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Industrial Training Report

Technical Report · April 2019

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.26485.01767

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 ABSTRACT

This Report presents the experience and skills gained during my 6 months of industrial training

undertaken at Xigma Input and Output Technologies, Along Wire road, Benin City.

My Training was on the use of engineering simulation software and fabrication tools for designing and

manufacturing engineering systems and products

During the period, I acquired practical knowledge and skills in using engineering software, majorly

MATLAB and ANSYS; also times were spent in the workshop to get hands on experience in using the

Lathe and other fabrication tools. I was able to run a simulation on a wind turbine blade using ANSYS

fluent, also I used ANSYS mechanical to analyze the stresses and deformation of a bike crank system. I

did a lot of mathematical modeling with MATLAB.

This report discusses the Skills gained and Experience gathered during the period of training, justifying

the relevance of the scheme in equipping students with needed technical competence to thrive in the real

world.

1
 ACKNOWLEGDEMENTS

My heartfelt Appreciation goes to God almighty who has keep me alive to this time and enabled me to

complete my six months Industrial Training.

I will like to thank the Industrial Training Fund for their foresight in putting this program to place and

also to the Mechanical Engineering department, University of Benin, for providing the platform on

which was engaged in the training.

Also, I would use this opportunity to thank the staffs and Management of Xigma Inc. My Supervisor

Miss Egbe Joy for her care and support during my stay

I also want to thank my parents they encouraged me all through my Industrial Training period also for

their moral and financial support.

Finally to my Institution based supervisor Engr. Igbinowanhia for his advice and support, to my other

friend and colleague John Philip.

2
 TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Page
Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………. 1
Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………... 2
Table of Content………………………………………………………………………… 3
List of tables…………………………………………………………………………….. 6
List of Figures……………………………………………………………........................ 6

Chapter 1
Introduction to Training program………………………………………………………………..………. 1
1.0 Purpose of Training………………………………………………………………………………………. 7
1.1 Establishment’s profile…………………………………………………………………………………… 8
1.2 Establishment cooperate goals …………………………………………………………………………… 8
1.3 Establishment Scope of work …………………………………………………………………………….. 9
1.4 Organization Structure -………………………………………………………………………………… 10

Chapter 2
The Training Program ............................................................................................................................... 2
2.0 Description of Work done ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 11
2.1 MATLAB-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 11
2.2 The MATLAB SYSTEM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 12
2.21The MATLAB Language-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 12
2.22 The MATLAB Working environment----------------------------------------------------------------- 13
2.23 Handle Graphics------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 13
2.24 MATLAB Mathematical Function Library------------------------------------------------------------ 13
2.25 The MATLAB Application Interface------------------------------------------------------------------ 13
2.3 The MATLAB Environment--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14
2.4 Executing Expression for MATLAB----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
2.41 Command Window -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17
2.42 MATLAB Functions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 18

3
2.5 Creating Scripts -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 19
2.6 ANSYS Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 21

Chapter 3
DETAILS OF PROJECTS DONE
3.1 Solving Linear Equations with MATLAB…………………………………….…………………….. 21
3.2 Visualization [Plotting graphs with MATLAB …………………………………...…………………. 27
3.3 Plotting 3D graphs with MATLAB……………………………………………………..……………. 28
3.31 Plotting Contour Graph……………………………………………………………….…….. 28
3.32 Plotting Surface Contours ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 29
3.33 Plotting 3D surface plots ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30
3.4 MATLAB Project--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31
3.41 Steady State Solution ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 33
3.42 Transient Solution -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 35
3.5 ANSYS FLUENT [wind turbine FSI] --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
3.51 Problem Specification --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
3.52 Blade Specification -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
3.53 Flow Interaction ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39
3.54 Boundary Conditions ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 40
3.55 Numeric Solution Procedures in ANSYS ------------------------------------------------------------ 40
3.56 GEOMETRY --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 41
3.57 MESH ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43
3.58 PHYSIC SETUP ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45
3.59 BOUNDARY CONDITION -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45
3.6 Verification and Validation -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48
3.61 Verification ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48
3.62 Iteration Check ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 48
3.63 Check mesh refinement -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49
3.64 Compare Blade tip Velocities -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50
3.65 Compare power coefficient ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50
3.7 3D- Finite Element of a Bike Crank ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50
3.71 Material Properties ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50

4
 3.72 Boundary Condition ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50
3.73 Result ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51

Chapter 4

FABRICATION SECTION ………………………………………………............................................. 56

4.0 Lathe ………………………………………………..………………………………………………… 56
4.1 Lathe Operation ………………………………………………………………………………………… 56
4.2 Types of Lathe Operation ……………………………………………………………………………… 57
4.21 Facing ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 57
4.22 Tapering ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 57
4.23 Parallel Turning …………………………………………………………………………… 58
4.24 Parting ………………………………………………………………………………………… 58
4.3 Lathe Cutting Tools …………………………………………………………………………………… 58
4.4 Observation and Contribution ………………………………………………………………………… 59
4.41 Observation ……………………………………………………………………………………. 59
4.42 Contribution …………………………………………………………………………………… 60

Chapter 5
Conclusion …………………………………………………………………………………………………. 61
5.0 Conclusion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 61
5.2 Challenges encountered during training period ------------------------------------------------------------------ 62

5
TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1.................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 2 .................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 3 .................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 4 .................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Figure 5 .................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Figure 6 .................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Figure 7 .................................................................................................................................................................... 26
Figure 8 .................................................................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 9 .................................................................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 10 .................................................................................................................................................................. 28
Figure 11 .................................................................................................................................................................. 29
Figure 12 .................................................................................................................................................................. 29
Figure 13 .................................................................................................................................................................. 30
Figure 14 .................................................................................................................................................................. 30
Figure 15 .................................................................................................................................................................. 31
Figure 16.................................................................................................................................................................. 36
Figure 17.................................................................................................................................................................. 37
Figure 18.................................................................................................................................................................. 37
Figure 19.................................................................................................................................................................. 38
Figure 20.................................................................................................................................................................. 39
Figure 21 .................................................................................................................................................................. 41
Figure 22 .................................................................................................................................................................. 42
Figure 23 .................................................................................................................................................................. 43
Figure 24 .................................................................................................................................................................. 45
Figure 25 .................................................................................................................................................................. 50
Figure 26.................................................................................................................................................................. 52
Figure 27.................................................................................................................................................................. 52
Figure 28.................................................................................................................................................................. 53
Figure 29.................................................................................................................................................................. 53
Figure 30.................................................................................................................................................................. 53

TABLE OF VALUES

Table 1.1 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………17

Table 1.2 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………18

6
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO TRAINING PROGRAM

1.0 PURPOSE OF TRAINING

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) was initiated in 1973 by the Industrial

Training Fund (ITF). This was to update practical knowledge of students in the Universities,

Polytechnics and Colleges of Technology. It was aimed at bridging the gap between the theoretical

knowledge acquired in classes and technical knowledge in the industry by providing students with the

opportunities to apply their educational knowledge in real work situations.

Over the years, SIWES has contributed immensely to building the common pool of technical and allied

skills available in the Nigeria economy which are needed for the nation’s industrial development.

Furthermore, the place and relevance of SIWES is underscored by the fact that the scheme contributes to

improving the quality of technical skills generally available in the pool from which employers source

technical manpower

Its gives student the opportunity to blend the theoretical knowledge acquired in the classroom and with

practical hands on application of knowledge required to perform work in the industry. Also it prepares

students for employment and makes the transition from school to the world of work easier after

graduation.

I undertook my SIWES at Xigma Input and Output Technologies, a scientific research and application

company located at 56, ICE road, off Wire road, Benin City, from June 2018 to November 2018.

7
1.1 ESTABLISHMENT’S PROFILE

Xigma Input and Output Technologies is a Scientific research company registered under the cooperate

affairs commission of Nigeria. Its located at 56, ICE road, off Wire road, Ugbowo Benin City. They

specialize on carrying out scientific researches in major area of science and technology and

commercializing the researches.

Though not equipped with the latest technology available in developed parts of the world, however with

its equipment and tools they carry out research and innovations.

The establishment was founded in 2015 by her current Chairman/CEO (Mr. Nwasor Derick). They have

staff strength of approximately 30.

1.2 ESTABLISMENT’S CORPORATE GOAL

Xigma Input and Output Technologies goal is to bridge the gap between research, its application and

commercialization

They also want clients to have the trust and confidence in them that they are being treated honestly and

fairly. Also to have the freedom to approach them at any time with any questions or concerns with the

service that clients are receiving.

The goal to their employees is to provide them with the best working conditions possible with the proper

tools and equipment that sparks innovation and creativity

8
1.3 THE ESTABLISHMENT SCOPE OF WORK

In the area of specialization Xigma Input and Output Technologies has the capacity of providing the

following services

1. Research

2. Fabrications

3. Simulations and designs

Xigma Input and Output Technologies is made up of four (4) major departments,

1. Research and Development

2. Innovation Center /Creativity

3. Engineering Design and Simulation

4. Maintenance

9
1.4 ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE

CHAIRMAN/CEO

CHIEF OPERATION OFFICER [COO]

CHIEF TECHNOLOGICAL OFFICER [ CTO]

LEAD DESIGNER AND SIMULATION EXPERT

DESIGN TEAM LEAD

JUNOIR DESIGNER

MAINTENANCE HEAD

SALES & TRADING MANAGER

RESEARCH LEAD

RESEARCH ASSISTANT 1

RESEARCH ASSISTANT 2

FABRICATION TECHNICIAN 1

FABRICATION TECHNICIAN 2

JUNIOR TECHNICIAN

JUNIOR TECHNICIAN

INTERN

10
 CHAPTER 2

THE TRAINING PROGRAM

2.0 DESCRIPTION OF WORKDONE

During my stay in Xigma Input and Output Technologies, I was first assigned to the design and

simulation department, where designs, simulations are carried out. They use the latest engineering

simulation software for project design and analysis which includes but not limited to ANSYS,

SOLIDWORKS, MATLAB, AUTOCAD INVENTOR, and lots more. All the SIWES students

underwent training on two of the major software which are MATLAB and ANSYS. We were thought

the importance of these software and how to use them for engineering project simulations and how it

helps to save cost in the industry

After spending 3 Months in the software Department, I was deployed to the Fabrication and testing

department, where designs are brought to life. Most of the fabrication works are done here and a few

complicated ones are sourced out. Here 3D printers are used, general purpose Lathe machines, Drilling

Machines, and lots of hand tools. We were taught engineering safety and proper handling of machine

tools and hand tools. We were also taught the basic operations of the tools and the work of each one.

2.1 MATLAB

MATLAB is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation,

visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are

expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include: Math and computation, algorithm

development, modeling, simulation, and prototyping, data analysis, exploration, and visualization

11
 scientific and engineering graphics, application development, including graphical user interface

building

MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require

dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems, especially those

with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program in

a scalar non-interactive language such as C or Fortran.

The name MATLAB stands for MATrix LABoratory. MATLAB was originally written to

provide easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK projects,

which together represent the state-of-the-art in software for matrix computation.

MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In university

environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and advanced courses in

mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry, MATLAB is the tool of choice for high-

productivity research, development, and analysis.

MATLAB features a family of application-specific solutions called toolboxes. Very important to

most users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized technology.

Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of MATLAB functions (M-files) that extend the

MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in which toolboxes are

available include signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets,

simulation, and many others.

2.2 The MATLAB System

The MATLAB system consists of five main parts:

2.2.1 The MATLAB language:

12
This is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow statements, functions, data structures,

input/output, and object-oriented programming features. It allows both "programming in the small" to

rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away programs, and "programming in the large" to create complete

large and complex application programs.

2.2.2 The MATLAB working environment:

This is the set of tools and facilities that you work with as the MATLAB user or programmer. It includes

facilities for managing the variables in your workspace and importing and exporting data. It also

includes tools for developing, managing, debugging, and profiling M-files, MATLAB's applications.

2.2.3 Handle Graphics.

This is the MATLAB graphics system. It includes high-level commands for two-dimensional and three-

dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and presentation graphics. It also includes

low-level commands that allow you to fully customize the appearance of graphics as well as to build

complete Graphical User Interfaces on your MATLAB applications.

2.2.4 The MATLAB mathematical function library:

This is a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from elementary functions like sum, sine,

cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix eigenvalues,

Bessel functions, and fast Fourier transforms.

2.2.5 The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API):

13
This is a library that allows you to write C and Fortran programs that interact with MATLAB. It include

facilities for calling routines from MATLAB (dynamic linking), calling MATLAB as a computational

engine, and for reading and writing MAT-files

2.3 The MATLAB Environment

When the MATLAB program is launched, four windows appear as shown in Figure 1.1. The upper

right-hand window is the Workspace window, which displays a list of the variables that the user has

currently defined and their properties. The center window is the MATLAB Command window. The

lower right-hand window is the Command History window, which displays all entries made in the

command window during each session. A session is the interval between the start of MATLAB and its

termination. The time and date appear before each list in this window to indicate when these entries

began being recorded. It is a convenient way to review past sessions and to recapture previously used

commands. The command histories are maintained until it is cleared using the Clear Command History

selection from the Edit menu. Similar choices exist for the Workspace and for the Command windows..

The left-hand window displays the files in the current directory.

To bring up the MATLAB Editor/Debugger, which provides the preferred means to create and

run programs, one clicks on the white rectangular icon that appears under File in the left uppermost

corner of the window. This results in the configuration shown in Figure 1.2. Other windows can be

employed and can be accessed from the View menu. To eliminate any of the windows, we simply close

it by clicking on the in its respective upper right-hand corner. One way we configure these windows is to

use only the command window and the editor window and to call up the other windows when needed.

One such configuration of these two windows is shown in Figure 1.3. Upon restarting MATLAB, the

system will remember this configuration and this arrangement of the windows will appear.

14
Figure 1

Figure 2

15
During any MATLAB session—that is, during any time until the program is exited— MATLAB retains

in its memory the most recently obtained values of all variables defined by each expression that has been

either typed in the command window or evaluated from a script file, unless the clear function is invoked.

The clearing of the variables in the workspace can also be obtained by selecting Clear Workspace from

the Edit pull-down menu, as shown in Figure 1.4. The clear function deletes all the variables from

memory. The numerical values most recently assigned to these variables are accessible anytime during

the session (provided that clear hasn’t been used) by simply typing the variable’s name or by using it in

an expression. Typing performed in the MATLAB command window remains in the window and can be

accessed by scrolling back until the scrolling memory has been exceeded, at which point the earliest

entered information has been lost. However, the expressions evaluated from the execution of a script file

are not available in the command window, although the variable names and their numerical values are

available as indicated in the preceding paragraph. This record of previously typed expressions in the

command window can be removed by going to the Edit pull-down menu at the top of the MATLAB

command window and selecting Clear Command Window, which clears the MATLAB command

window, but does not delete the variables, which have to be removed by using clear. One could also

clear the command window by typing clc in the command window. In addition, the copy and paste icons

can be used either to reproduce previously typed expressions in the current (active) line in the MATLAB

command window or to paste MATLAB expressions from the MATLAB command window into the

Editor or vice versa.

16
2.4 Executing Expressions from the MATLAB

2.4.1 Command Window—Basic MATLAB Syntax

MATLAB permits the user to create variable names with a length of up to sixty three alphanumeric

characters, with the characters after the sixty-third being ignored. Each variable name must start with

either an uppercase or lowercase letter, which can then be followed by any combination of uppercase

and lowercase letters, numbers, and the underscore character (_). No blank spaces may appear between

these characters. Variable names are case sensitive, so a variable named junk is different from junK.

There are two commonly used conventions: one that uses the underscore and the other that uses capital

letters. For example, if the exit pressure is a quantity that is being evaluated, then two possible

definitions that could be defined in a MATLAB command line, script, or function are exit_pressure and

ExitPressure. There are, however, several variable names called keywords that are explicitly reserved for

MATLAB as part of its programming language. These keywords, which are listed in Table 1.2, may

never be used as variable names. The usage of most of these keywords will be given in the subsequent

chapters. Creating suitable variable names is a trade-off between easily recognizable and descriptive

identifiers and readability of the resulting expressions. If the expression has many variable names, then

short variable names are preferable. This becomes increasingly important as the grouping of the symbols

becomes more complex. Shorter names tend to decrease errors caused by the improper grouping of

terms and the placement of arithmetic operators. In addition, one can neither use Greek letters literally as

variable names nor can one use subscripts and superscripts. However, one can spell the Greek letter or

can simply precede the subscript by the underscore character. For example, one could represent as

sigma_r and as c3 or c_3

Table.1
Option Display number > 1 Display 0 < Number < 1

17
Short 444.4444 0.0044

Long 4.4444444444445e+002 0.004444444444444

Short e 4.4444e+0.002 4.4444e-0.003

Short g 444.44 0.0044444

Long g 444.4444444444 0.004444444444444

Short eng 444.4444e+000 4.4444e-003

Long eng 444.444444444444e+000 4.444444444444444e-003

Rational 400/9 1/225

Hex 407bc71c71c71c72 3f723456789abcdf

Bank 444.44 0.00

2.4.2 MATLAB Functions

MATLAB provides a large set of elementary functions and specialized mathematical functions. Some of

the elementary functions and some built-in constants are listed in Tables 1.4, 1.5, and 1.6. In Tables 1.4

and 1.5, can be a real or complex scalar, a vector, or a matrix; the quantity is a real positive integer. The

definitions of vectors and matrices and their creation in MATLAB are given in Sections 2.3 and 2.4. In

Table 1.7, we have listed the relational operators that are used in MATLAB. Several MATLAB

functions are available to round decimal numbers to the nearest integer value using different rounding

criteria. These functions are fix, round, ceil, and floor. The results of the different operations performed

by these four functions are summarized in Table 1.8.

TABLE 1.2 MATLAB Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions

FUNCTION (x in radians) (x in degrees) Inverse hyperbolic Inverse

Sine sin(x) sind(x) asin(x) sinh(x) asinh(x)

18
 Cosine cos(x) cosd(x) acos(x) cosh(x) acosh(x)

Tangent tan(x) tand(x) atan(x) tanh(x) atanh(x)

Secant sec(x) secd(x) asec(x) sech(x) asech(x)

Cosecant csc(x) cscd(x) acsc(x) csch(x) acsch(x)

Cotangent cot(x) cotd(x) acot(x) coth(x) acoth(x)

2.5 Creating Scripts

Scripts are the simplest kind of program file because they have no input or output arguments. They are

useful for automating series of MATLAB® commands, such as computations that you have to perform

repeatedly from the command line or series of commands you have to reference.

A script file is just a series of commands that you would type into the command line. There is a

difference in ’scope’. The function file has a local ’scope’ (you can create new variables in there that

will be deleted when you exit) versus in a script file, you have access to all the current variables in your

workspace. Any changes to the variables you do in the script file will be changed in your workspace as

well.

We create a new script in the following ways:

 Highlight commands from the Command History, right-click, and select Create Script.

 Click the New Script button on the Home tab.

 Use the edit function. For example, edit new_file_name creates (if the file does not exist) and opens the

file new_file_name. If new_file_name is unspecified, MATLAB opens a new file called Untitled.

After you create a script, you can add code to the script and save it. For example, you can save this code

that generates random numbers from 0 through 100 as a script callednumGenerator.m.

19
 columns = 10000;

rows = 1;
bins = columns/100;

rng(now);
list = 100*rand(rows,columns);
histogram(list,bins)

Save your script and run the code using either of these methods:

 Type the script name on the command line and press Enter. For example, to run

the numGenerator.m script, type numGenerator.

 Click the Run button on the Editor tab

You also can run the code from a second program file. To do this, add a line of code with the script

name to the second program file. For example, to run the numGenerator.m script from a second program

file, add the line numGenerator; to the file. MATLAB runs the code in numGenerator.m when you run

the second file.

When execution of the script completes, the variables remain in the MATLAB workspace. In

the numGenerator.m example, the variables columns, rows, bins, and list remain in the workspace. To

see a list of variables, type whos at the command prompt. Scripts share the base workspace with your

interactive MATLAB session and with other scripts.

MATLAB function Description

cumsum Cumulative sum of an array
det Determinant of a square matrix (numerically and symbolically)
diag Diagonal of a square matrix; creates a diagonal matrix
dot Dot product of two vectors
eig Eigenvalues and eigenvectors of special matrix equations
end Last index in an array (See also Table 4.2)
eye Creates the identity matrix
find Finds indices of a vector satisfying a logical expression

20
fliplr Flips elements of an array from left to right
flipud Flips elements of an array from bottom to top
inv Inverse of a square matrix (numerically and symbolically)
length Length of a vector
linsolve Solves a linear system of equations
linspace Creates equally spaced elements of a vector
logspace Creates equally spaced elements of a vector on a log10 scale
magic Creates a square matrix whose sum of each row, each column,
and diagonals is equal
max Determines the maximum value in an array
mesh Creates surface plot
meshgrid Transforms two different vectors into arrays of the same size
min Determines the minimum value in an array
ones Creates an array whose elements equal 1
plot Plots curves in a plane using linear axes
rank Estimates number of linearly independent rows or columns of a matrix
repmat Replicates arrays
size Order (size) of an array
sort Sorts elements of an array in ascending order
sum Sums elements of an array
zeros Creates an array whose elements equal 0

2.6 ANSYS

ANSYS is a commercial finite element code used to solve a wide variety of engineering problems in the

real world. It can model many different phenomena, including heat transfer, linear and non-linear

structural response, buckling, modal analysis, full harmonic response, transient dynamic response, and

electromagnetic and fluid flow problems. ANSYS is a general purpose software, used to simulate

interactions of all disciplines of physics,structural, vibration, fluid dynamics, heat transfer and

electromagnetic for engineers.So ANSYS, which enables to simulate tests or working conditions,

enables to test in virtual environmentbefore manufacturing prototypes of products. Furthermore,

determining and improving weak points,computing life and foreseeing probable problems are possible

by 3D simulations in virtual environment. ANSYS software with its modular structure as seen in the

table below gives an opportunity for taking only needed features. ANSYS can work integrated with

other used engineering software on desktop by adding CAD and FEA connection modules.
21
ANSYS is a product of ANSYS, Inc. The software creates simulated computer models of structures,
electronics, or machine components to simulate strength, toughness, elasticity, temperature distribution,
electromagnetism, fluid flow, and other attributes. Ansys is used to determine how a product will
function with different specifications, without building test products or conducting crash tests. For
example, Ansys software may simulate how a bridge will hold up after years of traffic, how to best
process salmon in a cannery to reduce waste, or how to design a slide that uses less material without
sacrificing safety.
Most Ansys simulations are performed using the Ansys Workbench software, which is one of the
company's main products. Typically Ansys users break down larger structures into small components
that are each modeled and tested individually. A user may start by defining the dimensions of an object,
and then adding weight, pressure, temperature and other physical properties. Finally, the Ansys software
simulates and analyzes movement, fatigue, fractures, fluid flow, temperature distribution,
electromagnetic efficiency and other effects over time.
Ansys also develops software for data management and backup, academic research and teaching.

22
 CHAPTER 3

DETAILS OF PROJECT DONE

3.1 SOLVING LINEAR EQUATIONS WITH MATLAB

Solving a system of linear equation with MATLAB can be done using the linsolve inbuilt functions or the
solve inbuilt functions.

Using the linsolve function:

A system of linear equation is given by;

+ + ……. + =

+ + ……. + =

……

+ + ……. + =

Can be represented by the matrix equation , where A is the coefficient of the matrix.

A=( )

b is the the vector containing the right sides of the equation.

b=( )

Since most time our equation is always in the format below;

x + 2y – 3z = 12

2x – 3y + 4z = -14

3x + 5y + 3z = 20

The inbuilt function equationsToMatrix help us to convert the above equation to the form AX = B

Now, let solve the above equations using the “linsolve” inbuilt method.

First Step:

We will use the syms command to specify the unknown as show below;

23
sysm x y z

Figure 3

Then we assign each equation to a variable as shown below;

eq1 = x + 2*y - 3*z == 12;

eq2 = 2*x - 3*y + 4*z == -14;

eq3 = 3*x + 5*y + 3*z == 20;

Figure 4

Next, we use equationsToMatrix to convert the equation to a matrix AX = B

[ ] = equationsToMatrix([ ][ ]);

24
 Figure 5

Next, we use the linsolve inbuilt function to solve for the unknown vectors X, in the matrix equation AX
=B

X = linsolve(A,B);

Typing X in the command window gives us the answer to the linear equation as shown

x = 1, y = 4, z = -1

Using “solve” method;

The difference between the linsolve and the solve method is that for the latter rather than using the
equationToMatrix the solve command as shown

25
Figure 6

Our supervisor then gave us a special task of solving this same linear equations without using the
MATLAB in built function.

At first it was quite absurd, but later we got to understand that our supervisor needed us to write our
own function to solve the linear equation.

Since MATLAB is all about matrix, I was able to write the function. My key solution was the fact that
the solution of a system of linear equation is given by the product of the inverse of matrix A and vector
B. Where AX = B is the system of linear equation

Below is my written code.

Figure 7

26
Solving with my written function;

Figure 8

3.2 VISUALIZATION (PLOTTING GRAPH WITH MATLAB)

The MATLAB software can be used to plot all types of graphs 2-D, 3- D graphs can be plotted with
MATLAB.

MATLAB is one of the best tools to use for visualization or graph potting.

To plot the quadratic function from x equals -3 to 3 in stepsa of 0.2 we use the following
code;

27
Figure 9

Figure 10

3.3PLOTTING 3-D GRAPH IN MATLAB

3.3.1 Plotting contour graphs

28
Figure 11

Figure 12

3.3.2 Plotting surface contour

29
Figure 13

3.3.3Plotting 3-D surface plot

Figure 14

30
Figure 15

3.4 MATLAB PROJECT

After the general training on matlab, we engaged in a mini project to analyze heat distribution in a

circular cylindrical rod

We analyzed a 3-D axisymmetric model by using a 2-D model.

The model geometry, material properties and boundary conditions are symmetric about a single axis. We

used a cylindrical coordinate system to define the partial differential equation. Partial Differential

Equation Toolbox™ expects the equations in a Cartesian system. One of the main goals of the project

was to show how to express the PDE defined in a cylindrical system in a Cartesian form that Partial

Differential Equation Toolbox™ can handle

31
We are showing the heat transfer in a rod with a circular cross section. There is a heat source at the left

end of the rod and a fixed temperature at the right end. The outer surface of the rod exchanges heat with

the environment due to convection. In addition, heat is generated within the rod due to radioactive

decay.

We are calculating the temperature in the rod as a function of time. The parabolic equation describing

heat transfer is

where are the density, specific heat, and thermal conductivity of the material, respectively, is the

temperature, and is the heat generated in the rod.

Since the problem is axisymmetric, it is convenient to write this equation in a cylindrical coordinate

system.

where , and are the three coordinate variables of the cylindrical system. Because the problem is

axisymmetric, and after multiplying by the equation can be rewritten

The equation can be converted to the form supported by PDE Toolbox if is defined as and is

defined as . Rewriting the above equation gives

32
3.4.1 Steady State Solution

In transient problems of this type it is often useful to first compute the steady state solution-- the solution

to the time-independent, elliptic equation. If the final time in the transient analysis is sufficiently large,

the transient solution at the final time should be close to this steady state solution. This provides a

valuable check on the accuracy of the transient analysis.

Create a thermal model for steady-state analysis.

thermalModelS = createpde('thermal');

The 2-D model is a rectangular strip whose y-dimension extends from the axis of symmetry to the outer

surface and x-dimension extends over the actual length of the rod (from -1.5 m to 1.5 m). The geometry

and mesh for this rectangular section are easily defined by specifying the x and y locations of the four

corners as shown below.

g = decsg([3 4 -1.5 1.5 1.5 -1.5 0 0 .2 .2]');

Convert the geometry and append it to the thermal model.

geometryFromEdges(thermalModelS,g);

The rod is composed of a material with the following thermal properties.

k = 40; % thermal conductivity, W/(m-degree C)

rho = 7800; % density, kg/m^3

cp = 500; % specific heat, W-s/(kg-degree C)

q = 20000; % heat source, W/m^3

PDE Toolbox allows definition of the non-constant coefficients as function of spatial coordinates and

solution.

33
kFunc = @(region,state) k*region.y;

cFunc = @(region,state) cp*region.y;

qFunc = @(region,state) q*region.y;

For a steady-state analysis, specify the thermal conductivity of the material.

thermalProperties(thermalModelS,'ThermalConductivity',kFunc);

Specify internal heat source.

internalHeatSource(thermalModelS,qFunc);

When defining boundary conditions below, it is necessary to know the edge numbers for the boundary

edges of the geometry. A convenient way to obtain these edge numbers is to plot the geometry

using pdegplot with option edgeLabels set to 'on'.

figure

pdegplot(thermalModelS,'EdgeLabels','on');

axis equal

xlim([-2 2]);

title 'Rod Section Geometry With Edge Labels Displayed';

Define the boundary conditions. Edge 1, which is the edge at equal zero, is along the axis of symmetry

so there is no heat transferred in the direction normal to this edge. This boundary is modeled by the

default as an insulated boundary. Edge 2 is kept at a constant temperature T = 100 C. Boundary

conditions for the edges 3 and 4 are functions of y.

thermalBC(thermalModelS,'Edge',2,'Temperature',100);

outerCC = @(region,~) 50*region.y;

34
thermalBC(thermalModelS,'Edge',3,...
'ConvectionCoefficient',outerCC,...
'AmbientTemperature',100);

leftHF = @(region,~) 5000*region.y;

thermalBC(thermalModelS,'Edge',4,'HeatFlux',leftHF);
Generate the mesh.

generateMesh(thermalModelS,'Hmax',0.1);
figure;
pdeplot(thermalModelS);
axis equal
title 'Rod Section With Triangular Element Mesh'
Solve the model and plot the result.

result = solve(thermalModelS);
T = result.Temperature;
figure;
pdeplot(thermalModelS,'XYData',T,'Contour','on');
axis equal
title 'Steady State Temperature';
3.4.2 Transient Solution
Create a thermal model for transient analysis, include the geometry, and mesh.
thermalModelT = createpde('thermal','transient');

g = decsg([3 4 -1.5 1.5 1.5 -1.5 0 0 .2 .2]');

geometryFromEdges(thermalModelT,g);

generateMesh(thermalModelT,'Hmax',0.1);
For a transient analysis, specify the thermal conductivity, mass density, specific heat of the material.
thermalProperties(thermalModelT,'ThermalConductivity',kFunc,...
'MassDensity',rho,...
'SpecificHeat',cFunc);
Specify internal heat source and boundary conditions.
internalHeatSource(thermalModelT,qFunc);

thermalBC(thermalModelT,'Edge',2,'Temperature',100);
thermalBC(thermalModelT,'Edge',3,...
'ConvectionCoefficient',outerCC,...
'AmbientTemperature',100);
thermalBC(thermalModelT,'Edge',4,'HeatFlux',leftHF);

35
Compute the transient solution for solution times from t = 0 to t = 20000 seconds. Initial temperature in

the rod is zero.

tfinal = 20000;
tlist = 0:100:tfinal;
thermalIC(thermalModelT,0);
thermalModelT.SolverOptions.ReportStatistics = 'on';

result = solve(thermalModelT,tlist);
114 successful steps

1 failed attempts

232 function evaluations

1 partial derivatives

22 LU decompositions

231 solutions of linear systems

T = result.Temperature;

Plot the solution at t = 20000.

figure;
pdeplot(thermalModelT,'XYData',T(:,end),'Contour','on');
axis equal
title(sprintf('Transient Temperature at Final Time (%g seconds)',tfinal));

Figure 16

36
Figure 17

Figure 18

37
Figure 19

3.5 ANSYS FLUENT: WIND TURBINE FSI [FLUID STRUCTURE INTERATION]

3.5.1 PROBLEM SPECIFICATIONS

The deformation due to aerodynamic loading of a wind turbine blade was considered by performing a

steady-state 1-way FSI (Fluid-Structure Interaction) analysis

We used ANSYS Fluent to develop the aerodynamics loading on the blade

3.5.2 BLADE SPECIFICATIONS

The blade used for this analysis was created to be similar in size to a GE 1.5XLE turbine. The blade is

43.2 meters long and starts with a cylindrical shape at the root and then transitions to the airfoils S818,

38
S825 and S826 for the root, body and tip, respectively. This blade also has pitch to vary as a function of

radius, giving it a twist and the pitch angle at the blade tip is 4 degrees.

The blade is made out of an orthotropic composite material, it has a varying thickness and it also has a

spar inside the blade for structural rigidity as shown in figure 7

Figure 20

3.5.3 FLOW INTERACTION

The turbulent wind flows towards the negative z-direction (into the page on the above diagram) at 12

m/s which is a typical rated wind speed for a turbine this size. This incoming flow is assumed to make

the blade rotate at an angular velocity of -2.22 rad/s about the z-axis (the blade is thus spinning

clockwise when looking at it from the front, like most real wind turbines). The tip speed ratio (the ratio

of the blade tip velocity to the incoming wind velocity) is therefore equal to 8 which is a reasonable

value for a large wind turbine.

The blade geometry was imported as shown in figure 8, a mesh was created around the blade and the

Fluent solver was then used to find the aerodynamics loading on the blade, the fluid streamlines and the

39
torque generated. We used air at standard conditions (15 degree Celsius). Its density is 1.225 kg/m^3

and its viscosity is 1.7894e-05 kg/(m*s).

Using periodicity, we simulated the flow around one blade and extrapolated the solution to two more

blades in order to visualize the results for a 3 blade rotor. Here's a sneak peak of a particular result that

we obtained at the end of the simulation. The figure is showing a pressure contour plot on the back

surface of the blades.

3.5.4 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

The boundary conditions on the fluid domain are as follow:

Inlet: Velocity of 12 m/s with turbulent intensity of 5% and turbulent viscosity ratio of 10
Outlet: Pressure of 1 atm
Blade: No-slip
Side Boundaries: Periodic

3.5.5 Numerical Solution Procedure in ANSYS

FLUENT converts the governing differential equations into a set of algebraic equations. Inverting these

algebraic equations gives the value of (u, v, w, p, k, omega) at the cell centers. Everything else is

derived from the cell centers values (post-processing). In our mesh, we had around 400,000 cells. The

total number of unknowns and hence algebraic equations is:

400,000 * 6 = 2.4 million.

This huge set of algebraic equations is inverted through an iterative process. The matrix to be inverted is

huge but sparse.

In FLUENT, we used the pressure-based solver.

40
 3.5.6 GEOMETRY
The already designed Geometry was imported in the Workbench by:

Import Geometry

a. Right click on Geometry > Import Geometry

b. Browse > Select file in directory

Create a Fluid Volume:

1. Upwind sketch
a. Select xy coord, new plane, offset z of 90m, generate
b. New Sketch
c. Make sure auto constraints cursor is selected
d. Use arc by center tool
e. Use line tool
f. Dimensions angles to 60 degree each
g. Dimension radius to 120 meters

Figure 21

2. Downwind sketch
a. Same thing but place it 180 meters behind

41
b. twice the radius, so 240 meters

Skin

1. Click skin, select both sketches

2. Specify add material
3. Name this body, fluid, and specify that it’s a fluid
4. Boolean subtract
a. Click Boolean, select target body to be the fluid body and tool body to be the blade
5. Show the blade inside with wireframe view

Figure 22

42
 Figure 23

3.5.7 MESH

Mesh Metrics

We kept the minimum orthogonality greater than 0.15 and maximum skewness lower than 0.95. Having
bad cells or elements could lead to incorrect simulation results. We used the tables to help us gauge the
quality of our mesh.

Skewness:

Outstanding Very Good Good Sufficient Bad Inappropriate

0-0.25 0.25-0.50 0.50-0.80 0.80-0.95 0.95-0.98 0.98-1.00

Orthogonal Quality:
Inappropriate Bad Sufficient Good Very Good Outstanding

0-0.001 0.001-0.15 0.15-0.20 0.20-0.70 0.70-0.95 0.95-1.00

In order to carry out the mesh

1. Suppress Blade FEA

43
 2. Show the fluid geometry, wireframe.
3. Create named selections
a. Inlet
b. Inlet-Top
c. Outlet
d. Blade (select all then control click the surfaces not wanted)
e. Periodic 1 (one of the quadrilateral surface).
f. Periodic 2 (the other quadrilateral surface).
g. Fluid

The following steps were taken to create a proper mesh for the case

1. Insert Match Control

a. Select the two trapezoid faces for the high and low geometry selection
b. Choose axis of rotation to be global coordinate
c. Match control is for the nodes to match up for the periodic sides.
2. Insert face sizing
a. Use the name selection, blade surface.
b. Input sizing of 0.3m.
c. Behavior should be hard.
3. Insert local inflation around the blade
a. Geometry is the whole body
b. For boundary, select named selection and choose the blade (click enter)
c. Keep default settings for the rest
4. Add a sphere of influence
a. First, create a new coordinate system.
i. Define it by named selections and choose the blade surface.
b. Insert body sizing
c. Geometry, the whole body
d. Type: sphere of influence
e. Sphere center: Coordinate System
f. Radius: 30m
g. Element size: 2m
5. Click Generate

44
 Figure 24

3.5.8 PHYSICS SETUP

1. Fluent Launcher
a. Select double precision
b. Select parallel and choose the number of cores, I recommend using as many as you have but note that
you need a special HPC license if you choose to use more than 4 cores.
2. Models
a. Edit viscous
i. K-omega
ii. SST
3. Cell zone conditions
a. Edit Fluid
i. Enable Frame Motion
ii. Specify angular velocity to be -2.22 m/s

3.5.9 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

1. Boundary Conditions

45
 a. Inlet
i. Velocity magnitude: 12m/s
b. Inlet-Top
i. Component (X,Y,Z): (0,0,-12m/s)
c. Blade
i. Default, wall
d. Period 1 and Period 2
i. Change to Interface
2. Mesh Interface
a. Click Create/edit
i. Name the mesh interface periodic
ii. Enable Periodic Boundary Condition
iii. Enable matching
iv. Type is Rotational
v. Offset angle is 120 degrees
vi. Choose the interface zones to be period 1 and period 2

46
Figure 25

Figure 26

47
Figure 27

We viewed various results using both FLUENT and CFD-Post. We started by looking at a few results in
FLUENT like mass flow rate and the integral static pressure surface monitor.
Under report, we used fluxes to calculate the net mass flow rate and the result was almost zero that
means the model was rightly solved.

3.6 Verification & Validation

3.6.1 Verification
Two important verifications were made to check whether the simulation correctly solved the model.
These are checking that the mass is balance [that was done by checking the net mass flow rate] and if the
pressure on the blade has converged.
3.6.2 Iterations Check
Another essential condition we verified is whether a sufficient number of iterations were performed in
obtaining the solution (i.e if the solution converged). The figure below shows how the solution behaves
after 3000 iterations. We saw that the residuals do not change much between 1500 and 3000 iterations.
Hence we used 1500 iteration, considering the reduction in solving time. The solution, however, does
appear to converges better after 3000 iterations.

48
3.6.3 Check mesh refinement
We also performed a mesh refinement study. A finer mesh helps us achieve a more precise solution of
the model but is more computationally expensive. A CFD analyst thus has to gauge what mesh size will
provide a decently accurate solution at a reasonable computing cost.

Convergence of the numerical solution is represented by a negligible change in power coefficient from
an approximately four-fold increase in number of elements in the mesh. The mesh was refined by
adjusting global and local mesh controls: relevance center, face sizing, inflation and sphere of influence.
To obtain a mesh of 7.7 million elements (right-most data point in the plot), the relevance center was set
to fine; the face size was set to 0.05m; for inflation, the number of layers was increased to 10 at a growth
rate of 1.2; for the sphere of influence, the radius was set to 50m and element size was set to 1m.

49
3.6.4 Compare blade tip velocities
The blade tip velocity was found to be 98.05 m/s in CFD-Post. This is basically identical to result obtain
from hand-calculations which was 98.12 m/s.
3.6.5 Compare power coefficients
Back in the Pre-Analysis section, we predicted the power coefficient to be around 0.3. As seen on the
convergence plot above, the numerical results do agree well with this value considering a sufficient
number of elements in the mesh. For example, using a mesh of 2 million cells, the power coefficient
becomes 38% as opposed to the 30% from hand-calculations. This match up quite well considering the
many assumptions used in the simple 1D momentum theory.

3.7 3D-FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF A BIKE CRANK

The objectives of this are to determine the displacements and stresses in a bike crank using 3D FEA
capabilities in ANSYS Mechanical and verify the finite-element results from ANSYS by refining the
mesh and also comparing with hand calculations

3.7.1 Material properties: The bicycle crank's material is aluminum 6061-t6. The Young's modulus is
10,000 ksi, and the Poisson's Ratio is .33.

3.7.2 Boundary conditions: We applied a load of 100 lbf in the y-direction on the right hole surface
and fixed the 3 left hole surfaces as shown below. As it is an approximation of the actual loads and
constraints on the bike crank.

Figure 28

50
 The geometry had already been designed with Solidwork in parasolid format.and it is imported into
ANSYS workbench and updated in design modeler as shown in Fig. 10
Next, the mesh is done with element size of 0.2 ans multizone settings under method. This is shown in
fig,11
A mesh refinement was done on the area of restriction. The mesh size was reduce to 0.1. Using a plane
to cut through gives a clearer picture of the mesh.
Inorder to set the boundary conditions, the following were done.
1. Under the tree, highlight Static Structural
2. Click Supports > Fixed Support
3. Zoom into the region with the three holes and highlight all three holes > apply
4. Now zoom into the hole on the opposite end
5. Click Loads > Force > Highlight the inside facing circular hole > Apply
6. Scroll down to Y Component and enter 100

3.7.3 RESULT
Inorder to get the Numerical solution, Highlight Solution in the tree and click Solve
The first Numerical result to harness is the total deformation as follows:
1. Under the tree, highlight Solution
2. Select Deformation > Total Deformation
3. Solve
The Figure 17 shows the total deformation solved by ANSYS. With the load end more deformed than
the other ends.
Next is the Normal stress:
1. Under the tree, highlight Solution
2. Select Deformation > Total Deformation
3. Solve
As we can see in figure 18, the normal stress is maximum at the the bottom middle of the crank and
minimum at the top middle.

51
Figure 29

Figure 30

52
Figure 31

Figure 32

Figure 33

Verifying with hand calculations, it showed much correlation.

53
These are the Major projects I did, Other personal projects were done by me, which includes, supersonic
flow in Nozzle, flow over a cylindrical barrier, heat conduction using ANSYS.

54
 CHAPTER FOUR

FABRICATION SECTION

During the fifth month of our training, we were assigned to the fabrication unit where designs are

brought to life. Here we were introduced to machineries and tools used in engineering fabrication. I

spent sometimes learning the operations of the Lathe machine and the various jobs it can be used for. I

was involved in cutting metal to dimension using the lathe and the electric cutting tool. I was also

introduced to welding.

4.0 LATHE

Shaping up different materials and performing various functions such as sanding, deformation, cutting,

facing, knurling, drilling, turning and much more is done with the lathe machines. Lathe is a machine

that helps in shaping several material pieces in the desired shapes. A lathe is a machine that rotates the

piece on the axis in order to perform various operations like cutting, facing, knurling, deformation and

more. Metal spinning, thermal spraying, woodturning and metalworking are the common operations

performed with a lathe machine. One can even shape pottery with this working wonder. Whatever

material used in lathe machine whether metal or wood is molded first.

4.1 LATHES OPERATIONS

The general operations done with the lathe are grooving, turning, cutting, sanding and etc. According to

my fabrication supervisor, if anyone wants to operate the lathe machine then he must first know about

the feeds, cutting speed, depth of the cut and usage of tool should be considered. Each lathe operation

has got its own factors that need to be considered before doing the work. The factors should be used

properly so that one can avoid from mishandling and mishaps while performing any kind of lathe

55
operation. With every cut desired the speed, depth and feed of the lathe machine is changed for

precision.

4.2 TYPES OF LATHE OPERATION

The working of the lathe machine changes with every operation and cut desired. There are a lot of

operations used for using the lathe machine. Some of the common lathe operations are:

Figure 34

4.2.1 Facing

This is usually the first step of any lathe operation on the lathe machine. The metal is cut from the end to

make it fit in the right angle of the axis and remove the marks.

4.2.2 Tapering

56
Tapering is to cut the metal to nearly a cone shape with the help of the compound slide. This is

something in between the parallel turning and facing off. If one is willing to change the angle then they

can adjust the compound slide as they like.

4.2.3 Parallel Turning

This operation is adopted in order to cut the metal parallel to the axis. Parallel turning is done to

decrease the diameter of the metal.

4.2.4 Parting

The part is removed so that it faces the ends. For this the parting tool is involved in slowly to make

perform the operation. For to make the cut deeper the parting tool is pulled out and transferred to the

side for the cut and to prevent the tool from breaking.

4.2.5 Lathe Cutting Tools

There are several lathe cutting tools that help in cutting with the lathe machine. The commonly used

tools are mentioned below:

Figure 35

Other Machine tools used are, Drilling machine, electric filling machines, Welding machines, and some hand

tools. The knowledge of the use of these tools was needful in the fabrication of a model gas turbine.

57
4.3 OBSERVATION

As a student, I observed that there is a whole lot of difference between the class room and the

industry and to be relevant in the industry, I need to correctly apply the principles taught in the class

room and equip myself with current knowledge and tools. The world is advancing and adaptation is a

skill I must uphold as an Engineer.

During the course of my training, I also observed that in the industry safety is very important

consideration in any design process and fabrication activity as my supervisor would always say “Safety

is the first rule of an Engineer”. As safety equipment and instructions were always put in place or made

available at strategic locations within the company.

I gained a lot of technical skills as well as some soft skills. I learnt Management skills as on two

occasions my Supervisor made me manage our Mini projects as Interns. In playing that role, I

understood how to management people effectively, delegate task and meet deadlines. I also learnt time

management skills as office times begins 8am every morning and I was able to meet up with that

without faulting any of the days.

Communication played a vital role in the successful execution of jobs, from among personnel in

a section to departments communicating with other departments present in the company and also

customers with company’s personnel. Good flow of information was required in any process as it

guarantees a safe and faultless work.

58
4.4 CONTRIBUTIONS

During my training, I was involved in a lot of diverse activities. I was able to independently model a

wind turbine and a bike crank independently, I operated a Lathe machine for doing the cutting

operation. I was able to cut metal sheets to dimensions.

59
 CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION

5.0 CONCLUSION

My 6 months industrial attachment at Xigma Input and Output Technology was a huge success and a

great time of acquisition of knowledge and skills. Through my training I was able to appreciate my

chosen course of study even more, because I had the opportunity to blend the theoretical knowledge

acquired from school with the practical hands-on application of knowledge gained here to perform very

important tasks that contributed in a way to my productivity in the company. My training here has given

me a broader view to the importance and relevance of Mechanical Engineers in the immediate society

and the world as a whole, as I now look forward to impacting it positively after graduation. I have also

been able to improve my communication and presentation skills and thereby developed good

relationship with my fellow colleagues at work. I have also been able to appreciate the connection

between my course of study and other disciplines in producing a successful result. Knowledge from

Engineeering computer programming {ECP} in my 200 Levels, Engineering Mathematics (EMA 481),

production engineering(PRE211) and others were brought to life and I had hands-on experience in them.

5.1 RECOMMENDATION

I use this means to make the following recommendations concerning the training of students in

Industrial Attachments

i. Allowances should be paid to students during their programme just like NYSC and not after. This

would help them a great deal to handle some financial problems during their training course.

60
 ii. I would like to recommend that the Engineering curriculum in the University of Benin be adjusted

such as would provide going on industrial attachments for a longer period of time as opposed to 6

months or making the program to occur twice throughout an engineering degree program.

5.2 CHALLENGES ENCOUNTERED DURING PERIOD OF TRAINING

The IT period was a very great time of career journey as there was much to know and lots of skills to

acquire, Nevertheless, a great challenge I faced, was on the issue of finance, The firm I was trained do

not pay IT student as such the financial burden was much on me.

61

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