Top Answers to DevOps Interview Questions

1. What is DevOps?
Characteristics DevOps
Basic premise A collaboration of development and operations teams. It is more
of a cultural shift.
Related to Agile methodology
Priorities Resource management, communication, and teamwork
Benefits Speed, functionality, stability, and innovation
2. Our team has some ideas and wants to turn those ideas into a software
application. Now, as a manager, I am confused about whether I should follow the
Agile work culture or DevOps. Can you tell me why I should follow DevOps over
Agile?
According to the current market trend, instead of releasing big sets of features in
an application, companies are launching small features for software with better
product quality and quick feedback from customers, for high customer satisfaction.
Now, to keep up with this, we have to:

Increase the deployment frequency in the safest and reliable way

Lower the failure rate of new releases
Shorten the bug resolution time
DevOps fulfils all these requirements for fast and reliable development and
deployment of a software. Companies like Amazon and Google have adopted DevOps and
are launching thousands of code deployments per day. But Agile, on the other hand,
only focuses on the development of a software.

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3. In terms of development and infrastructure, mention the core operations of

DevOps.
Core operations of DevOps include:

� Development
� Version Control
� Testing
� Integration
� Deployment
� Delivery
� Configuration
� Monitoring
� Feedback

4. What are some technical and business benefits of DevOps work culture?
Technical benefits:

Continuous software delivery

Less complex problems to fix
Faster bug resolution
Business benefits:

Faster delivery of features for customer satisfaction

More stable operating environments
More time available to add product value
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5. Name some of the most important DevOps tools?
� Git
� Maven
� Selenium
� Jenkins
� Docker
� Puppet
� Chef
� Ansible
� Nagios

6. What is CI? What is its purpose?

CI or Continuous Integration is the process of compiling the entire code base,
every time a member of the software development team checks the code, into the
shared source code repository.

If a team member checks into the code file with a bug, then the build gets broken.
In this sort of scenario, other developers can�t synchronize the shared source code
repository without introducing compilation errors into their own local workspaces.
Thus, collaborative and shared software development cannot go forward.

When a CI build breaks, it is crucial that the problem is corrected immediately. A

CI process often includes a suite of unit, and integration and regression tests
that run every time the compilation succeeds. If any of these tests fail, the build
will be considered unstable, not broken.

7. Name three important DevOps KPIs.

Three of the most common DevOps KPIs are:

Mean time to failure recovery

Deployment frequency
Percentage of failed deployments
8. What is the difference between continuous deployment and continuous delivery?
Continuous deployment is fully automated, and the deployment to production needs no
manual intervention in continuous deployment; whereas, in continuous delivery, the
deployment to production requires some manual intervention for change management in
the organization, and it needs to be approved by the manager or higher authorities
to be deployed in production. According to your organization�s application risk
factor, continuous deployment/delivery approach will be chosen.

9. What is DevOps? Is it a tool?

DevOps can�t be referred to as a tool; it is a collaborative work culture that
combines development and operations teams for continuous development, continuous
testing, continuous integration, continuous deployment, and continuous monitoring.

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10. What are the core operations of DevOps in terms of development and
infrastructure?
The core operations of DevOps are application development, version control, unit
testing, deployment with infrastructure, monitoring, configuration, and
orchestration.

11. How does HTTP work?

HTTP or Hypertext Transfer Protocol works in a client�server model like the most
other protocols. HTTP provides a way to interact with web resources by transmitting
hypertext messages between clients and servers.

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12. Can one consider DevOps as an Agile methodology?

DevOps can be considered as complementary to the Agile methodology but not
completely similar.

13. Can you tell me the advantages of using Git?

Data redundancy and replication
High availability
Only one Git directory per repository
Superior disk utilization and network performance
Collaboration friendly
Can be used for any sort of projects
14. Are git fetch and git pull the same?
The command �git pull� pulls any new commits from a branch from the central
repository and then updates the target branch in the local repository.

But, �git fetch� is a slightly different form of �git pull�. Unlike �git pull�, it
pulls all new commits from the desired branch and then stores them in a new branch
in the local repository.

In order to reflect these changes in your target branch, �git fetch� must be
followed with a �git merge�. The target branch will only be updated after merging
with the fetched branch (where we performed �git fetch�). We can also interpret the
whole thing with an equation like this:

git pull = git fetch + git merge

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15. What are the benefits of using version control?

It helps improve the collaborative work culture: Here, team members are allowed to
work freely on any file at any time. The version control system allows us to merge
all changes into a common version.
It keeps different versions of code files secure: All the previous versions and
variants of code files are neatly packed up inside the version control system.
It understands what happened: Every time we save a new version of our project, the
version control system asks us to provide a short description of what was changed.
More than that it allows us to see what changes were made in the file�s content, as
well as who has made those changes.
It keeps backup: A distributed version control system like Git allows all team
members to have the complete history of the project file so that in case there is a
breakdown in the central server, they can use any of their teammate�s local Git
repository.
16. How do you handle the merge conflicts in Git?
In order to resolve the merge conflicts in Git, we need to follow three steps:

Understand what happened: It could be because of the same line edit on the same
file; it could be because of deleting some files, or also it could be because of
files with the same file names. You can check everything by using �git status�.
Mark and clean up the conflict: When we open the files using mergetool, Git marks
the conflicted area like this �<<<<< HEAD� and � >>>>> [other/branch/name]�.
Perform commit again and then merge the current branch with the master branch.
17. Can you tell me some advantages of Forking Workflow over other Git workflows?
Forking Workflow is fundamentally different from other Git workflows. Instead of
using a single server-side repository to act as the �central� codebase, Forking
Workflow gives every developer their own server-side repositories. This workflow is
most often seen in public open-source projects.

The main advantage is that contributions can be integrated without the need for
everyone to push to a single central repository to maintain clean project history.
Developers can push to their own server-side repositories, and only the project
maintainer will push to the official repository.

As soon as developers are ready to publish their local commits, they will push
their commits to their own public repositories. Then, they will perform a pull
request from the main repository, which notifies the project maintainer that an
update is ready to be integrated.

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18. When do you use �git rebase� instead of �git merge�?

Both �git rebase� and �git merge� commands are designed to integrate changes from
one branch into another branch: just that they just do it in different ways.

When we perform rebase of a feature branch onto the master branch, we move the base
of the feature branch to the master branch�s ending point.

By performing merge, we take the contents of the feature branch and integrate them
with the master branch. As a result, only the master branch is changed, but the
feature branch history remains the same. Merging adds a new commit to your history.

Rebasing will create inconsistent repositories. For individuals, rebasing makes a

lot of sense. Now, in order to see the history completely, the same way as it has
happened, we should use merge. Merge preserves history, whereas rebase rewrites it.

19. I just made a bad git commit and made it public, and I need to revert the
commit. Can you suggest me how to do that?
Here we can use the command:

git revert <name the commit you wish to revert>

This command is very helpful because we can revert any commands just by adding the
commit ID.

20. Can you tell me how to squash the last n commits into a single commit? Is it
even possible?
To squash the last n commits into a single commit, we can use:

git reset -- soft HEAD~n &&

git commit
21. I want to move or copy Jenkins from one server to another. Is it possible? If
yes, how?
I would suggest copying the Jenkins jobs directory from the old server to the new
one. We can just move a job from one installation of Jenkins to another by just
copying the corresponding job directory.

Or, we can also make a copy of an existing Jenkins job by making a clone of that
job directory in a different name.

Another way is that we can rename an existing job by renaming the directory. But,
if you change the name of a job, you will need to change any other job that tries
to call the renamed job.
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22. Can you tell me, what Continuous Testing and Automation Testing are?
Automation testing, as the name suggests, is a process of automating the manual
process of testing. It involves the use of separate testing tools that let
developers create test scripts that can be executed repeatedly without any manual
intervention.

Continuous testing is nothing but the process of executing automated tests as part
of the software delivery pipeline in DevOps. In this process, each build is tested
continuously, allowing the development team to get fast business feedback so that
it can prevent the problems from progressing to the next stage of the software
delivery lifecycle. This will dramatically speed up a developer�s workflow. He/she
no longer needs to manually rebuild the project and re-run all tests after making
changes.

23. How to launch a browser using WebDriver?

For Firefox:
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
For Chrome:
WebDriver driver = new ChromeDriver();
For Internet Explorer (IE):
WebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver();
24. Are there any technical challenges with Selenium?
It supports only web-based applications.
It does not support the Bitmap comparison.
No vendor support is available for Selenium compared to commercial tools like HP
UFT.
As there is no object repository concept, maintainability of objects becomes very
complex.
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25. When should I use Selenium Grid?

It can be used to execute the same or different test scripts on multiple platforms
and browsers, concurrently, in order to achieve distributed test execution. It
allows testing under different environments, remarkably saving the execution time.

26. Describe the difference between driver.close() and driver.quit().

The driver.close command closes the focused browser window. But, the driver.quit
command calls the driver.dispose method which closes all browser windows and also
ends the WebDriver session.

27. I have 40 jobs in the Jenkins dashboard and I need to build them all at once.
Is it possible?
Yes, it is. With the help of a Jenkins plugin, we can build projects one after the
other. If one parent job is carried out, then automatically other jobs are also
run. We also have the option to use Jenkins Pipeline jobs for the same.

28. How will you secure Jenkins?

The way to secure Jenkins is as follows:

Ensure that the global security is on

Check whether Jenkins is integrated with the company�s user directory with an
appropriate plugin
Make sure that Project matrix is enabled to fine-tune access
Automate the process of setting rights or privileges in Jenkins with a custom
version-controlled script
Limit physical access to Jenkins data or folders
Periodically run security audits
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29. Can you please tell me how to create a backup and copy files in Jenkins?
To create a backup, all we need to do is to periodically back up our JENKINS_HOME
directory. This contains all of the build configurations of our job, our slave node
configurations, and our build history. To create a backup of our Jenkins setup,
just copy this directory. We can also copy a job directory to clone or replicate a
job or rename the directory.

30. What is Jenkins Pipeline? What is a CI/CD Pipeline?

Jenkins Pipeline can be defined as a suite of plugins supporting both
implementation and integration of Jenkins continuous delivery pipeline.

Continuous integration or continuous delivery pipeline consists of build, deploy,

test, and release. The pipeline feature is very time-saving. In other words, a
pipeline is a group of build jobs that are chained and integrated in a sequence.

31. What are Puppet Manifests?

Every Puppet Node or Puppet Agent has got its configuration details in Puppet
Master, written in the native Puppet language. These details are written in a
language that Puppet can understand and are termed as Puppet Manifests. These
manifests are composed of Puppet codes, and their filenames use the .pp extension.

For instance, we can write a manifest in Puppet Master that creates a file and
installs Apache on all Puppet Agents or slaves that are connected to the Puppet
Master.

32. How can I configure systems with Puppet?

In order to configure systems with Puppet in a client or server architecture, we
have to use the Puppet Agent and the Puppet Master applications. In a stand-alone
architecture, we have to use the Puppet apply application.

33. What is a Puppet Module? How is it different from the Puppet Manifest?
A Puppet Module is nothing but a collection of manifests and data (e.g., facts,
files, and templates). Puppet Modules have a specific directory structure. They are
useful for organizing the Puppet code because with Puppet Modules we can split the
Puppet code into multiple manifests. It is considered as the best practice to use
Puppet Modules to organize almost all of your Puppet Manifests.

Puppet Modules are different from Puppet Manifests. Manifests are nothing but
Puppet programs, composed of the Puppet code. File names of Puppet Manifests use
the .pp extension.

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34. Can you tell me what a Puppet codedir is?

It is the main directory for code and data in Puppet. It consists of environments
(containing manifests and modules), a global modules directory for all the
environments, and your Hiera data.

35. Where do you find codedir in Puppet?

It is found at one of the following locations:

Unix/Linus Systems:
/etc/puppetlabs/code
Windows:
%PROGRAMDATA%\PuppetLabs\code (usually, C:\ProgramData\PuppetLabs\code)
Non-root users:
~/.puppetlabs/etc/code
36. How does Ansible work?
Ansible is an open-source automation tool, which is categorized into two types of
servers:

Controlling machines
Nodes
Ansible will be installed on the controlling machine, and using that machine nodes
are managed with the help of SSH. Nodes� locations are specified by inventories in
that controlling machine.

Since Ansible is an agentless tool, it doesn�t require any mandatory installations

on remote nodes. So, there is no need of background programs to be executed while
it is managing any nodes.

Ansible can handle a lot of nodes from a single system over an SSH connection with
the help of Ansible Playbooks. Playbooks are capable of performing multiple tasks,
and they are in the YAML file format.

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37. Sometimes, we use ad-hoc commands instead of Playbooks in Ansible. Can you tell
me what�s the difference between Ansible Playbook and an ad-hoc command? Also, cite
when to use them.
Ad-hoc commands are used to do something quickly, and they are for, mostly, one-
time use. Whereas, Ansible Playbook is used to perform repeated actions. There are
scenarios where we want to use ad-hoc commands simply to perform a non-repetitive
activity.

38. Why should I use Ansible?

Ansible can help in:

Configuration Management
Application Deployment
Task Automation
39. What are handlers in Ansible?
Handlers in Ansible are just like regular tasks inside an Ansible Playbook, but
they are only run if the task contains a �notify� directive. Handlers are triggered
when it is called by another task.

40. Have you heard about Ansible Galaxy? What does it do?
Yes, I have. Ansible Galaxy refers to the �Galaxy website� by Ansible, where users
share Ansible roles. It is used to install, create, and manage Ansible roles.

41. Can you write the syntax for building a docker image?
To build a docker image, we use the following command:

docker build �f <file_name> -t image_name:version

42. What is the concept of sudo in Linux?
Sudo is a program for Unix/Linux-based systems that provides the ability to allow
specific users to use specific system commands in the system�s root level. It is an
abbreviation of �super user do�, where �super user� means the �root user�.

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43. Can you tell me the purpose of SSH?

SSH is nothing but a secure shell that allows users to login with a secure and
encrypted mechanism into remote computers. It is used for encrypted communications
between two hosts on an unsafe network. It supports tunneling, forwarding TCP, and
also transferring files.

44. What is NRPE in Nagios?

NRPE stands for �Nagios Remote Plugin Executor�. As the name suggests, it allows
you to execute Nagios plugins remotely on other Linux or Unix machines. It can be
helpful in monitoring remote machine performance metrics such as disk usage, CPU
load, etc. It can communicate with some of the Windows agent addons. We can execute
scripts and check metrics on remote Windows machines as well.

45. Can you tell me why I should use Nagios?

To plan for infrastructure upgrades before the outdated systems fail
To respond to issues quickly
To fix problems automatically when detected
To coordinate with the responses from the technical team
To ensure that the organization�s service-level agreements with the clients are
being met
To make sure that the IT infrastructure outages have only a minimal effect on the
organization�s net income
To monitor the entire infrastructure and business processes
46. What is Nagios Log Server?
Nagios Log Server simplifies the process of searching the log data. Nagios Log
Server is the best choice to perform tasks such as setting up alerts, notifying
when potential threats arise, simply querying the log data, and quickly auditing
any system. With Nagios Log Server, we can get all of our log data in one location
with high availability.

47. Can you tell me why I should use Nagios for HTTP monitoring?
Nagios can provide us the complete monitoring service for our HTTP servers and
protocols. Here are a few benefits of implementing effective HTTP monitoring with
Nagios:

Server, services, and application availability can be increased.

Network outages and protocol failures can be detected quickly.
User experience can be monitored.
Web server performance can be monitored.
Web transactions can be monitored.
URLs can be monitored.
48. What is a namespace in Kubernetes?
Namespaces are a way to divide cluster resources between multiple users in
Kubernetes. In other words, it is useful when multiple teams or users are using the
same cluster which can lead to potential name collision.

49. What is kubectl?

By definition, kubectl is a command-line interface for running commands against
Kubernetes clusters. Here, �ctl� stands for �control�. This �kubectl� command-line
interface can be used to deploy applications, inspect and manage cluster resources,
and view logs.

50. What are the testing types supported by Selenium?

Selenium supports regression testing and functional testing.

51. What are the prerequisites to install Ansible 2.8 on Linux?

To install Ansible 2.8 on Linux, Security-Enhanced Linux (SELinux) has to be
enabled and Python 3 has to be installed on remote nodes.