IA

Internal Assessment
Objective: To apply the Butler Model of Tourism in
Mabini, Batangas, Philippines.  

Mabini is a municipality in Batangas province in south west

Luzon.  It relies heavily on tourism as a major source of
income and employment and the study aims to compare the
relative success of tourism, in its various forms, by
employing the Butler Model.

The Butler Model

The Butler Model is a method used to study the evolution of
tourism over time and at which stage of the development
model a settlement happens to be at this point in time.
 Mabini on Google Maps
Tourism is a major source of income for many settlements
and the resorts along the west coast of Mabini are no
exception.

Tourism has grown in importance as a major generator of

wealth because of three main factors:

1. The increased leisure time that people now have as a

result of longer paid holidays, lengthier retirements and
shorter working hours and weeks.

2. An increase in disposable income.  This refers to the

money available to the individual or family once all xed
costs, such as mortgage or rent, utilities, food etc. have
been paid for.

3. The greater ease of travel with developments in air and

land transportation.

Mabini - A brief history

Mabini was named after the Brain of the Revolution, the
great Sublime Paralytic, Gat Apolinario Mabini, whose
monument was built primarily for his honor and glory.
His monument was meant to symbolize also our great town
leaders who fought and give their precious lives for love of
country and countrymen.

Formerly, Mabini was part of the Municipality of Bauan. For

many hundred years, Mabini was under the Spanish
domination up to the American occupation. The people
su ered much hardship until the gallant uprising of 1896,
which emancipated the people from the tyrants of Spain. The Butler Model
They fought courageously, the youths of the community
joined the revolutionary forces, led by no other than Don
Francisco Castillo, known as Kapitan Kiko.

Mabini became an independent town on January 1, 1918. It

was inaugurated with 11 Barrios with Captain Francisco
Castillo, as the rst appointed Municipal President.
Today, Mabini consists of 34 Barangays, has an area of
4,296 has. and population of 49,231.

The people in and around Mabini were quick to discover the

natural beauty to be found on the west coast of Mabini
International Tourist Arrivals
(Calumpang Peninsula).  The entirety of Balayan Bay
harbors incredible natural beauty including clear
aquamarine sea water, white sand beaches, and
picturesque sunsets over the South China/West Philippines
Sea.  These primary tourist resources were the original
draw to the barangay (villiage) of Anilao.  Adventurist
Filipinos looking to make a weekend getaway to the ocean
need look no further.  A rural road led straight to the coast
and up until the early 1990s the resorts that popped up in
the north of the peninsula catered to these vacationers
ready for rest and relaxation.  Tourist numbers were
relatively small in the beginning phases of development.

This all changed when in 1991 the local municipality, with

support from the non-governmental organization
HARIBON, implemented a speci cally designated marine
protected area (MPA) and marine sanctuaries.  This
protected the vast coral reef ecosystems that cover the
coastlines in and around Balayan Bay from the destructive
local shing techniques that took place up until then
including dynamite and cyanide shing.  With the speedy
regeneration of the reefs "Anilao" rapidly became an
internationally renowned diving location.  That, combined
with a constantly improving road network pushing further
south down the peninsula led to an explosion in the number
of resorts.  New resorts ready to cash in on the diving craze Apolinario Mabini monument
are still going up yearly as old resorts close, go out of
business, or change hands.

Post Visit - Data & IA write-up

A written report based on eldwork is required.

i. Maximum 2500 words

ii. The coursework accounts for 20% of the total HL grade
and 25% of the SL grade.

iii. Six sections (A-F) and one formal requirement section

(G).

Mabini coastline

HD Video, Scuba Diving in Anilao, Philip…

Philip…

Diving in Mabini
Photo-bombed scorpion sh

Sombrero dive site

 Mabini, Batangas: An investigation of tourist resorts along the
Calumpang Peninsula
The aim of sustainable tourism is to meet the needs of present tourists and host regions
while protecting and enhancing environmental, social, and economic values for the
future. 
The aim of the study is to examine the extent to which sustainable tourism in "Anilao"
is being successfully implemented.

A number of research questions (RQ) can be investigated:

1. What is the relationship between the resorts, locals and the environment?

2. What stage of the Butler Model are each of the barangays in Mabini?

3. Which resort is best geared toward tourism sustainability and growth?

4. How and why does tourism development di er between resorts/barangays?

5. How does a resorts distance from the Marine Reserve a ect the amenities it provides and the number and type of
tourist it attracts?
 The Geogonauts

Criteria A - Fieldwork question and geographic context

Basic introduction - 3 marks (300 words)

1. State research question.

2. State chosen hypothesis.

3. When and where did we go and why?

4. Link the study to the syllabus.
5. Include a brief history of tourism in Mabini

6. Present an integrated map of Philippines with Mabini 

located and written description.

7. Include a hand drawn map of southwest Luzon

with Mabini                   Map of the Calumpang Peninusla
with resorts
located and written description.                                         
            

Criteria B - Methods of investigation

How you collected the data - 3 marks (300 words)

1. State the usage of primary and secondary information.  Be sure

to de ne what each means.
 Anilao, Mabini
2. Explain each method you completed and link to how it will help
you to answer the RQ.  Put your data in the appendix so that you
can simply refer the examiner to the data tables.

- Resort questionnaire
- Bankero questionnaire
- Barangay captains interview
- Bi-polar survey
- Sustainability survey
- Photographs Cathedral Rock
Cathedral Rock Sanctuary
Sanctuary

3. Then explain where we completed the methods using annotated

Twin Rocks
maps.                                                                                               Twin Rocks Sanctuary
Sanctuary

 Resorts, dive sites, and MPAs in Mabini

4. Statistical analysis - explain what 
methods we
used to Map data ©2019 Imagery ©2019 TerraMetrics Terms 5 km
determine
patternsand
enable us to
identify
relationships.

5. Include some
annotated
photographs to
show you/us in
the eld
conducting the
research. 

                                                                                                
                                                                                                
            
                       
                                                                                IB Geography students collecting data

*Criteria C - Quality and treatment of information collected 

Presenting your data - 5 marks (C/D combine for 1350 words)

*Note: Criteria C is not stand alone.  Instead it counts for how the data is presented through the use of charts, graphs,
diagrams, images, maps, etc. and must be fully integrated within your data analysis (part D).

There is no point re-creating all of your tables of data for the sake of it.  One copy of this can be sent to the
moderator.  You visited around 40 resorts and took notes on two di erent interviews giving you large amounts of data
and information.  Do you need to use all of this data or can some be disregarded?

1. Include a detailed map to show the location of the resorts.

2. Use the most appropriate graphing techniques and statistical tests to display your data.
    eg. Pie chart for yes/no questions
          Bar graphs for the bi-polar survey
          Annotated photographs for the environmental survey/observations
          Spearman's rank correlation coe cient for "heavy" data
          Maps for displaying data spatially (by barangay)

   Map showing barangay di erences

Click here for an example of Spearman's Rank showing an obvious

correlation using Number of Rooms vs Total Occupancy.

Criteria D - Written analysis

Writing up your ndings - 10 marks (C/D combine for 1350 words)

You will need to write out commentary for each of your data presentation pieces.  This work should be concise and
attempt to answer your RQ whilst testing your hypothesis.  Make sure you link back to the RQ and hypothesis at the
end of the interpretation of major ndings.
- What is the relationship between the resorts, locals and the environment? In order to appropriately analyze this
relationship, you will need to count on nearly every method of investigation.  You of course wont need to use all of the
data you've collected, but instead small bits from each of the data collection methods.

- Are the barangays at the same stage of the Butler model?  Summarize what you have found with speci c examples
to compare your point with secondary data.

- Which resort is best geared toward tourism sustainability and growth?  Make sure you understand the concept of
sustainability especially related to the tourism industry.  Social, economic and environmental sustainability should be
considered here.  Make reference to data and observations directly from your packet.

- How and why does tourism development di er between resorts/barangays?  You will need to look at this from a
spatial perspective.  It will also be important for you to consider SCUBA diving amenities and dive sites since many of
the resorts cater to divers.

- How does a resorts distance from the Marine Reserve a ect the amenities it provides and the number and type of
tourist it attracts?  This question must be viewed spatially.  Many maps will need to be created to help answer this RQ.
 Make sure you have a strong understanding of adequate mapping software like Google Maps Engine Lite or are artistic
enough to create your own hand drawn maps.
 Criteria E - Conclusion 
Simple conclusion - 2 marks (200 words)

You should summarize the ndings of your eldwork investigation in Mabini.  There should be a clear and
concise statement answering your research question.  For example, you may have chosen the following research
question:

At what stage of the Butler Model are each of the barangays in Mabini?

Your hypothesis may be:

Barangays in the north are closer to the stagnation stage of the Butler Model than Barangays in the south.
Map showing barangays and dive sites in Mabini
Your analysis would have focused on this hypothesis and it is at this stage, in your conclusion, you come to
a de nitive answer either accepting or rejecting your hypothesis.  Finally, you provide a clear answer to your research
question based on all of the results.

Criteria F - Evaluation
Your chance to set the record straight - 3 marks (300 words)

You should review your investigative methodology, including methods of collecting primary data, including personal
bias and unpredicted external circumstances, such as weather.  You should suggest speci c and plausible ways in
which your study might have been improved and could be extended in the future.

To access the highest marks, you must make valid and realistic recommendations for improvement or extensions of
the eldwork task.  You might even suggest modifying the original research question.
 *Criteria G - Formal requirements 
*Note: this criteria only assesses your ability to follow instructions and does not need a formal heading like the rest of
the criteria.

Study the mark scheme below carefully.  Have you completed all of the requirements as stated in the markscheme?

This is worth over 10% of the total grade for the IA.  It is de nitely worth getting those extra points so you have a
safety cushion in your examination.  Notice also that if your paper exceeds 2,500 words total, you get a 0/4 for this
criteria!

To ensure that your citations are done correctly, you may use either of the following citation generators:

Easy Bib 

Harvard citation generator 

If you're really stuck, go old school and use the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL). 
Sorry, you wont get to dive, but at least now you know where to go when you do want to
dive.  Just remember, sustainable dive practices.
 Talking moray eel

I want to thank Matthew Podbury for the indispensable resources he provides on his website Geographypods.  This
page is mainly an adaptation of the work he put in on his own site.  Go creative commons!