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    Solid Modeling: Principles and Practice. Chapter 12

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    Solid modeling represents and manipulates 3D solid objects. It is necessary for applications like CAD/CAM that must maintain objects as solids. There are various techniques for solid modeling including constructive solid geometry (CSG) that represents solids as trees of Boolean operations on primitives, and spatial decomposition that subdivides space into regions. Key solid modeling operations include local changes like filleting and global changes like translation, as well as Boolean operations like union and difference. Accurate representation and efficient computation are important design goals.

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    Solid Modeling: Principles and Practice. Chapter 12

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    39 views8 pages
    Solid modeling represents and manipulates 3D solid objects. It is necessary for applications like CAD/CAM that must maintain objects as solids. There are various techniques for solid modeling including constructive solid geometry (CSG) that represents solids as trees of Boolean operations on primitives, and spatial decomposition that subdivides space into regions. Key solid modeling operations include local changes like filleting and global changes like translation, as well as Boolean operations like union and difference. Accurate representation and efficient computation are important design goals.

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    Solid modeling represents and manipulates 3D solid objects. It is necessary for applications like CAD/CAM that must maintain objects as solids. There are various techniques for solid modeling including constructive solid geometry (CSG) that represents solids as trees of Boolean operations on primitives, and spatial decomposition that subdivides space into regions. Key solid modeling operations include local changes like filleting and global changes like translation, as well as Boolean operations like union and difference. Accurate representation and efficient computation are important design goals.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    39 views8 pages

    Solid Modeling: Principles and Practice. Chapter 12

    Uploaded by

    engrode
    Solid modeling represents and manipulates 3D solid objects. It is necessary for applications like CAD/CAM that must maintain objects as solids. There are various techniques for solid modeling including constructive solid geometry (CSG) that represents solids as trees of Boolean operations on primitives, and spatial decomposition that subdivides space into regions. Key solid modeling operations include local changes like filleting and global changes like translation, as well as Boolean operations like union and difference. Accurate representation and efficient computation are important design goals.

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    of 8

    Solid Modeling

    A. What is Solid Modeling?


    1. A way to represent, generate, and
    manipulate solid objects.
    2. Necessary for many applications where
    objects must be maintained as solids. e.g.
    finite element analysis, computer aided
    design and machining (CAD/CAM), mass
    property determination, refraction.

    B. Sources:

    Foley, van Dam, et al. Computer Graphics


    Principles and Practice. Chapter 12.

    Hoffmann Geometric and Solid Modeling.


    Chapters 2 and 3.
    Desired Properties of Solid Modeling Systems

    A. Domain – system can represent all objects


    desired and perform all operations desired.
    B. Closure – operations on valid objects
    produce valid objects.
    C. Unambiguous – one representation defines
    one object.
    D. Validity – only valid objects are stored.
    E. Creation – easy to create new objects.
    F. Accuracy – representation and operations
    maintain the object close to exactly.
    G. Efficiency – operations are quick and easy to
    perform.
    H. Compactness – representation does not use
    unnecessary space
    I. Uniqueness – an object can only be
    represented in one way.
    Key Solid Modeling Operations

    A. Local Operations
    1. Only affect one (local) portion of the solid.
    2. May need to ensure validity – some local
    operations have global consequences.
    3. Example operations
    a. Beveling
    b. Rounding
    c. Filleting
    d. Face extrusion

    B. Global Operations
    1. Affect the overall solid.
    2. Example operations
    a. Translation
    b. Rotation
    c. Scaling
    d. Operation undo
    e. Offset surface
    f. Boolean operations
    Boolean Operations

    A. 3 main operations, each takes two valid


    solids as input and returns one new valid
    solid.
    B. Union, Intersection, and Difference
    (sometimes Complement is allowed).
    C. Natural way of design.
    1. Union – glue/weld operation
    2. Difference – cut/drill operation
    D. Basic Boolean operations can produce
    invalid results. e.g. hanging vertex/face
    E. Regularized Boolean Operations are used
    instead.
    1. Perform “normal” Boolean operation.
    2. Take interior of the result.
    3. Add the boundary of the interior.
    F. Regularized Boolean operations are a
    conceptual way to understand, not usually
    implemented that way.
    Representations

    A. Numerous potential representations – all


    have various benefits/drawbacks.
    B. Often, conversions between representations
    and hybrid representations are needed or are
    useful.
    Primitive Instancing and Sweeps

    A. Primitive Instancing
    1. A certain (limited) set of predefined
    primitives is allowed.
    2. Each primitive may be governed by
    parameters.
    3. Set of operations is minimal (e.g. just
    translation, scale, rotation).
    4. Useful when domain is limited – e.g.
    furniture placement in home design.

    B. Sweeps
    1. Start with a 2D “slice” or a 3D “tool”.
    2. Define a path to sweep along.
    3. The volume traced out by moving the slice
    or tool along the path defines the solid.
    4. Suffers from many practical problems –
    few operations, possible invalid objects.
    5. Common examples are solid extrusion,
    rotational sweep, CAM tool paths.
    CSG

    A. Constructive Solid Geometry.


    B. Direct representation based on Boolean
    combinations.
    C. Begin with simple, easy to define primitives,
    often algebraically defined.
    D. Solid is stored as a tree of Boolean
    operations. Primitives are at the leaves, the
    interior nodes are Boolean operations.
    E. Transformations may be stored as unary
    nodes in the tree.
    F. Easy to understand, modify, design, and
    perform certain queries.
    G. Especially useful in ray-tracing applications.
    Spatial Decomposition

    A. Decompose space into simple, easy to


    represent parts.
    B. Uniform subdivision
    1. Space divided into a regularly spaced grid,
    each voxel is either in or out.
    2. Useful when data is given that way – e.g.
    MRI data
    C. Octree
    1. Analogous to quadtrees in 2D.
    2. Hierarchical tree is created – each node of
    the tree corresponds to a region of space.
    3. Each node is either in, out, or both.
    4. Nodes which are both have 8 children,
    representing the 8 suboctants of that
    region.
    D. Binary Space Partition
    1. Hierarchical binary tree which subdivides
    space.
    2. Interior nodes are associated with a plane,
    children describe each side of plane
    3. Leaf nodes are either “in” or “out”

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