CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES:

HYDROCHLORIC
ACID
BUBAN, ADELYN B.
CHIONG, HEDDY SUZANE D.
PEREZ, AUDREY THERESE
HYDROCHLORIC ACID

• ALSO KNOWN AS MURIATIC ACID, IS A

SOLUTION OF HYDROGEN CHLORIDE IN
WATER.
• HCL EXISTS IN SOLID, LIQUID, AND
GASEOUS STATES AND IS WATER
SOLUBLE IN ALL PROPORTIONS.
HISTORY
 15 TH CENTURY
o FIRST HYDROCHLORIC ACID WAS PREPARED THROUGH
HEATING COMMON SALT AND SULFURIC ACID BY
BENEDICTINE MONK AND BASIL VALENTINE.
16 TH CENTURY
o LIBAVIUS PREPARED FREE
HYDROCHLORIC ACID BY HEATING
SALT IN CLAY CRUCIBLES.
o JOHANN RUDOLF GLAUBER USED NACL AND H2SO4 FOR THE
PREPARATION OF SODIUM SULFATE IN THE MANNHEIM
PROCESS, RELEASING HYDROGEN CHLORIDE GAS AS A BY-
PRODUCT IN THE 17TH CENTURY.
o JOSEPH PRIESTLY PREPARED PURE HYDROCHLORIC ACID ON
1772.
o HUMPHRY DAVY PROVED THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION THAT
INCLUDES HYDROGEN AND CHLORINE ON 1818
o NICOLAS LEBLANC DEVELOPED CHEAP LARGE-SCALE
PRODUCTION OF SODIUM CARBONATE (SODA ASH). USING
COMMON SALT, SULFURIC ACID, LIMESTONE AND COAL
WHICH RELEASE HCL AS A BY-PRODUCT DURING THE
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION.
• IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY, THE LEBLANC PROCESS WAS EFFECTIVELY
REPLACED BY THE SOLVAY PROCESS WITHOUT HYDROCHLORIC ACID BY-
PRODUCT. SINCE HYDROCHLORIC ACID WAS ALREADY FULLY SETTLED AS
AN IMPORTANT CHEMICAL IN NUMEROUS APPLICATIONS, THE COMMERCIAL
INTEREST INITIATED OTHER PRODUCTION METHODS, SOME OF WHICH ARE
STILL USED TODAY.
• AFTER THE YEAR 2000, HYDROCHLORIC ACID IS MOSTLY MADE BY
ABSORBING BY- PRODUCT HYDROGEN CHLORIDE DURING A CHEMICAL
MANUFACTURING PROCESS SUCH AS CHLORINATION OF HYDROCARBONS.
• SINCE 1988, HYDROCHLORIC ACID HAS BEEN LISTED AS A
TABLE II PRECURSOR UNDER THE 1988 UNITED NATIONS
CONVENTION AGAINST ILLICIT TRAFFIC IN NARCOTIC DRUGS
AND PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES BECAUSE OF ITS USE IN THE
PRODUCTION OF HEROIN, COCAINE, AND METHAMPHETAMINE.
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
INDUSTRY
DESCRIPTION OF THE HYDROCHLORIC
INDUSTRY
• PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
• REACTIVITY AND PHYSICAL CONCERNS
• EXPOSURE HAZARDS
• EXPOSURE LIMITS
• EXPOSURE CONTROLS
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID, SUCH
AS BOILING AND MELTING POINTS, DENSITY, AND PH DEPEND ON
THE CONCENTRATION OR MOLARITY OF HCL IN THE ACID SOLUTION. THEY
CAN RANGE FROM THOSE OF WATER AT 0 PERCENT HCL TO VALUES FOR
FUMING HYDROCHLORIC ACID AT OVER 40 PERCENT HCL.
 Vap.
Conc Conc( Conc Densit Visco- Spec. Boiling Melting
Molarity pH Press-
(w/w) w/v) Baumé y sity heat point point
ure
104.8
10% 6.6 1.048 2.87 M -0.5 1.16 3.47 0.527 103 °C -18 °C
0
219.6
20% 13 1.098 6.02 M -0.8 1.37 2.99 27.3 108 °C -59 °C
0
344.7
30% 19 1.149 9.45 M -1.0 1.70 2.60 1,410 90 °C -52 °C
0
370.8
32% 20 1.159 10.17 M -1.0 1.80 2.55 3,130 84 °C -43 °C
8
397.4
34% 21 1.169 10.90 M -1.0 1.90 2.50 6,733 71 °C -36 °C
6
424.4 14,10
36% 22 1.179 11.64 M -1.1 1.99 2.46 61 °C -30 °C
4 0
451.8 28,00
38% 23 1.189 12.39 M -1.1 2.10 2.43 48 °C -26 °C
REACTIVITY AND PHYSICAL CONCERNS
INCOMPATIBLE WITH HYDROXIDES, AMINES, ALKALIS, CYANIDES, SULFIDES,
SULFITES, FORMALDEHYDE, COPPER, BRASS, AND ZINC. HYDROCHLORIC ACID
SOLUTION IN WATER IS A STRONG ACID: IT REACTS VIOLENTLY WITH BASES AND IS
CORROSIVE; REACTS VIOLENTLY WITH OXIDANTS FORMING TOXIC CHLORINE GAS;
ATTACKS MANY METALS IN THE PRESENCE OF WATER, FORMING
FLAMMABLE/EXPLOSIVE HYDROGEN GAS. WHEN HEATED TO DECOMPOSITION,
EMITS TOXIC HYDROGEN CHLORIDE FUMES AND WILL REACT WITH WATER OR
STEAM TO PRODUCE HEAT AND TOXIC AND CORROSIVE FUMES. THERMAL
OXIDATIVE DECOMPOSITION PRODUCES TOXIC CHLORINE FUMES AND EXPLOSIVE
HYDROGEN GAS.
EXPOSURE HAZARDS
o ROUTE OF EXPOSURE
➢INHALATION
➢INGESTION
➢SKIN CONTACT
➢EYE CONTACT
o CHRONIC EXPOSURE
MAY HAVE EFFECTS ON THE LUNGS,
RESULTING IN CHRONIC BRONCHITIS. MAY
HAVE EFFECTS ON THE TEETH, RESULTING
IN EROSION.
o FIRST AID
➢IN CASE OF EYE CONTACT, IMMEDIATELY WASH THE EYES WITH LARGE
AMOUNTS OF WATER, OCCASIONALLY LIFTING THE LOWER AND UPPER LIDS.
➢IN CASE OF SKIN CONTACT, IMMEDIATELY FLUSH THE CONTAMINATED SKIN
WITH WATER. IF THIS CHEMICAL PENETRATES THE CLOTHING, IMMEDIATELY
REMOVE THE CLOTHING AND FLUSH THE SKIN WITH WATER.
➢IN CASE OF INHALATION OF LARGE AMOUNTS OF THIS CHEMICAL,
IMMEDIATELY MOVE THE EXPOSED PERSON TO FRESH AIR. IF BREATHING HAS
STOPPED, PERFORM ARTIFICIAL RESUSCITATION. KEEP THE AFFECTED
PERSON WARM AND AT REST.
➢IF THIS CHEMICAL HAS BEEN INGESTED, DO NOT INDUCE VOMITING.
• EXPOSURE LIMITS
➢PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LIMIT: 7MG/M3; 5 PPM (OSHA TWA)
➢NIOSH RECOMMENDED EXPOSURE LIMIT: 7MG/M3; 5 PPM (NIOSH
CEILING LIMIT)
➢IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE AND HEALTH: 50 PPM
EXPOSURE CONTROLS
o ENGINEERING CONTROLS
LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION OR BREATHING PROTECTION IS
REQUIRED. SECONDARY CONTAINMENT OF ALL STORAGE AND USE IS
REQUIRED IF AN EXPOSURE RISK TO PERSONNEL OR THE ENVIRONMENT
IS PRESENT.
o ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL
PROCEDURES SHOULD BE DEVELOPED FOR THE SAFE USE AND
HANDLING OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN ALL APPLICATIONS. ESHQ CAN
PROVIDE INFORMATION AND GUIDANCE. DEPENDING UPON QUANTITIES,
CERTAIN REGULATORY PERMITS AND/OR REGISTRATIONS MAY BE REQUIRED.
PERSONNEL WORKING WITH THE MATERIALS MUST RECEIVE DETAILED
TRAINING ON THE HAZARDS, SAFE USE, AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES.
o PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
AVOID ALL CONTACT WITH SUBSTANCE. PREVENT SKIN/EYE CONTACT
THROUGH THE USE OF IMPERVIOUS GLOVES, CLOTHING, BOOTS, APRON, AND
EYE GOGGLES OR FULL FACE SHIELD. IF THE AIRBORNE EXPOSURE LIMIT MAY BE
EXCEEDED AND ENGINEERING CONTROLS ARE NOT FEASIBLE, IN CONDITIONS OF
50PPM OR LESS A CHEMICAL CARTRIDGE RESPIRATOR MAY BE USED WITH AN
ACID GAS CARTRIDGE OR WEAR A NIOSH-APPROVED SELF-CONTAINED
BREATHING APPARATUS WITH FULL FACE-PIECE OPERATED IN THE PRESSURE
DEMAND OR OTHER POSITIVE PRESSURE MODE.
o DISPOSAL
MATERIAL IS DISPOSED OF AS HAZARDOUS WASTE. CONTACT THE WASTE
MANAGEMENT GROUP FOR SPECIFIC DISPOSAL REQUIREMENTS AND
PROCEDURES. CONTAINERS AND OTHER MATERIALS THAT ARE CONTAMINATED
WITH HYDROCHLORIC ACID MUST ALSO BE TREATED AS HAZARDOUS WASTE.
STORE WASTE ACID SEPARATED FROM COMBUSTIBLE AND REDUCING
SUBSTANCES, STRONG OXIDANTS, STRONG BASES, METALS. KEEP IN A COOL,
DRY, WELL VENTILATED ROOM.
o MEDICAL MONITORING
INITIAL MEDICAL EXAMINATION MAY BE REQUIRED TO DETECT ANY PRE-
EXISTING CONDITIONS AND ESTABLISH A BASELINE FOR FUTURE MONITORING.
CONTACT THE CHEMICAL SAFETY PROGRAM MANAGER REGARDING EXPOSURE
AND MEDICAL MONITORING REQUIREMENTS.
o EMERGENCY RESPONSE
IN THE EVENT OF A SPILL THAT POSES A THREAT TO HEALTH AND/OR
THE ENVIRONMENT, IMMEDIATELY EVACUATE THE AREA AND CALL FOR HELP.
THEN CALL SITE SECURITY AND NOTIFY YOUR SUPERVISOR. FOR OTHER SPILLS,
NOTIFY YOUR SUPERVISOR THEN SITE SECURITY; THESE MAY BE CLEANED UP
WITH APPROPRIATE SPILL RESPONSE SUPPLIES BY TRAINED PERSONNEL WHO
HAVE BEEN AUTHORIZED VIA WORK PLANNING AND CONTROL.
APPLICATION
LARGEST END USES FOR
HYDROCHLORIC ACID:
• STEEL PICKLING
• OIL WELL ACIDIZING
• FOOD
• OTHER FOOD USES
• PRODUCTION OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE
• ORE PROCESSING
• OTHER MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATION
❖STEEL PICKLING
HYDROCHLORIC ACID IS USED IN PICKLING OPERATIONS FOR CARBON,
ALLOY AND STAINLESS STEELS. STEEL PICKLING IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH IRON
OXIDES AND SCALE ARE REMOVED FROM THE SURFACE OF STEEL BY
CONVERTING THE OXIDES TO SOLUBLE COMPOUNDS.
• OIL WELL ACIDIZING
HYDROCHLORIC ACID IS USED BOTH
TO REMOVE RUST, SCALE AND UNDESIRABLE
CARBONATE DEPOSITS IN OIL WELLS TO
ENCOURAGE THE FLOW OF CRUDE OIL OR
GAS TO THE WELL. THIS USE IS CALLED
"STIMULATION." ACIDIZING IS GENERALLY
DONE IN CARBONATE OR LIMESTONE
FORMATIONS BY STIMULATION.
• FOOD
THE FOOD INDUSTRY USES HYDROCHLORIC ACID IN THE PROCESSING OF
A VARIETY OF PRODUCTS. A MAJOR USE OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID BY THE
FOOD INDUSTRY IS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CORN SYRUPS SUCH AS HIGH-
FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP (HFCS).
• OTHER FOOD USES
HYDROCHLORIC ACID IS ALSO USED IN OTHER FOOD PROCESSING
APPLICATIONS INCLUDING THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROLYZED VEGETABLE
PROTEIN AND SOY SAUCE. IT IS USED IN ACIDULATING CRUSHED BONES FOR
THE MANUFACTURE OF GELATIN AND AS AN ACIDIFIER FOR PRODUCTS SUCH AS
SAUCES, VEGETABLE JUICES AND CANNED GOODS.
• PRODUCTION OF CALCIUM CHLORIDE
NEUTRALIZING HYDROCHLORIC ACID WITH LIMESTONE (CACO3)
PRODUCES CALCIUM CHLORIDE. THE LARGEST USE FOR CALCIUM CHLORIDE IS
HIGHWAY DEICING WITH PRODUCTION DEPENDENT ON WEATHER
CONDITIONS.
• ORE PROCESSING
NEUTRALIZING HYDROCHLORIC ACID WITH LIMESTONE (CACO3)
PRODUCES CALCIUM CHLORIDE. THE LARGEST USE FOR CALCIUM CHLORIDE IS
HIGHWAY DEICING WITH PRODUCTION DEPENDENT ON WEATHER
CONDITIONS.
• OTHER MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS
❖REGENERATION OF ION EXCHANGER
AN IMPORTANT APPLICATION OF HIGH-QUALITY HYDROCHLORIC ACID IS THE
REGENERATION OF ION EXCHANGE RESINS. CATION EXCHANGE IS WIDELY USED TO
REMOVE IONS SUCH AS NA+ AND CA2+ FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS,
PRODUCING DEMINERALIZED WATER.
NA+ IS REPLACED BY H3O+
CA2+ IS REPLACED BY 2 H3O+
ION EXCHANGERS AND DEMINERALIZED WATER ARE USED IN ALL CHEMICAL
INDUSTRIES, DRINKING WATER PRODUCTION, AND MANY FOOD INDUSTRIES.
 ❖ PH CONTROL AND
NEUTRALIZATION
A VERY COMMON
APPLICATION OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID
IS TO REGULATE THE BASICITY (PH) OF
SOLUTIONS.
OH− + HCL → H2O + CL−
 ❖PRODUCTION OF INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
NUMEROUS PRODUCTS CAN BE PRODUCED WITH HYDROCHLORIC
ACID IN
NORMAL ACID-BASE REACTIONS, RESULTING IN INORGANIC
COMPOUNDS. THESE
INCLUDE WATER TREATMENT CHEMICALS SUCH AS IRON (III)
CHLORIDE AND POLYALUMINIUM CHLORIDE (PAC).
FE2O3 + 6 HCL → 2 FECL3 + 3 H2O
❖PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
THE LARGEST HYDROCHLORIC ACID CONSUMPTION IS IN THE PRODUCTION OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS SUCH AS VINYL CHLORIDE FOR PVC, AND MDI AND TDI FOR
POLYURETHANE. THIS IS OFTEN CAPTIVE USE, CONSUMING LOCALLY-PRODUCED
HYDROCHLORIC ACID THAT NEVER ACTUALLY REACHES THE OPEN MARKET.
❖PHYSIOLOGY AND PATHOLOGY
HYDROCHLORIC ACID CONSTITUTES
THE MAJORITY OF GASTRIC ACID, THE
HUMAN DIGESTIVE FLUID. IN A
COMPLEX PROCESS AND AT A LARGE
ENERGETIC BURDEN, IT IS SECRETED BY
PARIETAL CELLS (ALSO KNOWN AS
OXYNTIC CELLS). THESE CELLS CONTAIN
AN EXTENSIVE SECRETORY NETWORK
(CALLED CANALICULI) FROM WHICH
THE HCL IS SECRETED INTO THE LUMEN
OF THE STOMACH. THEY ARE PART OF
THE FUNDIC GLANDS (ALSO KNOWN
AS OXYNTIC GLANDS) IN
THE STOMACH.
 SAFETY MECHANISMS THAT PREVENT THE DAMAGE OF THE EPITHELIUM OF
DIGESTIVE TRACT BY HYDROCHLORIC ACID ARE THE FOLLOWING:
• NEGATIVE REGULATORS OF ITS RELEASE
• A THICK MUCUS LAYER COVERING THE EPITHELIUM
• SODIUM BICARBONATE SECRETED BY GASTRIC EPITHELIAL CELLS AND
PANCREAS
• THE STRUCTURE OF EPITHELIUM (TIGHT JUNCTIONS)
• ADEQUATE BLOOD SUPPLY
• PROSTAGLANDINS (MANY DIFFERENT EFFECTS: THEY STIMULATE
MUCUS AND BICARBONATE SECRETION, MAINTAIN EPITHELIAL
BARRIER INTEGRITY, ENABLE ADEQUATE BLOOD SUPPLY, STIMULATE THE
HEALING OF THE DAMAGED MUCOUS MEMBRANE)
 NUMEROUS OTHER USES OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID INCLUDE THE
MANUFACTURE OF DYES AND PIGMENTS; THE REMOVAL OF SLUDGE AND SCALE
FROM INDUSTRIAL EQUIPMENT; THE DELIMING, TANNING AND DYEING OF HIDES
BY THE LEATHER INDUSTRY; MANUFACTURE OF PERMANENT WAVE LOTION; THE
CARBONIZING OF WOOL; USE AS A BLEACHING AND DYEING ASSISTANT IN THE
TEXTILE INDUSTRY; AND THE PURIFICATION OF SAND AND CLAY.
MANUFACTURING PROCESS
VARIOUS METHODS OF MANUFACTURING HCL:

1. SYNTHESIS FROM HYDROGEN AND CHLORINE

2. FROM SALT AND SULFURIC ACID
3. AS BY-PRODUCT FROM CHEMICAL PROCESSES
4. FROM INCINERATION OF WASTE ORGANICS
5. HYDROCHLORIC ACID SOLUTIONS
1. SYNTHESIS OF HYDROGEN AND CHLORINE
• RAW MATERIALS
BASIS: 1000KG OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID (98% YIELD)
HYDROGEN = 28.21KG
CHLORINE = 999.21KG
• SOURCES OF RAW MATERIAL
BOTH HYDROGEN AND CHLORINE CAN BE OBTAINED DURING
ELECTROLYSIS OF BRINE FOR MANUFACTURING OF NAOH.
HYDROGEN CAN ALSO BE SYNTHESIZED:

1. LANE PROCESS OR IRON STEAM PROCESS

2. STEAM HYDROCARBON PROCESS
3. LIQUEFACTION OF COAL GAS AND COKE OVEN GAS
4. BOSCH PROCESS OR WATER GAS-STEAM PROCESS
1. LANE PROCESS OR IRON STEAM PROCESS
2. STEAM HYDROCARBON PROCESS
3. LIQUEFACTION OF COAL GAS AND COKE OVEN GAS
4. BOSCH PROCESS OR WATER GAS-STEAM PROCESS
• REACTION
H2 + CL2 → 2 HCL ΔH = - 43.9KCALS
➢ANHYDROUS HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
HOT GASES ORIGINATING FROM COMBUSTION CHAMBER ARE PASSING
OVER ANHYDROUS CACL2 OR WASHING THEM WITH 98% SULFURIC ACID AND
THEN COOLED AND COMPRESSED TO 60 ATM PRESSURE. THE COOLED AND
COMPRESSED GAS HAVING 99.9% PURITY IS FILLED IN STEEL CYLINDERS
➢THERMODYNAMICS AND KINETICS
H2 + CL2 → 2HCL ΔH = - 44KCAL
THE INITIATION, PROPAGATION AND TERMINATION OF THE CHAIN REACTIONS ARE
AS FOLLOWS:
INITIATION:
CL2 + HΥ → 2CL•
PROPAGATION:
CL• + H2 → HCL + H+
H• + CL2 → HCL + CL•
TERMINATION:
CL• + CL• → CL2 + HEAT
H• + H• → H2 + HEAT
H• + CL• → HCL +HEAT
➢ENGINEERING ASPECT
THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER AND DUCTING TO ABSORBER SHOULD BE
SUFFICIENTLY SPECIOUS FOR AVOIDING WALL EFFECT. FROM PHYSICOCHEMICAL
POINT OF VIEW IF THE WALLS OF REACTOR IN WHICH CHAIN REACTIONS TAKES
PLACE BY THEIR VARYING NATURE, DEVELOPMENT, SHAPE AND ORIENTATION AS
TO AFFECT THE CHAIN CARRIERS IS CALLED WALL EFFECT. IN THE PRESENT CASE
WALL TENDS TO INTERRUPT THE PROCESS BY PROMOTING THE CHAIN BREAKING
REACTION (TERMINATION REACTIONS).
2. THE SALT-SULFURIC ACID PROCESS
o RAW MATERIALS
BASIS: 1000KG HYDROCHLORIC ACID
SODIUM CHLORIDE = 3206KG
SULFURIC ACID = 2688KG
o SOURCES OF RAW MATERIAL
SODIUM CHLORIDE CAN BE OBTAINED FROM SEA WATER, SALT LAKE AND SUB–SOIL
WATER.
SULFURIC ACID CAN BE OBTAINED BY CONTACT PROCESS.
o REACTION
NACL + H2SO4 → NAHSO4 + HCL
NACL + NAHSO4 → NA2SO4 + HCL
3. AS BY-PRODUCT FROM CHEMICAL PROCESSES
SOME OF THE PROCESSES IN WHICH HCL IS PRODUCED AS BY-PRODUCT IS THE
MANUFACTURE OF CHLOROflUOROHYDROCARBONS, MANUFACTURE OF ALIPHATIC AND
AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS, PRODUCTION OF HIGH SURFACE AREA SILICA, AND THE
MANUFACTURE OF PHOSPHORIC ACID AND ESTERS OF PHOSPHORIC ACID.
4. FROM INCINERATION OF WASTE ORGANICS
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS REGARDING THE DISPOSAL OF CHLORINE-
CONTAINING ORGANIC WASTES HAVE MOTIVATED THE DEVELOPMENT OF
TECHNOLOGIES FOR BURNING OR PARALYZING THE WASTE ORGANICS AND
RECOVERING THE CHLORINE VALUES AS HYDROGEN CHLORIDE. SEVERAL CATALYTIC AND
NON-CATALYTIC PROCESSES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED TO TREAT THESE WASTES TO
PRODUCE HYDROGEN CHLORIDE.
5. FROM HYDROCHLORIC SOLUTIONS
GASEOUS HYDROGEN CHLORIDE IS OBTAINED BY PARTIALLY STRIPPING
CONCENTRATED HCL ACID USING AN ABSORBER–DESORBER SYSTEM. THE STRIPPER IS
OPERATED AT A PRESSURE OF 100–200 KPA (1–2 ATM) FOR IMPROVED RECOVERY OF
HCL. THE OVERHEAD VAPORS CONSISTING OF 97% HCL AND 3% H2O IS COOLED TO
REMOVE MOST OF THE WATER AS CONCENTRATED HCL, AND THE RESIDUAL WATER
VAPOR IS REMOVED BY DRYING THE GAS WITH SULFURIC ACID.
PACKAGING
• FOR COMBINATION PACKAGINGS, IF GLASS INNER PACKAGINGS (INCLUDING
AMPOULES) ARE USED, THEY MUST BE PACKED WITH ABSORBENT MATERIAL IN
TIGHTLY CLOSED METAL RECEPTACLES BEFORE PACKING IN OUTER
PACKAGINGS.
• FOR COMBINATION PACKAGINGS, IF PLASTIC INNER PACKAGINGS ARE USED,
THEY MUST BE PACKED IN TIGHTLY CLOSED METAL RECEPTACLES BEFORE
PACKING IN OUTER PACKAGING
• PACKAGING MUST BE PROTECTED WITH NON-METALLIC LININGS IMPERVIOUS
TO THE LADING OR HAVE A SUITABLE CORROSION ALLOWANCE.
MARKET PLAYERS
MABUHAY VINYL CORPORATION (MVC)

LEGAL ADDRESS: 3/F, PHILAMLIFE BUILDING, 126 L.P. LEVISTE ST., SALCEDO
VILLAGE MAKATI; NATIONAL CAPITAL REGION
OPERATIONAL STATUS: OPERATIONAL
INCORPORATION DATE: 1934
MAIN ACTIVITIES: BASIC CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING
EMERALD CHEMICALS, INC. (ECI)

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INDUSTRIES SINCE 1971. ITS MAIN BUSINESS ACTIVITY IS DISTRIBUTION OF BASIC
INDUSTRIAL CHEMICALS
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