3/21/2019 Experiment No #01

Group No #09

Submitted to:
Dr. Yasir Qayyum Gill
Muhammad Mohsin
2018-PE-100
Table of Contents:
Objective…………………………………………………………………………...........02

Abstract……………………………….…………………………………………….…....02

Introduction….............................................................................................................02-04

Specimen…………………………………………………………………………………04

Procedure…………………………………………………………………………….04-05

Precaution……………………………………………………………………………05-06

Observation and Calculation……………………………………………………….06-07

Discussion……………………………………………………………………………….08

Conclusion and Result………………………………………………………………08-10

Reference………………………………………………………………………………..10

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 Impact Tester

Objective:
To determine the impact strength of different plastic sheets (PET, LDPE, PP and HDPE) through
falling ball impact tester.

Abstract:
ASTM D 5420
It is an impact tester machine, which helps us to know, is there the material we using is strong enough
to bear the impacts, which have been applied on it.
We had given four types of specimen (HDPP, LDPP, PP, and PET). We have had to test these
materials with the help of impact tester by following the given instructions, the materials which we had
given been tested and we observed and calculate the failure energy by the formula of P.E = mgh, we
have also noted down the height, the diameter

Introduction:
When two objects collide, damage often done to one
or other of them. How well something resists damage
called its impact resistance. An impact test measures
how much energy is absorbed when an object
fractures or breaks under a high speed collision

It is an important property. The safety of many

consumer products depends on their resistance to
breaking.
This apparatus has been used to check the impact
bearing property or the hardness of a material, how
long it could bear a load our sudden impact.

 Hardness:
Hardness is the ability of material to
resists against plastic deformation indentation or
abrasion.
Hardness of a body depends upon the strong intermolecular bonds, ductility, plasticity, strain,
strength, toughness, viscosity, and elastic stiffness.
 Toughness:
Toughness is the property of a material to withstand sudden impact on it. As the
material is soft, its toughness increases and vice versa.

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 Toughness is depending on the materials internal structure how the grains align with each other.
Toughness of a body is directly relation with elasticity if the elasticity of material is high it means
it is a tough material.
Tough material is also a flexible material. It is not strong, strength of the material decrease with
increase in the toughness. As the energy of impact is high, the toughness of that body also high and
if the impact energy is low, the toughness is low.

 Strength:
The ability of a material to withstand physical load without breakage/failure or plastic
deformation.
Strength of a material depends on the thickness of that material if its thickness high its increases but
also increases the weight, which can makes a flaw in the material.

About Impact Tester:

It consists of a height measuring scale where the scales from (0 to 1000) cm, a
weight is inside the iron body which can freely move up and downward and can be set at any height with
the help of a clipper which holds the weight at any point. There is a sphere indenter is sated, at which
the weight comes and strike and it’s create and affect the specimen putted under it for examination. As
we increases the height of the weight the potential energy going to store on it as we let the weight to fall
free it’s all potential energy going to transfer in to the specimen as kinetic energy and the free falling
makes a great impact and from the impact we can find how tough and impact resistant our specimen.

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 1. Guide Tube
2. Base Plate Assembly
3. Die
4. Weight 4lb
5. Weight Lifting Pin
6. Base Plate Assembly
7. Punch 15.9mm
8. Punch 12.7mm
9. Lifting Pin to release Punch
10. Release Collar
11. Release Collar
12. Release Collar
13. Base Plate Assembly
14. Weight

Specimens:
1) High Density Polypropylene (HDPP)
2) Low Density Polypropylene (LDPP)
3) Polypropylene (PP)
4) Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)

Procedure:
 Check how much weight we are using before starting the experiment. Note it down.
 Measure the thickness of the specimens you have with the thickness-measuring device.
 Cut the specimen in a manner that it will fitted on the die.
 Now Rise the weight and place it at a certain height with the help of weight lifting pin.
 Hold up the punch and put the specimen under it on the die in a manner that the punch
strike its center when the weight is releases.
 Now be carefully slide the weight lifting pin, release the weight, and let it strike the
punch.
 Rise the weight again and fit it again on a certain height with the help of weight lifting
pin.
 Hold up the punch and remove the specimen from the die.
 Now check how many indents are produces, count it, and note it down, also write the
height on tested specimen at a side.
 Repeat the experiment repeatedly until you did not get the point where the test specimen
show failure between two-indentation points.
 Calculate the diameter and the length of the indentation and find its impact resistance.

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Tested Specimens:

Precaution:
Follow these steps while you are performing this experiment.
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  Do not put your hands under the tube when the weight is raised.
 Do not perform the experiment while placing the apparatus on table or such other thing which
create more noise try to perform it at open place where no one get disrupt.
 Always wear lab coat and closed shoes while you are in the premises of the practical lab.
 Keep a safe distance while observation and perform the experiment from the front side while
facing the apparatus.

Observations and Calculation:

Thickness
1) High Density Polypropylene (HDPP) = 0.29mm
2) Low Density Polypropylene (LDPP) = 1.91mm
3) Polypropylene (PP) = 1.34mm
4) Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) = 1.18mm

Tested Height
PP Indentations HDP Indentations LDP Indentations PET Indentations
500mm No one 500mm No one 500mm Complete 600mm 5
Failure
700mm No one 800mm No one 300mm Failure 700mm 5
800mm No one 900mm No one 100mm Failure 800mm 4
900mm No one 1000mm No one 50mm No impact 810mm 5
1000mm No one 819mm 4 (Breakage
point)
820mm Failure

P = mgh
m = Mass of dropped weight
g = Gravitational acceleration
h = Height from which weight is dropped

Energy of Failure = P =mgh

For PP:
1) P.E=(1.81kg)(9.8m/s2)(0.5m)
= 8.8kgm2/s2
= 8.8Nm
2) P.E=(1.81kg)(9.8m/s2)(0.7m)
=12.4 Nm
3) P.E=(1.81kg)(9.8m/s2)(0.8m)
=14.12Nm
4) P.E=(1.8)(9.8)(0.9m)
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 =15.87Nm
5) P.E=(1.8)(9.8)(1m)
=17.64Nm

For HDPP:
1) P.E=(1.81kg)(9.8m/s2)(0.5m)
= 8.8kgm2/s2
= 8.8Nm
2) P.E=(1.81kg)(9.8m/s2)(0.8m)
=14.12Nm
3) P.E=(1.8)(9.8)(0.9)
=15.87Nm
4) P.E=(1.8)(9.8)(1)
=17.64Nm

For LDPP:
1) P.E=(1.81kg)(9.8m/s2)(0.5m)
= 8.8kgm2/s2
2) P.E=(1.81kg)(9.8m/s2)(0.3m)
=5.2Nm
3) P.E=(1.81kg)(9.8m/s2)(0.1m)
=1.76Nm
4) P.E=(1.81kg)(9.8m/s2)(0.05m)
=0.882Nm

For PET:
1) P.E=(1.81kg)(9.8m/s2)(0.6m)
=10.5Nm
2) P.E=(1.81kg)(9.8m/s2)(0.7m)
=12.3Nm
3) P.E=(1.81kg)(9.8m/s2)(0.8m)
=14.1Nm
4) P.E=(1.81kg)(9.8m/s2)(0.810m)
=14.36Nm
5) P.E=(1.81kg)(9.8m/s2)(0.819m)
=14.52Nm
6) P.E=(1.81kg)(9.8m/s2)(0.820m)
=14.54Nm

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Discussions:
In this experiment, we have determined the impact resistance of different specimen; the
results are different in ever performance. During the test we have observed, some errors in the results.
It may happen just because of our inexperience and due to the error in the apparatus thus
there are, some loses due to the friction of the weight with the rod, and finally we have calculated the
estimate result by repeatedly performing the experiment.

Conclusion and Results:

The experiment we have performed on different specimen gives us
different result some materials shows high impact resistance and some materials fails to bare the impact
we produce.
The result for the (PET) specimen at where it shows the breakage is at the height of 819mm and with the
failure energy of 14.92Nm.
The result of the (HDPP) specimen that it does not shows any breakage or any indentation at the
maximum height of 1m. However, the place of impact turns into opaque and become hard.
Same for the (PP) specimen it also did not shows any breakage or indentation at the maximum height of
1m.
The result of the (LDPP) specimen is, it’s did not shows any impact resistance at the points like (500mm,
300mm, 100mm) this fails to show an impact resistance at any point near to this and the failure energy
of these points are ( 8.8Nm, 5.2Nm and 1.76Nm).

Charpy Test:
The Charpy test is a dynamic test in which a test piece U-notched or V-notched in the middle and
supported at each end, is broken by a single blow of a freely swinging pendulum. The energy absorbed
is measured. This absorbed energy is a measure of the impact strength of material.

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Izod Test:
The Izod impact test is a dynamic test in which a test piece V-notched test piece, gripped vertically, is
broken by a single blow of a freely swinging pendulum. The blow is struck on the same face as the notch
and at the fixed height above it. The energy absorbed is measured. This absorbed energy is a measure of
the impact strength of material.

Falling Weight Impact Tester:

A mass is dropped vertically on to a test specimen. A tube or rails are
used to guide the falling mass. Since the mass either stops dead on the specimen or breaks it, the test was
essentially pass/fail. However, the energy absorbed by a specimen when it breaks can be estimated. The
mass is dropped from increasing heights until the specimen fractures or breaks further tests are carried
out on other samples to get value that is more accurate. This can involve anything up to 100 test samples.
Both the mass and the drop height can be varied. The impact energy is the kinetic energy of the mass at
impact. The energy absorbed by the test specimen is the impact energy required to just fracture or break
the specimen.

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Falling Ball Impact Tester:
Depending upon the expected impact strength of the test sample, either
Method A or Method B is chosen: Method A: 38 mm diameter dart dropped from 0.66 m Method B:
51 mm diameter dart dropped from 1.5 m A number of test samples are tested to determine a suitable
dropping height for the dart. The test specimen is clamped in a pneumatic ring at the base of the drop
tower. The dart is clamped at the dropping height and then released to drop onto the center of the test
specimen. The drop weight and the test result (pass/fail) are recorded. Data are analyzed using the
‘Bruceton Staircase’ method. A series of 20 to 25 impacts are conducted. If a test specimen passes, one
unit increases the drop weight. If a test specimen fails, one unit decreases the drop weight. From these
tests, the impact failure mass (g) the point at which 50% of the test specimens will fail under the impact
is calculated.

References:
 me.aut.ac.ir/staff/solidmechanics/alizadeh/Impact%20Test.htm

 https://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/sites/default/files/09_Impact_testing.pdf

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