UNIT 10: EXPANSION OF TRIGONOMETRIC

FUNCTIONS
UNIT STUCTURE

10.1 Learning Objectives

10.2 Introduction
10.3 Expansion of cos nθ and sin nθ
10.4 Expansion of tan nθ
10.5 Expansion of sin α in Terms of α
10.6 Expansion cos α in Terms of α
10.7 Expansion of tan α in Terms of α
10.8 Expansion of sin α 0
10.9 Expansion of cos α 0
10.10 Let Us Sum Up
10.11 Answers to check Your Progress
10.12 Further Reading
10.13 Model Questions

10.1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

After going through this unit, you will be able to:

l derive of cos nθ , sin nθ and tan nθ
l derive of sin α , cos α and tan α in terms of α
l derive of sin α 0 and cos α 0 .

10.2 INTRODUCTION

In this unit, We will obtain the expansion of some trigonometric

functions.

10.3 EXPANSION OF cosnθ AND sinnθ .(N BEING A +VE

INTEGER)

We know from De moivre’s Theorem, that

(cos θ + i sin θ)n = cos nθ + i sin nθ .
198 Classical Algebra and Trigonometry (Block 2)
Expansion of Trigonometric Functions Unit 10

Expanding the left hand side by Binomial theorem, we have

cos nθ + i sin nθ
= (cos θ)n + n C1(cos θ)n−1(i sin θ)+ n C 2 (cos θ)n− 2 (i sin θ)2 + n C 3 (cos θ)n− 3 (i sin θ)3
+ n C 4 (cos θ)n− 4 (i sin θ)4 + ...+ n Cn−1(cos θ) (i sin θ)n−1 + n Cn (i sin θ)n .
Now, i2 = −1, i3 = i2 .i = −i, i4 = (i2 )2 = 1 and so on.
and n
Cn−1 =n C1 = n,n Cn =n C0 = 1 .
∴ cos nθ + i sin nθ
= (cos θ)n +in C1 cos n−1 θ sin θ−n C 2 cos n−2 θ sin2 θ −in C 3 cosn−3 θ sin3 θ
+ n C 4 cosn− 4 θ sin4 θ + ... + in−1n cos θ sinn−1 θ + in sinn θ.
There arise two cases, according as n is odd or even
Case I: If n is odd, then (n–1) is even cos nθ + i sin nθ
= (cos θ)n +in C1 cos n−1 θ sin θ−n C 2 cos n− 2 θ sin 2 θ −in C 3 cos n−3 θ sin 3 θ
n −1 n −1
+ n C 4 cosn− 4 θ sin4 θ + ... + n( −1) 2
cos θ sinn−1 θ + i( −1) 2
sinn θ.

 n−1 n −1 n −1
n −1
n −1

Θ i = (i 2 2
) = ( −1) 2
; in
= i.i = i.( − 1) 2

 
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
n −1
cos nθ = (cos θ)n −n C 2 cosn−2 θ sin2 θ + ... + n( −1) 2
cos θ sinn−1 θ .... (i)
and
n −1
sin n θ= n C1 cos n −1 θ sin θ− n C 3 cos n − 3 θ sin 3 θ + ... + ( −1) 2
sin n θ. .... (ii)
Case II: If n is even, then(n–1) is odd, (n–2) is even cosn θ + isinn θ
n−2 n
+ n C 4 cosn− 4 θ sin 4 θ + ..... + i( −1) 2
n cos θ sinn−1 θ + ( −1) 2 sinn θ .

 n−1 n−2
n −1 n −1 n n

Θ i = i.i = i.(i 2 2
) = i.( −1) 2
; in
= ( i 2 2
) = ( −1) 2

 
Equating real and imaginary parts,we get
n
n−2 n− 4
The binomial co-
cosnθ = cos nθ − C 2 cos θ sin θ + C 4 cos θ sin θ − ..... + ( −1) 2 sinn θ
n 2 n 4

efficient,
....(iii) n
Cr is defined by
and n!
n−2
n −1
n
Cr = .
sinnθ = C1 cos
n n −1
θ sin θ − C 3 cos
n n −3
θ sin θ + ..... + ( −1)
3 2
n cos θ sin θ. r! (n − r )!
....(iv) where n! is known as
Example 1: a) Expand cos 7θ in descending powers of cos θ . n factorial is defined by
n! = n(n - 1)(n - 2) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 2.1
b) Expand sin 7θ in ascending powers of sin θ .
for n ≥ 1 and 0! = 1.
Classical Algebra and Trigonometry (Block 2) 199
Unit 10 Expansion of Trigonometric Functions

Solution: We have (cos 7θ + i sin 7θ) = (cos θ + i sin θ)7

Expanding the R.H.S. by Bionomial Theorem, we have
cos 7θ + i sin 7θ
= cos7 θ+ 7 C1 cos 6 θ (i sin θ) + 7 C2 cos 6 θ(i sin θ ) + 7 C3 cos5 θ(i sin θ)3
2

+ 7 C 4 (cos θ)3 (i sin θ)4 + 7 C 5 (cos θ)2 (i sin θ)5 + 7 C 6 (cos θ)(i sin θ)6 + 7 C 7 (i sin θ)7
Now, i2 = −1 , i3 = −i , i4 = 1, i5 = i , i6 = −1 , i7 = i3 .i4 = −i .
7.6 7.6.5
Also, 7 C7 = 1 , 7 C6 = 7 C1 = 7 , C5 = C2 = = 21 , 7 C 4 = 7 C3 = = 35 .
7 7

1.2 1.2.3
∴ cos 7θ + i sin 7θ = cos 7 θ + 7i cos 6 θ sin θ
− 21cos 5 θ sin 2 θ − 35i cos 4 θ sin3 θ + 35 cos 3 θ sin 4 θ
+ 21i cos 2 θ sin5 θ − 7 cos θ sin 6 θ − i sin7 θ .
Equating real and imaginary parts,we get
a) cos 7θ = cos 7 θ − 21cos 5 θ sin 2 θ + 35 cos 3 θ sin 4 θ − 7 cos θ sin6 θ
= cos 7 θ − 21cos5 θ(1 − cos 2 θ) + 35 cos 3 θ(1 − cos 2 θ)2 − 7 cos θ(1 − cos 2 θ)3
= cos 7 θ − 21cos5 θ + 21cos7 θ + 35 cos 3 θ(1 − 2 cos 2 θ + cos 4 θ)
− 7 cos θ(1 − 3 cos 2 θ + 3 cos 4 θ − cos 6 θ)
= 64 cos 7 θ − 112 cos 5 θ + 56 cos 3 θ − 7 cos θ
b) sin 7θ = 7 cos 6 θ sin θ − 35 cos 4 θ sin3 θ + 21cos 2 θ sin5 θ − sin7 θ
= 7(1 − sin2 θ)3 sin θ − 35(1 − sin2 θ)2 sin3 θ + 21(1 − sin2 θ) sin5 θ − sin7 θ
= 7(1 − 3 sin2 θ + 3 sin4 θ − sin6 θ) sin θ − 35(1 − 2 sin2 θ + sin 4 θ) sin3 θ
+ 21sin5 θ − 21sin7 θ − sin7 θ .
= 7 sin θ − 56 sin3 θ + 112 sin5 θ − 64 sin7 θ.

10.4 EXPANSION OF tan nθ

sin nθ
n
C1 cosn−1 θ sin θ−n C3 cosn−3 θ sin3 θ+ n C5 cosn−5 θ sin5 θ........
tan nθ = =
cos nθ cosn θ−n C2 cosn−2 θ sin2 θ+ n C 4 cosn− 4 θ sin4 θ........
Dividing the numerator and denominator by cos n θ ,we get
n
C1 tan θ−n C3 tan3 θ+ n C5 tan5 θ − ........
tan nθ = .
1−n C2 tan 2 θ+ n C 4 tan 4 θ − ........
Last terms:
n −1
i) When n is odd: The last terms of the numerator is ( −1) 2
tann θ and
n−2
that of the denominator is n( −1) 2
tann−1 θ .

200 Classical Algebra and Trigonometry (Block 2)

Expansion of Trigonometric Functions Unit 10
n−2
ii) When n is even: The last term of the denominator is n( −1) 2
tann−1 θ
n
and that of the denominator is ( −1) tann θ . 2

Example 2: Expand tan 5θ in powers of tan θ .

Solution: We know that
n
C1 tan θ−n C3 tan3 θ+ n C5 tan5 θ − ........
tan nθ =
1−n C2 tan2 θ+ n C 4 tan 4 θ − ........
Putting n = 5, we have
5
C1 tan θ− 5 C3 tan3 θ+ 5 C5 tan5 θ
tan 5θ =
1− 5 C2 tan2 θ+ 5 C 4 tan 4 θ

5 tan θ − 10 tan3 θ + tan5 θ

=
1 − 10 tan 2 θ + 5 tan 4 θ
Example 3: Write down the value of tan 9θ in terms of tan θ .
Solution: We know that
C1 tan θ−n C3 tan3 θ+ n C5 tan5 θ − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
n
tan nθ =
1−n C2 tan 2 θ+ n C 4 tan 4 θ−n C6 tan 6 θ + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
Putting n = 9, we get
C1 tan θ−9 C3 tan3 θ+ 9 C5 tan5 θ − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
9
tan 9θ =
1−9 C 2 tan2 θ+ 9 C 4 tan 4 θ−9 C 6 tan 6 θ + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅

9.8.7 9.8.7.6 9.8

9 tan θ − tan3 θ + tan5 θ − tan7 θ + tan9 θ
= 3! 4! 2!
9.8 9.8.7.6 9.8.7
1− tan θ +
2
tan θ −
4
tan 6 θ + 9 tan 8 θ
4! 4! 3!

9 tan θ − 84 tan3 θ + 126 tan5 θ − 36 tan7 θ + tan9 θ

=
1 − 36 tan 2 θ + 126 tan 4 θ − 84 tan 6 θ + 9 tan8 θ

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

Q.1: Expand cos 8θ in powers of cos θ and sin θ .

Q.2: Prove that, cos5θ = 16cos5 θ − 20cos3 θ + 5cosθ
Q.3: Prove that,
8 tan θ − 56 tan3 θ + 56 tan5 θ − 8 tan7 θ
tan 8θ =
1 − 28 tan2 θ + 70 tan 4 θ − 28 tan 6 θ + tan8 θ
Q.4: Prove that:
sin 8θ
= 128 cos 7 θ − 192 cos 5 θ + 80 cos 3 θ − 8 cos θ
sin θ

Classical Algebra and Trigonometry (Block 2) 201

Unit 10 Expansion of Trigonometric Functions

10.5 EXPANSION OF sin α IN TERMS OF α (RADIANS )

We know that if n is a positive integer, then

3
 sin θ  nθ(nθ − θ)(nθ − 2θ)  sin θ 
sin nθ = nθ cosn−1 θ − cos n−3 θ  .....
 θ  2!  θ 
Let nθ = α and suppose that n increses without limit and θ decreases
in such a way that nθ = α remains constant, then
3
n −1  sin θ  α( α − θ)(α − 2θ)  sin θ 
sin α = α cos θ − cosn −3 θ  ........
 θ  2!  θ 
sin θ
Now, when θ → 0, → 1 and cos θ → 1.
θ
α3 α5
∴ sin α = α − + .......∞ .
3! 5!

10.6 EXPANSION cos α IN TERMS OF α (RADIANS)

We know that if n is a positive integer, then

n(n − 1) n(n − 1)(n − 2)(n − 3)
cosnθ = cosn θ − cosn−2 θ sin2 θ + cosn−4 θ sin4 θ − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
2! 4!
2 4
nθ (nθ − θ)  sinθ  nθ (nθ − θ)(nθ − 2θ)(nθ − 3θ)  sinθ 
= cosn θ − cosn−2 θ  + cosn−4 θ   − ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅
2!  θ  4 !  θ 
Let nθ = α and supose that n increases without limit and θ
decreases in such a way that nθ = α remains constant, then
2 4
α(α − θ)  sinθ  α(α − θ)(α − 2θ)(α − 3θ)  sinθ 
= cos θ −
n
cosn−2 θ   + cosn−4 θ  −⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅
2!  θ  4!  θ 
sin θ
Now when θ → 0, → 1and cos θ → 1
θ
α2 α4
∴ cos α = 1 − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅∞
2! 4!

10.7 EXPANSION OF tan α IN TERMS OF α (RADIANS),

α BEING SMALL

α3 α5
(α − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅)
sin α = 3! 5!
tan α = α2 α 4
cos α (1 − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅)
2! 4!
202 Classical Algebra and Trigonometry (Block 2)
Expansion of Trigonometric Functions Unit 10

α3 α5 α2 α 4
= (α − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅)(1 − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅)−1
6 120 2 24
−1
α3 α5  α2 α4 
= (α − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅)1 − ( − + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅)
6 120  2 24 

α3 α5  α2 α 4 α2 α4 
= (α − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅)1 + ( − ) + ( − )2 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
6 120  2 24 2 24 

α3 α5  α 2 5α 4 
= (α − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅)1 + + + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 
6 120  2 24 
α 3 2α 5
=α+ + + ⋅⋅⋅⋅
6 15

10.8 EXPANSION OF sin α

0

π
We know that 10 = radians
180
πα
∴ α = 180 radians
0

πα
Therefore sin α 0 = sin
180
3
πα 1  πα 
= −   + ⋅⋅⋅⋅
180 3!  180 

10.9 EXPANSION OF cos α

0

πα
cos α 0 = cos
180
2 4
1  πα  1  πα 
= 1−   +   − ⋅⋅⋅⋅
2!  180  4!  180 
sin θ 5765
Example 1: If = , Show that θ = 20 approximately.
θ 5766
5765
Solution: Here is nearly equal to 1.
5766
sin θ
= 1 (nearly), and so θ must be very small.
θ
θ3 θ5
We know that, sin θ = θ − + − ⋅⋅⋅⋅
3! 5!

Classical Algebra and Trigonometry (Block 2) 203

Unit 10 Expansion of Trigonometric Functions

θ3 θ 5
θ− + − ⋅⋅⋅⋅
sin θ 3! 5! 5765
= =
θ θ 5766

θ2 θ4 5765
or 1 − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ = .
6 120 5766
Neglecting powers of θ higher than θ 2 , we have
θ2 5765
1− =
6 5766
θ2 5765 1
or = 1− = .
6 5766 5766
1
or θ2 =
961
1
or θ = radians
31
1 180
or θ = × degrees
31 π
180 × 7
or θ = degrees
31× 22
= 1.84 degrees
θ = 20 nearly.
Example 2: Show that,

3  (3 2 − 1) 3 (3 4 − 1) 5 ( −1)n−1(3 2n − 1) 2n+1 
sin3 θ =  θ − θ + ⋅⋅⋅ + θ + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
4  3! 5! (2n + 1)! 
Solution: We know that, sin 3θ = 3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ
3 1 1
∴ sin θ = 4 sin θ − 4 sin 3θ = 4 (3 sin θ − sin 3θ)
3

1 θ3 θ5  ( 3θ )3 ( 3 θ )5 
= 3(θ − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅) − (3θ) − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
4 3 5!  3! 5! 

1 θ3 θ5 
= ( 3 θ − 3 θ ) − (3 − 3 3
) + (3 − 35 ) − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅)
4 3! 5! 

1  θ3 3 θ5 5 θ7 7 
=  (3 − 3) − (3 − 3) + (3 − 3) − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅)
4  3! 5! 7! 

3  θ3 2 θ5 4 θ7 7 
=  ( 3 − 1) − ( 3 − 1) + (3 − 1) − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅) .
4  3! 5! 7! 

204 Classical Algebra and Trigonometry (Block 2)

Expansion of Trigonometric Functions Unit 10

Example 2: Prove that,

5 4 3 2n − 1 θ 2n
sin2 θ cos θ = θ2 − θ + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + ( −1)n+1 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅∞
6 4 (2n)!
Solution: We have
1 1
sin2 θ cos θ = sin θ(2 sin θ cos θ) = sin θ sin 2θ
2 2
1 1
= (2 sin θ sin 2θ) = (cos θ − cos 3θ)
4 4

1  θ2 θ4 θ2n   (3θ)2 (3θ)4 (3θ)2n 

= 1− + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + (−1)n + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅∞ − 1− + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + (−1)2n + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅∞
4  2! 4! (2n)!   2! 4! (2n)! 

1  θ2 θ4 n θ
2n

= − (1 − 3 ) + (1 − 3 ) − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅∞ + ( −1)
2 4
(1 − 3 2n ) + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅∞ 
4  2! 4! (2n)! 

1  2 10 4 ( −1)n ( −1)(32n − 1)θ2n 

=  4θ − θ + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅∞ 
4 3 (2n)! 

5 ( −1)n+1(32n − 1)θ2n
= θ2 − θ 4 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ + + ⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅ ∞
6 4( 2n)!
2 4 6 8
Example 3: If x = − + − + ⋅⋅⋅⋅ ∞
1! 3! 5! 7!
2 2 3 25
and y = 1 + − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ∞ , then show that x = y .
2

1! 3! 5!
2 4 6 8
Solution: Given, x = − + − + ⋅⋅⋅⋅ ∞
1! 3! 5! 7!
1+ 1 3 + 1 5 + 1 7 + 1
= − + − + ⋅⋅⋅⋅ ∞
1! 3! 5! 7!
1 3 5 7  1 1 1 1 
=  − + − + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +  − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
 1! 3! 5! 7!   1! 3! 5! 7! 
 1 1 1  1 1 1 1 
= 1 − + − + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅  +  − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 
 2! 4! 6!   1! 3! 5! 7! 
= cos1 + sin1
2 23 25
and y = 1 + − − − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = 1+ sin 2
1! 3! 5!
∴ x 2 = (cos 1 + sin1)2 = cos 2 1 + sin2 1 + 2 sin1cos 1
= 1 + sin 2 = y
Thus, x = y
2

Classical Algebra and Trigonometry (Block 2) 205

Unit 10 Expansion of Trigonometric Functions

2 3 4
Example 4: Find the value of the series: 1 − + − ⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅ ∞
3 ! 5 ! 7!
Solution: The given series,
2 3 4
1− + − ⋅⋅⋅
3! 5! 7!
1 4 6 8 
= 2 − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
2  3! 5! 7! 
1 3 +1 5 +1 7 +1 
= 1+ 1− + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
2  3! 5! 7! 
1 3 5 7 1 1 1 
= (1 − + − ⋅ ⋅⋅) + (1 − + − + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅)
2 3! 5! 7! 3! 5! 7! 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
= (1 − + − + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅) + (1 − + − + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅)
2 2! 4! 6! 3! 5! 7! 
1
= (cos 1 + sin1)
2
1 1 1
= ( cos 1 + sin1)
2 2 2
1 π π
= (sin cos 1 + cos sin1)
2 4 4
1 π
= sin( + 1) .
2 4

CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

sin θ 2165
Q.5: If = , Show that θ is nearly equal
θ 2166
to 3 0 .
1681
Q.6: If cos θ = ,show that θ is nearly equal to 10.58 / .
1682
Q.7: Prove that,
1 3 θ3 θ5 θ7
sin θ = − (1 + 3 2 ) + (1 + 3 2 + 3 4 ) − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ∞ .
3 3! 5! 7!
Q.8: Prove that,
π2 π4 π6
− + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ = 1
2.4 2.4.6.8 2.4.6.8.10.12

206 Classical Algebra and Trigonometry (Block 2)

Expansion of Trigonometric Functions Unit 10

10.10 LET US SUM UP

l We derive some important deductions from De-

Moivre’s theorem. These deductions are
a) Expansions of cos nθ and sin nθ in powers of cos θ and sin θ
( θ being a positive integer).
b) Expansion of tan nθ in powers of tan θ .
c) Expansions of sin θ and cos θ in series of powers of θ .
d) Expansions of sinθ0 and cos θ .
0

e) Expansion of tan θ in powers of θ .

10.11 ANSWERS TO CHECK YOUR PROGRESS

Ans. to Q. No. 1: We have, cos 8θ + i sin 8θ = (cos θ + i sin θ )8

(By DeMovire’s theorem)
= cos θ + i C1 cos θ sinθ + i2 8 C2 cos6 θ sin2 θ + i3 8 C3 cos5 θ sin3 θ + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +i8 sin8 θ
8 8 7

Equating the real parts, we have

cos 8θ = cos 8 θ− 8 C 2 cos 6 θ sin2 θ+ 8 C 4 cos 4 θ sin 4 θ− 8 C 6 cos 2 θ sin6 θ + sin8 θ
Ans. to Q. No. 2: We have cos 5θ + i sin 5θ = (cos θ + i sin θ )
5

= cos5 θ + i5 cos4 θ sin θ + i210 cos3 θ sin2 θ + i310 cos2 θ sin3 θ + i4 .5 cos θ sin4 θ + i5 sin5 θ
Equating real parts, we get
cos 5θ = cos 5 θ − 10 cos 3 θ sin 2 θ + 5 cos θ sin 4 θ
= cos 5 θ − 10 cos 3 θ(1 − cos 2 θ) + 5 cos θ(1 − cos 2 θ)2
= cos 5 θ − 10 cos 3 θ + 10 cos 5 θ + 5 cos θ − 10 cos 3 θ + 5 cos 5 θ
= 16 cos 5 θ − 20 cos 3 θ + 5 cos θ
Ans. to Q. No. 3: We know that
n
C1 tan θ−n C3 tan3 θ+ n C5 tan5 θ − ........
tan nθ =
1−n C 2 tan2 θ+ n C 4 tan 4 θ − ........
Now putting n = 8 , we get the required result.
Ans. to Q. No. 4: First we find expansion of sin 8θ in terms of sin θ and
cos θ then dividing both sides by sin θ . We get the required result.

Classical Algebra and Trigonometry (Block 2) 207

Unit 10 Expansion of Trigonometric Functions

sin θ 2165
Ans. to Q. No. 5: Given = which is nearly equal to 1. So that
θ 2166
we take θ to be very small. Then in the series for sin θ , we neglect
higher powers of θ .
θ3
∴ sin θ = θ −
3!
sin θ θ2
or = 1−
θ 6
θ2 2165
or = 1−
6 2166

or θ2 = 6 1
=
2166 361
1
or θ = radian = 30 nearly
19
Ans. to Q. No. 6: Try to solve yourself.
Ans. to Q. No. 7: We know that sin 3θ = 3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ
3 1
∴ sin3 θ = sin θ − sin 3θ
4 4

3 θ3 θ5  1 3 3 θ3 3 5 θ5 3 7 θ7 
=  θ − + + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅  −  3θ − + − + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 
4 3! 5!  4 3! 5! 7! 

3 3 − 3 3 35 − 3 5 37 − 3 7
= .θ − .θ + .θ − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
4.3! 4.5! 4.7!

=
( ) (
3  32 − 1 3 3 4 − 1 5 36 − 1 7
.θ − .θ +
) 
.θ − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
( )

4  3! 5! 7! 

=
(
3 32 − 1 )  θ − (3
3
2
).θ5! + (3
+1
5
4
)θ7! − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
+ 32 + 1
7


4  3! 
Hence the result.
α2 α4 α6
Ans. to Q. No. 8: We know that cos α = 1 − + − + ⋅⋅⋅⋅
2! 4! 6!
π π π2 π4 π6
If α = , we have cos = 1 − 2 + 4 − 6 + ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
2 2 2 2! 2 4! 2 6!
π2 π4 π6
or 0 = 1 − + − + ⋅⋅⋅⋅
2.4 2.4.6.8 2.4.6.8.10.12
Θ 22 (2!) = (2.2)(1.2) = 2.4

208 Classical Algebra and Trigonometry (Block 2)

Expansion of Trigonometric Functions Unit 10

2 4 4! = (2.2.2.2)(4.3.2.1) = 2.4.6.8
π2 π4 π6
or − + − ⋅ ⋅ ⋅⋅ = 1
2.4 2.4.6.8 2.4.6.8.10.12
Hence the result.

10.12 FURTHER READING

1) P. McKeague, Charles & D. Turner, Mark; Trigonometry; 7th Edition.

2) Raisinghaina, M. D. S.; Chand’s Simplified Course in Trigonometry.
3) G. Zill, Dennis, M. Dewar, Jacqueline; Algebra and Trigonometry,
3rd Edition.

10.13 MODEL QUESTIONS

Q.1: Prove that,

sin 6θ = 6 cos 5 θ sin θ − 20 cos 3 θ sin3 θ + 6 cos θ sin5 θ
Q.2: Prove that,
8 tan θ − 56 tan3 θ + 56 tan5 θ − 8 tan7 θ
tan 8θ = .
1 − 28 tan2 θ + 70 tan 4 θ − 28 tan 6 θ + tan8 θ
sin θ 863
Q.3: If = , Show that θ is nearly 40 47 / .
θ 864
1 42
Q.4: If tan θ = , Show that θ is nearly degrees.
15 11

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Classical Algebra and Trigonometry (Block 2) 209