ELECTRICAL INSTALLATION

GROUP ASSIGNMENT

GROUP 4
1. Cahyo Balia Alkafi 1941150065 (04)
2. Laras Dwi Senli 1941150013 (13)
3. Marcellyno Eka Nugraha 1941150016 (16)
4. Omer Sabri Elyas Ageed 1941150132 (23)

1. ELCB (Earth leakage circuit breaker)

An ECLB is one kind of safety device used for installing an electrical device with high
earth impedance to avoid shock. These devices identify small stray voltages of the electrical
device on the metal enclosures and intrude the circuit if a dangerous voltage is identified. The
main purpose of Earth leakage circuit breaker (ECLB) is to stop damage to humans &
animals due to electric shock.
An ELCB is a specific type of latching relay that has a structure’s incoming mains
power associated through its switching contacts so that the circuit breaker detaches the power
in an unsafe condition.The ELCB notices fault currents of human or animal to the earth wire
in the connection it guards. If ample voltage seems across the ELCB’s sense coil, it will turn
off the power, and remain off until manually rearrange. A voltage sensing ELCB doesn’t
detect fault currents from human or animal to the earth.
The ELCB notices fault currents of human or animal to the earth wire in the connection
it guards. If ample voltage seems across the ELCB’s sense coil, it will turn off the power, and
remain off until manually rearrange. A voltage sensing ELCB doesn’t detect fault currents
from human or animal to the earth .

Characteristics

 Phase (line), Neutral and Earth wire connected through ELCB.

 ELCB is working based on Earth leakage current.

Operating Time of ELCB:

 The safest limit of Current which Human Body can withstand is 30ma sec.
 Suppose Human Body Resistance is 500Ω and Voltage to ground is 230 Volt.
 The Body current will be 500/230=460mA.
 Hence ELCB must be operated in 30maSec/460mA = 0.65msec
How to Connect Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker

The earth circuit is adapted when an ELCB is used; the connection to the earth rod is
accepted through the earth leakage circuit breaker by linking to its two earth terminals. One
goes to the fitting earth circuit protective conductor (CPC), and the other to the earth rod or
another kind of earth connection. Thus the earth circuit permits through the ELCB’s sense
coil.

Types of Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)

There are two types of Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB)

 Voltage Operated ELCB

 Current Operated ELCB

Voltage Operated ELCB

Voltage-operated ELCB device is used to detect a voltage to choose the Earth leakage. A
single-phase voltage ELCB includes 6-terminals namely line in, line out, neutral in, neutral
out, Earth and fault. The metal body of the load is associated with the fault terminal of the
Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker (ELCB) & Earth terminal is associated with the ground. For
usual working, the voltage across the trip coil is ‘0’, as the Load’s body is isolated from the
supply line. When an Earth fault happens on the load due to the interaction of line wire to the
metal body, a current will run through fault to the ground. The flow of current will set up a
voltage across the trip coil, which is associated between E & F. The energized trip coil will
tour the circuit to guard the load device & the user.
A voltage-operated ELCB detects a growth in potential between the threatened consistent
metalwork and a distant isolated Earth reference electrode. They work as a sensed potential
of around 50V to open the main breaker & separate the supply from the threatened
premises.A voltage-operated ELCB includes a second terminal for linking to the remote
reference Earth connection.

The Earth circuit is improved when an ELCB is utilized; the link to the Earth rod is delivered
through the ELCB by linking to its two Earth terminals. One terminal energy to the
installation Earth circuit protective conductor, aka Earth wire (CPC), and the other to the
Earth rod or some type of earth connection.

Advantages of Voltage Operated ELCB

 ELCBs are less sensitive to fault conditions and have few nuisance trips.
 While current and voltage on the ground line generally fault current from a live wire,
this is not continuously the case, therefore there are conditions in which an ELCB can
annoyance trip.
 When an installation of the electrical instrument has two contacts to earth, a near high
current lightning attack will root a voltage gradient in the earth, offering the ELCB
sense coil with sufficient voltage to source it to a trip.
 If either of the soil wires become detached from the ELCB, it will no longer install
will frequently no longer be correctly earthed.
 These ELCBs are the necessity for a second connection and the opportunity that any
extra connection to ground on the threatened system can inactivate the detector.
Disadvantages of Voltage Operated ELCB

 They do not sense errors that don’t permit current through the CPC to the ground rod.
 They do not permit an only building system to be simply divided into many sections
with independent error protection because earthing systems are typically used mutual
earth, Rod.
 They may be skipped by outside voltages from something associated with the earthing
system like as metal pipes, a TN-C-S or a TN-S earth mutual neutral and earth.
 As electrical leaky utilizations like washing machines, some water heaters and
cookers might source the ELCB to trip.
 ELCBs present an extra resistance & an extra point of failure in the earthing system.

Current Operated ELCB

RCCB is the generally used ELCB and it comprises of a three winding transformer, that has
two primary windings and also one secondary winding. Neutral & line wires work as the two
main windings. A wire wound coil is the minor winding. The flow of current through the
minor winding is “0” in the stable condition. In this condition, the flux owed to the current
over the phase wire will be deactivated by the current through the neutral wire, meanwhile
the current, that flows from the phase will be refunded to the neutral.

When an error occurs, a slight current will run into the ground also. This creates a confuse
between line and neutral current and that makes an unstable magnetic field. This encourages
a current flow through the minor winding, which is associated with the sensing circuit. This
will detect the outflow and direct signal to tripping system.
2. RCD (Residual Current Device / RCCB (Residual Current Circuit
Breaker)

Characteristics

 Phase (line) and Neutral both wires connected through RCD.

 It trips the circuit when there is earth fault current.
 The amount of current flows through the phase (line) should return through neutral .
 It detects by RCD. any mismatch between two currents flowing through phase and
neutral detect by -RCD and trip the circuit within 30Milisecond.
 If a house has an earth system connected to an earth rod and not the main incoming
cable, then it must have all circuits protected by an RCD (because u mite not be able
to get enough fault current to trip a MCB)
 RCDs are an extremely effective form of shock protection

The most widely used are 30 mA (milliamp) and 100 mA devices. A current flow of 30 mA
(or 0.03 amps) is sufficiently small that it makes it very difficult to receive a dangerous
shock. Even 100 mA is a relatively small figure when compared to the current that may flow
in an earth fault without such protection (hundred of amps)

A 300/500 mA RCCB may be used where only fire protection is required. eg., on lighting
circuits, where the risk of electric shock is small.
How does it work?

An RCD constantly monitors the electric current flowing through one or more circuits it is
used to protect. If it detects electricity flowing down an unintended path, such as through a
person who has touched a live part, the RCD will switch the circuit off very quickly,
significantly reducing the risk of death or serious injury.

Limitation of RCCB / RCD

 Standard electromechanical RCCBs are designed to operate on normal supply

waveforms and cannot be guaranteed to operate where none standard waveforms are
generated by loads. The most common is the half wave rectified waveform sometimes
called pulsating dc generated by speed control devices, semi conductors, computers
and even dimmers.
 Specially modified RCCBs are available which will operate on normal ac and
pulsating dc.
 RCDs don’t offer protection against current overloads: RCDs detect an imbalance in
the live and neutral currents. A current overload, however large, cannot be detected. It
is a frequent cause of problems with novices to replace an MCB in a fuse box with an
RCD. This may be done in an attempt to increase shock protection. If a live-neutral
fault occurs (a short circuit, or an overload), the RCD won’t trip, and may be
damaged. In practice, the main MCB for the premises will probably trip, or the
service fuse, so the situation is unlikely to lead to catastrophe; but it may be
inconvenient.
 It is now possible to get an MCB and and RCD in a single unit, called an RCBO (see
below). Replacing an MCB with an RCBO of the same rating is generally safe.
 Nuisance tripping of RCCB: Sudden changes in electrical load can cause a small,
brief current flow to earth, especially in old appliances. RCDs are very sensitive and
operate very quickly; they may well trip when the motor of an old freezer switches
off. Some equipment is notoriously `leaky’, that is, generate a small, constant current
flow to earth. Some types of computer equipment, and large television sets, are widely
reported to cause problems.
 RCD will not protect against a socket outlet being wired with its live and neutral
terminals the wrong way round.
  RCD will not protect against the overheating that results when conductors are not
properly screwed into their terminals.
 RCD will not protect against live-neutral shocks, because the current in the live and
neutral is balanced. So if you touch live and neutral conductors at the same time (e.g.,
both terminals of a light fitting), you may still get a nasty shock

What are the main types of RCD?

 Fixed RCDs
 These are installed in the consumer unit (fusebox) and can provide protection to
individual or groups of circuits. A fixed RCD provides the highest level of protection
as it protects all the wiring and the sockets on a circuit, and any connected appliances.

 Socket-Outlet RCDs
 These are special socket-outlets with an RCD built into them which can be used in
place of a standard socket-outlet. This type of RCD provides protection only to the
person in contact with equipment, including its lead, plugged into the special socket-
outlet.

 Portable RCDs
 These plug into any standard socket-outlet. An appliance can then be plugged into the
RCD. They are useful when neither fixed nor socket-outlet RCDs are available but, as
with socket-outlet RCDs, they provide protection only to the person in contact with
the equipment, including its lead, plugged into the portable RCD.

Why does the RCD trip?

How does an RCD work when an electrical fault is detected? Put simply, it switches off the
power. This can happen for a variety of reasons; however, the most common causes include
short circuits, overloaded circuits, and ground faults.

 Short Circuits
 When electrical current travels outside of its intended route, it can miss its destination
and continue to travel around a circuit. If the energy doesn’t reach the destination, the
voltage is not reduced and the wires overheat as the current continues to move. RCD
tripping will occur when a short circuit is identified.
  Circuit Overload
 Overloads happen when electrical circuits are overwhelmed. This can happen if you
plug too many appliances into one power point/adaptor or if appliance voltages and
power board capacities have been mismatched. Check the current recommendations
of the side of your power distribution equipment as well as the voltage of your
appliances/equipment.
 Ground Fault
 How does an RCD work when a ground fault is detected? A ground fault occurs when
electricity travels outside of its intended route and enters the ground through a
conductive surface. This can happen when a person makes contact with live electrical
wiring. When a ground fault happens, the RCD detects the change in the return circuit
and switches off the power.

Current ELCB or RCCB or Residual Current Circuit Breaker

The working principle of current earth leakage circuit breaker or RCCB is also very simple as
voltage operated ELCB but the theory is entirely different and residual current circuit breaker
is more sensitive than ELCB.

Actually, ELCBs are of two kinds, but it is general practice to refer voltage based ELCB as
simple ELCB. And current based ELCB is referred to as RCD or RCCB. Here one CT
(Current Transformer) core is energized from both phase wise and neutral wire.

Single Phase Residual Current ELCB. The polarity of the phase winding and neutral winding
on the core is so chosen that, in normal condition mmf of one winding opposes that of
another. As it is assumed that, in normal operating conditions the current goes through the
phase wire will be returned via neutral wire if there’s no leakage in between. As both currents
are same, the resultant mmf produced by these two currents is also zero-ideally.

The relay coil is connected with another third winding wound on the CT core as secondary.
The terminals of this winding are connected to a relay system. In normal operating condition
there would not be any current circulating in the third winding as here is no flux in the core
due to equal phase and neutral current. When any earth leakage occurs in the equipment,
there may be part of phase current passes to the earth, through the leakage path instead of
returning via mental wire. Hence the magnitude of the neutral current passing through the
RCCB is not equal to phase current passing through it.

Three Phase Residual Current Circuit Breaker or Current ELCB. When this difference
crosses a predetermined value, the current in the third secondary winding of the core becomes
sufficiently high to actuate the electromagnetic relay attached to it.
This relay causes tripping of the associated circuit breaker to disconnect the power supply to
the equipment under protection. Residual current circuit breaker is sometimes also referred as
residual current device (RCD) when we consider the device by disassociating the circuit
breaker attached to RCCB. That means, the entire parts of RCCB except circuit breaker are
referred as RCD.
Parts of RCD
1. incoming terminals
2. outgoing terminals
3. reset button
4. contact
5. solenoid
6. sense coil
7. sense circuitry
8. test button
9. test wire

The incoming supply and the neutral conductors are connected to the terminals at (1) and the
outgoing load conductors are connected to the terminals at (2). The earth conductor (not
shown) is connected through from supply to load uninterrupted.

When the reset button (3) is pressed the contacts ((4) and hidden behind (5)) close, allowing
current to pass. The solenoid (5) keeps the contacts closed when the reset button is released.

The sense coil (6) is a differential current transformer which surrounds (but is not electrically
connected to) the live and neutral conductors. In normal operation, all the current down the
live conductor returns up the neutral conductor. The currents in the two conductors are
therefore equal and opposite and cancel each other out.

Any fault to earth (for example caused by a person touching a live component in the attached
appliance) causes some of the current to take a different return path which means there is an
imbalance (difference) in the current in the two conductors (single phase case), or, more
generally, a nonzero sum of currents from among various conductors (for example, three
phase conductors and one neutral conductor).

This difference causes a current in the sense coil (6) which is picked up by the sense circuitry
(7). The sense circuitry then removes power from the solenoid (5) and the contacts (4) are
forced apart by a spring, cutting off the electricity supply to the appliance.
The device is designed so that the current is interrupted in a fraction of a second, greatly
reducing the chances of a dangerous electric shock being received.

The test button (8) allows the correct operation of the device to be verified by passing a small
current through the orange test wire (9). This simulates a fault by creating an imbalance in the
sense coil. If the RCD does not trip when this button is pressed then the device must be
replaced.