the structure.
3) It is highly durable and fire resisting. It is not affected by the vermins termites
fungus or such other insects.
4) Well-compacted R.C.C. structure is impermeable to moisture penetration.
5) Care and cost of maintenance of R.C.C. structure are almost negligible.

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 FORMWORK

‘Temporary Supporting Structure’ is those structures, which are temporarily

required in building construction either for supporting the laying of concrete
till it gets matured, such as formwork or forms or shuttering. As fresh concrete
is in a plastic state, when it is placed for construction purposes, so it becomes
necessary to provide some temporary structure to confine and support the
concrete, till it gains sufficient strength for self supporting.
The temporary structure is known as Formwork or shuttering.

Requirement of the formwork

Good forms for concrete structure should satisfy the following requirements;

(1) It should be strong enough to resist the pressure or the weight of the fresh
concrete and the superimposed loads due to equipment, men etc. This requires
careful design of formwork,because the consideration of overloads will affects
the economy whereas of under loads may cause failure of the forms work.
(2) It should be rigid enough to retain the shape without undue deformation.
(3) It must be made or constructed so light that it does not allow the cement paste
to leak through the joints.
(4) The inside surface of the formwork should be smooth so as to give good
appearance to the resulting concrete surface. To achieve this, the inside surface
of formwork is usually applied with crude oil or soft soap solution. This also

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facilitates the removal of the formwork.
(5) The entire formwork should be so made that it can be removed easily without
causing the least injury to the surface or edges of the concrete.
(6) It should be made economical by reducing the cost through proper design,
construction and use of formwork.

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 Batching of the concrete
After fixing the proportion of different ingredients of concrete for a particular
work, the material C.A., F.A., cement and water measured out in batches for
mixing. The process is known as Batching. This process of batching may be
carried out by weight or by volume.

(i) Weight batching: - The unit of weight, for material of concrete, is usually
Kilogram. The batching of material by weight is absolutely straightforward,
the cement, sand and coarse aggregate being all weighed directly in Kilogram.

(ii) Volume batching: - In batching by volume, all ingredient i.e. water, cement,
sand and coarse aggregate are measured in liters, where the resulting concrete
(being) solid measured in cubic meters.

Mixing of concrete
Mixing of concrete may be carried out by hand or machine (by using a mechanical
mixture) but the mixing by machine is always preferred.

(i) Mixing by hand :- In this, mixing carried out by hand on a clean, hard
and water tight platform. Firstly cement, sand, aggregate are mixed by hand with
the help of the shovel and a desired quantity of the water added to it and mix
properly. This type of mixing carried out in the small work and unimportant work.

(ii) Mixing in machine: - The machine used for mixing concrete is known as

29
mechanical concrete mixer. There are two main type of concrete mixer is
commonly use namely:
Continuous mixers are used in massive construction such as dams, bridges,
etc., which involve the use of large masses of concrete and also required the
continuous flow of concrete.

Batch mixer is most commonly used and consisting of a revolving drum with
blades or baffles inside it. In batch mixer, all the material of desired
proportioned mix are fed into the hopper of the revolving drum on being
rotated at a certain speed mixes the material with the aid of a series of blades
providing inside, the resulting mix is finally discharged from the drum and
conveyed for used.

Transporting the concrete

Transporting the concrete mix is defined as the transferring of concrete from the
mixing plant to the construction site. Keep in mind that not all concrete is
mixed on the actual construction site and could require some significant travel.
This is most common for ready mixed concrete. The main objective in transporting
concrete is to ensure that the water cement ratio, slump or consistency, air
content, homogeneity are not modified from there intended states.
The concrete transport commonly by the steel pipes

30
 Placing and finishing of concrete
Mixing, transporting, and handling of concrete should be carefully coordinated
with placing and finishing operations. Concrete should not be deposited more
rapidly than it can be spread, struck off, consolidation, and bull floated.
Concrete should be deposited continuously as near as possible to its final
position. In slab construction, placing should be started along the perimeter at
one end of the work with each batch placed against previously dispatched
concrete. Concrete should not be dumped in separate piles and then leveled and
worked together; nor should the concrete be deposited in large piles and moved
horizontally into final position.

Curing of concrete
Curing is one of the most important steps in concrete construction, because proper
curing greatly increase concrete strength and durability. Concrete hardened as a
result of hydration: the chemical reaction between cement and water. However,
hydration occurs only if water is available and if the concrete temperature stays
within a suitable range. During the curing period from five to seven days after
placement for conventional concrete the concrete surface needs to be kept moist to
permit the hydration process. New concrete can be wet with soaking hoses,

29
sprinklers or covered with wet burlap, or can be coated with commercially available
curing compounds, which seal in moisture.After concrete is placed, a satisfactory
moisture contents and temperature (between 50º F and 75º F) must be maintained,
process called curing. Adequate curing is vital to quality concrete. Curing has a
strong influence on the properties of hardened concrete such as durability, strength,
water tightness, abrasion resistance, volume, stability and resistance to freezing and
thawing and deicer salts. Exposed slab surfaces are especially sensitive to curing.
Surface strength development can be reduced significantly when curing is
defective.

Methods of curing
 Shading concrete work
 Covering concrete surfaces with hessian or gunny bags
 Sprinkling of water
 Ponding method
 Membrane curing
 Steam curing

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 Equipments and site images

Mixer
Bar bender

Vibrator Cutter

29
 Safety procedure

 Construction Accidents

 56% falls from height.

 21% trapped by something collapsing or overturning.
 10% struck by a moving vehicle.
 5% contact with electricity or electrical discharge.
 4% struck by a flying/falling object during machine
lifting of materials.
 3% contact with moving machinery or material being
machined.
 1% exposure to a hot or harmful substance.
 Name of Safety Equipements

 Safety Helmets
 Eye Protection(Goggles)
 Ear Muffs
 High Visibility Clothing
 Protective Gloves
 Skin Protection
 Protective Footwear

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