Petroleum Chemistry Labs PDF

Petroleum Refining - Chapter 3: Significance of Lab Tests
Chapter 3 : Significance of lab tests in petroleum refining

 Laboratory Standard Test Procedures (ASTM).
 Significance of Laboratory Tests.
 Product Specifications (ASTM).
 Product Quality Upgrading (through operations) - Chapter 7
Table 3.1: The 30 most important ASTM tests in petroleum refining.

ASTM Standard Page
No. Test Fraction
Test Number No.
1. Atm Distillation Crude oil and lighter D 86
2. Vac Distillation Atm resid and heavier D 1160
3. API & specific gravity All D287-92
4. BS&W Crude Oil Feed D 96-88
5. Octane Number (Motor/Research) Gasoline D 357/D 908
6. Molecular Weight All D2503
7. RVP Light fractions D323-94
8. Lamp Sulfur All D1266
9. Doctor test All D325
10. Flash point Naphtha & gasoline D56-97A
11. Freezing point Kerosene D2386
12. Smoke point kerosene (ATK) D1322
13. Viscosity (Saybolt universal) Heavy fractions D88
14. Viscosity (Kinematic) Heavy fractions D445
15. Pour point Diesel and heavier D97-96a
16. Cloud Point Diesel and lighter D2500
17. Color (clear liquids) Diesel and lighter D1209-93
18. PNA/PINA/ PONA/PIONA Naphtha and kerosene D5443–93
19. Refractive Index (RI) All D1218-92
20. Aniline point All D611
21. Cetane Index Diesel D976
22. Cetane number Diesel D613
23. Conradson carbon Heavy fractions D189-97
24. Ramsbottom carbon Heavy fractions D524
25. H/C ratio All D5291
26. Heating value (net/gross) All D240/D4809
27. Flammability Limits (upper/lower) All E681
28. Salt, PTB Crude oil D3230/D6470
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1
Copyrights © 2001– 2015, Dr. Tareq Albahri, Chem. Eng. Dept., Kuwait University
API (specific) gravity

Sample: all
Standard Test Number: ASTM D287-92
Principle: Buoyancy
Objective:
To determine the API gravity of crude petroleum and petroleum products normally
handled as liquids and having a Reid vapor pressure of 26 psi or less and at constant
temperature of 60 ºF.
Procedure
 The temperature of the sample is adjusted according to the type of sample.
 The sample is then transferred into the clean hydrometer cylinder (volatile samples
are transferred by siphoning)
 The hydrometer is lowered gently into the sample and when it has settled, depressed
about two scales divisions into the liquid and released.
 When the hydrometer has come to the rest, floating freely and the temperature of the
sample is constant to ± 0.2 ºF the hydrometer reading is recorded.
Related Standards
D70 Specific gravity of bituminous materials, Pycnometer Method
D287 API Gravity of Crude Petroleum & Petroleum Products (Hydrometer
D1070 Specific gravity of gaseous fuels
D1298 Density, Specific Gravity or API, Hydrometer Method
D1657 Density of LPG, hydrometer method
D4052 Oscillating frequency, Digital Density Meter
Density Meter - DMA 38 Density Meter - DMA 5000

Figure 3.1: Electronic Density Meters
2
141.5 SG↓ API ↑ ‫خفيف‬

𝐴𝑃𝐼 = − 131.5
𝑆𝐺
ASTM distillation
Sample: Crude oil & Light to medium fractions
Standard Test Number: ASTM D86-96, D1160
Principle: physical separation (vaporization)
Scope
This test method covers the distillation of natural gasoline, motor gasoline, aviation
gasoline, aviation turbine fuels, special boiling point spirits, naphtha, white spirit
kerosene, gas oils, distillate fuel oils and similar petroleum products, utilizing either
manual or automated equipment.
Figure 3.2: Apparatus for ADTM D86 distillation
Procedure
 A 100 ml sample, placed in a flask, is heated in a regulated rate (so that a uniform
average rate of condensation in ml/min is maintained). This rate varied from zero to
5V% recovered, from 5 to 10 V% recovered and so on.
 When the first drop appears at the lower end of the condenser tube, the thermometer
reading (vapor temperature) is recorded as the initial boiling point (IBP).
 Temperature readings are recorded at several V% distilled (Table 1) up to the final
boiling point (FBP) and heating is discontinued.
 After the flask has cooled the volume of remaining liquid is measured and recorded as
the recovery.
 For heavy fractions, heating is discontinued when decomposition point is observed
(the vapor reaches a maximum temperature then starts declining before the end point).
3
Table 3.2: Data recording for ASTM D86 test

Vol% T (ºF)
IBP 100
5 106
10 112
20 122
30 130
40 139
50 148
60 157
70 166
80 185
90 194
95 202
FBP 205
Recovery 98 %
This is usually plotted as follows
4
ASTM D86 Atmospheric Distillation ASTM D1160 Vacuum Distillation Apparatus

Apparatus
Related standards:
Table 3.3: Standard test methods for distillation of petroleum products
ASTM test Application
#
1. D86-96 Light petroleum fractions (naphtha, kerosene, diesel)
2. D1160 Heavy petroleum fractions (VGO, atm residue, vac residue)
3. D2887 Simulated Distillation (GC method); TBP of petroleum frac. other than gasoline
4. D3710 Simulated Distillation (GC method); TBP of gasoline
5. D5307 Simulated Distillation (GC method); TBP of crude oil.
6. D6352-98 Simulated Distillation (GC method); TBP of distillates (BP range 174 to 700°C)
7. D2892 15/5 distillation; 15theoretical plate column (simulated TBP)
8. D5236 Distillation of heavy HC mixtures (Vacuum Potstill Method)
Notes:
1. Tests 1 & 2 may be combined together for wide boiling range materials.
2. Test 2 is used for fractions heavier than diesel.
3. Test 3 can replace test 1 for white products (namely gasoline, Naphtha, and kerosene).
5
Figure. D2892: 15/5 distillation
6
Simulated Distillation (SimDist) by Gas Chromatography (GC) Analyzers
Figure 3.3: Major components of a Gas Chromatograph
Figure 3.4: Output peaks of a gas chromatograph.
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Figure 3.5: Actual output from a gas chromatograph
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BS&W (Bottom sediments and water)

Sample: Crude oil
Standard Test Number: ASTM D96-88
Principle: centrifuge
D96-88: Standard Test method for Water & Sediment in Crude Oil by Centrifuge
Method
Objective
 This test method covers the centrifuge method for determining sediment & water in
crude oil.
 It is not the most accurate, but the most practical method for field determination.
Procedure
 Two 50 ml samples are placed in two 100 ml cone-shaped centrifuge tubes.
 50 ml solvent is added to each tube to facilitate mixing and demulsifying chemical to
facilitate separation then plugged with a stopper.
 The tubes are heated to 60 ºC and inverted a minimum of 10 times to ensure uniform
mixing of oil and solvent.
 The tubes are then placed in the centrifuge and spin for 5 min.
 Immediately after the centrifuge comes to rest the combined volume of sediment &
water at the bottom of each tube is recorded
 BS&W usually ranges between 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1 for Kuwait Export Crude feed in
the refinery (after settling in crude charge tanks).
 Both tubes are reheated to 60 ºC, returned without agitation to the centrifuge and spin
for 5 min at the same rate.
 This is repeated until two consecutive consistent readings are obtained on each tube.
.
Centrifuge Tube
Related Standards
D95 (water in petroleum products and bituminous products by azeotropic distillation)
D473 (Sediment in crude oil and fuel oil by extraction)
D1744 (water by Karl Fischer Method – electrometric, after addition of KF reagent)
D1796 (water and sediment in fuel oils, mix with toluene and centrifuge)
D2709 (Water and Sediment in Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge)
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Octane Number
Sample: gasoline
Standard Test Number: ASTM D357 (Motor)
D908 (Research)
Principle: Combustion in a variable compression ratio motor.
 Is a measure of the degree of knocking of (gasoline).

 It compares the degree of combustion of gasoline to that of a mixture of n-heptane
(zero octane) and iso-octane (100 octane) expressed as V% iso-octane (2,2,4-
trimethylpentane) .
 Octane number depends on the structure (branching) of the compound
MON = - 17 (n-octane)
MON = 100 (iso-octane) 2,2,4-trimethylpentane
Types of octane number

(Both use same test engine but operate under different conditions. MON at high engine
speed and RON at low engine speed)
(a) Motor method (MON)

Represent performance on the highway or heavy load conditions (high speed).
(b) Research method (RON)

Represent performance during city driving (low speed and acceleration is
relatively frequent)
(c) Posted octane number (PON)

PON  RON  MON
2
Sensitivity of the fuel

Sensitivity = (RON – MON)
The sensitivity of the performance of the fuel to the two types of driving conditions (Low
Sensitivity fuels are better; equal performance is all conditions is desirable).
The octane rating is a measure of the resistance of gasoline and other fuels to detonation
(engine knocking) in spark-ignition internal combustion engines. High-performance engines
typically have higher compression ratios and are therefore more prone to detonation, so they
require higher octane fuel. A lower-performance engine will not generally perform better
with high-octane fuel, since the compression ratio is fixed by the engine design.
The octane number of a fuel is measured in a test engine, and is defined by comparison with
the mixture of iso-octane and normal heptane, which would have the same anti-knocking
quality as the fuel under test: the percentage, by volume, of iso-octane in that mixture is the
octane number of the fuel. For example, gasoline with the same knocking characteristics as a
mixture of 90% iso-octane and 10% n-heptane would have an octane rating of 90. Because
some fuels are more knock-resistant than iso-octane, the definition has been extended to
allow for octane numbers higher than 100.
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Compression Ratio
The ratio of the maximum to minimum volume in the cylinder of an internal-combustion
engine.
Figure. Stroke cycles in internal combustion engines
TDC = Top dead center

BDC = Bottom dead center
Volume at BDC = 10 in3

Volume at TDC = 1 in3
Compression ratio = 10 to 1
Figure. Compression ratio of internal combustion engines
Video. Compression Ratio
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Definition of octane rating

The octane rating of a spark ignition engine fuel is the detonation resistance (anti-knock
rating) compared to a mixture of iso-octane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane, an isomer of octane) and
n-heptane. By definition, iso-octane is assigned an octane rating of 100 and heptane is
assigned an octane rating of zero. An 87-octane gasoline, for example, possesses the same
anti-knock rating of a mixture of 87% (by volume) iso-octane and 13% (by volume) n-
heptane. This does not mean, however, that the gasoline actually contains these hydrocarbons
in these proportions. It simply means that it has the same detonation resistance as the
described mixture.
Iso-octane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) n-heptane
Octane rating does not relate to the energy content of the fuel (that is the heating value). It is
only a measure of the fuel's tendency to burn rather than explode.
Octane rating does not mean better power output or fuel economy or “cleaner burning”. It is
only a measure of the fuels combustion quality. Since switching to a higher octane fuel does
not add any more hydrocarbon content or oxygen, the engine cannot produce more power.
120
pure
100 isooctane
80
Octane Number
60
40 pure
n-heptane
20
-20
-20 0 20 40 60 80 100 120
V% isooctane in (isooctane & n-heptane mixture)
Measurement methods
The most common type of octane rating worldwide is the Research Octane Number (RON).
RON is determined by running the fuel in a test engine with a variable compression ratio
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under controlled conditions, and comparing the results with those for mixtures of iso-octane
and n-heptane.
There is another type of octane rating, called Motor Octane Number (MON) or the aviation
lean octane rating, which is a better measure of how the fuel behaves when under load. MON
testing uses a similar test engine to that used in RON testing, but with a preheated fuel
mixture, a higher engine speed, and variable ignition timing to further stress the fuel's knock
resistance. Depending on the composition of the fuel, the MON of a modern gasoline will be
about 8 to 10 points lower than the RON. Normally fuel specifications require both a
minimum RON and a minimum MON.
Regional variations
Generally, octane ratings are higher in Europe than they are in North America and most other
parts of the world. This is especially true when comparing the lowest available octane level in
each country.
Country Octane number
Many parts of Europe 95 RON (90-91 AKI) and 97/98
United Kingdom 95 RON, 97 RON, 99 RON, 102 RON
Germany 100 RON
Australia 91 RON, 95 RON, 98 RON, 100 RON
Malaysia 92 RON, 97 RON, 99 RON
In other countries 85 RON, 95 RON, 98 RON
Russia and CIS countries 76 MON, 80 RON
In most countries (including all of Europe and Australia) the "headline" octane rating, shown
on the pump, is the RON, but in the United States, Canada and some other countries the
headline number is the average of the RON and the MON, sometimes called the Anti-Knock
Index (AKI), Road Octane Number (RdON), posted octane number, Pump Octane Number
(PON), or (R+M)/2. Because of the 8 to 10 point difference noted above, the octane shown in
the United States is 4 to 5 points lower than the same fuel elsewhere: 87 octane fuel, the
"regular" gasoline in the US and Canada, is 91-92 in Europe. However most European pumps
deliver 95 (RON) as "regular", equivalent to 90-91 US (R+M)/2, and some even deliver 98
(RON) or 100 (RON).
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It is possible for a fuel to have a RON greater than 100, because iso-octane is not the most
knock-resistant substance available. Racing fuels, AvGas, LPG, and alcohol fuels such as
methanol or ethanol can have octane ratings of 110 or significantly higher - ethanol's RON is
129 (MON 102, AKI 116).
Typical "octane booster" gasoline additives include tetra-ethyl lead, MTBE and toluene.
Tetra-ethyl lead (the additive used in leaded gasoline) is easily decomposed to its component
radicals, which react with the radicals from the fuel and oxygen that start the combustion,
thereby delaying ignition, leading to an increased octane number.
Examples of octane ratings

For some other hydrocarbons, the following table gives the 'AKI' ratings.
Compound ON Compound ON Compound ON
hexadecane < -30 1-pentene 84 methanol 113
n-octane -10 n-butanol 87 toluene 114
n-heptane 0 E10 gasoline 87–90 ethanol 116
diesel fuel 15–25 n-butane 91 xylene 117
2-methylheptane 23 t-butanol 97 E85 gasoline 105
n-hexane 25 cyclohexane 97 methane 107
2-methylhexane 44 iso-octane 100 ethane 108
1-heptene 60 benzene 101
n-pentane 62 propane 103
Effects of octane rating

Higher octane ratings correlate to higher activation energies. Activation energy is the amount
of energy necessary to start a chemical reaction. Since higher octane fuels have higher
activation energies, it is less likely that a given compression will cause detonation.
It might seem odd that fuels with higher octane ratings explode less easily and can therefore
be used in more powerful engines. However, an explosion is not desired in an internal
combustion engine. An explosion will cause the pressure in the cylinder to rise far beyond the
cylinder's design limits, before the force of the expanding gases can be absorbed by the piston
traveling downward. This actually reduces power output, because much of the energy of
combustion is absorbed as strain and heat in parts of the engine, rather than being converted
to torque at the crankshaft.
However, burning fuel with a lower octane rating than required by the engine often reduces
power output and efficiency one way or another. If the engine begins to detonate (knock),
that reduces power and efficiency. Many modern car engines feature a knock sensor – a small
piezoelectric microphone which detects knock and then sends a signal to the engine control
unit to retard the ignition timing. Retarding the ignition timing reduces the tendency to
detonate, but also reduces power output and fuel efficiency.
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Figure 6.1: ASTM Octane Number Standard Engine
Figure. Digital control panel
15
Other relevant standards

D909 (knock characteristics for Aviation fuels)
D2699 (knock characteristics of motor fuels by research method)
D2700 (knock characteristics of motor and aviation fuels by motor method)
D2623 (knock characteristics of LPG by the motor (LP) method)
D2885 (Research and Motor Method Octane Ratings Using Online Analyzers)
Figure. Portable octane number analyzer
Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP)

Sample: Naphtha, Gasoline and others
Standard Test Number: D323-94
Principel: Pressure in a sample bob held at 100 ºF
D323-94: Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products

(Reid Method)
Objective
 This test method is used to determine the vapor pressure (in absolute units) at 100 ºF
(37.8 ºC) of petroleum products and crude oils with initial boiling point (IBP) above
32ºF (0ºC).
Procedure
 The sample is placed in a liquid chamber (cylinder) which is filled to the tip then
coupled to a vapor chamber as quickly as possible. (this is done in such a way that
vaporization losses are avoided)
 The sample is drained from the liquid to the vapor chamber and the whole assembly is
immersed in constant temperature bath (100ºF) for 5 minutes.
 The reading is observed after taping the pressure gage lightly.
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 The apparatus is withdrawn from the bath and the procedure is repeated as needed.
The (uncorrected) RVP reading is recorded when the difference between two readings
is 0.05psi.
Other standards related

D1267 (vapor pressure of LPG - Bomb Method)
D2551 (Vapor pressure by micromethod)
D5191: Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)
Figure. RVP Bath and cylinder
Sulfur
Sample: all
Standard Test Number: ASTM D1266 (Lamp Sulfur)
Principle: Combustion in lamp and analysis
Sulfur Content (wt%)

 Ranges from 0.1 to 5 % or more.
 Undesirable – pollutant and corrosive.
 Crude with S content greater than 0.5 W% requires more extensive processing than
those with lower sulfur content.
 Almost half of the units in the refinery such as the ARDS, HTU, Merox, sulfur
recovery, tail gas treating (TGT), and the Amine all are added because of the high S
content of crude.
 Costs more to get rid of (100 %).
 Sour crude
- Previously, refer to crude containing dissolved H2S independent of total sulfur.
- Now, refer to any crude oil with S content > 0.5 wt % thus requiring special
processing.
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Related Standards:
 D129 (Bomb Method; for heavy petroleum fractions; oxidation in pressurized bomb
and gravimetric analysis)
 D325 (Doctor Test, detection of H2S and mercaptans – Sodium plumnite test,
coloration of interface)
 D1552 (combustion in high temperature, induction furnace, and analysis)
 D1072 (Total Sulfur in Fuel Gases)
 D2622 (X-ray Spectrographic)
 D2784 (sulfur in LPG; combustion in lamp and analysis of sulfur oxides formed)
 D2785 (combustion in Wickbold burner and analysis)
 D3120 (Trace quantities of Sulfur in Light petroleum hydrocarbons by Oxidative
Microcoulometry)
 D3227 (Mercaptan Sulfur in Destillate Fuels, Potentiometric method?-silver nitrate
analysis?)
 D4294 (Non-dispersive X-ray fluorescence)
 ASTM D7039–15 (Standard Test Method for Sulfur in Gasoline, Diesel Fuel, Jet
Fuel, Kerosine, Biodiesel, Biodiesel Blends, and Gasoline-Ethanol Blends by
Monochromatic Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry)
Flash point
Sample: gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, diesel, and others
Standard Test Number: ASTM D56-97a (Tag closed tester)
Definition:
 Flash point is the lowest temperature, corrected to a pressure of 101.3 kpa (760
mmHg), at which application of an ignition source causes the vapors of a specimen of
the sample to ignite.
 The specimen is deemed to have flashed when a flame appears and instantaneously
propagates itself over the entire surface of the fluid.
Significance
It is affected by the amount of light materials present the fraction. This is very important
for the safe handling of petroleum products (transfer and storage) and ease of ignition of
fuel.
High flash point means higher temperature is required for the fuel to flash.
The fuel therefore does not ignite easily and is safe.
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There are two basic types of flash point measurement of a substance or fuel: open cup and
closed cup, which differ according to the characteristics of the liquid under study. Standard
ASTM (2002) closed-cup test methods include Tag (D56-01), small scale (D3828-98),
Setaflash (D3828), Pensky-Martens (D93-00), and the equilibrium method (D3941-90).
Standard ASTM (2002) open-cup test methods include Cleveland (D92-01) and Tag (D1310).
Generally closed cup testers normally give lower values for the flash point than open cup
(typically 5–10 °C or 9–18 °F lower).
Other relevant standards

D92 (Flash and Fire points by Cleveland Open Cup).
D93 (Pensky-Martines Closed Tester).
D3828 (Setaflash closed tester).
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Tag Pensky-Martens closed- Rapid Flash

closed cup cup Closed-Cup
flash tester flash tester flash tester
Cleveland Tag
open-cup Open-Cup
flash tester Flash Tester
Setaflash Closed Cup Setaflash Open Cup Fully Automatic

Setaflash
Figure 6.2: Flash Point
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Freezing point Temperature, ºC (ºF)

Sample: aviation fuels (kerosene, ATK)
Standard Test Number: ASTM D2386
Principle: Temperature of disappearance of crystals on reheating.
Scope:
This test method covers the determination of the temperature below which solid
hydrocarbon crystals may form in aviation turbine fuels and aviation gasoline.
Significance
In aircraft, the temperature of the fuel tank normally falls during flight depending on
aircraft speed, altitude and flight duration. So, the freezing point of the fuel must always be
lower than the minimum operational tank temperature.
Apparatus:
The apparatus consists of jacketed sample tube, unsilvered vessel, sample tube,
collers, stirrer, vacuum flask and thermometer.
Procedure:
 A 25 ml of the fuel is transferred to the dry, jacketed tube. The tube is closed
tightly with cork holding the stirrer, thermometer and moisture proof color.
 The thermometer is adjusted in the tube and its bulb not touching the walls.
 The jacketed sample tube and its set are clamped in the vacuum flask containing
the coolant as for as possible.
 Solid carbon dioxide is added to maintain the coolant level in the vacuum flask.
 The fuel sample is stirred continuously at rate 1.5 cycles/s.
 The temperature at which crystals of hydrocarbon appear is recorded.
 The jacketed sample tube is removed from the coolant, warmed then stirred.
The temperature at which the crystals completely disappear is recorded.
Figure. Freezing point of kerosene
21
Figure. Apparatus for the Freezing point of kerosene
Cloud Point Temperature, ºC (ºF)

Sample: diesel
Test Principle:
Observation during cooling under prescribed conditions
Definition:
The temperature of a liquid specimen when the smallest observable duster of wax
crystals first appears upon cooling under prescribed condition.
Procedure:
1. A sample is filtered at a temperature at least 14°C above the expected cloud point
until oil is perfectly clear.
2. The sample is then poured into the test jar to the level mark.
3. The test jar is tightly closed by the cork carrying the test thermometer then placed
in a jacket into a cooling medium maintained at about 0 °C.
4. At every thermometer reading increment of 1°C the test jar is removed from the
jacket and inspected for cloud and replaced in the jacket (in not more than 3 sec).
5. The oil is transferred to a lower temperature bath if it does not show a cloud at the
lowest temperature as shown in Table 1.
22
Pour Point Temperature, ºC (ºF)

Sample: Diesel and heavier fractions.
Standard Test Number: ASTM D97-96 a (petroleum products)
ASTM D5853-95 (for crude oil)
Test Principle: Observation during gradual cooling
Definition
The pour point is the lowest temperature of the test sample when it becomes a solid. It is
related to the amount of wax content present in the fraction.
 It is a rough indicator of the relative paraffinicity and aromacity of the crude.
 Lower pour points indicate low paraffin and high aromatic content.
 Lower pour points are usually preferred.
Procedure
 The specimen is poured to the level mark into a test jar having a cork holding a
thermometer.
 The specimen is heated without stirring to 9ºC above the expected pour point (or 45ºC
whichever is higher) in a bath maintained at 12 ºC above the expected pour point (or
48ºC whichever is higher).
 The test jar is transferred to a water bath maintained at a lower temperature to cool the
sample and is observed for pour point.
 Care is taken as not to disturb the specimen as paraffin wax crystals are formed after
cooling the specimen.
 The jar is then tilted to check for movement of the specimen.
 If the specimen still flows when its temperature reaches 27ºC the jar is transferred
from one bath to another with a lower temperature until the specimen in the test jar
does not flow when tilted.
 The jar is then held in a horizontal position for 5 seconds. If the specimen shows any
movement, the test jar is replaced in the jacket and the test is repeated for flow at the
next temperature 3ºC lower.
 This is continued until the specimen in the jar does not move and temperature is
reported as the pour point.
Cloud and Pour point apparatus
23
Smoke point (mm)

Sample: kerosene (both Illuminating and ATK)
Principle: Maximum height of smokeless flame.
Scope:
This test method covers the determination of the smoke point, which is the maximum
height, in millimeters of a smokeless flame of kerosene and aviation turbine fuel burned in a
wick-fed lamp of specified design. Higher smoke point is better.
Significance
 The smoke point is related to the hydrocarbon type composition of fuel
 Generally, the more aromatic the fuel the smokier the flame.
 Gives an indication of the smoke and sooting tendency of burning fuel (kerosene)
Apparatus
Smoke point lamp: (Chimney, Graduated scale and Candle)
Wick of woven solid circular cotton and Pipettes or Burettes.
Procedure:
- A 125 long dried wick is soaked in the sample and placed in the wick tube of the
candle.
- A 10-20 ml of the prepared sample is introduced at room temperature into the dry
candle.
- The wick tube is placed in the candle firmly. A new, clean, sharp razor is used to cut
the wick at the face of the holder and remove wisps and frayed ends.
- The candle is lighted and the wick adjusted so that the flame is approximately 10 mm
high within 5 min.
- After burning, the candle is raised until a smoky tail appears, then the candle is
lowered slowly through several stages of flame appear once.
- The maximum height of flame that can be achieved without smoking is determined to
the nearest 0.5 mm.
- The candle is removed from the lamp arise with heptanes and purged with air to make
ready for re-use.
Related Standards
IP57 (for fuel oil)
D187 (burning quality of kerosene)
24
Viscosity
Sample: All
Standard Test Number: D445
ASTM D445: Standard Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent and Opaque
Liquids (the Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
Principle: Measurement of time required to flow between 2 marks in a tube
Objective
 To determine the kinematic viscosity, υ, of both transparent and opaque petroleum
products.
 To calculate the dynamic viscosity using kinematic viscosity.
Definition
 The dynamic viscosity is a ratio between the applied shear stress and the rate of shear
of the liquid.
 The Kinematic viscosity is the resistance of fluid flowing under gravity.
 Kinematic viscosity is determined by measuring the time of a fixed volume of fluid
takes to flow under gravity through a capillary viscometer.
 The kinematic viscosity is directly proportional to the dynamic viscosity as described
by the following equation
υ = η/ρ
where:
υ=C.t
C= Viscometer constant
Apparatus
The apparatus consists of a viscometer, viscometer holder, temperature control bath,
temperature controller, temperature measuring device and timing device.
Apparatus for the determination of kinematic viscosity
25
Procedure
 For transparent products; a viscometer bath is maintained at a required test
temperature.
 The viscometer is charged and placed in the bath where it is maintained until its
temperature reaches the test temperature.
 Once it reaches the test temperature the level of the sample in the viscometer is
marked.
 The head level is adjusted to a position 7 mm above the first mark. The time taken by
the fluid to reach the new position is measured.
 For Opaque Products; the test sample is first heated and stirred until it becomes
sufficiently fluid then introduced in the viscometer which is placed in the viscometer
bath.
 Usually measured at a certain temperature depending on sample (commonly 122 or
210 °F)
 Types;
1. Kinematic Viscosity, Centistokes (cSt). [= mm2/s]
2. Saybolt Universal Seconds (SUS).
3. Saybolt Furol Seconds (SFS)
Related standards:
D88 (Saybolt Viscosity)
D341-93 (viscosity temperature chart)
D2270 (Viscosity index, calculation based on kinematic viscosity)
D2983 (Viscosity – Brookfield, rotation of a bob in a sample)
ASTM D446-07 (Standard Specifications and Operating Instructions for Glass Capillary
Kinematic Viscometers)
D2161 (Conversion of Kinematic viscosity to Saybolt Universal Viscosity or to Saybolt Furol
Viscosity)
Color
Sample: Clear liquids, mostly diesel.
D1209-93: Standard test method for color of clear liquids (Platinum-cobalt scale)
Significance
The presence of color in material gives an indication
of the degree of refinement of solution or the
cleanliness of the of the storage container that is
handled. It applies to materials in which the color
producing bodies have light absorption
characteristics close to those of the platinum cobalt
color standards used.
Procedure
 A 100 ml of sample is introduced in to a Nessler tube (after filtration if there is visible
turbidity).
26
 The tube is tightly closed and placed in the comparator.

 The comparator reading are observed and compared with a standard.
PFX995-PFX950-PFX880 Automatic Colorimeters
Lovibond® PFX195 Automatic Colorimeters
Lovibond® 3000 Comparator Series
Lovibond® Comparator 2000 System
Related Standards:
 D156 (Saybolt color, Height of liquid column for equality with colored glass)
 D1500 (comparison with colored glass standard reference)
27
Refractive Index (RI)

Sample: Transparent and light colored fractions
ASTM D1218-92: Standard Test Method for Refractive Index and Refractive Dispersion of
Hydrocarbon Liquids
Objective:
To measure the refractive index and refractive dispersion of transparent and light-colored
hydrocarbon liquids that has refractive indexes in the range from 1.33 to 1.5, and at
temperature from 20 to 30 ºC.
Definition:
 Refractive index is the ratio of the velocity of light in air, to its velocity in the
substance under examination (or it is the sine of the angle of incidence divided by
the sine of the angle of refraction) as light passes from air into the substance.
 Refractive dispersion is the difference between the refractive indexes of a
substance for light of two different wavelengths, both indexes being measured at
the same temperature.
Apparatus:
The apparatus consists of a refractometer, thermostat and circulating Pump,
thermometer, light sources, and light filters.
Procedure:
 The sample is applied to the faces of two prisms after cleaning them.
 A light source is applied and the reading is taken from the scale directly.
Other standards:
ASTM D1747 - 09(2014) Standard Test Method for Refractive Index of Viscous Materials
Photo of a traditional handheld refractometer Photo of a water-resistant digital handheld

refractometer
28
An illustration of the main types of laboratory refractometers in operation today
Aniline point Temperature

Sample: all
D611-82 Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon
Solvents
Principle: Phase separation temperature of a HC/aniline mixture
Objective
The purpose of this test is to determine the aniline and mixed aniline point of petroleum
products (and hydrocarbon solvents having aniline point below the temperature at which
aniline will crystallize).
29
Definition:
 Aniline point is defined as the minimum equilibrium solution temperature for equal
volume of aniline sample.
 The mixed aniline point is the minimum equilibrium solution temperature for a
mixture of two volumes of aniline.
Method A (for clear sample)
Apparatus
The apparatus consists of test tube, jacket tube, stirrer and thermometer.
Procedure
 Equal amount of aniline and the dried sample is introduced in a test tube, placed in the
center of a jacket tube.
 The mixture is stirred rapidly until it becomes homogeneous.
 If the mixture is not miscible at room temperature heat is applied to the jacket tube.
 The temperature is raised with a continuous stirring until the dried sample becomes
miscible.
 Then the stirrer is stopped and the mixture is cooled.
 The point at which the mixture becomes cloudy is the aniline point.
Method B (for light, intermediate and vary dark samples)

Method C (for clear sample with low IBP)
K10200 Automatic Aniline Point Apparatus K10190 Thin Film Aniline Point Apparatus
30
Cetane number
Sample: Diesel
ASTM D613-01 Standard Test Method for Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel Oil.
Scope:
This test method determines the rating of diesel fuel oil in terms of an arbitrary scale of
Cetane numbers using standard single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio,
and indirect injected diesel engine.
Significance:
The cetane number provides a measure of ignition characteristics of diesel fuel oil in
compression ignition engines.
 Diesel Ignition quality
 Very similar to the octane number.
 Compares the degree of combustion of diesel fuel to that of a mixture of cetane
(C16H34, high-ignition quality) and alpha-methyl-naphthalene (C11 H10, low ignition
quality) expressed as V% cetane.
 The fuel is used to operate a standard diesel test engine.
Related standards
ASTM D6890 – 13: Standard Test Method for Determination of Ignition Delay and Derived
Cetane Number (DCN) of Diesel Fuel Oils by Combustion in a Constant Volume Chamber
Cetane number or CN is a measure of the combustion quality of diesel fuel via the
compression ignition process. Cetane number is a significant expression of diesel fuel quality.
Cetane number of a fuel is defined as the percentage by volume of normal cetane in a mixture
of normal cetane and alpha-methyl napthalene which has the same ignition characteristics
(ignition delay) as the test fuel when combustion is carried out in a standard engine under
specified operating conditions.
Cetane (Hexadecane) C16H34 alpha-methyl naphthalene C11H10

(Cetane number = 100) (Cetane number = 0)
isocetane (2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane)
Cetane number is actually a measure of a fuel's ignition delay; the time-period between the
start of injection and start of combustion (ignition) of the fuel. In a particular diesel engine,
higher cetane fuels will have shorter ignition delay periods than lower cetane fuels. Cetane
numbers are only used for the relatively light distillate diesel oils. For heavy (residual) fuel
oil two other scales are used CCAI and CII.
Generally, diesel engines run well with a CN from 40 to 55. Fuels with higher cetane number
which have shorter ignition delays provide more time for the fuel combustion process to be
completed. Hence, higher speed diesels operate more effectively with higher cetane number
fuels. There is no performance or emission advantage when the CN is raised past
31
approximately 55; after this point, the fuel's performance hits a plateau. In North America,
diesel at the pump can be found in two CN ranges: 40-46 for regular diesel, and 45-50 for
premium. Premium diesel may have additives to improve CN and lubricity, detergents to
clean the fuel injectors and minimize carbon deposits, water dispersants, and other additives
depending on geographical and seasonal needs. In Europe, diesel Cetane numbers was set at a
minimum of 51 in 2000.
Chemical relevance
Cetane is an alkane molecule that ignites very easily under compression, so it was assigned a
Cetane number of 100. All other hydrocarbons in diesel fuel are indexed to Cetane as to how
well they ignite under compression. The Cetane number therefore measures how quickly the
fuel starts to burn (auto-ignites) under diesel engine conditions. Since there are hundreds of
components in diesel fuel, with each having a different Cetane quality, the overall Cetane
number of the diesel is the average Cetane quality of all the components. There is very little
actual Cetane in diesel fuel.
Measuring Cetane number

To measure Cetane number properly is rather difficult, as it requires burning the fuel in a
special, hard-to-find, diesel engine called a Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine, under
standard test conditions. The operator of the CFR engine uses a hand-wheel to increase the
pressure within the cylinder of the engine until the time between fuel injection and ignition is
2.407ms. The resulting Cetane number is then calculated by determining which mixture of
Cetane (hexadecane) and alpha-methyl napthalene will result in the same ignition delay.
Cetane Index
Sample: Distillate fuels
ASTM D976: Calculated Cetane Index of Distillate Fuels
Sometimes Cetane Index is erroneously referred to as Diesel Index
Another method that fuel-users control quality is by using the Cetane index (CI), which is a
calculated number based on the density and distillation range of the fuel. There are various
versions of this, depending on whether you use metric or imperial units, and how many
distillation points are used. These days most oil companies use the '4-point method'.
 A mathematical expression is developed to estimate the cetane number in the many

refineries that do not have cetane test engine.
 The number desired is called the cetane index & is calculated from the mid-boiling
point and specific gravity of the sample.
 It is actually an expression of the hydrogen to carbon (H/C) ratio of the hydrocarbon
components in the sample.
 The higher the H/C ratio, the better the burning characteristic. (i.e. higher the smoke
point and higher the cetane index).
32
 Since cetane index is an indicator of the H/C ratio, it is also an indication of the
aromatic content of the diesel fuel. Therefore, frequently a minimum cetane index
specification is used as an alternative to max aromatic content.
 This is not to be confused with the Watson (UOP) characterization factor or the US
Bureau of Mines “Correlation index” (CI)
Significance
The calculated Cetane index formula represents a means for directly estimating ASTM
Cetane number of distillate fuels from API gravity and mid-boiling point.
 Equations for calculated Cetane Index
In British units
CI = – 420.34 + 0.016G2 + 0.192G log M + 65.01(log M)2 – 0.0001809 M2
In SI units
CI = 454.74 – 1641.416 D + 774.74 D2 – 0.554 B + 97.803(log B)2
Where:
G = API gravity.
M = MiDboiling temperature, ºF.
D = Density at 15 ºC, g/ml.
B = MiDboiling temperature, ºC
Limitations:
1. Cannot be applied for fuels containing additives for raising Cetane number.
2. Cannot be applied for pure hydrocarbons such as products derived from shale oils and
tar sands.
3. Substantial inaccurate in correlation may occur if used for crude oil, residuals or
products having volatility of below 500 ºF end point. However,
Related Standards:
D4737 (Standard Test Method for Calculated Cetane Index by Four Variable Equation)
Carbon Residue (wt %)

 Relates to the asphalt content of crude oil & to the quantity of the lubricating oil
fraction that can be recovered.
 Determined by distillation to a coke residue in the absence of air.
 In most cases (unless want to make lube oil) the lower the carbon residue, (less
Carbon) the more valuable the crude.
 Expressed by
– Ramsbottom (RCR) ASTM designation D524.
– Conradson (CCR) ASTM designation D189.
Related Standards
 ASTM D189-06 Standard Test Method for Conradson carbon residue of Petroleum
Products
 ASTM D524-04 Standard Test Method for Ramsbottom carbon residue of Petroleum
Products
33
 ASTM D4530-06e1 Standard Test Method for determination of carbon residue (Micro
Method) - The test results are equivalent to the Conradson Carbon Residue test (see
Test Method D 189)
Conradson carbon
Sample: crude oil and heavier fractions.
Standard Test Number: D189–97
D189–97: Standard Test Method for Conradson Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products
Objective
 To determination the amount of carbon residue left after evaporation and pyrolysis of
oil.
 It is applicable to relatively nonvolatile petroleum products (heavy) which partially
decompose on distillation at atmospheric pressure.
Conradson Carbon Residue Apparatus;

Includes: burner, tripod, nickel-chrome
triangle, refractory block, porcelain crucible,
monel crucible and cover; Skidmore
crucible and cover-monel and a monel hood
and bridge
Procedure
 A sample is heated to about 50 ºC and shaken for 30 min. then filtered through a mesh
screen.
 A 10 g sample is weighed (free of moisture & suspended matter) into a tarred
porcelain or silica crucible containing 2 glass beads 2.5 mm in diameter.
 The crucible is placed in the center of skidmore crucible which is set at the center of
the iron crucible and covers are applied to both of skidmore & iron crucible.
 A strong flame is applied from meker-type gas burner to have high heat for a period
of 10 min.
 When smoke appears form the chimney the burner is moved or tilted to ignite the
vapor then removed temporarily.
 When the vapors cease to burn the heat is reapplied until the bottom of the sheet iron
crucible is cherry red.
 The burner is removed and the apparatus is cooled until no smoke appears then the
cover of skidmore crucible is removed (about 15 min)
 The porcelain or silica crucible is removed and placed in the desiccators, cooled and
weighed and the % of carbon residue is calculated based on the original sample.
34
 Calculation
Carbon residue = A 𝗑 100 / W
Where
A = Mass of carbon residue in g
W = Mass of sample in g
Ramsbottom carbon
Sample: crude oil and heavier fractions.
Test Number: ASTM D524
ASTM D524: Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of Petroleum Products
Objective
The objective of this test is to determine the amount of residue resulting from
evaporation and pyrolysis of oil.
Significance
Provides an indication of oil tendency toward coke formation.
Apparatus
The apparatus consists of a glass-coking bulb, control bulb, sample charging syringe,
metal control furnace and temperature measuring device.
Ramsbottom Carbon Residue Apparatus

& Data Acquisition Software
Procedure
 A new glass-coking bulb is placed in the coking furnace that operates at 550 ºF for
about 20 min to remove any water, foreign or organic matters then dried in a closed
dissector.
 The sample is weighed, heated if necessary to reduce it viscosity then introduced in
the coking bulb by means of hypodermic syringe.
 The coking bulb is weighed before placing it in the metal coking furnace.
 The sample is kept in the furnace at 550 ºF for about 20 min to vaporize the volatile
materials and allow the heavier residue to undergo cracking and coke formation.
 The bulb is then taken out, cooled in the dissector and weighed.
 The carbon residue is calculated by the same equation used in conradson carbon test.
35
C/H ratio
Sample:
Standard Test Number:
D5291-96: Instrumental Determination of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen in Petroleum Products and Lubricants
D5373: Carbon-hydrogen-nitrogen determination
D1018 – 11: Standard Test Method for Hydrogen In Petroleum Fractions
D7171 – 05: Standard Test Method for Hydrogen Content of Middle Distillate Petroleum Products by Low-Resolution
Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Salt Content, PTB

Sample: Crude oil
D6470-99 Salt in crude by Potentiometric Method
D3230-99 Salts in Crude Oil (Electrometric Method)
Principle:
Auto Ignition Temperature

Sample: all
Principle:
Figure 6.3: Auto-ignition Apparatus
Hydrocarbon type
Sample:
Principle:
Related Standards
D1319 (HC groups, Chromatography on silica gel, Fluorescence indicator Absorption)
D2007 (Hydrocarbon families, Chromatography on clay and silica gel)
Aromatics Content
Sample: kerosene and gasoline
Related Standards
D2267 (Aromatics in light naphthas, and aviation gasolines by GC)
36
D2600 (Aromatics traces in light saturated hydrocarbons by GC)

D2269 (Aromatic content, UV absorption method)
D4420 (Aromatics in Gasoline)
D3606 (Benzene and Toluene in Gasoline by GC)
Molecular Weight
Sample: All
Nitrogen Content
 High Nitrogen Content is undesirable in crude oils.
 Organic nitrogen compounds cause catalyst poisoning in refinery downstream
processing units.
 Crude containing nitrogen more than 0.25 W% require special processing to remove
Nitrogen.
 That is usually done in the hydrodesulfurization units where denitrification catalysts
are also added.
Metals content
 These are Nickel / Vanadium / Copper.
 Range from few to more than 1,000 ppmw.
 Even low concentrations are undesirable
- They can cause catalyst deactivation/poisoning.
- Can affect selectivity producing poor product distribution.
- Can lead to corrosion problems;
1. More than 2ppm Vanadium in fuel oils causes sever corrosion to turbine
blades.
2. Deterioration of Furnace refractory linings and stacks.
 Distillation concentrates the metallic constituents of crude in the residue, but some of
the organometallic compounds are actually volatilized and appear in the high-boiling
distillates (i.e. diesel and gasoil).
 Desalting, in the oilfields and the refinery CDU, gets red of metals as a bonus along
with salt and water.
 Metallic content can also be reduced by solvent extraction with propane or similar
solvents as the organometallic compounds are precipitated with the asphaltenes and
resins.
Heating Value
Sample: All
Related Standards
ASTM D240 – 14: Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon
Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter
37
ASTM D4809 – 13: Standard Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon
Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)
ASTM D1826 - 94(2010): Standard Test Method for Calorific (Heating) Value of Gases in
Natural Gas Range by Continuous Recording Calorimeter
ASTM D2015: Standard Test Method for Gross Calorific. Value of Solid Fuel by the
Adiabatic Bomb Calorimeter.
ASTM D3523 - 92(2012): Standard Test Method for Spontaneous Heating Values of Liquids
and Solids (Differential Mackey Test)
ASTM D4891 – 13: Standard Test Method for Heating Value of Gases in Natural Gas and
Flare Gases Range by Stoichiometric Combustion
ASTM D7314 – 10: Standard Practice for Determination of the Heating Value of Gaseous
Fuels using Calorimetry and On-line/At-line Sampling
ASTM E711-87(2004): Standard Test Method for Gross Calorific Value of Refuse-Derived
Fuel by the Bomb Calorimeter (Withdrawn 2004)
DIN 51612, testing of liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) and calculation of net calorific value
DIN 51857, testing of gaseous fuel - calculation of calorific value, density , relative density
and wobbe index
Flammability Limits
Sample: All
Standard Test Number: E681
Related Standards
ASTM E681 - 09(2015): Standard Test Method for Concentration Limits of Flammability of
Chemicals (Vapors and Gases)
38
References
1. ASTM Manual on Hydrocarbon Analysis, 6th edition, A.W. Drews, editor , West
Conshohocken, PA 1998. (TP 691 M358 1998)
2. ASTM Manual on Significance of Tests for Petroleum Products, 5th ed., George V.
Dryoff editor, Philadelphia, PA, 1989. (TP 691 M36 1989)
3. ASTM standards for testing (TA736 A736 1990)
4. Arthur, I. Vogel, “Quantitative chemical Analysis” (QD101.2 V63 1989)
Term Paper
Each student assigned an ASTM designation must:

1. Find the ASTM procedure from the library or the internet
2. Present a legible Xerox copy of the procedure.
3. Summarize the procedure in the same manner and format as above.
4. Present a typed copy of the summary both on paper and on floppy disk.
5. Computer/hand sketch to simplify difficult drawings or obtain simple drawings from
other references.
6. Staple each test alone with you name and test name and number on the cover sheet.
7. You may not require any assistance from the TA.
39
Table: The most important ASTM tests in Naphtha.

No. Test ASTM Standard
Test Number
1. Atm Distillation D 86
2. API & specific gravity D 1160
3. Octane Number D96-88
4. RVP D323
5. PNA/ PONA/PIONA(PIANO) D5443–93
6. Sulfur, wt% - all D908
7. Flash point D56-97
8. Refractive Index (RI) D1218-92
9. Conradson carbon D189-97
10. Ramsbottom carbon D524
11. C/H ratio D5291
12. Heating value (net/gross) D240/D4809
ASTM specifications for products is presented in chapter 4
40
Summary of petroleum related ASTM Standards
Method ASTM Description Common Reference
Determination of Materials Finer

ASTM C117 than 75um (no. 200) Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing
Mineral Aggregates by Washing
Sieve Analysis of Course and Fine Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
ASTM C136
Aggregates Aggregates
Total Evaporable Moisture Content Moisture Content of Aggregate by
ASTM C566
of Aggregate by Drying Drying
ASTM D56 Flash Point by Tag Closed Tester Tag Closed Cup Flash
Atmospheric Distillation of
Distillation of Petroleum Products at
ASTM D86 Petroleum Products (Gasoline)
Atmospheric Pressure
(Fuel Oils)
Melting Point of Petroleum Wax
ASTM D87 Melting Point of Wax
(Cooling Curve)
Precipitation Number of Lubricating Precipitation Number of
ASTM D91
Oils Lubricating Oils
Flash and Fire Points by Cleveland Flash Point, COC / Fire Point.
ASTM D92
Open Cup Tester COC
Pensky-Marten Flash Point, Flash
Flash-Point by Pensky-Martens
ASTM D93 Point PM / Pensky-Marten Fire
Closed Cup Tester
Point, Fire Point PM
Saponification Number of Saponification Number of
ASTM D94
Petroleum Products Petroleum Products
Water in Petroleum Products and
Water by Distillation, Water
ASTM D95 Bituminous Materials by
Content by Distillation
Distillation
Test Methods for Water and
Sediment in Crude Oil by Percent Sediment, Brine,
ASTM D96
Centrifuge Method (Field Sediment and Water
Procedure)
Pour Point - Fuels / Pour Point -
ASTM D97 Pour Point of Petroleum Products
Oils
Drop Melting Point of Petroleum Drop Melting Point, Melting Point
ASTM D127
Wax including Petrolatum of Wax, Dropping Point
ASTM D128 Analysis of Lubricating Grease Analysis of Lubricating Grease
Sulfur in Petroleum Product Sulfur in Petroleum Product
ASTM D129
(General Bomb Method) (General Bomb Method)
Detection of Copper Corrosion from
ASTM D130 Petroleum Products by the Copper Copper Corrosion
Strip Tarnish Test
41
Saybolt Color of Petroleum

Color-Saybolt; Saybolt Color,
ASTM D156 Products (Saybolt Chromometer
Color by Saybolt method
Method)
Conradson Carbon Residue of Conradson Carbon; Conradson
ASTM D189
Petroleum Products Carbon Residue
Cone Penetration of Lubricating
ASTM D217 Full Scale Cone Penetration
Grease
Heat of Combustion of Liquid
ASTM D240 Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb
Hydrocarbon Fuels
Calorimeter
API Gravity of Crude Petroleum
API Gravity, Specific Gravity,
ASTM D287 and Petroleum Products
Density
(Hydrometer Method)
Gasoline Diluent in Used Gasoline
ASTM D322 Fuel Dilution by Distillation
Engine Oils by Distillation
Vapor Pressure of Petroleum
ASTM D323 Reid Vapor Pressure
Products (Reid Method)
Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Gum Content in Fuels by Jet
ASTM D381
Evaporation Evaporation
ASTM D396 Standard Specification for Fuel Oils Fuel Oils Specification
Specification for Automotive Spark-

Anti-Knock Index (R+M)/2
ASTM D439 Ignition Engine Fuel [Replaced
Octane
ASTM D439 with ASTM D4814]
Kinematic Viscosity at Non
Kinematic Viscosity of Transparent
Standard Temperatures /
ASTM D445 and Opaque Liquids (the
Kinematic Viscosity at 40°C and
Calculation of Dynamic Viscosity)
Kinematic Viscosity at100°C
Rubber Properties - Effects of
ASTM D471 Effect of Liquids on Rubber
Liquids
Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel Sediment in Crude Oils and Fuel
ASTM D473
Oils by the Extraction Method Oils by Extraction
ASTM D482 Ash from Petroleum Products Ash, Ash Content
Unsulfonated Residue of Petroleum Unsulfonated Residue of
ASTM D483
Plant Spray Oils Petroleum Plant Spray Oil
Ramsbottom Carbon Residue of
ASTM D524 Ramsbottom Carbon Residue
Petroleum Products
Oxidation Stability of Gasoline
ASTM D525 Oxidation Stability
(Induction Period Method)
Dropping Point of Lubricating
ASTM D566 Dropping Point
Grease
42
Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline

Aniline Point, Aniline Point of
ASTM D611 Point of Petroleum Products and
Petroleum Products
Hydrocarbon Solvents
ASTM D613 Cetane Number of Diesel Fuel Oil Cetane No.
Acid Number of Petroleum Products

ASTM D664 TAN, Total Acid No.
by Potentiometric Titration
Rust-Preventing Characteristics of
ASTM D665 Inhibited Mineral Oil in the Rust Prevention Characteristics
Presence of Water
ASTM D721 Oil Content of Petroleum Waxes Oil in Wax
Chlorine in New and Used
ASTM D808 Chlorine in Lubricating Oils
Petroleum Products (Bomb Method)
Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by
ASTM D854 Specific Gravity of Soils
Water Pycnometer
Sulfated Ash from Lubricating Oils
ASTM D874 Sulfated Ash
and Additives
Foaming Characteristics of
ASTM D892 Foam
Lubricating Oils
ASTM D893 Insolubles in Used Lubricating Oils Insolubles
Dissipation Factor (or Power
Test Method for Dissipation
Factor) and Relative Permittivity
ASTM D924 Factor (or Power Factor) of
(Dielectric Constant) of Electrical
Electrical Insulating Liquids.
Insulating Liqui
ASTM D937 Cone Penetration of Petrolatum Cone Penetration of Petrolatum
Congealing Point of Petroleum
ASTM D938 Congealing Point of Wax
Waxes, including Petrolatum
Oxidation Characteristics of
ASTM D943 Oxidation
Inhibited Mineral Oils
Test Method for Interfacial Tension Test Method for Interfacial
ASTM D971 of Oil against Water by Ring Tension of Oil against Water by
Method Ring Method
Evaporation Loss of Lubricating Evaporation Loss of Lubricating
ASTM D972
Greases and Oils Greases and Oils
Neutralization Number
Acid and Base Number by Color-
ASTM D974 Neutralization No.; Acid and Base
Indicator Titration
No.
Standard Specification for Diesel Standard Specification for Diesel
ASTM D975
Fuel Oils Fuel Oils
Calculated Cetane Index of
ASTM D976 Distillate Fuels - requires API Calculated Cetane Index
Gravity and D86 Distillation
43
ASTM D1067 Acidity or Alkalinity of Water Acidity or Alkalinity of Water
Percent Ash Content of Engine

ASTM D1119 Ash Content of Engine Coolants
Coolants and Antirusts
Boiling Point of Engine Coolants
(neat and 50/50 mixture) /
ASTM D1120 Boiling Point of Engine Coolants
Equilibrium Reflux Boiling Point
at atmospheric pressure
Reserve Alkalinity of Antifreeze,
Reserve Alkalinity of Engine
ASTM D1121 Determination of the Reserve
Coolants and Anti-rust
Alkalinity of Antifreeze
Specific Gravity of Engine
Density or Relative Density of
Coolant Concentrates and Engine
Engine Coolant Concentrates and
ASTM D1122 Coolants by The Hydrometer,
Engine Coolants By The
Specific Gravity of Coolants,
Hydrometer
Specific Gravity of Antifreeze
Water in Engine Coolant
ASTM D1123 Concentrate by the Karl Fischer Water %: by Karl Fischer Method
Reagent Method
Hardness in Water Hardness in Water
Kauri-Butanol Value of Kauri Butanol Value of
ASTM D1133
Hydrocarbon Solvents Hydrocarbon Solvents
Distillation of Petroleum Products at
Vacuum Distillation of Petroleum
ASTM D1160
Reduced Pressure Products
Refractive Index and Refractive
Freezing Point of Aqueous Engine
ASTM D1177 Dispersion of Hydrocarbon
Coolants
Liquids
Density and Relative Density Density and Relative Density
ASTM D1217 (Specific Gravity) of Liquids by (Specific Gravity) of Liquids by
Bingham Pycnometer Pycnometer
ASTM D1218 Dispersion of Hydrocarbon
Dispersion of Hydrocarbon Liquids
Liquids
Corrosive Sulfur in Electrical Corrosive Sulfur in Electrical
ASTM D1275
Insulating Oils Insulating Oils
The pH of Engine Coolants and
ASTM D1287 pH of Antifreeze
Antirusts
ASTM D1293 pH of Water pH of Water
Density, Relative Density (Specific
Gravity), or API Gravity of Crude Density, Specific Gravity and API
ASTM D1298
Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Gravity by Hydrometer
Products by Hydrometer Method
44
Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid

Hydrocarbon Types by
ASTM D1319 Petroleum Products by Fluorescent
Fluorescent Indicator Absorption
Indicator Adsorption
Needle Penetration of Petroleum
ASTM D1321 Needle Penetration
Waxes
Corrosion Test for Engine Coolants
ASTM D1384 Corrosion in Glassware
in Glassware
Water Separability of Petroleum
ASTM D1401 Demulsibility
Oils and Synthetic Fluid
Cone Penetration of Lubricating
ASTM D1403 Grease Using One-Quarter and One- Quarter Scale Cone Penetration
Half Scale Cone Equipment
ASTM D1480 (Specific Gravity) of Viscous (Specific Gravity) of Viscous
Materials by Bingham Pycnometer Materials by Pycnometer
(Specific Gravity) of Viscous (Specific Gravity) of Viscous
ASTM D1481
Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary Materials by Lipkin Bicapillary
Pycnometer Pycnometer
ASTM Color of Petroleum Products
ASTM D1500 Color, ASTM
(ASTM Color Scale)
Standard Test Method for Active
ASTM D1662 Active Sulfur in Cutting Oils
Sulfur in Cutting Oils
Refractive Index of Viscous
ASTM D1747 Refractive Index
Materials
Water and Sediment in Fuel Oils by
ASTM D1796 the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory Water and Sediment
Procedure)
ASTM D1832 Peroxide Number of Petroleum Wax Peroxide No. of Petroleum Wax
LPG Specifications,
Specifications for Liquid
Specifications for Liquid Petroleum
ASTM D1835 Petroleum Gas (LPG) / Analysis
(LP) Gases
of Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG)
by Gas Chromatography
Volatility of Liquefied Petroleum Volatility of LPG / LPG
ASTM D1837
(LP) Gases Volatility
Foaming Tendencies of Engine
ASTM D1881 Foaming Tendencies of Antifreeze
Coolants in Glassware
Effect of Cooling System Chemical
Auto Finish Effect; Surface Finish
ASTM D1882 Solutions on Organic Finishes for
by Antifreeze
Automotive Vehicles
Iodine Value of Drying Oils and
ASTM D1959 Iodine Value
Fatty Acids
45
Hydrocarbon Type analysis by

Characteristic Groups in Rubber
Clay-Gel Absorption
Extender and Processing Oils and
Chromatography / Percent
ASTM D2007 Other Petroleum - Derived Oils by
Hydrocarbon / Hydrocarbon Type
the Clay-Gel Absorption
with Asphalenes / Hydrocarbon
Chromatographic Method
Type with Aromatics recovered
Ultraviolet Absorbance and
Ultraviolet Absorbance and Absorptivity of Petroleum
ASTM D2008
Absorptivity of Petroleum Products Products, UV Absorbance and
Absorptivity
Residues in Liquified Petroleum LPG Residue, Residues in
ASTM D2158
(LP) Gases Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Standard Practice for Conversion of
Conversion of Kinematic
Kinematic Viscosity to Saybolt
ASTM D2161 Viscosity to Saybolt Universal of
Universal Viscosity or to Saybolt
Saybolt Furol
Furol Viscosity
LPG Composition, (LP) Gases
Analysis of Liquified Petroleum
and Propane Concentrates by Gas
(LP) Gases and Propene
ASTM D2163 Chromatography, Analysis of
Concentrates by Gas
Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG)
Chromatography
by Gas Chromatography
ASTM D2257 Extractable Matter in Textiles Extractable Matter in Textiles
Dropping Point of Lubricating Dropping Point of Lubricating
ASTM D2265 Grease over Wide Temperature Grease over Wide Temperature
Range Range
Wear Preventive Characteristics of
ASTM D2266 Lubricating Grease (Four-Ball Four Ball Wear test for Greases
Method)
Standard Practice for Calculating Calculating Viscosity Index From
ASTM D2270 Viscosity Index From Kinematic Kinematic Viscosity at 40 and
Viscosity at 40 and 100°C 100°C
Oxidation Stability of Steam
Oxidation Stability of Steam
ASTM D2272 Turbine Oils by Rotating Pressure
Turbine Oils by Rotating Bomb
Vessel
ASTM D2273 Trace Sediment in Lubricating Oils Trace Sediment
Oxidation Stability of Distillate Fuel Oxidation Stability of Distillate
ASTM D2274
Oil (Accelerated Method) Fuel Oil (Accelerated Method)
ASTM D2386 Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels Freeze Point
ASTM D2500 Cloud Point of Petroleum Products Cloud Point
Calculation of Viscosity Gravity
Calculation of Viscosity-Gravity
ASTM D2501 Constant (VGC) of Petroleum
Constant (VGC) of Petroleum Oils
Oils
46
Estimation of Molecular Weight

(Relative Molecular Mass) of
Mol Weight from Viscosity
Petroleum Oils From Viscosity
Measurements
Measurement of Load-Carrying Load Caring Capacity of
ASTM D2509 Capacity of Lubricating Grease Lubricating Greases (Timken
(Timken Method) Method)
Vapor-Liquid Ratio of Spark- Vapor-Liquid Ratio, Vapor Liquid
ASTM D2533
Ignition Engine Fuels Ratio for Gasoline
Separation of Representative
Aromatics and Nonaromatics Aromatics, Aromatics and Non-
ASTM D2549
Fractions of High-Boiling Oils by Aromatics in High Boiling Oils
Elution Chromatography
Simulated Service Corrosion
ASTM D2570 Simulated Service of Coolant
Testing of Engine Coolants
Measurement of Extreme-Pressure
ASTM D2596 Properties of Lubricating Grease Four Ball EP Tesing for Greases
(Four-Ball Method)
Hydrolytic Stability of Hydraulic
Fluids (Beverage Bottle Method) Hydrolytic Stability
ASTM D2602
[Discontinued 1993, Replaced by (Discontinued)
D5293}
Hydrolytic Stability of Hydraulic
ASTM D2619 Hydrolytic Stability
Fluids (Beverage Bottle Method)
Apparent Viscosity of Petroleum
Viscosity of Petroleum Waxes
Waxes compounded with
ASTM D2669 Compounded with Additives (Hot
additives (hot melt), ASTM
Melts)
D2669
Research Octane Number;
Research Octane Number of Spark- Research Octane No., Knock
ASTM D2699
Ignition Engine Fuel Characteristics of Motor Fuel by
Research Method
Motor Octane Number, Motor
Motor Octane Number of Spark- Octane No., Knock Characteristics
ASTM D2700
Ignition Engine Fuel of Motor and Aviation Fuels by
Motor Method
Water and Sediment in Middle Water and Sediment in Middle
ASTM D2709
Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge Distillate Fuels by Centrifuge
Specific Heat of Liquids and
ASTM D2766 Specific Heat of Liquids and Solids
Solids
ASTM D2782 Properties of Lubricating Fluids Timken EP for Gear Oils
(Timken Method)
47
ASTM D2783 Properties of Lubricating Fluids Four Ball EP for Gear Oils
(Four-Ball Method)
Cavitation Corrosion and Erosion-
Corrosion Characteristics of
ASTM D2809 Cavitation, Pump Cavitation
Aluminum Pumps With Engine
Coolants
Vapor Pressure-Temperature
Vapor Pressure-Temperature Relationship and Initial
Relationship and Initial Decomposition Temperature of
ASTM D2879
Decomposition Temperature of Liquids by Isoteniscope,
Liquids by Isoteniscope Determination of Pressure by
Isoteniscope
Specification for Gas Turbine Fuel Specification for Gas Turbine
ASTM D2880
Oils Fuel Oils
Indicating the Wear Characteristics
of Petroleum and Non-Petroleum
ASTM D2882 Hydraulic Pump Test
Hydraulic Fluids in Constant
Volume Vane Pump
Boiling Range Distribution of Simulated Distillation (Fuels),
ASTM D2887 Petroleum Fractions by Gas Volatility by D2887 (Oils,Crude
Chromatography Oil)
Calculation of True Vapor Pressures
ASTM D2889 True Vapor Pressure
of Petroleum Distillate Fuels
Base Number of Petroleum Products
TBN; Total Base No., Total Base
ASTM D2896 by Potentiometric Perchloric Acid
Number
Titration
Detecting Glycol-Base Antifreeze in
ASTM D2982 Glycol in Oil
Used Lubricating Oils
Method for Low-Temperature
Viscosity of Lubricants Measured
by Brookfield Viscometer / Low-
ASTM D2983 Brookfield Viscosity
Temperature Viscosity of
Lubricants Measured by Brookfield
Viscometer
Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light Sulfur, Sulfur Content by
ASTM D3120 Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Coulometric Titration / Sulfur
Oxidative Microcoulometry Content by Dohrmann
Testing Stop-Leak Additives for
ASTM D3147 Coolant Stop Leak Test Machine
Engine Coolants
Total Nitrogen in Lubricating Oils
ASTM D3228 and Fuel Oils by Modified Kjeldahl Kjeldahl Nitrogen
Method
48
Salts in Crude Oil (Electrometric

ASTM D3230 Salts in Crude Oil
Method)
Measurement of Extreme Pressure
Measurement of Extreme Pressure Properties of Fluid Lubricants
ASTM D3233 Properties of Fluid Lubricants (Falex Pin and Vee Block
(Falex Pin and Vee Block Methods) Methods), Falex EP for
Lubricating Oil
Solvent Extractables in Petroleum
ASTM D3235 Solvent Extractibles from Wax
Waxes
Standard Specification for Glycol
Specification for Ethylene Glycol
ASTM D3306 Base Engine Coolant for
Base Engine Coolants
Automobile and Light-Duty Service
Use of the Refractometer for Field

ASTM D3321 Test Determination of the Freezing Refractive Index Freezing Point,
Point of Aqueous Engine Coolants
Air Release Properties of Petroleum Gas Bubble Separation Time of
ASTM D3427
Oils Petroleum Oils
Diesel Fuel Diluent in Used Diesel
ASTM D3524 Engine Oils by Gas Fuel Dilution (Diesel)
Chromatography
Gasoline Diluent in Used Gasoline
ASTM D3525 Engine Oils by Gas Fuel Dilution (Gasolline)
Chromatography
Determination of Benzene and
Toluene in Finished Motor and
ASTM D3606 Benzene/Toluene
Aviation Gasoline by Gas
Chromatography
Trace Chloride Ion in Engine
ASTM D3634 Chloride: titration, Trace Chloride
Coolants
ASTM D3699 Standard Specification for Kerosine Kerosene Specification
Flash Point by Small Scale Closed Flash Point by Small Scale Closed
ASTM D3828
Tester Tester
Predicting the Borderline Pumping MRV 20 hr, Mini Rotary
ASTM D3829
Temperature of Engine Oil Viscosity by the 20hr cycle
Solidification Point of Petroleum Solidification Point of Petroleum
ASTM D3944
Wax Wax
Shear Stability of Polymer-
Containing Fluids Using a Diesel
ASTM D3945 Orbahn Shear
Injector Nozzle (Discontinued 1998
[replaced by ASTM D6278]
ASTM D4006 Water in Crude Oil by Distillation Water in Crude Oil by Distillation
49
Water and Sediment in Crude Oil by Water and Sediment in Crude Oil
ASTM D4007 the Centrifuge Method (Laboratory by the Centrifuge Method
Procedure) (Laboratory Procedure)
Density and Relative Density of
ASTM D4052 Density
Liquids by Digital Density Meter
Benzene in Motor and Aviation
Benzene in Motor and Aviation Gasoline by Infrared
ASTM D4053
Gasoline by Infrared Spectroscopy Spectroscopy, Benzene Content of
Crude Oil
Pentane Insolubles by Membrane Pentane Insolubles by Membrane

ASTM D4055
Filtration Filtration
Wear Preventive Characteristics of

Four Ball Wear Test, Four Ball
ASTM D4172 Lubricating Fluid (Four Ball
Wear for Gear Oils
Method)
Glycol in Lube Oils / Foaming
Trace Ethylene Glycol in Used
ASTM D4291 Tendencies of Engine Coolants at
Engine Oil
Room Temperature
Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
ASTM D4294 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Sulfur by X-Ray
Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Determination of the Sludging and Determination of the Sludging and
ASTM D4310 Corrosion Tendencies of Inhibited Corrosion Tendencies of Inhibited
Mineral Oils Mineral Oils
Anions in Water by Chemically Anions in Water by Ion
ASTM D4327
Suppressed Ion Chromatography Chromatography
Corrosion of Cast Aluminum Alloys
Corrosion of Cast Al @ Hot
ASTM D4340 in Engine Coolants under Heat-
Surface
Rejecting Conditions
Water in Crude Oils by
ASTM D4377 Potentiometric Karl Fischer Water in Crude oil by Karl Fisher
Titration
Standard Specifications for Standard Specifications for
ASTM D4485
Performance of Engine Oils Performance of Engine Oils
Determination of Carbon Residue Determination of Carbon Residue

ASTM D4530
(Micro Method) (Micro Method)
Low Temperature Flow Test,

Filterability of Diesel Fuels by the
Single Temp. or Full Range
ASTM D4539 Low Temperature Flow Test
Temperatures,, Low Temperature
(LTFT) Method
Flow Test of Fuel Oil
50
Trace Nitrogen in Liquid Petroleum

Hydrocarbons by Syringe/Inlet
ASTM D4629 Nitrogen by Chemiluminescence
Oxidative Combustion and
Chemiluminescence Detection
Miscibility with Gasoline and
ASTM D4682 Fluidity of Two-Stroke-Cycle Miscibility with Gasoline
Gasoline Engine Lubricants
Measuring Viscosity at High Shear High Temp/High Shear, High
ASTM D4683 Rate and High Temperature by Temperature/High Shear
Tapered Bearing Simulator Viscosity
Determination of Yield Stress and
MRV (TP1)[2-day test], MRV-
ASTM D4684 Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils
TP1 Viscosity
at Low Temperature
Calculated Cetane Index by Four Calculated Cetane Index by Four
ASTM D4737
Variable Equation Variable Equation
Base Number Determination by TBN, Total Base Number; Total
ASTM D4739
Potentiometric Titration Base No.
Spot Test, Stability and
Cleanliness and Compatibility of
ASTM D4740 Compatibility of Residual Fuels
Residual Fuels by Spot Test
by Spot Test
Sediment in Crude Oil by Sediment in Crude Oil by
ASTM D4807
Membrane Filtration Membrane Filtration
Heat of Combustion by Bomb
ASTM D4809 Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb
Calorimeter
Calorimeter (Precision Method)
Standard Specification for
Anti-Knock Index (R+M)/2
ASTM D4814 Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine
Octane Specification
Fuel
Determination of MTBE, ETBE,
TAME, DIPE, tertiary-Amyl
ASTM D4815 Oxygenates in Fuel
Alcohol and C1 to C4 Alcohols in
Gasoline by Gas Chromatography
Methods for Determination of
Chlorine Content by Coulometric
ASTM D4929 Organic Chloride Content in Crude
Titration
Oil
Test Method B covers the
determination of organic chloride in
the washed naphtha fraction of Test Method B, Chlorine Content
ASTM D4929
crude oil by oxidative combustion by Oxidative Combustion
followed by microcoulometric
titration
Standard Classification and Standard Classification and
ASTM D4950 Specification of Automotive Service Specification of Automotive
Greases Service Greases
51
Determination of Additive Elements

Determination of Additive
in Lubricating Oils by Inductively
ASTM D4951 Elements in Lubricating Oils by
Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission
ICP-AES
Spectrometry
Standard Test Methods for Standard Test Methods for
ASTM D4980
Screening of pH in Waste Screening of pH in Waste
Low Temperature, Low Shear Rate
Viscosity/Temperature Dependence
ASTM D5133 Scanning Brookfield Viscosity
of Lubricating Oils Using a
Temperature Scanning Technique
D5134-98 Standard Test Method for
Detailed Analysis of Petroleum Detailed hydrocarbon analysis,
ASTM D5134
Naphthas through n-Nonane by PIANO
Capillary Gas Chromatography
Determination of Additive
Elements, Wear Metals, and
ICP - Additive Metals, Elemental
Contaminants in Used Lubricating
Analysis by ICP-AES for
ASTM D5185 Oils and Determination of Selected
Additive constituents, Elemental
Elements in Base Oils by
Analysis for Wear Metals
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic
Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES)
ASTM D5190 Vapor Pressure
Products (Automatic Method)
Apparent Viscosity of Engine Oils
Cold Crank Simulator, Cold
ASTM D5293 Between -5 and -30°C Using the
Cranking Simulator Viscosity
Cold-Cranking Simulator
Determination of Boiling Range Boiling Range, Boiling Range
ASTM D5307 Distribution of Crude Petroleum by Distribution of Crude Petroleum
Gas Chromatography by GC
Analysis of Petroleum Waxes by
Analysis of Petroleum Waxes by GC, Analysis of Petroleum Wax
ASTM D5442
Gas Chromatography by Gas Chromatography (Carbon
Number Distribution)
Determination of Oxygenates in
Gasoline by Gas Chromatography Oxygenates in Gasoline by GC-
ASTM D5599
and Oxygen Selective Flame OSFID
Ionization Detection
Sonic Shear Stability of Hydraulic
ASTM D5621 Sonic Shear
Fluid
Nitrogen in Petroleum and
Nitrogen in Petroleum and
Petroleum Products by Boat-Inlet
ASTM D5762 Petroleum Products by Boat-Inlet
Chemiluminescence, Nitrogen by
Chemiluminescence
Chemoluminesence
52
Cloud Point of Petroleum Products

ASTM D5771 (Optical Detection Stepped Cooling Cloud Point
Method)
Noack Volatility, Evaporation
Evaporation Loss of Lubricating
ASTM D5800 Loss of Lubricating Oils by
Oils by the Noack Method
NOACK
Compatibility of Supplemental Compatability of Supplemental
ASTM D5828 Coolant Additives (SCAs) and Coolant Additives (SCA) and
Engine Coolant Concentrates Engine Coolant Concentrates
High Temperature Foaming
ASTM D6082 HiTemp Foam
Characteristics of Lubricating Oils
Stop-Leak Additive for Engine
ASTM D6107 Coolants Used in Light Duty Stop Leak
Service
Oil Separation from Lubricating Oil Separation from Lubricating
ASTM D6184
Grease (Conical Sieve Method) Grease (Conical Sieve Method)
Shear Stability of Polymer

ASTM D6278 Containing Fluids Using a European Shear Stability
Diesel Injector Apparatus
Oxygenates and Paraffin, Olefin,
Naphthene, Aromatic (O-PONA)
ASTM D6293 Hydrocarbon Types in Low-Olefin PONA or PIANO
Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by Gas
Chromatography
Boiling Range Distribution of
Petroleum Distillates in Boiling
ASTM D6352 Boiling Range
Range from 174 to 700°C by Gas
Chromatography
Cold Filter Plugging Point of Diesel
ASTM D6371 Cold Filter Plugging Point
and Heating Fuels
ASTM D6375 Oils by Thermogravimetric
Oils -- Noack Method
Analyzer (TGA) Noack Method
Estimation of Engine Oil Volatility
ASTM D6417 Volatility
by Capillary Gas Chromatography
Standard Specification for Industrial
ASTM D6448 Burner Fuels from Used Lubricating Fuels from Used Lubricating Oils
Oils
Salt in Crude Oils (Potentiometric Salt in Crude Oils (Potentiometric
ASTM D6470
Method) Method)
53
Determination of Asphaltenes
ASTM D6560 (Heptane Insolubles) in Crude Asphaltenes
Petroleum and Petroleum Products
Determination of Free and Total Free and Total Glycerine,
Glycerine in B-100 Biodiesel Determination of Free and Total
ASTM D6584
Methyl Esters by Gas Glycerine in B-100 Biodiesel by
Chromatography GC
Measuring Viscosity at High Shear
High Temperature/ High Shear
ASTM D6616 Rate by Tapered Bearing Simulator
Viscosity at 100°C
Viscometer At 100°C
Biodiesel Fuel (B100) Blend
Standard Specification for Biodiesel
Stock for Distillate Fuels,
ASTM D6751 Fuel (B100) Blend Stock for
Biodiesel Fuel Blend Stock for
Distillate Fuels
Distillate Fuels (B100)
Standard Practices for General
ASTM E168 Techniques of Infrared Quantitative FTIR - Reference
Analysis
Analysis of Ethylene Glycols and GC/MS Glycols, Determination of
ASTM E 202
Propylene Glycols Glycol Purity
Autoignition Temperature of Liquid Autoignition Temperature of
ASTM E 659
Chemicals Liquid Chemicals
Water in Organic Liquids by KF Water, Determination of water
ASTM E1064
Coulometric Karl Fischer Titration by Coulometric Karl Fisher
Measurements of Aqueous Measurements of Aqueous
ASTM E1148
Solubility Solubility
Determining Carcinogenic Potential Determining Carcinogenic
ASTM E1687 of Virgin Base Oils in Potential of Virgin Base Oils in
Metalworking Fluids Metalworking Fluids
Vapor Pressure of Liquids by
ASTM E1719 Vapor Pressure
Ebulliometry
Products (Mini-Method)
ASTM ES 15 Vapor Pressure
[Discontinued in 1992, Replaced by
ASTM5291 D5191]
WITHDRAWN STANDARD:
PS121-99 Provisional Specification
ASTM PS 121 Biodiesel Specs
for Biodiesel Fuel (B100) Blend
Stock for Distillate Fuels
54

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What are the main types of tests discussed in the document?

What are the main types of tests discussed in the document?

What is the purpose of an ASTM distillation test?

What is the purpose of an ASTM distillation test?

Petroleum Refining - Chapter 3: Significance of Lab Tests

Chapter 3 : Significance of lab tests in petroleum refining

Table 3.1: The 30 most important ASTM tests in petroleum refining.

API (specific) gravity

Density Meter - DMA 38 Density Meter - DMA 5000

141.5 SG↓ API ↑ ‫خفيف‬

Figure 3.2: Apparatus for ADTM D86 distillation

Table 3.2: Data recording for ASTM D86 test

This is usually plotted as follows

ASTM D86 Atmospheric Distillation ASTM D1160 Vacuum Distillation Apparatus

Figure. D2892: 15/5 distillation

Simulated Distillation (SimDist) by Gas Chromatography (GC) Analyzers

Figure 3.3: Major components of a Gas Chromatograph

Figure 3.4: Output peaks of a gas chromatograph.

Figure 3.5: Actual output from a gas chromatograph

BS&W (Bottom sediments and water)

 Is a measure of the degree of knocking of (gasoline).

Types of octane number

(a) Motor method (MON)

(b) Research method (RON)

(c) Posted octane number (PON)

Sensitivity of the fuel

Figure. Stroke cycles in internal combustion engines

TDC = Top dead center

Volume at BDC = 10 in3

Figure. Compression ratio of internal combustion engines

Video. Compression Ratio

Definition of octane rating

Iso-octane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) n-heptane

Examples of octane ratings

Effects of octane rating

Figure 6.1: ASTM Octane Number Standard Engine

Figure. Digital control panel

Other relevant standards

Figure. Portable octane number analyzer

Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP)

D323-94: Standard Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products

Other standards related

Figure. RVP Bath and cylinder

Sulfur Content (wt%)

Other relevant standards

Tag Pensky-Martens closed- Rapid Flash

Setaflash Closed Cup Setaflash Open Cup Fully Automatic

Freezing point Temperature, ºC (ºF)

Figure. Freezing point of kerosene

Figure. Apparatus for the Freezing point of kerosene

Cloud Point Temperature, ºC (ºF)

Observation during cooling under prescribed conditions

Pour Point Temperature, ºC (ºF)

Cloud and Pour point apparatus

Smoke point (mm)

Principle: Measurement of time required to flow between 2 marks in a tube

Apparatus for the determination of kinematic viscosity

 The tube is tightly closed and placed in the comparator.

PFX995-PFX950-PFX880 Automatic Colorimeters