UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA

POLYGENERATION SYSTEM RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY

WITH DESALINATION

Report Assignment 1
GROUP 17

GROUP PERSONNEL:
MOHAMAD IRFAN WIBISONO (1606907921)
MUHAMMAD ALIM RAFI (1606871423)
NADIA SALSABILA (1606907934)
NAUFAL FARRAS AHADAN (1606871505)
PATRICK LAMBOK HASIBUAN (1606907764)

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ENGINEERING FACULTY
UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA
OCTOBER 2019
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Water is one of the most important natural resource on earth. Water covers 70%
of our planet which it is an abundant amount. However, 97% of water is comprised by
saline water which is 3% of the rest is fresh water. This leaves the global accessible
fresh water only less than 1%. Therefore, water scarcity becomes a worldwide issue,
include for the tropical countries. Water scarcity occurs when water demand nears or
exceeds water supply. The global population is expected to reach about 9.3 billion
people by 2050. This growth will increase urban areas and the need of drinking water,
food, energy, and other goods and services.
Desalination of sea or brackish water is the most feasible solution to overcome
this challenge. The reclaimed water from waste water can be used for irrigation, cooling
water and other industrial applications. Since the projected industrial and irrigation
requirements would be far exceeding that of domestic requirements, recycle and reuse
of waste effluents apart from desalination make enormous sense for future water
management. The two main commercial desalination technologies are those based on
thermal and membrane processes. Thermal processes, except freezing, mimic the
natural process of producing rain. Saline water is heated, producing water vapor that in
turn condenses to form distilled water. These processes include multi-stage flash
(MSF), multiple-effect distillation (MED), vapor compression (VC). Membrane
desalination uses membranes to separate fresh water from saline feed water. Feed water
is brought to the surface of a membrane which selectively passes water and excludes
salts. These processes include reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis (ED).
In the reverse osmosis process, the seawater pressure is increased above the
osmotic pressure, thus allowing the desalinated water to pass through the semi-
permeable membranes, leaving the solid salt particles behind. Electrodialysis (ED) is a
membrane process during which ions are transported through semi permeable
membrane, under the influence of an electric potential.
Solar panels convert the sun’s light into usable solar energy using N-type and
P-type semiconductor material. There are two main types of solar energy technologies

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that have been developed to take advantage of, those are photovoltaic (PV) and
concentrating solar power (CSP). However, wind is a more efficient power source than
solar. Compared to solar panels, wind turbines release less CO2 to the atmosphere,
consume less energy, and produce more energy overall.
Indonesia has many locations that potentially good to obtain solar energy. In
general, solar energy potential in Indonesia is distinguished into two different areas,
which are the western and the eastern. Other energy source used for desalination plant
is wind energy. Indonesia has many locations that potentially good to obtain wind
energy. that Sumba island has potential wind energy because it has great wind speed
and solar irradiation. To maximize the energy potential, the water desalination plant
will have a power source from solar PV and wind energy. The most suitable location
for our water desalination plant is in the upper region of Waingapu because it is located
new the sea which is also near to the raw material and has abundant of solar and wind
energy. solar energy power in East Nusa Tenggara is about 355 kWh in wet season and
466 kWh in dry season and has fast wind speed around 5.84 m/s which could product
10 MW electric power capacity.
The total demand clean water in Sumba island is 60,588 m3/person/day. The
market share of the production in this plant assumed by 20% of the total demand clean
water in Sumba island. So, the production capacity of the desalinated water is 27,778
m3/day. The electricity power needs for desalination plant is about 3.5 kWh/ m3. So,
the electric power needs for desalination plant per day is 97,223 kWh/day.
The filtration units used in Seawater Desalination are microfilter, ultrafilter, and
reverse osmosis. For the power plant, the main process includes photovoltaic solar
power (for solar energy) and wind generator (for wind energy), charge controller,
battery storage, and inverter.
The sea water intake temperature range is estimated between 25 – 28oC, a
standard sea water level temperature. After the process, the brine and the product
temperature are increased by +2oC which is in the range from 26.5 – 30.5oC. The
change of temperature is not significant enough to need a heat exchanger unit. Finally,
the conclusion is that the plant does not require a heat exchanger unit for the process.

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 LIST OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY......................................................................................... ii
LIST OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................... iv
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... vii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................... 1
1.1. Background ........................................................................................................ 1
1.2. Literature Review ............................................................................................... 2
1.2.1. Desalination................................................................................................. 2
1.2.2. Renewable Energy ...................................................................................... 8
1.3. Analysis ............................................................................................................ 12
1.3.1. Raw Material Analysis .............................................................................. 12
1.3.2. Location Analysis...................................................................................... 15
1.3.3. Market Analysis ........................................................................................ 19
CHAPTER 2 PROCESS SYNTHESIS ................................................................... 22
2.1. Process Synthesis ............................................................................................. 22
2.2. Process Selection .............................................................................................. 23
2.2.1. Process Route Selection ............................................................................ 23
2.2.2. Energy Needs in The Process Desalination with Various Technologies .. 23
2.2.3. The Combination and Economic Value of Desalination with Renewable
Energy ................................................................................................................. 25
2.2.4. Fresh Water and Renewable Electricity Production ................................. 26
2.3. Solar PV - Wind Renewable Energy System ................................................... 28
2.3.1. Wind Turbine Generator ........................................................................... 29
2.3.2. Photovoltaic Solar Panel ........................................................................... 31
2.3.3. Charge Controller ...................................................................................... 32
2.3.4. Battery Storage .......................................................................................... 32
2.3.5. Inverter ...................................................................................................... 32
2.4. Reverse Osmosis Desalination Technology ..................................................... 33
2.4.1. Sea Water Intake Screen ........................................................................... 33
2.4.2. Micro Filtration – Ultra Filtration ............................................................. 34

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 2.4.4. Pressure Exchanger ................................................................................... 35
2.5. Block Flow Diagram ........................................................................................ 36
2.6. Process Flow Diagram ..................................................................................... 37
CHAPTER 3 MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE .................................................. 39
3.1. Process Simulation ........................................................................................... 39
3.2. Mass Balance ................................................................................................... 39
3.2.1. Mass Balance of Each Process .................................................................. 42
3.1.2. Overall Mass Balance ............................................................................... 55
3.3. Energy Balance ................................................................................................ 60
CHAPTER 4 HEAT EXCHANGER NETWORK ANALYSIS ........................... 61
CHAPTER 5 UTILITY ............................................................................................ 62
5.1. Added Chemicals ............................................................................................. 62
5.1.1. Anti-scalants .............................................................................................. 62
5.2. Battery .............................................................................................................. 63
5.3. Pump ................................................................................................................ 66
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION .................................................................................. 69
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 70

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Schematic Diagram of Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) Process ......................... 3

Figure 1.2 Schematic Diagram of Multi-Effect Distillation (MED) Process ............... 5
Figure 1.3 Schematic Diagram of Vapour Compression (VC) Process ....................... 6
Figure 1.4 Schematic Diagram of MED-TVC Process ................................................ 6
Figure 1.5 Schematic Diagram of Reverse Osmosis Process....................................... 7
Figure 1.6 Sea Water Content .................................................................................... 13
Figure 1.7 Profile of estimated solar energy potential in Indonesia (a) wet and (b) dry
season .......................................................................................................................... 14
Figure 1.8 Profile of estimated wind speed in Indonesia ........................................... 15
Figure 1.9 Plant Location ........................................................................................... 16
Figure 1.10 Clean Water Access in Several Areas..................................................... 16
Figure 1.11 Electrification Ratio Access in Several Areas ........................................ 17
Figure 1.12 Water Desalination Plant Location ......................................................... 19
Figure 2.1 Process Black Box .................................................................................... 22
Figure 2.2 Wind Turbine Generator Parts .................................................................. 29
Figure 2.3 Solar Module Backsheet Structure ........................................................... 31
Figure 2.4 Reverse Osmosis Desalination Process .................................................... 33
Figure 2.5 Passive Screen Seawater Intake ................................................................ 34
Figure 2.6 Pressure Exchanger ................................................................................... 35
Figure 2.7 Plant Block Flow Diagram ....................................................................... 36
Figure 2.8 Power Generation Process Flow Diagram ................................................ 37
Figure 2.9 RO Desalination Process Flow Diagram .................................................. 38
Figure 3.1 PSD of the Process for Mass Balance ....................................................... 39
Figure 3.2 Sea Water Intake Pump PSD .................................................................... 42
Figure 3.3 Microfilter PSD ........................................................................................ 43
Figure 3.4 Chemical Injection PSD............................................................................ 45
Figure 3.5 Ultra Filter PSD ........................................................................................ 46
Figure 3.6 Sea Water Splitting PSD ........................................................................... 47
Figure 3.7 HP Pump PSD........................................................................................... 49
Figure 3.8 Pressure Exchanger PSD .......................................................................... 50
Figure 3.9 Booster Pump PSD ................................................................................... 52
Figure 3.10 Reverse Osmosis PSD ............................................................................ 53
Figure 5.1 Chemical Injection Control System .......................................................... 63
Figure 5.2 Types of Battery Comparison ................................................................... 65
Figure 5.3 LG Lithium Battery RESU10 ................................................................... 66
Figure 5.4 Submersible Pump for Sea Water Intake .................................................. 67
Figure 5.5 High – Pressure Pump for RO Membrane ................................................ 68
Figure 5.6 Booster Pump for Energy Recovery ......................................................... 68

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1 Solar Potential Energy During The Wet and The Dry Season ................... 18
Table 1.2 Population in Sumba Island from 2014-2016 ............................................ 20
Table 1.3 Calculation of The Population in Sumba Island from 2019-2032.............. 20
Table 2.1 Desalination Technology Comparison ....................................................... 24
Table 2.2 Average Cost of Water Treatment with Desalination Process ................... 25
Table 2.3 Energy Needs and Production Costs .......................................................... 26
Table 2.4 Alternative Process Scoring ....................................................................... 27
Table 2.5 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Turbine Types .................... 30
Table 2.6 The Advantages and Disadvantages of SolarPanel Types ......................... 32
Table 3.1 Clean Water Standard Composition ........................................................... 39
Table 3.2 Permeate Fraction and Salt Rejection Calculation ..................................... 41
Table 3.3 Sea Water Composition .............................................................................. 42
Table 3.4 Sea Water Intake Pump Mass Balance ....................................................... 43
Table 3.5 Micro Filter Mass Balance ......................................................................... 44
Table 3.6 Chemical Injection Mass Balance .............................................................. 45
Table 3.7 Ultrafilter Mass Balance ............................................................................. 47
Table 3.8 Sea Water Splitting Mass Balance ............................................................. 48
Table 3.9 HP Pump Mass Balance ............................................................................. 49
Table 3.10 Pressure Exchanger Mass Balance ........................................................... 51
Table 3.11 Booster Pump Mass Balance .................................................................... 52
Table 3.12 Reverse Osmosis Mass Balance ............................................................... 53
Table 3.13 Overall Mass Balance ............................................................................... 56
Table 3.14 Energy Needed for Desalination Plant ..................................................... 60
Table 3.15 Energy Balance ........................................................................................ 60
Table 5.1 Chemical Injection Control System ........................................................... 65
Table 5.2 Submersible Pump Specifications .............................................................. 66
Table 5.3 High – Pressure Pump Specifications ........................................................ 67
Table 5.4 Booster Pump Specifications ..................................................................... 68

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 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background
Water is one of the most important natural resource on earth. Water covers 70%
of our planet which it is an abundant amount. However, 97% of water is comprised by
saline water which is 3% of the rest is fresh water. Moreover, almost 67% of the fresh
water is inaccessible since it is in the form of ice and snow in the Antarctic, arctic island
and mountainous regions. This leaves the global accessible fresh water only less than
1%.
Water scarcity becomes a worldwide issue, include for the tropical countries.
Water scarcity occurs when water demand nears or exceeds water supply. The global
population is expected to reach about 9.3 billion people by 2050. This growth will
increase urban areas and the need of drinking water, food, energy, and other goods and
services. Agricultural is a significant cause of water scarcity which is expected to
increase 20% by 2050 and the increasing in demand will occur particularly in countries
undergoing accelerated economic growth and social development such as Brazil,
Russia, India, Indonesia, China, and South Africa.
The relationship between water, energy, agriculture, and climate is as import as
it is complex. Climate change has the potential to top out of balance the relatively stable
climate in which civilization has been built and jeopardize the security of water, food,
and energy systems.
In fact, water resources in Indonesia represent nearly six percent of the world’s
freshwater resources and about 21 percent of total water resources in the Asia-Pacific
region, or more than two trillion cubic meters of natural renewable water per year. So,
statistically speaking, Indonesia is not a water-scarce nation. However, the availability
of more than the above-mentioned amount of natural renewable water has its own
challenge as the water resources are unequally distributed among the islands and the
availability is not parallel with population distribution.

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1.2. Literature Review

1.2.1. Desalination
Desalination of sea or brackish water is the most feasible solution to overcome
this challenge in these areas. Different water desalination technologies are presently
used such as multi-effect desalination, multi-stage flash desalination, vapor
compression, reverse osmosis, and electrodialysis.
In the last few decades, due to large energy consumption in commercial
desalination processes and its impact on environment, an urge for the development of
efficient energy saving desalination systems have been proposed by researchers. As a
consequence of rising cost of electricity and global warming, alternative and renewable
energy sources are receiving much attention.
1.2.1.1 Thermal Desalination
Desalination refers to the process by which pure water is recovered from saline
water using different forms of energy. Saline water is classified as either brackish water
or sea water depending on the salinity and water source. Desalination produces two
streams which are freshwater and a more concentrated stream (brine).
Sea water, brackish water and fresh water have different levels of salinity,
which is often expressed by the total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration. Water is
considered potable when its TDS is below 500 mg/L. Sea water has a TDS of about
35,000 mg/L and brackish water has a TDS between that of potable water and sea
water. Waste water is another category containing dissolved salts mostly in the low
brackish level. The reclaimed water from waste water can be used for irrigation,
cooling water and other industrial applications. Since the projected industrial and
irrigation requirements would be far exceeding that of domestic requirements, recycle
and reuse of waste effluents apart from desalination make enormous sense for future
water management.
The two main commercial desalination technologies are those based on thermal
and membrane processes. Thermal processes, except freezing, mimic the natural
process of producing rain. Saline water is heated, producing water vapor that in turn
condenses to form distilled water. These processes include multi-stage flash (MSF),

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multiple-effect distillation (MED), vapor compression (VC) and low temperature

evaporation (LTE). In all these processes, condensing steam is used to supply the latent
heat needed to vaporize the water. Owing to their high energy requirements, thermal
processes are normally used for sea water desalination. Thermal process are capable of
producing high purity water and suited for industrial process applications. Thermal
processes account 55% of the total production and their unit capacities are higher
compared to membrane process.
• Multi Stage Flash (MSF) Process
The basic principle involved in the MSF process is to heat the sea water to about
90oC until 120oC using the heat of condensation of the vapor produced and
supplementing with external steam. The heated sea water is subsequently flashed in
successive stages maintained at decreasing levels of pressure. The vapor produced is
condensed and recovered as pure water. MSF can accept higher contaminant loading
(suspended solids, heavy metals, oil, grease, COD, BOD etc.) in feed sea water. It is
capable of producing distilled quality product water for power plants, process
industries and several other high purity applications.

Figure 1.1 Schematic Diagram of Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) Process

(Source: http://www.sidem-desalination.com)

In an MSF plant, saline water is heated in a vessel (brine heater) by condensing

steam on the tubes carrying the water. The heated saline water flows into the following
vessel (stage) where the ambient pressure is lowered and causes the water to boil

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immediately, flashing into steam until the brine has reached its saturation temperature.
This procedure takes place in all following stages at decreasing temperature and
decreasing pressure. The vapor released in the stages by flashing are passed through
demisters and condensed to fresh water on the outside surface of heat exchanger tube
bundles, which run through the stages and carry internally the saline water. At the same
time this allows a stepwise, stage to stage preheating of the saline water, reducing the
necessary thermal energy in the brine heater. The condensate produced in the stage is
the source of the desalinated product water (distillate).
The MSF desalination process is mainly applied for large scale thermal
desalination plants where thermal energy in the form of low-pressure steam is
available. The MSF desalination process is commonly operating at temperatures up to
115oC with high efficiency which leads to low energy consumption.
• Multi Effect Distillation (MED)
Multi effect distillation (MED) plant has two or more stages that each of its stage
operates at a lower temperature and pressure in which vapor from each vessel is
condensed in the following vessel and vaporized again at reduced ambient pressure.
The first stage of MED system which is kept at low temperature, external heat is
supplied to increase the brine temperature to around 70oC. The vapor is then transferred
through a tube to the second stage vessel and the process repeats in series. Vapor are
generated from the sea water in the first stage and directed to the next stage which
means vapor from the previous stage serves as the heat source to evaporate the brine
water.
Low temperature MED unit operates at about 65oC and therefore allows the use
of cheaper materials of construction due to less scaling and corrosion problems. MED
is capable of producing pure distilled water similar to MSF. The possibility of low
temperature operation, low grade heat and waste heat utilization, low cooling water
requirement and low energy consumption have made MED an attractive alternative in
recent years for sea water desalination.

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Figure 1.2 Schematic Diagram of Multi-Effect Distillation (MED) Process

(Source: http://www.sidem-desalination.com)

The MED plant consists of several vessels (stages), each being equipped with
heat exchanger tube bundles and devices for transporting the vapor and fluids to the
following stage. Saline water is sprayed onto the tubes which are heated from inside
by condensing steam. The first stage is heated by external steam and the following
stages are heated by the steam produced in each preceding stage. The released
condensation heat causes partial evaporation of the liquid on the outside of the tubes.
The condensate of the first stage is recycled to the steam generation system. The
condensate of the following stages and the final condenser is the source of desalinated
product water. This system also has some advantages which are low corrosion risk, low
scaling risk, low thermal energy consumption and low operating cost.
• Vapor Compression
Vapor compression is a process in which the heat for water evaporation is derived
from compression instead of direct heating. The feed water enters through a heat
exchanger and vapor is generated in the evaporator. Subsequently, the vapor is
compressed either by mechanical (MVC) or thermal means (TVC). The compression
increases the vapor’s temperature so that it serves as the heat source for the evaporator.
The brine flow is also split with a portion being mixed with the incoming feed water.
This system production capacity typical range is between 100 and 3000 m3/day.

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Figure 1.3 Schematic Diagram of Vapour Compression (VC) Process

(Source: http://www.sidem-desalination.com)

Vapor Compression system is often combined with other processes such as MED
to improve the overall efficiency. The MED-TVC (Multi Effect Distillation – Thermal
Vapor Compression) system uses the heat for evaporating the water from thermal
compression of steam in a thermo-compressor. This system process is normally used
for small to large scale thermal desalination plants where thermal energy is in the form
of medium pressure steam.

Figure 1.4 Schematic Diagram of MED-TVC Process

(Source: http://www.sidem-desalination.com)

As for the MED process, the MED-TVC plant consists of several vessels (stages),
each being equipped with heat exchanger tube bundles. The first stage is heated by
steam from the thermo-compressor, where an ejector using medium pressure steam
recompresses a part of the vapor produced from the last stage. The steam produced in
each stage heats up the tubes in following stages. The condensate of the first stage is

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recycled to the steam generation system and the condensate of the following stages and
the final condenser is the source of the desalinated product.
1.2.1.2. Membrane Desalination
Membrane desalination uses membranes to separate fresh water from saline feed
water. Feed water is brought to the surface of a membrane which selectively passes
water and excludes salts.
• Reverse Osmosis (RO)
The seawater pressure is increased above the osmotic pressure, thus allowing the
desalinated water to pass through the semi-permeable membranes, leaving the solid
salt particles behind (Figure 4). The RO plants are very sensitive to the feed-water
quality (salinity, turbidity, temperature), while other distillation technologies are not so
demanding in this respect. High-salinity and high-temperature feed water can limit the
osmosis process as they affect the osmosis pressure, requiring more energy. High-
turbidity feed water can cause fouling where membrane pores are clogged with
suspended solids. Typical seawater salinity seawater salinity which is suited to RO
systems is around 35,000 ppm of dissolved solids contents. RO desalination is also
suited and used for small-scale plants in rural areas or islands where there is no other
water supply available.

Figure 1.5 Schematic Diagram of Reverse Osmosis Process

(Source: https://www.indiamart.com)

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• Electrodialysis (ED)
Electrodialysis (ED) I a membrane process, during which ions are transported
through semi permeable membrane, under the influence of an electric potential. The
membranes are cation or anion selective, which basically means that either positive
ions or negative ions will flow through. Cation-selective membranes are
polyelectrolytes with negatively charged matter, which rejects negatively charged ions
and allows positively charged ions to flow through.
By placing multiple membranes in a row, which alternately allow positively or
negatively charged ions will flow through, the ions can be removed from wastewater.
In some columns concentration of ions will take place and in other columns ions will
be removed. The concentrated saltwater flow is circulated until it has reached a value
that enables precipitation. At this point the flow is discharged. This technique can be
applied to remove ions from water. Particles that do not carry an electrical charge are
not removed.
Cation-selective membranes consist of sulphonated polystyrene, while anion-
selective membranes consist of polystyrene with quaternary ammonia. Sometimes pre-
treatment is necessary before the electrodialysis can take place. Suspended solids with
a diameter that exceeds 10 μm need to be removed, or else they will plug the membrane
pores. There are also substances that are able to neutralize a membrane, such as large
organic anions, colloids, iron oxides and manganese oxide. These disturb the selective
effect of the membrane. Pre-treatment methods, which aid the prevention of these
effects are active carbon filtration (for organic matter), flocculation (for colloids) and
filtration techniques.
1.2.2. Renewable Energy
Many countries currently rely heavily on coal, oil, and natural gas for its energy.
Fossil fuels are non-renewable, that is, they draw on finite resources that will eventually
dwindle, becoming too expensive or too environmentally damaging to retrieve. In
contrast, the many types of renewable energy resources-such as wind and solar energy-
are constantly replenished and will never run out. Most renewable energy comes either
directly or solar energy, can be used directly for heating and lighting homes and other

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buildings, for generating electricity, and for hot water heating, solar cooling, and a
variety of commercial and industrial uses.
The sun’s heat also drives the winds, whose energy, is captured with wind
turbines. Then, the winds and the sun’s heat cause water to evaporate. When this water
vapor turns into rain or snow and flows downhill into rivers or streams, its energy can
be captured using hydroelectric power.
Along with the rain and snow, sunlight causes plants to grow. The organic matter
that makes up those plants is known as biomass. Biomass can be used to produce
electricity, transportations fuels, or chemicals. The use of biomass for any of these
purposes is called bioenergy.
Hydrogen also can be found in many organic compounds, as well as water. It’s
the most abundant element on the Earth. But it doesn’t occur naturally as a gas. It’s
always combined with other elements, such as with oxygen to make water. Once
separated from another element, hydrogen can be burned as a fuel or converted into
electricity.
Not all renewable energy resources come from the sun. geothermal energy taps
the Earth’s internal heat for a variety of uses, including electric power production, and
the heating and cooling of buildings. And the energy of the ocean’s tides come from
the gravitational pull of the moon and the sun upon the Earth.
In fact, ocean energy comes from a number of sources. In addition to tidal energy,
there’s the energy of the ocean’s waves, which are driven by both the tides and the
winds. The sun also warms the surface of the ocean more than the ocean depths,
creating a temperature difference that can be used as an energy source. All these forms
of ocean energy can be used to produce electricity.
1.2.2.1. Solar Energy
Solar panels convert the sun’s light into usable solar energy using N-type and P-
type semiconductor material. When sunlight is absorbed by these materials, the solar
energy knocks electrons loose from their atoms, allowing the electrons to flow through
the material to produce electricity. This process of converting light (photons) to
electricity (voltage) is called the photovoltaic (PV) effect. Currently solar panels

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convert most of the visible light spectrum and about half of the ultraviolet and infrared
light spectrum to usable solar energy.
Solar energy technologies use the sun’s energy and light to provide heat, light,
hot water, electricity, and even cooling for homes, businesses, and industry. There are
two main types of solar energy technologies that have been developed to take
advantage of, those are photovoltaic (PV) and concentrating solar power (CSP).
• Photovoltaic (PV)
Photovoltaic (PV) materials and devices convert sunlight into electrical energy.
A single PV device is known as a cell. To boost the power output of PV cells, they ae
connected together in chains to form larger units known as modules or panels. Modules
can be used individually, or several can be connected to form arrays. One or more
arrays is then connected to the electrical grid as part of a complete PV system. Because
of this module structure, PV systems can be built to meet almost any electric power
need, small or large. Solar cells are often less than the thickness of four human hairs.
In order to withstand the outdoors for many years, cells are sandwiched between
protective materials in a combination of glass and/or plastics to make a PV module.
PV modules and arrays are just one part of a PV system. Systems also include
mounting structures that point panels toward the sun, along with the components that
take the direct-current (DC) electricity produced by modules and convert it to the
alternating-current (AC) electricity used to power all of the appliances in your home.
• Concentrating Solar Power (CSP)
Concentrating solar power technologies use mirrors to reflect and concentrate
sunlight onto a single point where it is collected and converted into heat. This thermal
energy can then be used to produce electricity. Concentrating solar power systems are
generally used for utility-scale projects. The mirrors in CSP plans focus sunlight onto
a receiver that heats a high-temperature fluid, which is used to spin a turbine or power
an engine that drives a generator. The final product is electricity.
1.2.2.2. Wind Energy
Wind is a more efficient power source than solar. Compared to solar panels,
wind turbines release less CO2 to the atmosphere, consume less energy, and produce

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more energy overall. In fact, one wind turbine can generate the same amount of
electricity per kWh as about 48,704 solar panels.
But the enormous power-generating capacity of wind turbines doesn’t make
wind energy a clear winner. Wind turbines are an eyesore. They take up a lot of space.
They can hurt wildlife. They aren’t suitable for densely populated areas, which means
they’re mostly located in rural regions which is far from the cities that are most in need
of their power.
1.2.2.3. Geothermal
An estimated 40% of the world’s geothermal reserves are found in Indonesia, and
the potential use for power generation is estimated at 29.4 GW. Of the total potential,
1.4 GW has already been exploited (1.2 GW of which is on Java), 17.2 GW is labelled
as “reserve” (which implies that it is based on a detailed investigation), and 12.2 GW
is classified as “speculative and hypothetical resource”. Given that a large number of
possible sites are found in forest areas, and since their assessed potentials could be
overestimated, the country’s realistic deployment potential by 2030 might be lower.
1.2.2.4. Bioenergy
The total potential for power generation from bioenergy is estimated at 32.7 GW,
nearly half of which is on Sumatra. Palm oil represents about 12.7 GW of the total
potential, with the remainder coming from rice husk (9.8 GW), natural rubber
(2.8 GW), municipal solid waste (2.1 GW), corn (1.7 GW), solid wood (1.3 GW), sugar
cane (1.3 GW), cow dung (0.5 GW), cassava (0.3 GW) and coconut (0.2 GW). In the
Reference Case, 7.2 GW, or about 22% of the potential, is utilized by 2030. With the
government’s ambition to increase bioenergy power generation on the grid, the
assumption is that 60% of the installed capacity will be grid-tied, with another 40%
used for captive power.
1.2.2.5. Hydropower
Based on a study of 1 249 locations, the resource potential for large hydropower
in Indonesia has been estimated at 75 GW. Of this, 18.3 GW is targeted for exploration
until 2025. In the Reference Case this will increase further to 24.3 GW by 2030, nearly
one-third of the total potential. Kalimantan, Sulawesi & Nusa Tenggara and Maluku &

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Papua. Indeed, these regions combined account for only 12% of the estimated power
generation in Indonesia in 2030. Lacking a detailed deployment roadmap for large-
scale hydropower, and about 60% of the potential in Java-Sumatra already have been
captured by 2030.
1.3. Analysis
1.3.1. Raw Material Analysis
This plant will be focused to support the growing demand of clean water in
Indonesia, specifically in area that has a low rate of accessible clean water and to
support the growing demand of electricity supply in area that has a low rate of
accessible electricity in Indonesia. The water desalination plant will have a power
source from Solar PV and Wind Energy. The following are the materials that will be
used in this plant.
1.3.1.1. Sea Water
Water desalination is used to convert water that contain more than 500 mg/L total
dissolved solids into a better level salinity which contains less than 500 mg/L total
dissolved solids and considered as potable water. Sea water is one of the raw materials
used for water desalination. The easiest and the most abundant type of desalination raw
material water is sea water.

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Figure 1.6 Sea Water Content

(Source: World Health Organization)
1.3.1.2. Solar Energy
In order to achieve the production of desalinated clean water it needs energy for
the power of the water desalination plant. One of them using the solar energy. Solar
energy is one of the renewable energy that can be used to generate electricity for the
water desalination plant and for the source of the electricity.
Indonesia has many locations that potentially good to obtain solar energy. In
general, solar energy potential in Indonesia is distinguished into two different areas,
which are the western and the eastern. The Western part of Indonesia features with an
average irradiation of (4.50 ± 0.45) kW h m-2 per day, while the Eastern part of
Indonesia is characterized by an average irradiation of (5.10 ± 0.45) kWh/m2.day
(Wahyuono, 2013). In this work, the solar irradiation is spatially-varying from (1.3 to

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3.6) kW h m-2 per day (Rumbayan et al., 2012). The solar irradiation potential is already
converted into solar energy potential generated in full PV-battery system occupying
350 Wp PV module in 100 m2 area (DC/AC inverter’s efficiency is set to 0.85)
(Wahyuono, 2018).
(a)

(b)

Figure 1.7 Profile of estimated solar energy potential in Indonesia (a) wet and (b) dry season
(Source: Wahyuono, 2018)

The majority of land in Indonesia receives high potential of global solar

irradiation with its value ranging between 4.6 kWh/m2 and 7.2 kWh/m2 (Rumbayan et
al., 2012). It clearly shows that all places in Indonesia has good solar energy potential.

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1.3.1.3. Wind
Other energy source used for desalination plant is wind energy. Indonesia has
many locations that potentially good to obtain wind energy. The picture below shows
the wind speed around the island in Indonesia.

Figure 1.8 Profile of estimated wind speed in Indonesia

(Source: energypedia.info)

Based on the picture above, it shows that Sumba island has potential wind energy
because it has great wind speed about 5.84 m/s. Based on the literature, potential wind
energy in East Nusa Tenggara produce 10 MW electrical power capacity especially in
Waingapu, East Sumba Regency.
1.3.2. Location Analysis
To select the plant location, there are several factors to determine the best plant
location for both production and distribution process. For our water desalination and
electricity plant that uses sea water for the desalination raw material and both solar cell
and wind energy for the power source of the electricity, the best location is a place
located near the sea, have good potential solar and wind energy source, and the demand
of the clean water and electric source.
Plant site selection is one of the main factors that determine the survival and
success of the plant. Based from our criterions, the most suitable location for our water
desalination plant is in the upper region of Waingapu. Waingapu is geographically

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located a part of Sumba island in East Nusa Tenggara. The selection is mostly because
of the several factors.

Figure 1.9 Plant Location

(Source: https://www.google.com)

Sumba island has not enough of clean water supply to cover the demand because
has a limited access of clean water. The figure below shows the severity of clean water
in Indonesia for several areas.

Figure 1.10 Clean Water Access in Several Areas

(Source: Riskesdas, 2010)

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One of the areas that has clean water access rate below 50% is East Nusa
Tenggara. The rate in East Nusa Tenggara is above 45%. Around 55% people in East
Nusa Tenggara don’t have clean water access. There are still a lot of clean water’s
demand in East Nusa Tenggara especially in Sumba island. The selection of the plant
location is mostly because near the sea too.
Sumba island have not enough of the electricity supply to cover the demand. Based
on the data of the electrification ratio on the picture below, East Nusa Tenggara has an
electrification ratio of 60%. It means that 40% people of East Nusa Tenggara don’t
have electricity access. There are still a lot of electricity’s demand in East Nusa
Tenggara especially in Sumba island.

Figure 1.11 Electrification Ratio Access in Several Areas

(Source: databoks.katadata.co.id)

This water desalination and electricity plant process needs sea water as the raw
material. Based from our plant location in Waingapu, the sea water availability is
abundant as Waingapu is located near the sea. This strategic location can also reduce
the raw material distribution cost and support the survival of the plant.

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Moreover, our water desalination plant requires solar energy for power
generation purposes Sumba island has good solar energy potential. Based on the needs
of the solar energy of desalinated water and electricity in Sumba island, the location of
solar potential can be focused around Sumba island. The nearest island is East Java,
Bali, West Nusa Tenggara, and East Nusa Tenggara. Table below will show the solar
potential energy during the wet and the dry season around those islands.

Table 1.1 Solar Potential Energy During The Wet and The Dry Season
Solar Power (kWh)
Province
Wet Dry
East Java 374 492
Bali 399 491
West Nusa Tenggara 331 423
East Nusa Tenggara 355 466
(Source: Wahyuono, 2018)

Based on the table, solar energy power in East Nusa Tenggara is about 355 kWh
in wet season and 466 kWh in dry season. It shows that in East Nusa Tenggara
especially in Sumba island has a sufficient source of solar energy. Sumba island is the
suitable place to build a desalination plant with solar energy.
Moreover, our water desalination plant requires wind energy for power
generation. Sumba island has a fast wind speed around 5.84 m/s and can be used to
turning the turbines. Potential wind energy in East Nusa Tenggara produce 10 MW
electric power capacity especially in Waingapu, East Sumba Regency.
Sumba Island is inhabited with about 755,849 people in 2015 and predicted to
increase each year. It has a population of 61 people for every specific area (km2). This
amount of people can be a good potential as a labour for our water desalination and
electricity plant, knowing that not all of the people in Sumba island is employed.

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Figure 1.12 Water Desalination Plant Location

(Source: google.com)

1.3.3. Market Analysis

Market analysis is the most fundamental in planning the construction of a plant.
This analysis needs to determine the potential product market that we produce. Result
of market analysis will determine the capacity of the plant that will be built.
Consequently, the market analysis should be done seriously. Market analysis is done
based on supply and demand of product for several years ago. Market analysis can give
prediction of product requirement in the future.
As the given analysis above, it makes believe that we would like to start building
our plantation in Waingapu, Sumba island. The main objective is to elevate the current
local life through enhancing their clean water and electric accessibility. We are
determined to help one of the Sumba island area preventing the possible water shortage
that may occur in 2032. That coverage would be our target of production capacity as
well which are about 12,000 m3 /day in number of clean water and 13 MW/year in
number of electrical power.
In previous section, we have limited the scope of our plant which will be built in
Sumba island. So, the market analysis is done based on supply and demand of clean
water in Sumba island. We use an engineering model approach in this analysis. First,

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we gathered data of total population in Sumba island from 2014-2016, which is stated
in table below.
Table 1.2 Population in Sumba Island from 2014-2016
Year Population (person)
2014 732328
2015 736390
2016 747038
(Source: Badan Pusat Statistik)

Based on the population growth rate formula, the population growth rate per year
is 1.4% with the assumption of the population will increase as exact as the calculation
and there is no external factor that might decrease the trend such as Indonesia economic
situation. The plant construction is targeted to be finished in 2022 thus it is concluded
that the production capacity is calculated by considering the water and electricity
demand for the next 10 years of operation which is in 2032. The plant is determined to
help one of the Sumba area preventing the possible water shortage that may occur in
2032. The calculation of the population until year 2032, which is stated in table below.

Table 1.3 Calculation of The Population in Sumba Island from 2019-2032

Year Population (person)
2019 777241
2020 787186
2021 797270
2022 807494
2023 817862
2024 828376
2025 839037
2026 849849
2027 860812
2028 871931
2029 883206
2030 894640
2031 906237
2032 917997

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The population in Sumba island in 2032 is about 917,997 people. The clean water
access ratio in Sumba island is 45%. Then, the assumption of the consumption of clean
water in Sumba island is 120 litre/person/day. the total demand of clean water in Sumba
island can be determined if the consumption is multiplied by the total population and
the ratio of people who don’t have clean water access in Sumba island (the rate is 55%).
The total demand clean water in Sumba island is 60,588 m3/person/day. The market
share of the production in this plant assumed by 20% of the total demand clean water
in Sumba island. So, the production capacity of the desalinated water is 12,500 m3/day.
Based on the literature, the electricity power needs for desalination plant is about
5 kWh/ m3. So, the electric power needs for desalination plant per day is 60,000
kWh/day or 21,900,000 kWh/day. Then, convert the unit of the electricity power from
kWh to watt by multiplied 21,900,000 kWh/day with 114.077 and then divided by
1000. The result of the calculation is about 2,498,286 watt or 2.498 MW.
Based on the literature, the average electricity consumption per capita is about
1064 kWh/year. Then, the rate ratio of the electricity access in Sumba island is around
61%. So, the unmet electricity power needs in Sumba island is about 380,932,035 kWh
or 43,455,583 Watt. The market share of the production in this plant assumed by 25%
of the total demand electricity power in Sumba island. The electricity production for
the demand in Sumba island is 10.864 MW. So, the total production capacity of the
electricity power is 13 MW.

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PROCESS SYNTHESIS

2.1. Process Synthesis

Desalination is a process of removing dissolved solids, such as salts and minerals,
from water. Desalination provides a sustainable source of fresh water for countries with
limited water resources. Progress in the desalination technology made highly
competitive to water transportation over long distances. Also, desalination is less
harmful to the environment than water dams, which results in severe environmental
problems up and down stream.
Based on the maximum capacity of water and electricity production from
desalination technology, two renewable energy sources such as solar PV and wind
energy need to be combined in order to cover the demand for clean water and electricity
in the targeted area. Solar photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy have enormous potential
to bring electricity anywhere and to improve quality of life for millions of people. Solar
and wind can be part of new hybrid energy supplies.
An important aspect is that the solar PV system has free “fuel” from the sun and
wind power has free “fuel” from the wind, while conventional fuels represent a major
share of the operating cost. It is already acknowledged that solar PV-wind-powered
reverse osmosis desalination can produce water at a lower cost than fossil fuels. When
the fuel is free the concept of energy-saving will get another meaning. Having free
“fuel” means that as much energy as possible should be extracted for good use. The
flow diagram for a black box of the plant can be seen in Figure 2.1

Solar Fresh water

Wind Electricity
Sea Water Brine

Figure 2.1 Process Black Box

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2.2. Process Selection

2.2.1. Process Route Selection
According to the stated literature, there are major desalination technologies
consist of thermal processes using either thermal energy (heat) and electricity as the
energy input, and membrane-based processes using only electricity. The processes that
belong to thermal desalination technology are Multi Stage Flash (MSF), Multi Effect
Desalination (MED), and VC (Vapor Compression). For membrane desalination
technology, this natural principle has been adapted by two important commercial
desalination processes, electrodialysis (ED) and reverse osmosis (RO).
Combined with the other processes preceding these steps, there are several
alternatives of routes that can convert sea water into electricity and freshwater with
renewable energy sources of solar PV and wind energy. These routes are evaluated
based on the specified criteria, and the best routes will be chosen. Below are the five
pathways for process route selection.
• Solar PV → Vapor Compression (VC)
• Solar PV → Electrodialysis (ED)
• Solar PV → Reverse Osmosis (RO)
• Wind Energy → Vapor Compression (VC)
• Wind Energy → Electrodialysis (ED)
• Wind Energy → Reverse Osmosis (RO)
2.2.2. Energy Needs in The Process Desalination with Various Technologies
Requires a minimum limit to provide work in the separation process salt solution
becomes pure water and brine concentrate. This is independent based on the details of
the technology used, mechanisms and stages of the process. The concept of minimal
energy for the separation process can be explained thermodynamics. Solvent
displacement is determined by thermal collision fluctuations between solvent
molecules. Minimum work requirements are equivalent to energy differences free
between bait and outlet (pure water and brine concentrate). Various the method is used
to calculate the minimum energy requirements for desalination. Using the Van Hoff

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equation for seawater with equivalent normal salinity with 33000 ppm at 25 °C, the
energy required is 0.77 kWh / m3.
The energy demand of desalination depends on a range of factors including
recovery, pre-treatment design, the type of distillation process or SWRO membranes
used, the efficiency of pumps and motors, the type and efficiency of the energy
recovery system installed (if any), and environmental conditions. Energy demand also
depends on the product water specifications. As the treatment and distribution of water
by conventional means also require energy, the relative increase in energy demand
should be considered in addition to the total demand of the process.
Actual work needs, will multiply from the minimum energy requirements
theoretical. This is caused by the extra work needed to maintain the process takes place
at a fixed rate, rather than just for the separation process. Currently desalination plants
need 5 to 26 times the minimum work requirements, depending on the type of process
used. Because of this large energy requirement, an efficient desalination process is
needed in energy use, efficiency can be done with the development of technology and
study of economies of scale. RO and ED are desalination processes that only use
electricity as the main energy source, while MSF and MED, use thermal energy as the
main energy source, and electricity as a supporting energy source to drive the pump.
Electricity can be generated from fossil fuels (coal, oil, gas), renewable sources,
nuclear. Thermal energy can be produced from fossil fuel boilers, waste heat generating
plants, renewable energy sources, industrial waste heat. Energy requirements for each
desalination process technology are presented in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1 Desalination Technology Comparison

Properties MSF MED SWRO ED
Unit Size (m³/day) 50,000-70,000 5,000-15,000 128,000 2-145,000
Electrical Energy consumption (kWh/m³) 2.5-5 2-2.5 4-6 2.64-5.5
Thermal Energy Consumption (MJ/m³ 190-282 145-230 none None
Equivalent electrical to Thermal Energy
15.83-27.25 12.2-19.1 None None
(kWh/m³)
Total Electricity Consumption (kWh/m³) 19.58-27.25 14.45-21.35 4-6 2.64-5.5
Product Water Quality (ppm) 10 10 400-500 150-500

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2.2.3. The Combination and Economic Value of Desalination with Renewable Energy
As renewable energy is becoming a trend around the world, there is a large
market potential for RO-powered desalination systems worldwide. Renewable
technologies that suit with RO desalination are solar thermal, solar PV, wind, solar-
wind hybrid energy and geothermal energy. As electricity storage is still a challenge,
combining power generation and water desalination can also be a cost-effective option
for electricity storage when generation exceeds demand.
Using renewable energy as a source of energy for the desalination process is a
good way to produce pure water in various locations. The use of desalination systems
with renewable energy is very promising for remote areas, which do not have adequate
electricity transmission and clean water. As technology continues to grow while clean
water and cheap conventional energy sources are lacking, desalination with renewable
energy could be the solution. The cost of water treatment with the desalination process
using renewable energy is highly correlated with the energy generation costs. The
investment costs for renewable energy systems are still quite high causing a high water-
production costs. However, with the development of renewable energy technology,
investment costs can be reduced and the cost of producing water from this source as
well will be reduced. The average value of water production costs for the desalination
process, and RE-Desalination combinations are presented in the table below.

Table 2.2 Average Cost of Water Treatment with Desalination Process

Cost of Operational
Type of Process Capacity
(USD/m³)
MSF 23,000-528,000 m³/day 0.56-1.75
91,000-320,000 m³/day 0.52-1.01
MED 12,000-550,000 m³/day 0.95-1.5
< 100 m³/day 2.0-8.0
100,000-320,000 m³/day 0.45-0.66
SWRO 15,000-60,000 m³/day 0.48-1.62
1,000-4,800 m³/day 0.7-1.72
Large 0.6
ED
Small 1.05

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Table 2.3 Energy Needs and Production Costs

Process RE- Energy Needs Cost of Operational
Capacity (m³/day)
Desalination (kWh/m³) (US $/m³)
Solar PV/RO < 100 4–5 11.7 – 15.6
Wind/RO 50 – 20000 4–5 2 - 9.1
PV/Wind/RO 1200 4–5 1.25

2.2.4. Fresh Water and Renewable Electricity Production

In choosing the best process of Fresh Water and Renewable Electricity
production, a number of criterions must be met. As a consideration, the authors make
the criteria in engineering and economic aspect. The engineering aspect compromises
of the maturity of each process, energy requirement, simplicity, raw material and yield
product. Meanwhile, the economic aspects consider the capital expenditure (CAPEX)
and operational expenditure (OPEX) of every process. Each criterion will be scored
with numbers 1 – 5, with 1 for the worst idea and 5 with the best idea.
• Maturity
Maturity means the process selected is proven and has been used in real industry.
• Energy Requirement
Energy is an important aspect for every plant, because every plant always has
energy consumption and the value of energy is equal to the cost or economic
aspect.
• Simplicity
Simplicity is how easy the process to convert the feed or raw materials to become
the final product. This usually compromises of how many steps are required to
get the final product.
• Raw Material
These processes required a very few materials to produce fresh water and
renewable electricity.
• Product Conversion
The best process has a high conversion. It means the feed that goes to the process
would be form the product, fresh water.

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• Capital Expenditure (CAPEX)

The capital expenditure (CAPEX) means the cost needed to buy and or make the
equipment. The equipment needed is depends on the step of each alternative
process. The more equipment used so the high CAPEX spent.
• Operational Expenditure (OPEX)
While the capital expenditure (CAPEX) means the cost spent in equipment
installation, the operational expenditure (OPEX) means the cost needed in
maintenance process and other operational process.
In this scoring, ‘A’ represents Fresh water production from Reverse Osmosis
using Wind Energy, while ‘B’ represents Reverse Osmosis using Solar Panel
Photovoltaic (PV), and ‘C’ represents Reverse Osmosis using Solar PV-Wind Energy.

Table 2.4 Alternative Process Scoring

A B C
Weight
Criteria Score Score Score
% Score Score Score
Weight Weight Weight
Engineering Aspects
Maturity 15 2 0.3 4 0.6 4 0.6
Energy Requirement 15 4 0.6 4 0.6 4 0.6
Simplicity 10 4 0.4 3 0.3 3 0.3
Raw Material 20 3 0.6 2 0.4 4 0.8
Product Conversion 20 3 0.6 3 0.6 4 0.8
Economic Aspects
Capital Expenditure
10 5 0.5 4 0.4 3 0.3
(CAPEX)
Operational Expenditure
10 2 0.2 3 0.3 4 0.4
(OPEX)
Total Score 3.2 3.2 3.8

Based on the scoring process, the process with the highest score is alternative C,
Fresh water production from Reverse Osmosis using Solar PV-Wind Energy.

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2.3. Solar PV - Wind Renewable Energy System

Hybrid power system consist of a combination of renewable energy source (such
as wind, solar) of charge batteries and provide power to meet the energy demand,
considering the local geography and other details of the place of installation. These
types of systems are not connected to the main utility grid. They are also used in stand-
alone applications and operate independently and reliably. The importance of hybrid
systems has grown as they appear to be the right solution for a clean and distributed
energy production.
Solar PV-Wind hybrid Power system is the combined power generating system
by wind mill and solar energy panel. It also includes a battery which is used to store
the energy generated from both the sources. Using this system power generation by
windmill when wind source is available and generation from PV module when light
radiation is available can be achieved. Both units can be generated power when both
sources are available. By providing the battery uninterrupted power supply is possible
when both sources are idle.
Intermittent energy resources and energy resources unbalance are the most
important reason to install a hybrid energy supply system. The Solar PV wind hybrid
system suits to conditions where sunlight and wind has seasonal shifts. As the wind
does not blow throughout the day and the sun does not shine for the entire day, using a
single source will not be a suitable choice. A hybrid arrangement of combining the
power harnessed from both the wind and the sun and stored in a battery can be a much
more reliable and realistic power source. The load can still be powered using the stored
energy in the batteries even when there is no sun or wind. Hybrid systems are usually
built for design of systems with lowest possible cost and also with maximum reliability.
The high cost of solar PV cells makes it less competent for larger capacity designs.
This is where the wind turbine comes into the picture, the main feature being its cheap
cost as compared to the PV cells. Battery system is needed to store solar and wind
energy produced during the day time. During night time, the presence of wind is an
added advantage, which increases the reliability of the system. In the monsoon seasons,
the effect of sun is less at the site and thus it is apt to use a hybrid wind solar system.

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Wind energy and solar PV produce renewable electricity that requires to drive Reverse
Osmosis (RO) units for seawater desalination. A standalone Solar PV/Wind/RO system
consists of the following equipment:
• Wind generator
• Photovoltaic solar power
• Charge controller
• Battery storage
• Inverter
The process description of each component is as follows.
2.3.1. Wind Turbine Generator
The wind energy is a renewable source of energy. Wind turbines are used to
convert the wind power into electric power. Electric generator inside the turbine
converts the mechanical power into the electric power. Wind turbine systems are
available ranging from 50 Watt to 3 or 4 MW. The energy production by wind turbines
depends on the wind velocity acting on the turbine. Wind power is able to feed both
energy production and demand in the rural areas. It is used to run a windmill which in
turn drives a wind generator or wind turbine to produce electricity.

Figure 2.2 Wind Turbine Generator Parts

(Source: alternative-energy-tutorials.com)

In a typical wind turbine, the kinetic energy of the wind is converted to rotational
motion by the rotor. The rotor turns the shaft which transfers the motion into the nacelle

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(Large housing at the top of the wind turbine tower). Inside the nacelle, the slowly
rotating shaft enters a gearbox that greatly increases the rotational shaft speed. The
output high speed shaft is connected to a generator that converts the rotational
movement into medium-voltage electricity. The electricity flows down heavy electric
cables inside the tower to a transformer, which increase the voltage of the electric
power to the distribution voltage. The distribution voltage power flows through
underground lines to a collection point where the power may be combined with
electricity from other wind turbines.
Basically, wind turns blades that are connected to a generator, the generator
then makes electricity (more on this later). There are two main types of wind turbines,
horizontal and vertical axis. The advantages and disadvantages of these types of wind
turbines are explained in Table 2.

Table 2.5 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind Turbine Types

Types Advantages Disadvantages
Blades are to the side of the turbines Difficulty operating in near ground
center of gravity, helping stability winds
Ability to wing warp, which gives the Difficult to transport (20% of
turbine blades the best angle of attack equipment costs)
Ability to pitch the rotor blades in a Difficult to install (require tall
storm to minimize damage cranes and skilled operators)
Horizontal axis
Tall tower allows access to stronger Effect radar in proximity
wind in sites with wind shear Local opposition to aesthetics
Tall tower allows placement on Difficult maintenance
uneven land or in offshore locations
Can be sited in forest above tree-line
Most are self-starting
Easy to maintain Blades constantly spinning back
Lower construction and into the wind causing drag; Less
transportation costs efficient
Vertical axis
Not directional Operate in lower, more turbulent
Most effective at mesas, hilltops, wind; Low starting torque and may
ridgelines and passes require energy to start turning

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Based on the comparison described in Table 2.5, vertical axis is the chosen wind
turbine.
2.3.2. Photovoltaic Solar Panel
Solar panels are the medium to convert solar energy into the electrical energy.
Solar panels can convert the energy directly or heat the water with the induced energy.
PV (Photo-voltaic) cells are made up from semiconductor structures as in the computer
technologies. Sun rays are absorbed with this material and electrons are emitted from
the atoms. This release activates a current. Photovoltaic is known as the process
between radiation absorbed and the electricity induced. Solar power is converted into
the electric power by a common principle called photo electric effect. The solar cell
array or panel consists of an appropriate number of solar cell modules connected in
series or parallel based on the required current and voltage.

Figure 2.3 Solar Module Backsheet Structure

(Source: DuPont)

Solar panels use silicon and various semiconductor materials as raw materials.
The most widely used types of solar cells are mono-crystalline and polycrystalline /
multi-crystalline. The advantages and disadvantages of these types of solar panels are
explained in Table 2.6.

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Table 2.6 The Advantages and Disadvantages of SolarPanel Types

Types Advantages Disadvantages

Does not work well in a place

The most efficient panel up to
with less sunlight (shady)
15%
Mono-crystalline The efficiency will drop
Produce the highest unity of
dramatically in a cloudy season
electric power

Has a lower silicon level

Cheaper
Polycrystalline / multi- Has lower efficiency
Can produce electricity when
crystalline Requires a larger surface area
it's cloudy
to produce electricity

Based on the comparison described in Table 2.6, Polycrystalline/multi-

crystalline is the chosen PV panel.
2.3.3. Charge Controller
The controller compares the input of both Power system and gives the signal to
the particular relay and charges the DC Battery. The DC voltage is converted into AC
Supply by Inverter Circuit.
2.3.4. Battery Storage
The battery bank is used for power stability and as an energy supply during
periods when wind energy is not sufficient to drive the desalination unit. Charge
controllers are used for the protection of batteries from overcharging. The inverters are
used to convert the DC current from the battery output, to AC for the load. A diesel
generator (DG) backup can also be used to charge the battery bank or to drive the RO
unit directly.
2.3.5. Inverter
Energy stored in the battery is drawn by electricals loads through the inverter,
which converts DC power into AC power. The inverter has in-built protection for
Short-Circuit, Reverse Polarity, Low Battery Voltage and Over Load.

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2.4. Reverse Osmosis Desalination Technology

Figure 2.4 Reverse Osmosis Desalination Process

(Source: Fichtener, 2011)

2.4.1. Sea Water Intake Screen

Seawater desalination facilities require an intake system capable of providing a
reliable quantity of clean seawater with a minimum ecological impact. A good intake
design will not only protect downstream equipment and reduce environmental impact
on marine life, it will improve the performance and reduce the operating cost of the
pre-treatment equipment. Seawater intakes can be broadly categorized as surface
intakes where water is collected above the seabed, and subsurface intakes where water
is collected via beach wells, infiltration galleries, or other locations beneath the seabed.
The team is choosing surface water intake, namely passive screens. Passive
screens have a proven ability to reduce impingement and entrainment. Their
effectiveness is related to their slot width, and low through-flow velocity. It has been
demonstrated that 1 mm openings are highly effective for larval exclusion and reduce
entrainment by 80% or more.

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Figure 2.5 Passive Screen Seawater Intake

(Source: texaswater.tamu.edu)

2.4.2. Micro Filtration – Ultra Filtration

Membranes with a pore size of 0.1 – 10 µm perform micro filtration.
Microfiltration membranes remove all bacteria. Only part of the viral contamination is
caught up in the process, even though viruses are smaller than the pores of a micro
filtration membrane. This is because viruses can attach themselves to bacterial biofilm.
Micro filtration can be implemented in many different water treatment processes when
particles with a diameter greater than 0.1 mm need to be removed from a liquid.
For complete removal of viruses, ultra-filtration is required. The pores of ultra-
filtration membranes can remove particles of 0.001 – 0.1 µm from fluids.
2.4.3. RO Membrane
The feed water that already been pre-filtered then sucked into the high-pressured
pump, where the pressure will be increase between 5 to 7 MPa, the high pressure then
forced the feed to flow into the RO modules and across the semi permeable RO

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membrane, where minerals such as salt, calcium, carbon, etc are filtered depending on
the type of the membrane. The permeate (the liquid flowing through the membrane) is
encouraged to flow through the membrane by the pressure differential created between
the pressurized feedwater and the product water, which is at near-atmospheric pressure.
The remaining feedwater continues through the pressurized side of the reactor as brine.
No heating or phase change takes place.
2.4.4. Pressure Exchanger
In this desalination plant, the reject brine will flow through a pressure exchanger
before being sent back to the ocean. Pressure exchanger is used as an energy recovery
device. The brine water with high pressure will be contacted with low-pressure –
filtered water. Then, the increased pressure – filtered water will be pumped to the RO
membrane as a feed. This recovery unit can save energy usage up to 60%.

Figure 2.6 Pressure Exchanger

(Source: www.energyrecovery.com)

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2.5. Block Flow Diagram

Figure 2.7 Plant Block Flow Diagram

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2.6. Process Flow Diagram

Figure 2.8 Power Generation Process Flow Diagram

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Figure 2.9 RO Desalination Process Flow Diagram

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 CHAPTER 3
MASS AND ENERGY BALANCE

3.1. Process Simulation

Desalination main process simulation includes some filtration units and element
injection. The filtration units used in Seawater Desalination are microfilter, ultrafilter,
and reverse osmosis. Other than the filtration, seawater desalination needs to inject
some chemical such as polyacrylic acid as anti-scalant. To simulate the process of
seawater desalination, spreadsheet is used.

Figure 3.1 PSD of the Process for Mass Balance

3.2. Mass Balance
In calculating the mass balance calculation, product capacity is determined from
the market analysis. The product capacity is 12,500 m3 per day. By that, the mass
balance must require that amount of capacity. The demand of clean water from previous
chapter is 12,500 m3 per day with assumption of production flow is constant. By
converting the amount to litre per hour, acquired that the amount of production capacity
is 520,838 L/hour. The clean water composition needs to reach the minimum standard
of “Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia” shown in the table 3.1.

Table 3.1 Clean Water Standard Composition

B CHEMICALS
a. Anorganic Chemicals
1. Mercury mg/L 0.001
2. Alumunium mg/L 0.2
3. Arsenic mg/L 0.05

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Table 3.1 Clean Water Standard Composition (continued)

B CHEMICALS
a. Anorganic Chemicals
4. Barium mg/L 1.0
5. Iron mg/L 0.3
6. Fluoride mg/L 1.5
7. Cadmium mg/L 0.005
8. Calcium Carbonate mg/L 500
9. Chloride mg/L 250
10. Chromium (VI) mg/L 0.05
11. Manganese mg/L 0.1
12. Sodium mg/L 200
13. Nitrate mg/L 10
14. Nitrite mg/L 1.0
15. Silver mg/L 0.05
16. pH - 6.5 – 8.5
17. Selenium mg/L 0.01
18. Zinc mg/L 50
19. Cyanide mg/L 0.1
20. Sulphate mg/L 400
21. Sulfide mg/L 0.05
22. Copper mg/L 1.0
23. Lead mg/L 0.05

To calculate the mass balance, Reverse osmosis profile of transmembrane

pressure is needed. The formula for transmembrane pressure is

𝒂𝟐 𝒂
𝑻𝑴𝑷 𝑻𝑫𝑺 𝒂𝟒 𝑻𝑫𝑺 𝟔
𝑷 = [𝒂𝟏 ( ) + 𝒂𝟑 ( ) + 𝒂𝟓 ( ) ]
𝑱𝒇 𝑻𝑴𝑷 𝑱𝒇
𝒃𝟐 𝒃
𝑻𝑴𝑷 𝑻𝑫𝑺 𝒃𝟒 𝑻𝑫𝑺 𝟔
𝑹 = [𝒃𝟏 ( ) + 𝒃𝟑 ( ) + 𝒃𝟓 ( ) ]
𝑱𝒇 𝑻𝑴𝑷 𝑱𝒇

Where:
P = Permeate Fraction (%)

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Jf = Feed Flux to the Membrane (gal/(day.ft2)

TMP = Trans-membrane Pressure (psi)
ai,bi are membrane specific constant
TDS = Total Dissolved Solids (ppm)
R = Salt Rejection (%)
This formula is used to get the trans-membrane pressure needed with the
permeate fraction and salt rejection desired. The desired amount of permeate fraction
and salt rejection is 45% and 99.998% respectively. The number of membrane specific
constant with Hydranautics SWC Membrane SWC1-4040 is:
𝑎1 = 3.844 𝑏1 = 99.9901
𝑎2 = 1.0425 𝑏2 = −0.0013
𝑎3 = 0.6099 𝑏3 = −0.0045
𝑎4 = −0.3133 𝑏4 = 1.6575
𝑎5 = −0.0271 𝑏5 = 0.000009357
𝑎6 = 1.0963 𝑏6 = 1.0318

By calculating in the spreadsheet, gained that the TMP needed to gain permeate
fraction of 45% and salt rejection of 99.998%, with the TDS is 36,231 ppm, known
that the Trans-Membrane Pressure needed is 605 psi or 42 bar. This will be the
operating condition of the reverse osmosis.
Table 3.2 Permeate Fraction and Salt Rejection Calculation
Permeate Fraction Salt Rejection
P (%) 45.00005 R (%) 99.99767
TMP (psi) 605.8801 TMP (psi) 605.8801
TDS (ppm) 36231 TDS (ppm) 36231
Jf (GPM/ft2) 0.1 Jf (GPM/ft2) 0.1
a1 3.8444 b1 99.9901
a2 1.0425 b2 -0.0013
a3 0.6099 b3 -0.0045
a4 -0.3133 b4 1.6575
a5 -0.0271 b5 9.36E-06
a6 1.0963 b6 1.031854

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To reach this composition, Seawater will be treated with several treatments until
the amount of Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) is right. The composition of the seawater
is shown in table 3.2.
Table 3.3 Sea Water Composition
Component Concentration (mg/l) Component Concentration (mg/l)
Chlorine 19000 Zinc 0.01
Sodium 10500 Nickel 0.0054
Magnesium 1350 Arsenic 0.003
Sulphur 885 Copper 0.003
Calcium 4000 Tin 0.003
Potassium 380 Uranium 0.003
Bromine 65 Chromium 0.0003
Carbon 28 Krypton 0.00025
Strontium 8.1 Manganese 0.002
Boron 4.6 Vanadium 0.001
Silicon 3 Titanium 0.001
Fluoride 1.3 Cesium 0.0005
Argon 0.6 Cerium 0.0004
Nitrogen 0.5 Antimony 0.00033
Lithium 0.18 Silver 0.0003
Rubidium 0.12 Yrrium 0.0003
Phosphorus 0.07 Cobalt 0.000227
Iodine 0.06 Neon 0.00014
Barium 0.03 Cadmium 0.0011
Aluminium 0.01 Tungsten 0.0001
Iron 0.01 Lead 0.00005
Indium 0.02 Mercury 0.00003
Molybdenum 0.01 Selenium 0.00002

3.2.1. Mass Balance of Each Process

To reach the desired clean water composition, seawater must be treated with
several treatments. The mass balance of each process will be discussed below.
• Sea Water Intake Pump

Figure 3.2 Sea Water Intake Pump PSD

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Table 3.4 Sea Water Intake Pump Mass Balance

F1 F1
Component Component
Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h)
Chlorine 21,990,916,667 Nickel 6,250
Sodium 12,152,875,000 Arsenic 3,472
Magnesium 1,562,512,500 Copper 3,472
Sulfur 1,024,313,750 Tin 3,472
Calcium 4,629,666,667 Uranium 3,472
Potassium 439,818,333 Chromium 347
Bromine 75,232,083 Krypton 2,894
Carbon 32,407,667 Manganese 2,315
Strontium 9,375,075 Vanadium 1,157
Boron 5,324,117 Titanium 1,157
Silicon 3,472,250 Cesium 579
Fluoride 1,504,642 Cerium 463
Argon 694,450 Antimony 382
Nitrogen 578,708 Silver 347
Lithium 208,335 Yrrium 347
Rubidium 138,890 Cobalt 313
Phosphorus 81,019 Neon 162
Iodine 69,445 Cadmium 1,273
Barium 34,723 Tungsten 116
Aluminium 11,574 Lead 58
Iron 11,574 Mercury 35
Indium 23,148 Selenium 23
Polyacrylic
Molybdenum 11,574 0
Acid
Zinc 11,574

• Micro Filter

Figure 3.3 Microfilter PSD

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Table 3.5 Micro Filter Mass Balance

F2 F3 F2 F3
Component Component Mass
Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h)
(mg/h)
Chlorine 21,990,916,667 21,990,916,667 Nickel 6,250 6,250
Sodium 12,152,875,000 12,152,875,000 Arsenic 3,472 3,472
Magnesium 1,562,512,500 1,562,512,500 Copper 3,472 3,472
Sulfur 1,024,313,750 1,024,313,750 Tin 3,472 3,472
Calcium 4,629,666,667 4,629,666,667 Uranium 3,472 3,472
Potassium 439,818,333 439,818,333 Chromium 347 347
Bromine 75,232,083 75,232,083 Krypton 2,894 2,894
Carbon 32,407,667 32,407,667 Manganese 2,315 2,315
Strontium 9,375,075 9,375,075 Vanadium 1,157 1,157
Boron 5,324,117 5,324,117 Titanium 1,157 1,157
Silicon 3,472,250 3,472,250 Cesium 579 579
Fluoride 1,504,642 1,504,642 Cerium 463 463
Argon 694,450 694,450 Antimony 382 382
Nitrogen 578,708 578,708 Silver 347 347
Lithium 208,335 208,335 Yrrium 347 347
Rubidium 138,890 138,890 Cobalt 313 313
Phosphorus 81,019 81,019 Neon 162 162
Iodine 69,445 69,445 Cadmium 1,273 1,273
Barium 34,723 34,723 Tungsten 116 116
Aluminium 11,574 11,574 Lead 58 58
Iron 11,574 11,574 Mercury 35 35
Indium 23,148 23,148 Selenium 23 23
Polyacrylic
Molybdenum 11,574 11,574 0 0
Acid
Zinc 11,574 11,574

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• Chemical Injection

Figure 3.4 Chemical Injection PSD

Table 3.6 Chemical Injection Mass Balance

F3 F4 F5
Component
Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h)
Chlorine 21,990,916,667 0 21,990,916,667
Sodium 12,152,875,000 0 12,152,875,000
Magnesium 1,562,512,500 0 1,562,512,500
Sulphur 1,024,313,750 0 1,024,313,750
Calcium 4,629,666,667 0 4,629,666,667
Potassium 439,818,333 0 439,818,333
Bromine 75,232,083 0 75,232,083
Carbon 32,407,667 0 32,407,667
Strontium 9,375,075 0 9,375,075
Boron 5,324,117 0 5,324,117
Silicon 3,472,250 0 3,472,250
Fluoride 1,504,642 0 1,504,642
Argon 694,450 0 694,450
Nitrogen 578,708 0 578,708
Lithium 208,335 0 208,335
Rubidium 138,890 0 138,890
Phosphorus 81,019 0 81,019
Iodine 69,445 0 69,445
Barium 34,723 0 34,723
Aluminium 11,574 0 11,574
Iron 11,574 0 11,574
Indium 23,148 0 23,148
Molybdenum 11,574 0 11,574
Zinc 11,574 0 11,574
Nickel 6,250 0 6,250
Arsenic 3,472 0 3,472
Copper 3,472 0 3,472

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Table 3.5 Chemical Injection Mass Balance (continued)

F3 F4 F5
Component
Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h)
Tin 3,472 0 3,472
Uranium 3,472 0 3,472
Chromium 347 0 347
Krypton 2,894 0 2,894
Manganese 2,315 0 2,315
Vanadium 1,157 0 1,157
Titanium 1,157 0 1,157
Cesium 579 0 579
Cerium 463 0 463
Antimony 382 0 382
Silver 347 0 347
Yrrium 347 0 347
Cobalt 313 0 313
Neon 162 0 162
Cadmium 1,273 0 1,273
Tungsten 116 0 116
Lead 58 0 58
Mercury 35 0 35
Selenium 23 0 23
Polyacrylic
0 5,787,083 5,787,083
Acid

• Ultrafilter

Figure 3.5 Ultra Filter PSD

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Table 3.7 Ultrafilter Mass Balance

F5 F6 F5 F6
Component Component
Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h)
Chlorine 21,990,916,667 21,990,916,667 Nickel 6,250 6,250
Sodium 12,152,875,000 12,152,875,000 Arsenic 3,472 3,472
Magnesium 1,562,512,500 1,562,512,500 Copper 3,472 3,472
Sulphur 1,024,313,750 1,024,313,750 Tin 3,472 3,472
Calcium 4,629,666,667 4,629,666,667 Uranium 3,472 3,472
Potassium 439,818,333 439,818,333 Chromium 347 347
Bromine 75,232,083 75,232,083 Krypton 2,894 2,894
Carbon 32,407,667 32,407,667 Manganese 2,315 2,315
Strontium 9,375,075 9,375,075 Vanadium 1,157 1,157
Boron 5,324,117 5,324,117 Titanium 1,157 1,157
Silicon 3,472,250 3,472,250 Cesium 579 579
Fluoride 1,504,642 1,504,642 Cerium 463 463
Argon 694,450 694,450 Antimony 382 382
Nitrogen 578,708 578,708 Silver 347 347
Lithium 208,335 208,335 Yrrium 347 347
Rubidium 138,890 138,890 Cobalt 313 313
Phosphorus 81,019 81,019 Neon 162 162
Iodine 69,445 69,445 Cadmium 1,273 1,273
Barium 34,723 34,723 Tungsten 116 116
Aluminium 11,574 11,574 Lead 58 58
Iron 11,574 11,574 Mercury 35 35
Indium 23,148 23,148 Selenium 23 23
Molybdenum 11,574 11,574 Polyacrylic Acid 5,787,083 5,787,083
Zinc 11,574 11,574

• Pre-treated Sea Water Splitting

Figure 3.6 Sea Water Splitting PSD

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Table 3.8 Sea Water Splitting Mass Balance

F6 F7 F8
Component
Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h)
Chlorine 21,990,916,667 13,194,550,000 8,796,366,667
Sodium 12,152,875,000 7,291,725,000 4,861,150,000
Magnesium 1,562,512,500 937,507,500 625,005,000
Sulphur 1,024,313,750 614,588,250 409,725,500
Calcium 4,629,666,667 2,777,800,000 1,851,866,667
Potassium 439,818,333 263,891,000 175,927,333
Bromine 75,232,083 45,139,250 30,092,833
Carbon 32,407,667 19,444,600 12,963,067
Strontium 9,375,075 5,625,045 3,750,030
Boron 5,324,117 3,194,470 2,129,647
Silicon 3,472,250 2,083,350 1,388,900
Fluoride 1,504,642 902,785 601,857
Argon 694,450 416,670 277,780
Nitrogen 578,708 347,225 231,483
Lithium 208,335 125,001 83,334
Rubidium 138,890 83,334 55,556
Phosphorus 81,019 48,612 32,408
Iodine 69,445 41,667 27,778
Barium 34,723 20,834 13,889
Aluminium 11,574 6,945 4,630
Iron 11,574 6,945 4,630
Indium 23,148 13,889 9,259
Molybdenum 11,574 6,945 4,630
Zinc 11,574 6,945 4,630
Nickel 6,250 3,750 2,500
Arsenic 3,472 2,083 1,389
Copper 3,472 2,083 1,389
Tin 3,472 2,083 1,389
Uranium 3,472 2,083 1,389
Chromium 347 208 139
Krypton 2,894 1,736 1,157
Manganese 2,315 1,389 926
Vanadium 1,157 694 463
Titanium 1,157 694 463
Cesium 579 347 231
Cerium 463 278 185
Antimony 382 229 153
Silver 347 208 139
Yrrium 347 208 139
Cobalt 313 188 125
Neon 162 97 65
Cadmium 1,273 764 509
Tungsten 116 69 46
Lead 58 35 23
Mercury 35 21 14
Selenium 23 14 9
Polyacrylic
5,787,083 3,472,250 2,314,833
Acid

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• HP Pump

Figure 3.7 HP Pump PSD

Table 3.9 HP Pump Mass Balance

F8 F10
Component
Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h)
Chlorine 8,796,366,667 8,796,366,667
Sodium 4,861,150,000 4,861,150,000
Magnesium 625,005,000 625,005,000
Sulfur 409,725,500 409,725,500
Calcium 1,851,866,667 1,851,866,667
Potassium 175,927,333 175,927,333
Bromine 30,092,833 30,092,833
Carbon 12,963,067 12,963,067
Strontium 3,750,030 3,750,030
Boron 2,129,647 2,129,647
Silicon 1,388,900 1,388,900
Fluoride 601,857 601,857
Argon 277,780 277,780
Nitrogen 231,483 231,483
Lithium 83,334 83,334
Rubidium 55,556 55,556
Phosphorus 32,408 32,408
Iodine 27,778 27,778
Barium 13,889 13,889
Aluminum 4,630 4,630
Iron 4,630 4,630
Indium 9,259 9,259
Molybdenum 4,630 4,630
Zinc 4,630 4,630

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Table 3.8 HP Pump Mass Balance (continued)

F8 F10
Component
Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h)
Nickel 2,500 2,500
Arsenic 1,389 1,389
Copper 1,389 1,389
Tin 1,389 1,389
Uranium 1,389 1,389
Chromium 139 139
Krypton 1,157 1,157
Manganese 926 926
Vanadium 463 463
Titanium 463 463
Cesium 231 231
Cerium 185 185
Antimony 153 153
Silver 139 139
Yrrium 139 139
Cobalt 125 125
Neon 65 65
Cadmium 509 509
Tungsten 46 46
Lead 23 23
Mercury 14 14
Selenium 9 9
Polyacrylic
2,314,833 2,314,833
Acid

• Pressure Exchanger

Figure 3.8 Pressure Exchanger PSD

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Table 3.10 Pressure Exchanger Mass Balance

F7 F9 F13 F14
Component
Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h)
Chlorine 13,194,550,000 13,194,550,000 12,061,265,471 12,061,265,471
Sodium 7,291,725,000 7,291,725,000 6,642,830,920 6,642,830,920
Magnesium 937,507,500 937,507,500 859,381,875 859,381,875
Sulphur 614,588,250 614,588,250 528,997,288 528,997,288
Calcium 2,777,800,000 2,777,800,000 2,546,316,667 2,546,316,667
Potassium 263,891,000 263,891,000 241,900,083 241,900,083
Bromine 45,139,250 45,139,250 41,377,646 41,377,646
Carbon 19,444,600 19,444,600 17,824,217 17,824,217
Strontium 5,625,045 5,625,045 5,156,291 5,156,291
Boron 3,194,470 3,194,470 2,546,317 2,546,317
Silicon 2,083,350 2,083,350 1,909,738 1,909,738
Fluoride 902,785 902,785 763,895 763,895
Argon 416,670 416,670 381,948 381,948
Nitrogen 347,225 347,225 318,290 318,290
Lithium 125,001 125,001 114,584 114,584
Rubidium 83,334 83,334 76,390 76,390
Phosphorus 48,612 48,612 44,561 44,561
Iodine 41,667 41,667 38,195 38,195
Barium 20,834 20,834 19,097 19,097
Aluminium 6,945 6,945 6,366 6,366
Iron 6,945 6,945 6,366 6,366
Indium 13,889 13,889 12,732 12,732
Molybdenum 6,945 6,945 6,366 6,366
Zinc 6,945 6,945 6,366 6,366
Nickel 3,750 3,750 3,438 3,438
Arsenic 2,083 2,083 1,910 1,910
Copper 2,083 2,083 1,910 1,910
Tin 2,083 2,083 1,910 1,910
Uranium 2,083 2,083 1,910 1,910
Chromium 208 208 191 191
Krypton 1,736 1,736 1,591 1,591
Manganese 1,389 1,389 1,273 1,273
Vanadium 694 694 637 637
Titanium 694 694 637 637
Cesium 347 347 318 318
Cerium 278 278 255 255
Antimony 229 229 210 210
Silver 208 208 191 191

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Table 3.9 Pressure Exchanger Mass Balance (continued)

F7 F9 F13 F14
Component
Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h)
Yrrium 208 208 191 191
Cobalt 188 188 172 172
Neon 97 97 89 89
Cadmium 764 764 509 509
Tungsten 69 69 64 64
Lead 35 35 32 32
Mercury 21 21 19 19
Selenium 14 14 13 13
Polyacrylic
3,472,250 3,472,250 3,182,896 3,182,896
Acid

• Booster Pump

Figure 3.9 Booster Pump PSD

Table 3.11 Booster Pump Mass Balance

F9 F11 F9 F11
Component Component
Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h)
Chlorine 13,194,550,000 13,194,550,000 Nickel 3,750 3,750
Sodium 7,291,725,000 7,291,725,000 Arsenic 2,083 2,083
Magnesium 937,507,500 937,507,500 Copper 2,083 2,083
Sulfur 614,588,250 614,588,250 Tin 2,083 2,083
Calcium 2,777,800,000 2,777,800,000 Uranium 2,083 2,083
Potassium 263,891,000 263,891,000 Chromium 208 208
Bromine 45,139,250 45,139,250 Krypton 1,736 1,736
Carbon 19,444,600 19,444,600 Manganese 1,389 1,389
Strontium 5,625,045 5,625,045 Vanadium 694 694
Boron 3,194,470 3,194,470 Titanium 694 694
Silicon 2,083,350 2,083,350 Cesium 347 347

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Table 3.10 Booster Pump Mass Balance (continued)

F9 F11 F9 F11
Component Component
Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h)
Fluoride 902,785 902,785 Cerium 278 278
Argon 416,670 416,670 Antimony 229 229
Nitrogen 347,225 347,225 Silver 208 208
Lithium 125,001 125,001 Yrrium 208 208
Rubidium 83,334 83,334 Cobalt 188 188
Phosphorus 48,612 48,612 Neon 97 97
Iodine 41,667 41,667 Cadmium 764 764
Barium 20,834 20,834 Tungsten 69 69
Aluminum 6,945 6,945 Lead 35 35
Iron 6,945 6,945 Mercury 21 21
Indium 13,889 13,889 Selenium 14 14
Molybdenum 6,945 6,945 Polyacrylic Acid 3,472,250 3,472,250
Zinc 6,945 6,945

• Reverse Osmosis

Figure 3.10 Reverse Osmosis PSD

Table 3.12 Reverse Osmosis Mass Balance

F12 F13 F15
Component
Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h)
Chlorine 21,990,916,667 12,061,265,471 27,604,388
Sodium 12,152,875,000 6,642,830,920 33,750,270
Magnesium 1,562,512,500 859,381,875 0
Sulfur 1,024,313,750 528,997,288 28,125,225
Calcium 4,629,666,667 2,546,316,667 0
Potassium 439,818,333 241,900,083 0

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Table 3.11 Reverse Osmosis Mass Balance (continued)

F12 F13 F15
Component
Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h)
Bromine 75,232,083 41,377,646 0
Carbon 32,407,667 17,824,217 0
Strontium 9,375,075 5,156,291 0
Boron 5,324,117 2,546,317 312,503
Silicon 3,472,250 1,909,738 0
Fluoride 1,504,642 763,895 52,084
Argon 694,450 381,948 0
Nitrogen 578,708 318,290 0
Lithium 208,335 114,584 0
Rubidium 138,890 76,390 0
Phosphorus 81,019 44,561 0
Iodine 69,445 38,195 0
Barium 34,723 19,097 0
Aluminum 11,574 6,366 0
Iron 11,574 6,366 0
Indium 23,148 12,732 0
Molybdenum 11,574 6,366 0
Zinc 11,574 6,366 0
Nickel 6,250 3,438 0
Arsenic 3,472 1,910 0
Copper 3,472 1,910 0
Tin 3,472 1,910 0
Uranium 3,472 1,910 0
Chromium 347 191 0
Krypton 2,894 1,591 0
Manganese 2,315 1,273 0
Vanadium 1,157 637 0
Titanium 1,157 637 0
Cesium 579 318 0
Cerium 463 255 0
Antimony 382 210 0
Silver 347 191 0

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Table 3.11 Reverse Osmosis Mass Balance (continued)

F12 F13 F15
Component
Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h)
Yrrium 347 191 0
Cobalt 313 172 0
Neon 162 89 0
Cadmium 1,273 509 156
Tungsten 116 64 0
Lead 58 32 0
Mercury 35 19 0
Selenium 23 13 0
Polyacrylic
5,787,083 3,182,896 0
Acid

3.1.2. Overall Mass Balance

Based on the mass balance of each process above, overall mass balance can be
gained which is shown in the table 3.12

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Table 3.13 Overall Mass Balance

F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8
Component Mass
Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h)
(mg/h)
Chlorine 21,990,916,667 21,990,916,667 21,990,916,667 0 21,990,916,667 21,990,916,667 13,194,550,000 8,796,366,667
Sodium 12,152,875,000 12,152,875,000 12,152,875,000 0 12,152,875,000 12,152,875,000 7,291,725,000 4,861,150,000
Magnesium 1,562,512,500 1,562,512,500 1,562,512,500 0 1,562,512,500 1,562,512,500 937,507,500 625,005,000
Sulphur 1,024,313,750 1,024,313,750 1,024,313,750 0 1,024,313,750 1,024,313,750 614,588,250 409,725,500
Calcium 4,629,666,667 4,629,666,667 4,629,666,667 0 4,629,666,667 4,629,666,667 2,777,800,000 1,851,866,667
Potassium 439,818,333 439,818,333 439,818,333 0 439,818,333 439,818,333 263,891,000 175,927,333
Bromine 75,232,083 75,232,083 75,232,083 0 75,232,083 75,232,083 45,139,250 30,092,833
Carbon 32,407,667 32,407,667 32,407,667 0 32,407,667 32,407,667 19,444,600 12,963,067
Strontium 9,375,075 9,375,075 9,375,075 0 9,375,075 9,375,075 5,625,045 3,750,030
Boron 5,324,117 5,324,117 5,324,117 0 5,324,117 5,324,117 3,194,470 2,129,647
Silicon 3,472,250 3,472,250 3,472,250 0 3,472,250 3,472,250 2,083,350 1,388,900
Fluoride 1,504,642 1,504,642 1,504,642 0 1,504,642 1,504,642 902,785 601,857
Argon 694,450 694,450 694,450 0 694,450 694,450 416,670 277,780
Nitrogen 578,708 578,708 578,708 0 578,708 578,708 347,225 231,483
Lithium 208,335 208,335 208,335 0 208,335 208,335 125,001 83,334
Rubidium 138,890 138,890 138,890 0 138,890 138,890 83,334 55,556
Phosphorus 81,019 81,019 81,019 0 81,019 81,019 48,612 32,408
Iodine 69,445 69,445 69,445 0 69,445 69,445 41,667 27,778
Barium 34,723 34,723 34,723 0 34,723 34,723 20,834 13,889
Aluminium 11,574 11,574 11,574 0 11,574 11,574 6,945 4,630
Iron 11,574 11,574 11,574 0 11,574 11,574 6,945 4,630
Indium 23,148 23,148 23,148 0 23,148 23,148 13,889 9,259
Molybdenum 11,574 11,574 11,574 0 11,574 11,574 6,945 4,630
Zinc 11,574 11,574 11,574 0 11,574 11,574 6,945 4,630
Nickel 6,250 6,250 6,250 0 6,250 6,250 3,750 2,500
Arsenic 3,472 3,472 3,472 0 3,472 3,472 2,083 1,389

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Table 3.12 Overall Mass Balance (continued)

F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8
Component
Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h)
Copper 3,472 3,472 3,472 0 3,472 3,472 2,083 1,389
Tin 3,472 3,472 3,472 0 3,472 3,472 2,083 1,389
Uranium 3,472 3,472 3,472 0 3,472 3,472 2,083 1,389
Chromium 347 347 347 0 347 347 208 139
Krypton 2,894 2,894 2,894 0 2,894 2,894 1,736 1,157
Manganese 2,315 2,315 2,315 0 2,315 2,315 1,389 926
Vanadium 1,157 1,157 1,157 0 1,157 1,157 694 463
Titanium 1,157 1,157 1,157 0 1,157 1,157 694 463
Cesium 579 579 579 0 579 579 347 231
Cerium 463 463 463 0 463 463 278 185
Antimony 382 382 382 0 382 382 229 153
Silver 347 347 347 0 347 347 208 139
Yrrium 347 347 347 0 347 347 208 139
Cobalt 313 313 313 0 313 313 188 125
Neon 162 162 162 0 162 162 97 65
Cadmium 1,273 1,273 1,273 0 1,273 1,273 764 509
Tungsten 116 116 116 0 116 116 69 46
Lead 58 58 58 0 58 58 35 23
Mercury 35 35 35 0 35 35 21 14
Selenium 23 23 23 0 23 23 14 9
Polyacrylic Acid 0 0 0 5,787,083 5,787,083 5,787,083 3,472,250 2,314,833

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Table 3.12 Overall Mass Balance (continued)

F9 F10 F11 F12 F13 F14 F15
Component
Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h)
Chlorine 13,194,550,000 8,796,366,667 13,194,550,000 21,990,916,667 12,061,265,471 12,061,265,471 27,604,388
Sodium 7,291,725,000 4,861,150,000 7,291,725,000 12,152,875,000 6,642,830,920 6,642,830,920 33,750,270
Magnesium 937,507,500 625,005,000 937,507,500 1,562,512,500 859,381,875 859,381,875 0
Sulphur 614,588,250 409,725,500 614,588,250 1,024,313,750 528,997,288 528,997,288 28,125,225
Calcium 2,777,800,000 1,851,866,667 2,777,800,000 4,629,666,667 2,546,316,667 2,546,316,667 0
Potassium 263,891,000 175,927,333 263,891,000 439,818,333 241,900,083 241,900,083 0
Bromine 45,139,250 30,092,833 45,139,250 75,232,083 41,377,646 41,377,646 0
Carbon 19,444,600 12,963,067 19,444,600 32,407,667 17,824,217 17,824,217 0
Strontium 5,625,045 3,750,030 5,625,045 9,375,075 5,156,291 5,156,291 0
Boron 3,194,470 2,129,647 3,194,470 5,324,117 2,546,317 2,546,317 312,503
Silicon 2,083,350 1,388,900 2,083,350 3,472,250 1,909,738 1,909,738 0
Fluoride 902,785 601,857 902,785 1,504,642 763,895 763,895 52,084
Argon 416,670 277,780 416,670 694,450 381,948 381,948 0
Nitrogen 347,225 231,483 347,225 578,708 318,290 318,290 0
Lithium 125,001 83,334 125,001 208,335 114,584 114,584 0
Rubidium 83,334 55,556 83,334 138,890 76,390 76,390 0
Phosphorus 48,612 32,408 48,612 81,019 44,561 44,561 0
Iodine 41,667 27,778 41,667 69,445 38,195 38,195 0
Barium 20,834 13,889 20,834 34,723 19,097 19,097 0
Aluminium 6,945 4,630 6,945 11,574 6,366 6,366 0
Iron 6,945 4,630 6,945 11,574 6,366 6,366 0
Indium 13,889 9,259 13,889 23,148 12,732 12,732 0
Molybdenum 6,945 4,630 6,945 11,574 6,366 6,366 0
Zinc 6,945 4,630 6,945 11,574 6,366 6,366 0
Nickel 3,750 2,500 3,750 6,250 3,438 3,438 0

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Table 3.12 Overall Mass Balance (continued)

F9 F10 F11 F12 F13 F14 F15
Component
Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h) Mass (mg/h)
Arsenic 2,083 1,389 2,083 3,472 1,910 1,910 0
Copper 2,083 1,389 2,083 3,472 1,910 1,910 0
Tin 2,083 1,389 2,083 3,472 1,910 1,910 0
Uranium 2,083 1,389 2,083 3,472 1,910 1,910 0
Chromium 208 139 208 347 191 191 0
Krypton 1,736 1,157 1,736 2,894 1,591 1,591 0
Manganese 1,389 926 1,389 2,315 1,273 1,273 0
Vanadium 694 463 694 1,157 637 637 0
Titanium 694 463 694 1,157 637 637 0
Cesium 347 231 347 579 318 318 0
Cerium 278 185 278 463 255 255 0
Antimony 229 153 229 382 210 210 0
Silver 208 139 208 347 191 191 0
Yrrium 208 139 208 347 191 191 0
Cobalt 188 125 188 313 172 172 0
Neon 97 65 97 162 89 89 0
Cadmium 764 509 764 1,273 509 509 156
Tungsten 69 46 69 116 64 64 0
Lead 35 23 35 58 32 32 0
Mercury 21 14 21 35 19 19 0
Selenium 14 9 14 23 13 13 0
Polyacrylic
3,472,250 2,314,833 3,472,250 5,787,083 3,182,896 3,182,896 0
Acid

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3.3. Energy Balance

In this plant design, the energy needed is only the electricity for the pump in
filtration and reverse osmosis. By using the Energy Recovery Device, the energy usage
of this plant is saved by 40-60%. For desalination plant with energy recovery device,
the amount of energy usage is about 3.5 kWh/m3 sea water. Therefore, with the amount
of seawater intake about 27,778 m3, the amount of energy needed for desalination plant
will be shown in table 3.14.

Table 3.14 Energy Needed for Desalination Plant

Requirement Mass Flow Energy Needed
Process
3 3
Energy (kWh/m ) (m /day) (kWh/day)
Desalination Plant 3.5 27,778 97,223.00

This electricity energy will be gained from solar PV and wind turbine electricity
generator. Other than the usage of desalination plant, electricity will also provide for
local citizen usage. The amount of electricity that will be sold for local citizen usage is
208,730 kWh/day. This means that the minimum amount of electricity produced by
solar PV and wind turbine is
𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑘𝑊ℎ
𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡 = 97,223 + 208.730 = 305,953
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
with Etot is Total Energy Required.
According to the calculation, the amount of energy needed to generate by solar
PV and wind turbine is 305,953 kWh/day. This enormous amount of energy generation
will be split between Solar PV and Wind Turbine with ratio 40:60 of needed amount.
The calculation of the energy balance will be shown in table 3.14.

Table 3.15 Energy Balance

Equipment Energy Generated (kWh/day) Energy Used (kWh/day)
Wind Turbine 122,381 0
Solar PV 183,572 0
Desalination Plant 0 97,223
To Local Citizen 0 208,730

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 CHAPTER 4
HEAT EXCHANGER NETWORK ANALYSIS

The seawater desalination uses reverse osmosis technology, with high pressure
pumps and completed by pre-treatment system (micro-filtration and ultra-filtration).
The sea water intake temperature range is estimated between 25 – 28oC, a standard sea
water level temperature. Through the process, the feed (seawater) is passed through
various of filters for treatment process, none of the filters require a specific temperature
requirement.
After the process, the brine and the product may experience an increase
temperature by +2oC which varies the temperature range from 26.5 - 30.5oC. The
change of temperature is not significant enough to need a heat exchanger unit. Finally,
the conclusion that the plant does not require a heat exchanger unit for the process.

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 CHAPTER 5
UTILITY

5.1. Added Chemicals

5.1.1. Anti-scalants
Anti-scalants are surface active materials designed to inhibit the formation and
precipitation of crystallized mineral salts that form scale. The most common mineral
scalants of concern: Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3) Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4);
Strontium Sulphate (SrSO4); Barium Sulphate (BaSO4); Less common mineral
scalants are: Calcium Phosphate (CaPO4); Calcium Fluoride (CaF2). Most anti-scalants
are proprietary organic man-made polymers (polyacrylic acids, carboxylic acids). The
plant will be using Polyacrylic Acids as the main component of the anti-scalants.
An anti-scalant is injected into the feedwater before the feedwater enters the RO
membranes. Its presence delays the reaction between calcium magnesium and
bicarbonate. Resulting no scale as the water is being purified by the RO. As the duration
of the water in the membrane system is relatively short during the treatment, scale
formation is prevented.
In order to avoid membrane fouling, the team should calculate the optimal dose
of needed anti-scalants. Optimal dosing and allowable maximum saturation levels of
scalants and foulants for anti-scalants are best determined by the chemical supplier who
utilizes a proprietary software package. Hydranautics utilizes estimates in its
IMSDesign software for alarm purposes in estimating the allowable level of super-
saturation of sparingly soluble salts.
Maintaining proper dosing levels of an anti-scalant is very important. Under-
dosing can cause scaling or fouling. Over-dosing can cause a deposition of the anti-
scalant onto the membrane, creating a fouling problem. Typically, a scale
inhibitor/dispersant dosage rate of 2 - 5 mg/L is adequate to prevent scaling. Hence,
by using the highest amount of dosage, the plant needs around 4167 kg/month of
polyacrylic acid.

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Polyacrylic acid are usually supplied as either a concentrated liquid or in a

powder form. Dilution water should be hardness-free and preferably be of RO permeate
quality. Diluted anti-scalant can become biologically fouled in the day tank depending
on room temperatures and how much it has been diluted. A suggested residence time
for a diluted solution is 7-10 days. Normally, undiluted anti-scalant solutions do not
suffer from biological fouling. Below is the chemical injection diagram.

Figure 5.1 Chemical Injection Control System

5.2. Battery
In choosing the solar battery, there are some specifications that are needed to be
evaluated. They are battery capacity & power, depth of discharge (DoD), round-trip
efficiency, and lastly battery life span. Capacity is the total amount of electricity that a
solar battery can store, measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh). While capacity tells how
big your battery is, it does not describe how much electricity a battery can provide at a
given moment. To get the full picture, it is needed to consider the battery’s power
rating. In the context of solar batteries, a power rating is the amount of electricity that
a battery can deliver at one time. It is measured in kilowatts (kW). A battery with a
high capacity and a low power rating would deliver a low amount of electricity (enough
to run a few crucial appliances) for a long time. A battery with low capacity and a high-
power rating could run entire home, but only for a few hours.
The depth of discharge (DoD) of a battery refers to the amount of a battery’s
capacity that has been used. Most manufacturers will specify a maximum DoD for

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optimal performance. While a battery’s round-trip efficiency represents the amount of

energy that can be used as a percentage of the amount of energy that it took to store it.
The general range for a solar battery's useful lifespan is between 5 and 15 years. If a
plant installs a solar battery today, it will likely need to replace it at least once to match
the 25 to 30 years lifespan of its PV system. However, just as the lifespan of solar
panels has increased significantly in the past decade, it is expected that solar batteries
will follow suit as the market for energy storage solutions grows. Proper maintenance
can also have a significant effect on your solar battery lifespan.
Typically, there are three batteries used as energy storage based on their chemical
compositions: lead acid, lithium ion, and saltwater.
• Lead Acid
Lead acid batteries are a tested technology that has been used in off-grid energy
systems for decades. While they have a relatively short life and lower DoD than other
battery types, they are also one of the least expensive options currently on the market
in the home energy storage sector. For homeowners who want to go off the grid and
need to install lots of energy storage, lead acid can be a good option.
• Lithium Ion
The majority of new home energy storage technologies, such as the, use some
form of lithium ion chemical composition. Lithium ion batteries are lighter and more
compact than lead acid batteries. They also have a higher DoD and longer lifespan
when compared to lead acid batteries. However, lithium ion batteries are more
expensive than their lead acid counterparts.
• Saltwater
A newcomer in the home energy storage industry is the saltwater battery. Unlike
other home energy storage options, saltwater batteries do not contain heavy metals,
relying instead on saltwater electrolytes. However, as a new technology, saltwater
batteries are relatively untested, and the one company that makes solar batteries for
home use (Aquion) filed for bankruptcy in 2017.

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To conclude it, the comparison between these three types of battery is shown in
the figure below.

Figure 5.2 Types of Battery Comparison

(Source: www.energysage.com)

Due to the high plant capacity, the team choose lithium-ion battery as the
electricity storage. The capacity for this plant storage is approximately at 7500 kWh or
equal to sixty percent of the electricity production. This requires a quite amount of
battery to hold up to hundreds of kilograms. Below is the specification of lithium
battery used in this plant.

Table 5.1 Chemical Injection Control System

Models RESU10
Total Energy (kWh) 9,8
Usable Energy (kWh) 8,8
Capacity (Ah) 189
Nominal Voltage (V) 51,8
Voltage Range (V) 42,0 – 58,8
Dimension [W x H x D, mm] 452 x 483 x 227
Weight (kg) 75
(Source: https://www.wattuneed.com)

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Figure 5.3 LG Lithium Battery RESU10

(Source: https://www.wattuneed.com)

5.3. Pump
Pump is one of the main utilities in the desalination plant in order to drain the
feed water through the separation processes. There are three pump equipment need to
be installed in this plant, which are Sea Water Intake Pump before the pre-treatment
process, High – Pressure Pump before the RO membrane, and Booster Pump in energy
recovery device. For the sea water intake, the plant uses a submersible pump. Below
are the specifications of pumps used in this plant.
Table 5.2 Submersible Pump Specifications
Power Electric
Pressure High Pressure
Theory Centrifugal Pump
Structure Single – stage Pump
Material Cast Iron/Stainless Steel
Max Fluid Temperature 35 oC
Power Requirement 886 kWh

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Figure 5.4 Submersible Pump for Sea Water Intake

(Source: https://www.alibaba.com)

Table 5.3 High – Pressure Pump Specifications

Power Electric
Pressure High Pressure
Theory Centrifugal Pump
Structure Multi - stage Pump, Vertical
Material Stainless Steel
Power Requirement 4378 kWh

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Figure 5.5 High – Pressure Pump for RO Membrane

(Source: https://www.alibaba.com)

Table 5.4 Booster Pump Specifications

Power Electric
Pressure High Pressure
Theory Vortex Pump
Structure Single – stage Pump
Material Brass & Copper
Power Requirement 1100 kWh

Figure 5.6 Booster Pump for Energy Recovery

(Source: https://www.alibaba.com)

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 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION

• From the market analysis, it is known that the capacity for the sea water
desalination plant is 12,500 m3/day and the electricity plant is 13 MW.
• The plant is located in Waingapu, Sumba Island, East Nusa Tenggara.
• The selected alternative process for fresh water production is Reverse Osmosis
using Solar PV and Wind energy.
• According to mass balance calculation, the plant needs 27,778 m3/day of sea
water to produce 12,500 m3/day of fresh water.
• The total energy that is needed in the sea water desalination plant is 97,223
kWh/day.
• The plant does not require a heat exchanger unit, hence the heat exchanger
network does not exist.
• The utility for this plant includes Chemical Injection, Battery, and Pump.
• The injected chemical to the desalination process is Polyacrylic Acid as anti-
scalant, in amount of 4,167 kg/month.
• Lithium ion battery with capacity of 7,500 kWh is used for the electricity storage
in the power plant.
• There are three pumps used in the desalination plant, which are Submersible
Pump, High-Pressure Pump, and Booster Pump.

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 REFERENCES

Ghaffour, N. and Mujtaba, I. (2018). Desalination using renewable

energy. Desalination, 435, pp.1-2.

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