DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE: This sub language concentrates on the values

of a specific table. It includes the following statements.

1. INSERT Statement
2. SELECT Statement
3. UPDATE Statement
4. DELETE Statement

1. INSERT Statement: This statement is used for inserting the values into a specific
table.

Syntax to INSERT Statement:

INSERT INTO TABLENAME [(columns list)] VALUES (VALUE1, VALUE2 …)

NOTE: While inserting the values into a specific table we should know that table
definition (number of columns).

In the above syntax “columns list” optional part specifies that “List of columns for
which user supplying the values”.

E.g1. INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (11, ‘RAM’, 15000, 10)

E.g2. INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (22, ‘RAJ’, 5000, 20)

E.g3. INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (33, ‘ANIL’, 10000, 10)

E.g4. INSERT INTO EMP VALUES (44, ‘ABIRAM’, 150000, 20)

E.g5. INSERT INTO EMP (EMPNO, ENAME, DEPTNO)

VALUES (55, ‘DP’, 10)

E.g6. INSERT INTO EMP (EMPNO, ENAME,SAL)

VALUES (66, ‘INDU’, 12000)

In the above example 5 user was unable to supply the value for SAL column, then
user have to mention the columns list for which he can supply the values.

In the above example 6 user was unable to supply the value for DEPTNO column,
then user have to mention the columns list for which he can supply the values.

Note: Whenever user unable to supply the values for any column then server will
arrange an unpredictable or garbage value called NULL value. Null is different from
zero and empty. We cannot compare null with any other values.
 In the above E.g5 and E.g6 case SAL and DEPTNO column value will be given as
NULL.

2. SELECT Statement: This statement is used for retrieving the data from a specific
table. It is also known as Data Retrieval Statement.

Syntax:
SELECT {*/ columns list} FROM TABLENAME

In the above syntax the symbol ‘* ‘displays all columns and their corresponding rows
and the ‘columns list’ displays specific columns and their corresponding rows.

E.g.: SELECT * FROM EMP

The above statement displays all columns and their corresponding rows from EMP
table it means whole EMP table will be displayed

Ex1: DISPLAYING THE DATA IN THE EMP TABLE:

SELECT * FROM EMP

EMPNO ENAME SAL DEPTNO

11 RAM 15000 10
22 RAJ 5000 20
33 ANIL 10000 10
44 ABIRAM 15000 20
55 DP NULL 10
66 INDU 12000 NULL

E.g.: SELECT EMPNO, ENAME FROM EMP

The above statement displays only EMPNO, ENAME columns and their rows from
EMP table.

E.g.: SELECT SAL, DEPTNO FROM EMP

The above statement displays only SAL, DEPTNO columns and their rows from EMP
table.

OPERATORS:
Arithmetic Operators: +, -, *, /, %
Relational Operators: <, >, <=, >=, =,! =,! <,! >
Logical Operators: AND, OR, NOT
Truth table for AND Truth table for OR Truth table for NOT

C1 C2 R C1 C2 R C R

T T T T T T T F
T F F T F T F T
F T F F T T
F F F F F F

*C1: Condition 1
*C2: Condition 2
*R: Result

WHERE CLAUSE: This clause used for placing a condition on a specific column of
a specific table. It is associated with SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE statements.

Syntax:
SELECT {*/Columns list} FROM TABLENAME [WHERE Condition]

E.g.: Write a Query to select employ details who are working under 10th department

SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=10

E.g.: Write a Query to select employ details who are earning salaries between 5000
and 25000

SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SAL>5000 AND SAL<25000

E.g.: Write a Query to select employ details whose employ number is 22

SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE EMPNO=22

E.g.: Write a Query to select employ details whose department is null

SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO IS NULL

Note: In the above example we used a special operator called IS operator , which used
to compare NULL values.
3. UPDATE Statement: Update statement in SQL Server is used for modifying the data,
which is available in a specific table.

Syntax:
UPDATE TABLENAME SET COLUMNNAME =NEWVALUE
[, COLUMNNAME= NEWVALUE….]

E.g.: Write a Query to modify (increase) the salaries of all the employees in EMP table

UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+1000

The above statement (modifies) increases all employees salaries by 10000

This type of updating operation is called HIGH LEVEL UPDATE operation.

E.g.: Write a Query to modify (increase) the salaries of all employees who are working
under 10th department.

UPDATE EMP SET SAL=SAL+500 WHERE DEPTNO=10

Write a Query to modify the salary of an employ whose employ number 11 and who is
working under 20th department

UPDATE EMP SET SAL= SAL+300 WHERE EMPNO=11 AND DEPTNO=20

CASE Statement: In SQL Server CASE statement is used for evaluating multiple
conditions on a specific column. It is mostly associated with UPDATE statement.

Syntax: UPDATE TABLENAME SET COLUMN NAME= CASE

WHEN CONDITION1 THEN RESULT1
WHEN CONDITION2 THEN RESULT2
------ --------------------------- ------------ ----
---------- ---------------------- ------------- -----
WHEN CONDITIONN THEN RESULTN
[ELSE RESULT]
END
E.g.: Write Query to arrange BONUS column values according to the following
specification

SAL BONUS
<=5000 1000
>5000 and <=10000 2000
>10000 3000

UPDATE EMP SET BONUS=CASE

WHEN SAL<=5000 THEN 1000
WHEN SAL>5000 AND SAL<=10000 THEN 2000
WHEN SAL>10000 THEN 3000 (OR) ELSE 3000
END

The above statement arranges BONUS column values according to the salaries.

4. DELETE Statement: Delete statement is used to delete the data from a specific table
in ROW-BY-ROW (one by one) manner with out disturbing its structure (columns).

Syntax:
DELETE FROM TABLE_NAME [WHERE (CONDITION)]

E.g.: DELETE FROM EMP

The statement deletes all records from EMP table with out disturbing its structure
(columns). This is called high level deletion

E.g.: Write a Query to delete all employees who are working under 10th department

DELETE FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=10

E.g.: Write a Query to delete all employ who is working under 20th department and
employ number 33

DELETE FROM EMP WHERE DEPTNO=20 AND EMPNO=33