Part 2

OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
RELAY
Introduction

Normally-open
contact

PS

2
 Plug-setting multiplier, PSM
I relay
PSM 
PS

• Irelay = current through the relay operating coil in Ampere (A)

• PS = plug-setting of the relay in Ampere (A)
• If PSM < 1, normal current is flowing
• At PSM > 1, relay is supposed to pick-up
• Higher values of PSM indicate how serious the fault is
Example
Normal relay current = 1 A ; PS = 50% (PS in Ampere = 0.5 x 1)
Relay current during fault = 5 A (I_relay during fault)
PSM = 5/0.5 = 10
3
 Instantaneous over-current relay
• Instantaneous means no intentional time delay
• This relay only has the plug/pick-up setting and does
not have any time setting

4
 Definite Time Over-current relay
• This relay can be adjusted to issue a trip output at a
definite (and adjustable) amount of time, after it pick up
• It has both time-setting and pick-up adjustment

5
 Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT)
Over-current relay
• This is possibly the most widely used characteristic
• The characteristic is inverse in the initial part, which
tends to a definite minimum operating time as the
current becomes very high (flux saturations)
• The mathematical relation between the current and
the operating time of IDMT characteristic can be
written as
0.14(TMS)
t op  IDMT
(PSM) 0.02
1

• Very inverse / extremely inverse time over-current

relay ?? 6
 13.5(TMS) Very inverse
t op 
(PSM)  1

80(TMS)
t op  Extremely inverse
(PSM)  1
2

For a Plug-setting multiplier of 10, what is the

tripping time for a IDMT relay ? 7
 IDMT RELAY
The time for relay to give a trip signal
depends on:

1. Magnitude of fault current

2. Current Setting (Plug Setting, PS)

3. Time Multiplier Setting (TMS)

8
 Find the tripping time of IDMT relay
with TMS = 0.5; PSM = 3

Typical time vs current characteristics of standard IDMT relay 9

 Example
The PS is 80% and the CT is 1000/5A. If there is a
fault in the circuit such that the fault current is
2400A and the relay has to operate within 3s,
what is the value for TMS by considering

i. standard curve is used (IDMT) PSM = 3

TMS = 0.47
ii. Very inverse
iii. Extremely inverse

10
Equation involved in IDMT relay setting
American Standard British Standard

* TMS can also be obtained through time/current characteristic curves.

11
Application of Definite Time OC relays for
protection of a distribution feeder

12
Cont..

13
 Cont..

I load , max  I pick up  I fault , min

14
 How to set the operating time of the relay

Back-up

primary

Feeder end, no delay as

coordination is not needed

15
Selective time interval (STI)
 Cont..

• The setting process has to be started from the relay which is

at the tail end of the system  not constrained by
selectivity problems
• All other upstream relay settings are tied up with their
downstream negibhours
16
• As the fault moves towards the source, the fault currents become larger
and the fault clearing time also becomes longer
• Relays nearer the source are deliberately delayed so that they are
selective with relays downstream  STI
• Thus, relay nearest to the source is the slowest. This is not desirable.
• Improved of fault clearing time by using IDMT relays 17
 Application of IDMT relay on a
distribution feeder

What is the purpose of relay Rb

and relay Ra
18
Cont..

19
Cont..

20
Cont..

21
Tripping time for fault at Bus B

Relay A Relay B
Maximum fault 0.77 s 0.2 s
tripping time
Minimum fault 0.8 s 0.226 s
tripping time (approx)

22
Cont..

23
24
 Exercise
• Repeat the previous example with the
following assumption:
– Rated CT secondary output current is 1 A
– Permissible over load is 10% of the rated load
– Available plug setting (10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%,
60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%)
– CB tripping time is 5 cycle @ 50Hz
– Overshoot error is 0.3 sec

25
Exercise

26
solution

27
Cont..

28
Cont..

29
Cont..
0.1

30
Cont..

31
 EXAMPLE 1
A 33kV power system shown below is installed with IDMT relays at each substation
to provide overcurrent protection scheme. As an engineer, you are required to
determine the Tap Setting (TS) and Time Dial Setting (TDS) Plug Setting (PS) and
Time Multiplier Setting (TMS) for each relay so that the protection system will
function well according to the data given in Table below. In the design, you have to
ensure relay at substation C operates within 0.23 second. You also should consider
time discrimination between each location is 0.5 second.
33 kV A B C

Maximum Fault Relay Rating Maximum Load

Substation CT Ratio
Current (A) (A) Current (A)
A 5074 300/5 5 252
B 2975 300/5 5 148
C 1925 200/5 5 96
32
33
 ANSWER
Relay C (Fault at C)

96
PS  100  48%
200  5
5
 PS  50%
1925
PSM   19.25
200
0.5  5
5
tope  0.23s
0.14
tchar   2.298
19.25  1
0.02

0.23
TMS   0.1
2.298
Setting for Re lay A  [ PS  50%, TMS  0.1] 34
 RELAY B (Fault near at C)
148
PS  100  49%
300
 PS  50%
1925
PSM   12.83 Setting for Relay B:
300
0 .5  5 [PS = 50%, TMS = 0.27]
5
tope  0.23  0.5  0.73s
0.14
tchar   2.67
12.83  1
0.02

0.73
TMS   0.27
2.67 35
 Relay B (Fault near at B)
2975
PSM   19.83
300
0.5  5
5
0.14
tchar   2.27
19.83  1
0.02

tope
TMS 
tchar
tope  0.27  2.27  0.61s
36
 Relay A (fault at B)
252
PS   100  84%
300
 PS  100%
2975
PSM   9.92
300
1 5 Setting for Relay A =
5 [PS = 100%, TMS = 0.37]

0.14
t char   2.98
9.92 0.02
1
t ope  0.61  0.5  1.11s
1.11
TMS   0.37
2.98 37
Repeat the example by determining the Tap Setting (TS) and
Time Dial Setting (TDS) by using the IDMT time-current
characteristic below (CO-7)

38
 EXAMPLE 2
Figure below shows a radial system attached with IDMT relay at point A, B and
C. Table below gives details on the CT and relay rating used at each point. Relay
at point B is set with Plug Setting (PS) of 75% and it will operate within 0.84 sec
if a three phase fault with fault current of 8100A occurs close to point C. On the
other hand, if a three phase fault with fault current of 10kA occurs near to point
B, the relay will operate within 0.58 sec. Determine the appropriate setting (PS
and TMS) for each relay by using 0.6 sec of time delay between relays. Use
IDMT relay characteristics for reference.

A B C
CT ratio 300/5 700/5 500/5
Relay Rating 5A 5A 5A

39
IDMT RELAY CHARACTERISTICS

40
PSM
 ANSWER

The calculation must consider every relay such as

Relay A, B and C on the single diagram circuit.

41
 RELAY C
Step 1: Find the load current, IL.
S 2.5M
I Load    437.39 A
3VLine 3(3.3kV )

Step 2: Find the Plug Setting, PS.

I Load 437.39
PS    0.87475
CTRatio  Re lay Rating 500  5
5

 Select 100%
42
 Fault at C (Primary)

Step 3: Find the Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM)

I Fault 8.1kA 8.1kA
PSM     16.2
PS  CTRatio  Re lay Rating 1 500  5 500
5

Step 4: Find the operating times, toperate

toperate  trelay B  tdelay each relay  0.84  0.6  0.24sec

43
 Fault at C (Primary)

Step 5: Find the TMS from the IDMT graph

TMS  From curve, TMS  0.1
TMS also can obtain by formula if not state refer to the IDMT characteristics

Step 6: Conclude the final setting at relay

Setting at Re lay C [ PS  100%, TMS  0.1]

44
 RELAY B

Step 1: Find the load current, IL.

No calculation needed as PS for relay B has been given. (IL is determined to
compute the value of PS)

Step 2: Find the Plug Setting, PS.

Given PS = 75%

45
 Fault at C (Back up)
Step 3: Find the Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM)
Given I Fault  8100 A

8100
PSM   15.4
700
0.75  5
5

Step 4: Find the operating times, toperate

toperate  trelay B  0.84sec

46
 Fault at C (Back up)

Step 5: Find the TMS from the IDMT graph

TMS  Fromcurve, TMS  0.3
TMS also can obtain by formula if not state refer to the IDMT characteristics
Setting at Relay B [ PS = 75% , TMS = 0.3]

Step 6: Conclude the final setting at relay

Setting at Re lay B [ PS  100%, TMS  0.3]

47
 Fault at B (Primary)

Given Fault Current

Given I Fault  10kA

Given operating time

toperate  0.58sec

48
 RELAY A
Step 1: Find the load current, IL.
S 5M
I Load    262.43 A
3VLine 3(11kV )

Step 2: Find the Plug Setting, PS.

I Load 262.43
PS    0.87
CTRatio  Re lay Rating 300  5
5
 Select 100%
49
 Fault at B (Back up)
Step 3: Find the fault current
Given I Load  10kA

Transformer here, the current will CHANGE

3.3k
I Fault new  10k   3kA
11k

50
 Fault at B (Back up)

Step 3: Find the Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM)

Given I Fault  3kA
I Fault 3kA 3kA
PSM     10
PS  CTRatio  Re lay Rating 1 300
 5 300
5

Step 4: Find the operating times, toperate

toperate  trelay B  tdelay  0.58  0.6  1.18sec

51
 Fault at B (Back up)

Step 5: Find the TMS from the IDMT graph

TMS  Fromcurve, TMS  0.4
TMS also can obtain by formula if not state refer to the IDMT characteristics

Step 6: Conclude the final setting at relay

Setting for relay A  [ PS  100%, TMS  0.4]

52
 EXAMPLE 3
Figure Q3 shows a radial system equipped with IDMT
r e l a y. I m p e d a n c e o f t h e l i n e L 1 a n d L 2 a n d f u l l l o a d
current IB is shown in the diagram. Relay on C and D
will operate simultaneously as secondary protection to
relay on E. Both will operate in three phases 0.65sec
w h e n l e v e l o f d a m a g e 7 0 M VA o c c u r s n e a r p o i n t E .
T r a n s f o r m e r, T x h a s a m a x i m u m f a u l t l e v e l o f 9 7 M VA .
G e t Pl u g Se tti n g ( PS) a n d Ti m e Mu l ti p l i e r Se tti n g
(TMS) suitable for relay on A, B and C by selecting
nearly the current transformer ratio and proportion
r e l a y f r o m Ta b l e Q 3 . A s s u m e t h e g e n e r a t o r i m p e d a n c e
is pure stretching. Use a time interval of 0.4sec
between relay and relay features below:

53
 EXAMPLE 3
11/3.3 kV
A B C D E
j0.2 j0.1
11 kV
IB=620A
L1 L2
200MVA
Tx

IB=70A IB=100A IB=100A

Figure Q3: The radial system is equipped with a relay IDMT

Table Q3 List of current transformer ratio and proportion relay

Nisbah pengubah arus Kadaran geganti

100/5, 200/5, 300/5,

400/5, 500/5, 600/5,
5A
700/5, 800/5, 900/5

54
 EXAMPLE 3
Rajah S3 menunjukkan satu sistem jejarian yang dilengkapi dengan
geganti IDMT. Galangan bagi talian L1 dan L2 dan arus beban penuh IB
ditunjukkan dalam gambarajah tersebut. Geganti pada C dan D akan
beroperasi secara serentak sebagai perlindungan sekunder kepada
geganti pada E. Kedua-duanya akan beroperasi dalam masa 0.65s
apabila kerosakan tiga fasa dengan aras kerosakan sebanyak 70MVA
berlaku berhampiran titik E. Pengubah Tx mempunyai aras kerosakan
maksimum sebanyak 97MVA. Dapatkan Penatahan Palam (PS) dan
Penatahan Masa Berbilang (TSM) yang sesuai bagi geganti pada A, B
dan C dengan memilih nisbah pengubah arus yang paling hampir dan
kadaran geganti daripada Jadual S3. Anggap galangan penjana adalah
regangan tulen. Gunakan sela masa sebanyak 0.4s antara geganti dan
ciri-ciri geganti di bawah:

55
 EXAMPLE 3
11/3.3 kV
A B C D E
j0.2 j0.1
11 kV
IB=620A
L1 L2
200MVA
Tx

IB=70A IB=100A IB=100A

Rajah S3: Sistem jejarian yang dilengkapi dengan geganti IDMT

Jadual S3 Senarai nisbah pengubah arus dan kadaran geganti

Nisbah pengubah arus Kadaran geganti

100/5, 200/5, 300/5,

400/5, 500/5, 600/5,
5A
700/5, 800/5, 900/5

56
 ANSWER
Relay C (Fault at E)
3.3k
I L  620   186 A Setting for Re lay C 
11k [ PS  100%, TMS  0.28]
 choose CT : 200 / 5
186
PS   100  93%
200  5 Relay C (Fault at C)
5
 PS  100%
97 MVA
70 MVA IF   5091A
IF   3.67 kA 3  11k
3  11k
3.67 k 5091
PSM 
200
 18.37 PSM   25.46
1 5 200
5 1 5
0.14 5
t ch a r   2.33
18.37 0.0 2  1 0.14
t o p e  0.65s
tchar   2.09
25.46 0.02
1
TMS 
0.65
 0.28 tope  2.09  0.28  0.59 s
2.33 57
 Relay B (Fault near at C)
I L  100  186  286 A Relay B (Fault at B)
 choose CT : 300 / 5
V 2 11k 2
PS 
286
 100  95% Xg    0.605
300  5 S 200M
5
 PS  100% X T  j 0.605  j 0.2  j 0.1  j 0.905
I F  5091A 11kV
5091 IF   7.02kA
PSM 
300
 16.97 3  j 0.905
1 5
5 7.02k
0.14 PSM   23.4
t ch a r   2 .4 300
16.97 0.0 2
1 1 5
t o p e  0.59  0.4  0.99 s 5
0.99 0.14
TMS   0.41 tchar   2.15
2 .4 23.4  1
0.02

Setting for Re lay B 

tope  2.15  0.41  0.88s
[ PS  100%, TMS  0.41] 58
 Relay A (Fault near at B)
I L  100  100  186  386 A
 choose CT : 400 / 5
386
PS   100  96.5%
400  5
5
 PS  100%
Setting for Re lay A 
I F  7.02kA [ PS  100%, TMS  0.54]
7020
PSM   17.55
400
1 5
5
0.14
t ch a r   2.37
17.55 0 .0 2
1
t o p e  0.88  0.4  1.28s
1.28
TMS   0.54
2.37 59
OVERCURRENT RELAY CONNECTIONS
1. The output of the current transformers are connected to
the coils of the respective overcurrent relays as shown
figure below.
2. If there is a fault in any phase, the relay in that phase
will operate and trip the breaker.

60
DIGITAL OVERCURRENT & GROUND
OVERCURRENT RELAY

61
OVER CURRENT RELAY FOR
GENERATOR

62
OVER CURRENT RELAY

63
THANK YOU

64