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    TKS 35444 Perancangan Proses Teknik Kimia (Chemical Process Design)

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    The document discusses sequencing of azeotropic distillation columns. It introduces common mixtures that form azeotropes, such as alcohols, ketones, ethers, acids and water. Azeotropes complicate separation sequences by limiting the product compositions that can be achieved with a single distillation column. The document then discusses minimum and maximum boiling azeotropes. It also explains how multi-component mixtures can have azeotropes and the conditions required. The two main types of azeotropes - homogeneous and heterogeneous - are introduced along with examples. Methods for breaking azeotropes using entrainers or changing pressure are also summarized.

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    TKS 35444 Perancangan Proses Teknik Kimia (Chemical Process Design)

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    The document discusses sequencing of azeotropic distillation columns. It introduces common mixtures that form azeotropes, such as alcohols, ketones, ethers, acids and water. Azeotropes complicate separation sequences by limiting the product compositions that can be achieved with a single distillation column. The document then discusses minimum and maximum boiling azeotropes. It also explains how multi-component mixtures can have azeotropes and the conditions required. The two main types of azeotropes - homogeneous and heterogeneous - are introduced along with examples. Methods for breaking azeotropes using entrainers or changing pressure are also summarized.

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    The document discusses sequencing of azeotropic distillation columns. It introduces common mixtures that form azeotropes, such as alcohols, ketones, ethers, acids and water. Azeotropes complicate separation sequences by limiting the product compositions that can be achieved with a single distillation column. The document then discusses minimum and maximum boiling azeotropes. It also explains how multi-component mixtures can have azeotropes and the conditions required. The two main types of azeotropes - homogeneous and heterogeneous - are introduced along with examples. Methods for breaking azeotropes using entrainers or changing pressure are also summarized.

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    23 views33 pages

    TKS 35444 Perancangan Proses Teknik Kimia (Chemical Process Design)

    Uploaded by

    Zulfansyah zul
    The document discusses sequencing of azeotropic distillation columns. It introduces common mixtures that form azeotropes, such as alcohols, ketones, ethers, acids and water. Azeotropes complicate separation sequences by limiting the product compositions that can be achieved with a single distillation column. The document then discusses minimum and maximum boiling azeotropes. It also explains how multi-component mixtures can have azeotropes and the conditions required. The two main types of azeotropes - homogeneous and heterogeneous - are introduced along with examples. Methods for breaking azeotropes using entrainers or changing pressure are also summarized.

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    of 33

    TKS 35444

    Perancangan Proses Teknik Kimia


    (Chemical Process Design)
    Lecture 11
    SEQUENCING OF AZEOTROPIC DISTILLATION COLUMNS
    Semester Genap 2018/2019 (Kelas A)
    Prodi Sarjana Teknik Kimia Universitas Riau
    INTRODUCTION
    Separation sequences are complicated by the presence of
    azeotropes, often involving mixtures of oxygenated organic
    compounds:
     Alcohols
     Ketones
     Ethers
     Acids
     Water
    INTRODUCTION
    In these cases, distillation boundaries limit the product
    compositions of a column to lie within a bounded region
     Prevents the removal of certain species in high
    concentrations
    x
    Binary Distillation
    IPA-IPE
    IPA/IPE

    Mininum-boiling Azeotropes

    x
    Binary Distillation
    Aceton/Chloroform
    Aceton/Chloroform

    Maximum-boiling
    Azeotropes
    Can multi-component Distillations have
    Azeotropes?

    •Yes! Possibly Multiple!


    γLi
    •Raoult’s Law
    Pi  xi Psat
    Azeotrope Conditions
    • Conditions on the Activity Coefficient
    PT  x1 1L P1s  (1  x1 ) 2L P2s
     Lj  1, j  1,2...C , Positive Deviations from Raoult' s Law
     Lj  1, j  1,2...C , Negative Deviations from Raoult' s Law

    • Minimum Boiling, γjL> 1


    • Maximum Boiling, γjL< 1
    • Giving Rise to
    • xj=yj, j=,1,2,…C
    Homogeneous Azeotropes
    yP  x  P S

    For non-ideal mixtures, the 1 1 1 1

    activity coefficients are yP  x P


    2 2 2 2
    S

    different from unity: P  x  P  (1  x )  P


    s s

    1 1 1 1 2 2

    If   1 the mixture has a minimum-boiling azeotrope


    i

    Example – Phase diagrams for Isopropyl ether-Isopropyl alcohol


    Homogeneous Azeotropes
    yP  x  P S

    For non-ideal mixtures, the 1 1 1 1

    activity coefficients are yP  x P


    2 2 2 2
    S

    different from unity: P  x  P  (1  x )  P


    s s

    1 1 1 1 2 2

    If   1 the mixture has a maximum-boiling azeotrope


    i

    Example – Phase diagrams for Acetone-Chloroform


    Two Types of Min. Boiling Azeotropes

    • Homogeneous Azeotrope • Heterogeneous Azeotrope

    A B A B

    Overlay with Liquid/Liquid Separation


    which is sometimes best separation method (costs much less)
    Basics: 3-Phase Diagrams

    0.2 TBA

    0.65 DTBP

    0.2 DTBP

    0.15 H2O

    TBA = Tertiary-butyl alcohol, TBHP =Tertiary-butyl hydroperoxide


    DTBP = Di-tertiary-butyl peroxide
    Basics: 3-Phase Diagrams

    0.2 TBA

    0.2 DTBP

    0.6 H2O

    TBA = Tertiary-butyl alcohol


    DTBP = Di-tertiary-butyl peroxide
    Basics: The Lever Rule
    Residue Curves

    Distillation still

    Mass balance on species j:


    Lx  ( L) y  (L  L)(x  x ), j  1,K , C  1
    j j j j

    As L  0:
    Lx  y dL  Lx  Ldx  x dL  dLdx , j  1,K , C  1
    j j j j j j

    dx
    Rearranging: j
     x  y  x (1  K {T, P, x, y })
    dL / L
    j j j j 

    dx j
      x y
    dt
    j j
    Multi-component Azeotropes
    • Residue Curve Map
    • dxj /dť = dxj /d ln(L) = xj – yj
    • Integrate from various starting points

    Arrows from low to High Temp


    Path of the residue composition
    Sketching Residue Curves
    dx
    j
      x y
    dt
    j j
    Distillation

    • XB, XF and YD form a line


    for a Distillation Column
    • Line can not cross Feasible For Partial
    Region line Condenser

    For Total
    Condenser
    Distillation Boundaries
    • Equilibrium Trays in Total Reflux

    dx Vn D
     xn  yn  y D  xn  yn , for D  0, L n -1  Vn
    dh n 1 Ln 1 Ln 1
    • Distillation Lines
    xn  yn 1 , for all n  0,1,...
    • xn and yn lie on equilibrium tie lines
    • Tangent to Residue Curve
    To Create Residue Maps
    • AspenPlus
    • After putting in the components and selecting the
    physical property method
    • Choose
    • In Properties Choose Residue Curves

    • In Simulation Choose Distillation Search


    Residue Curves  Liquid Compositions
    at Total Reflux
    Species balance on top n-1 trays:
    L x
    n 1 n 1
     Dx  V yD n n

    Approximation for liquid phase:


    dx
     x x
    n

    dh
    n n 1

    Substituting:
    dx V D
     x 
    n
    y  x n

    dh L L
    n n D

    n 1 n 1

    Stripping section of At total reflux, D = 0 and Vn = Ln-1


    distillation column dxn
     x y
    dh
    n n
    Nodes
    Residue Curves
    dx

    j
     x y
    dt
    j j

    Residue curves for


    zeotropic system
    Residue curves for
    Azeotropic system
    Defining Conditions for Multi-component
    Azeotrope

    t goes from 0 to 1, ideal to non-ideal to find Azeotrope


    Product Composition Regions for Zeotropic
    Systems
    Product Composition Regions
    for Azeotropic Systems
    Heterogeneous Azeotropic Distillation
    Example: Dehydration of Ethanol

    Try toluene
    as an
    entrainer
    Ethanol/Water Distillation
    with Toluene to Break
    Azeotrope

    D1
    M2 Distillation Line
    M1
    S1 Tie Line
    S2
    Ethanol/Water Distillation
    with Benzene
    To Break Azeotrope
    How To Break Azeotropes with Entrainer
    • Separation Train Synthesis
    • Identify Azeotropes
    • Some distillations are not Azeotropic and can be
    accomplished relatively easily
    • Identify alternative separators
    • Select Mass Separating Agent or Entrainer
    • Identify feasible distillate and bottoms product
    compositions
    • Residue Curve Analysis
    Pressure Swing to Break
    Azeotrope

    Temp. of
    Azeotrope
    vs. Pressure

    Mole
    Fraction
    of
    Azeotrope
    Example: Dehydration of Tetrahydrofuran (THF)

    T-x-y diagrams for THF and water


    question

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