Sound English

WASHINGTON, DC | NEW YORK
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Sound Practices for Hedge

Fund Managers
Preface ....................................................................................................1
Introduction .............................................................................................1
Section 1 Recommendations: Management, Trading,

and Information Technology Controls ...........................1
1.1 Management and Trading Controls .......................2
1.6 Information Technology Controls ...........................5
1.9 Third-Party Service Providers .................................8
Section 2 Recommendations: Responsibilities to Investors ...........1
2.1 Responsibilities to Investors ...................................2
Section 3 Recommendations: Determination of Net Asset Value..1
3.1 Verification of the Existence of Assets

and Liabilities .........................................................2
3.6 Determination of Fair Value ...................................7
3.7 Responsibility for Valuation ....................................8
3.8 Pricing Policies and Procedures .............................9
3.10 Frequency of NAV Determinations ......................13
3.11 Financial Statement Close Process.......................14
Section 4 Recommendations: Risk Management...........................1
4.1 Structure of Risk Management Process ..................2
4.4 Market Risk .............................................................4
4.11 Funding Liquidity Risk ............................................9
Sound Practices for Hedge Fund Managers | 01

Table of Contents
4.14 Counterparty Credit Risk ......................................10
4.15 Leverage ..............................................................11
4.16 Operational Risk ...................................................12
4.17 Risk Monitoring Valuation ....................................13
Section 5 Recommendations: Regulatory Controls .......................1
5.1 Regulatory Controls ...............................................2
Section 6 Recommendations: Trading Relationship

Management, Monitoring, and Disclosure ....................1
6.1 Documentation Policies and Controls ....................2
6.5 Best Execution .......................................................5
6.7 Execution and Clearing Arrangements ..................7
6.8 Soft Dollar Arrangements.......................................8
Section 7 Recommendations: Business Continuity, Disaster

Recovery, and Crisis Management.................................1
7.1 Business Continuity, Disaster

Recovery, and Crisis Management .........................2
Appendix I Glossary and Selected Sources Used.............................1
Selected Sources Used .................................................15
Appendix II Model Due Diligence Questionnaire for

Hedge Fund Investors ....................................................1
I. Investment Manager Overview ..............................3
II. Overview of Activities of the Investment

Manager .................................................................7
III. Fund Information....................................................8
02 | Table of Contents
Appendix III Supplemental Information on Risk
Monitoring Practices for Hedge Fund
Managers ........................................................................1
I. Overview: The Risks Faced by a Hedge

Fund Manager ...........................................................2
II. Market Risk ................................................................7
III. Funding Liquidity Risk .............................................16
IV. Leverage..................................................................21
V. Counterparty Credit Risk .........................................29
Appendix IV Guidance for Hedge Funds and Hedge Fund

Managers on Developing Anti-Money Laundering
Programs (Release No. 2) ...............................................1
Introduction ....................................................................2
Historical Background .....................................................3
MFA’s Efforts to Promote Sound Practices
in Anti-Money Laundering for the
Hedge Fund Industry ......................................................6
Applicability of the 2007 AML Guidance........................8

Individualized Assessment and Application
of 2007 AML Guidance ...................................................9
Recommendations ........................................................12
Annex A
Definitions ...............................................................40
Annex B
Model Anti-Money Laundering Attestation ............47
Annex C
Proposed Template for Anti-Money
Laundering Policies and Procedures .......................53

Table of Contents
Annex D
Sample Provisions for Fund Administrators,
Investor Intermediaries, and Subscription
Documents ..............................................................68
Annex E
Sample Board Resolutions ......................................84
Annex F
Members of Financial Action Task Force
on Money Laundering ..............................................87
Annex G
List of FATF Non-Cooperative Jurisdictions .............88
Annex H
Lists Maintained by the Office of Foreign
Assets Control ..........................................................89
Annex I
Money Laundering Advisories Issued by
the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network
of the U.S. Department of Treasury ..........................90
Annex J
Countries and Financial Institutions That
Have Been Designated by the U.S. Department
of Treasury as Being of “Primary Money
Laundering Concern” ...............................................91
Appendix V U.S. Regulatory Filings by

Hedge Fund Managers ..................................................1
Appendix VI Checklist for Hedge Fund Managers to Consider

in Developing a Compliance Manual .............................1
Appendix VII Checklist for Hedge Fund Managers

to Consider in Developing a Code of Ethics .................1
04 | Table of Contents
Sound Practices for Hedge Fund Managers
Preface
About Managed Funds Association

Hedge fund managers are vital participants in the global capital markets,
yet they remain largely misunderstood by the media, the government, and
the public-at-large. In light of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of
Columbia decision overturning the SEC’s rule requiring registration of most
hedge fund managers, the recent pension reform legislation, and the tremen-
dous growth and increased visibility of the industry, hedge fund managers
are under heightened scrutiny in the United States and abroad. This scrutiny
necessitates focused advocacy, consistent messages, and shared experiences
for the industry.
For over 16 years, Managed Funds Association (“MFA”) has been the
unifying voice of the hedge fund industry. MFA’s mission is to protect the
interests of the industry, to educate policy makers, and to assist its Members
better grow and conduct their businesses.
MFA achieves its success through four major areas:
Protect
MFA is the preeminent advocate for the hedge fund industry in the United
States with a primary focus of protecting the integrity and the efficiency of
the capital marketplace by representing the interests of industry participants
on Capitol Hill. MFA works tirelessly with policy makers, in both Houses
of Congress, and regulators, to shed light on what has been mischaracter-
ized as a secretive industry. MFA navigates the political landscape through
its lobbying initiatives and extensive contacts throughout Washington, D.C.
MFA has strength in numbers that no individual Member or group can
replicate—MFA’s Members manage a vast majority of the almost $2 trillion
industry. MFA exports these advocacy efforts outside of Washington, D.C.
to the states and internationally, including the United Kingdom, Japan,
India, and other regions.

Preface
Promote
In conjunction with its advocacy efforts in Washington, D.C. and abroad,
MFA works to reshape the media’s misrepresentations and the public’s
misperceptions about the hedge fund industry. MFA is able to promote the
benefits of alternative investments, including hedge funds, to the global
financial marketplace as a whole, in a way that individual managers could
not accomplish on their own. MFA operates as a clearinghouse of informa-
tion by virtue of its representation of the industry so that it can engage the
media and the public on a variety of issues impacting the industry without
a spotlight shining on any one particular manager. MFA is able to dispel
myths, to encourage understanding, and to disseminate messages to the me-
dia and among the general public with a uniform, collective voice to ensure
consistent clarity.
Educate
MFA recognizes that its initiatives with the government, the press, and the
public are irrelevant if MFA’s Members do not operate according to high
ethical standards and reputable business practices. Therefore, MFA regularly
educates its Members about the best practices for any hedge fund manager
who wishes to enter the marketplace. MFA’s Sound Practices for Hedge Fund
Managers is the most recognized and well-respected resource for hedge fund
managers seeking to foster a culture of compliance. MFA hosts conferences,
seminars, and other educational events to help train hedge fund manag-
ers and industry counterparts, such as lawyers and accountants, and to lay
the foundation for consistent market practices across the broad spectrum
of hedge fund strategies. MFA’s active involvement enables its Members to
collectively help shape best practices that will foster growth of the industry.
Additionally, MFA communicates to its Members about changes in legisla-
tion and regulation impacting all aspects of the industry.
Participate
MFA’s success is contingent upon the continued support of its Members.
MFA seeks the financial support of industry participants and substantive
involvement in MFA committees, activities, and events. MFA’s Board of
Directors and other committees are comprised of prominent industry par-
ticipants. MFA’s advocacy on Capitol Hill is most effective with the partici-
pation of its Members. Participation provides Members with access—both
collectively and individually—to influential policy makers. Each conference,
02 | Preface
seminar, and event is made possible by the involvement of individual Mem-
bers. The largest participants in the hedge fund industry are MFA’s most
active Members and most significant financial contributors. Upon joining,
each Member of MFA gains an instant peer group of the most influential
leaders in the hedge fund industry and receives opportunities to interact
with them in an unparalleled way.
MFA Members are paramount in helping the industry prosper. MFA
Members provide two assets that are fundamental for MFA to succeed in
its mission: financial support in the form of annual MFA Membership dues
and conference sponsorship and attendance, and substantive participation
in a variety of committees, working groups, and other activities. Without
continued and growing support in the form of Member dues, MFA would
not be able to succeed in its mission.
MFA is led by its President, Executive Vice President/Chief Operating
Officer, Executive Vice President/Chief Administrative Officer, and an
executive team of legal, government affairs, membership and marketing
professionals. An administrative staff assists MFA executives with the details
necessary to advance the association’s strategic mission. For more informa-
tion about MFA, visit www.managedfunds.org.
Managed Funds Association

2025 M Street, N.W. (headquarters)
Suite 610
Washington, D.C. 20036
202.367.1140
360 Madison Avenue

18th Floor
New York, NY 10017
212.808.1102

Preface
About the 2007 Edition

MFA has published the 2007 edition of its Sound Practices for Hedge Fund
Managers in a new three-ring binder format and design, making the docu-
ment easier to navigate and update. As needed and appropriate, MFA will
circulate updated pages and sections to its Members, so that Members can
simply replace the outdated pages or sections.
MFA is certain this new format will make the document more readily
accessible to hedge fund managers as they seek to operate in accordance
with industry best practices.
In preparing Sound Practices for Hedge Fund Managers, MFA consulted with Akin
Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP and, with respect to Appendix IV—Guidance for
Hedge Funds and Hedge Fund Managers on Developing Anti-Money Laundering
Programs (Release No. 2), with Schulte Roth & Zabel LLP.
04 | Preface
Introduction
MFA publishes its Sound Practices for Hedge Fund Managers (“Sound
Practices”) for the benefit of its Members and the global Hedge Fund1
industry. Currently in its fourth iteration (previous editions were published
in 2000, 2003, and 2005), Sound Practices contains recommendations that
provide Hedge Fund Managers, operating as single-manager Hedge Fund
complexes, with a framework of internal policies, practices, and controls from
a peer-to-peer perspective (the “Recommendations”). MFA principally directs
the Recommendations toward all Hedge Fund Managers, both U.S.-based
and non-U.S., with business operations and investments in the United States
and its territories. However, MFA recognizes the truly global structure of
the Hedge Fund marketplace, and has developed Sound Practices so that the
Recommendations are useful tools for Hedge Fund Managers around the
world. As the pre-eminent resource for establishing standards of excellence,
Sound Practices creates a framework from which all Hedge Fund Managers
may tailor the Recommendations to meet their needs in order to develop
and implement a culture of compliance.
Public Policy & the Hedge Fund Industry

Sound Practices has been acknowledged by Hedge Fund Managers, as well
as investors, regulators, and market counterparties, as the seminal resource
for developing and maintaining sound business practices. For example,
the “Counterparty Risk Management Policy Group II”, in its 2005 Report,
Toward Greater Financial Stability: A Private Sector Perspective, encouraged
“hedge fund managers, for the purpose of best practices,” to adopt an earlier
edition of Sound Practices. The 2007 edition demonstrates the continued
commitment of MFA and its Members to address both the current regula-
1
The terms “Hedge Fund” and “Hedge Fund Manager” are defined later in this
Introduction under General Considerations Relating to Hedge Funds, Hedge Fund
Managers, and Investors. Other capitalized and/or italicized terms and certain techni-
cal words and phrases used in this document that are not defined in the text itself are
defined in Appendix I—The Glossary and Selected Sources Used.

Introduction
tory environment and public policy issues surrounding Hedge Funds. MFA
believes that the 2007 edition directly responds to the President’s Working
Group on Financial Markets’ (the “PWG”) Agreement Among PWG and
U.S. Agency Principals on Principles and Guidelines Regarding Private Pools of
Capital, which the PWG published in February 2007 to establish the cur-
rent public policy approach for all private pools of capital, including Hedge
Funds (the “PWG Agreement”). The principles set forth in the PWG Agree-
ment apply equally to Hedge Fund Managers (and other managers of private
pools of capital), their counterparties and creditors, investors and fiduciaries,
and financial regulators, encouraging all parties to be vigilant in achieving
soundness in the financial markets through collaborative market discipline:
Private pools of capital bring significant benefits to the financial markets.

However, these pools of capital also present challenges for market participants
and policymakers. Investors, creditors, counterparties, pool managers, and
supervisors must be aware of these challenges . . . and work to address them.
Public policies that support market discipline, participant awareness of risk,
and prudent risk management are the best means of protecting investors and
limiting systemic risk.
PWG Agreement, Section 1.
The PWG Agreement strongly encourages Hedge Fund Managers to develop

industry sound practices as a means of achieving the market discipline
necessary to satisfy the PWG’s public policy approach. Specifically, the PWG
Agreement urges Hedge Fund Managers to “have information, valuation and
risk management systems that meet sound industry practices that enable
them to meet the expectations of creditors, counterparties, fiduciaries and
investors.” MFA has designed Sound Practices to respond to the PWG’s
recommendations by comprehensively addressing issues associated with the
recent growth and dynamic nature of the Hedge Fund industry. Moreover,
Hedge Fund Managers who adapt the Recommendations to their firms
will contribute meaningfully to the internal soundness of individual Hedge
Funds they operate and to the strength of the financial markets in which
they participate.
The PWG Agreement is the PWG’s first official statement applicable to

Hedge Fund Managers since its 1999 report, Hedge Funds, Leverage, and
the Lessons of Long-Term Capital Management, which included a specific
recommendation that the Hedge Fund industry establish a set of sound
02 | Introduction
practices for risk management and internal controls. A small group of Hedge
Fund Managers published the first edition of Sound Practices for Hedge Fund
Managers in 2000 in direct response to this recommendation and focused
primarily on risk management. MFA subsequently published 2003 and
2005 editions to reflect industry developments and to expand the subject
matter covered.
The international regulatory community, including the “Group of Seven”

and “Group of Eight” heads of state, has encouraged MFA and Hedge Fund
Managers to continue to develop sound practices in order to strengthen
market discipline through risk management practices. The Financial Stabil-
ity Forum (“FSF”), established in 1999 by the Group of Seven Finance Min-
isters (the “G7 Finance Ministers”) and central bank governors, published
its Update of the FSF Report on Highly Leveraged Institutions in May 2007
(the “FSF Report”), in response to a request by the G7 Finance Ministers
to update the FSF’s 2000 report. The FSF Report highlights some of the
recent private sector and public policy initiatives aimed at protecting against
systemic risks and sets forth recommendations to build on these ongoing
efforts. For Hedge Funds, the FSF Report states:
The global hedge fund industry should review and enhance existing
sound practice benchmarks for hedge fund managers in the light of expecta-
tions for improved practices set out by the official and private sectors.
The FSF Report.
Sound Practices answers these international public sector calls to improve

market discipline. As mentioned earlier, the Recommendations provide a
framework for all Hedge Fund Managers, regardless of regulatory jurisdic-
tion, to develop proper and sound internal business operations, which, if
adhered to, will contribute to MFA’s and the Hedge Fund community’s
dedication to a robust, competitive, and stable global financial marketplace.
Hedge Funds, the Global Financial Marketplace,

and MFA’s Recommendations
Hedge Funds, like credit providers (such as banks and other financial institu-
tions), are key participants in international financial markets. However, the
activities of Hedge Fund Managers differ greatly from those of credit provid-
ers. These other financial institutions generally seek to eliminate or minimize

Introduction
the risks of their businesses through hedging and other risk management
methods. Hedge Fund Managers, on the other hand, are in the business
of seeking and assuming calculated risks, and do so in order to achieve the
absolute returns desired by their Hedge Fund investors. MFA believes, as
do key policy makers, that this activity is beneficial to financial markets:
[Hedge funds’] rapid growth is one of the most important developments in

U.S. financial markets in the past decade or so. Hedge funds vary widely
in their investment strategies and in the types of risks they take. Overall,
however, most economists agree that the rise of hedge funds has been a positive
development for investors and for financial markets. They have stimulated
an extraordinary amount of financial innovation in recent years; and, using
many of these new financial tools, they have greatly enhanced the liquidity,
efficiency, and risk-sharing capabilities of our financial system.
Remarks by Ben S. Bernanke, Chairman, Board of Governors of
the Federal Reserve System, at the New York University Law School,
New York, New York (April 11, 2007).
By participating in the market as risk seekers, Hedge Fund Managers pro-

vide needed liquidity to financial markets, which can help reduce systemic
risk and, at the same time, ensure the overall viability of the marketplace.
In this sense, Hedge Funds often act as risk absorbers in markets. They do so
by serving as ready counterparties to those wishing to hedge risk, especially
when markets are volatile, thereby reducing pressure on market prices while
increasing liquidity. In addition, Hedge Fund Managers typically trade based
on extensive research, which brings more accurate price information, and
therefore, price efficiencies to the markets. Without the research and com-
mitment of capital by Hedge Fund Managers, the markets potentially would
have wider price spreads, as well as more pronounced pricing inefficiencies
and illiquidity. Hedge Funds also often provide investors with valuable port-
folio diversification—such diversification can reduce individual investor risk
and, as a result, overall marketplace risk.
MFA recognizes, however, the concerns expressed by policy makers with

respect to certain activities of Hedge Funds and the potential for systemic
risk. Since the publication of the 2005 edition of Sound Practices, regulatory
supervisors have taken particular interest in over-the-counter (“OTC”)
“derivatives”, particularly credit derivatives. Regulators have expressed
concern that a major credit event could have a substantial impact on global
04 | Introduction
financial markets. Consequently, the PWG specifically addresses OTC
derivatives with respect to its directive that Hedge Fund Managers develop
industry sound practices:
[R]isk management and valuation policies employed by private pools of capi-

tal should comply with the industry sound practices. Such pools also should
implement and comply with industry sound practices to strengthen processing,
clearing, and settlement arrangements for credit derivatives and other over-
the-counter derivatives.
PWG Agreement, Section 9.2.
With the goal of reducing systemic risk vis-à-vis the derivatives marketplace,
MFA works with major derivatives dealers, under the direction of the Feder-
al Reserve Bank of New York, to address operational challenges of processing
trades. MFA’s experiences in this and other public policy and private sector
initiatives have greatly shaped the Recommendations.
Objectives of MFA’s Recommendations

1. Strengthen Business Practices of the Hedge Fund Industry through a
Strong Framework of Internal Policies and Practices. The Recommenda-
tions serve to educate Hedge Fund Managers by providing peer group
consensus on standards for internal management controls on the subjects
covered herein and by addressing the convergence of internal control stand-
ards across the financial services industry. The Recommendations go beyond
the requirements imposed by U.S. laws or regulations. Moreover, MFA has
developed and updated the Recommendations in the belief that the most
effective form of industry oversight is self-discipline and self-monitoring
by Hedge Fund Managers as part of a shared responsibility with market
counterparties, investors, and regulators, to unify the overarching principles
set forth in the PWG Agreement. The Recommendations, if adopted, should
enhance the ability of Hedge Fund Managers to manage operations, satisfy
responsibilities to investors, comply with applicable regulations, and address
unexpected market events.
2. Encourage Individualized Assessment and Application of Recommenda-

tions, as One Size Does Not Fit All. The strategies, investment approaches,
organizational structures, and amount of assets managed by individual
Hedge Fund Managers vary greatly. Mindful of this reality, MFA has

Introduction
written the Recommendations with enough specificity and ample flexibility

to provide meaningful guidance regardless of those differences. MFA cannot
address all the considerations that should be taken into account in determin-
ing whether and how to apply a particular Recommendation. The Recom-
mendations are not static, one-size-fits-all, prescriptive requirements that
all Hedge Fund Managers must follow in exactly the same manner. Rather,
each Hedge Fund Manager should assess the Recommendations based
on the size, nature, and complexity of its organization, its strategies, and
resources, as well as the objectives of the Hedge Funds it manages, and tailor
and apply the Recommendations, as appropriate.
A Hedge Fund Manager may be able to implement some Recommenda-

tions fairly easily or unilaterally. Other Recommendations, however, may
require substantial planning and significant budgetary commitments,
internal systems changes, infrastructure development, and/or services and
expertise offered by third parties. Some Hedge Fund Managers may have
specific personnel who perform each of the various practices described in the
Recommendations. Other, generally smaller, Hedge Funds may have person-
nel who perform multiple roles while still satisfying the objectives of the
Recommendations. A Hedge Fund Manager may also use Sound Practices
as a tool to conduct periodic self-assessments as to the effectiveness of its
individual implementation of the Recommendations.
3. Enhance Market Discipline in the Global Financial Marketplace.

By evaluating the Recommendations and applying those that are relevant
to its particular business model, a Hedge Fund Manager can continue to
strengthen its own business practices. In doing so, the Hedge Fund Manager
enhances investor protection and abates systemic risk. Hedge Fund Manag-
ers, by individually adapting and tailoring the Recommendations to meet
their business models, in aggregate will contribute to overall market sound-
ness. MFA will further adapt and refine the Recommendations as the Hedge
Fund industry and global financial markets continue to evolve.
General Considerations Relating to Hedge Funds,

Hedge Fund Managers, and Investors
Hedge Fund Defined. No statutory or regulatory definition of a Hedge
Fund exists. Historically, the term “hedge fund” referred to an investment
vehicle with the ability to hedge the value of its assets (e.g., through the use
of options or the simultaneous use of “long positions” and “short sales”).
06 | Introduction
However, the term “hedge fund” as understood in the current financial
marketplace describes a wide range of investment vehicles that can vary
substantially in terms of size, strategy, business model, and organizational
structure. Thus, some Hedge Funds may not engage in “hedging” activities
at all (e.g., some Hedge Funds may engage only in “buy and hold” or other
strategies that do not involve hedging in the traditional sense).
For purposes of Sound Practices, MFA defines a Hedge Fund as follows:
A pooled investment vehicle that generally meets the following criteria:

(1) it is not marketed to the general public (i.e., it is privately-offered);
(2) it is limited to high net worth individuals and institutions; (3) it is not
registered as an investment company under relevant laws (e.g., U.S. Invest-
ment Company Act of 1940, as amended); (4) its assets are managed by a
professional investment management firm that shares in the gains of the
investment vehicle based on investment performance of the vehicle; and
(5) it has periodic but restricted or limited investor redemption rights.
MFA does not intend the term Hedge Fund, as used in these Recommen-
dations, to capture private investment funds that are “purely” traditional
private equity, venture capital, or real estate funds. MFA recognizes, how-
ever, that individual Hedge Funds may pursue these and other investment
strategies in accordance with their “offering documents”.
Relationship between Hedge Funds and Their Hedge Fund Managers.

MFA makes the following assumptions about the relationship between
a Hedge Fund and its Hedge Fund Manager in setting forth the
Recommendations:
• A professional investment management firm (e.g., a Hedge Fund

Manager) manages the assets of each Hedge Fund;
• The term Hedge Fund Manager includes Hedge Fund Managers that are
registered with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”)
as investment advisers, and those exempt from registration, under the
Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (the “Advisers Act”), as amended;
• The Hedge Fund Manager is a legal entity governed by a person or group

of persons, acting through a management committee, board of directors,
or other body, or directly as officers or members of the Hedge Fund

Introduction
Manager, with the authority and responsibility to direct and oversee the
Hedge Fund Manager’s activities (a Hedge Fund Manager’s “governing
body”);
• The organizational and constituent documents of the Hedge Fund

Manager’s governing body are the “governing documents”;
• The “senior management” of a Hedge Fund Manager signifies the Chief

Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and others at the highest
level of the decision-making process for the day-to-day operations of the
Hedge Fund’s business;
• The Hedge Fund Manager’s governing body has the legal authority and
responsibility to direct and oversee the activities of the Hedge Fund; and
• The governing body of the actual Hedge Fund may be the Hedge Fund
Manager itself (e.g., as the general partner or managing member of the
Hedge Fund) or an independent body that delegates the investment
management function of the Hedge Fund to the Hedge Fund Manager
pursuant to an investment management agreement.
With those assumptions in mind, the client of a Hedge Fund Manager is the
Hedge Fund. Although a Hedge Fund Manager has relationships with the
investors in a Hedge Fund, the Hedge Fund Manager provides its invest-
ment advice to the Hedge Fund in accordance with the investment strategy
and objectives set forth in the Hedge Fund’s offering documents, rather than
any specific objectives or directives of any individual Hedge Fund investor.
A Hedge Fund Manager typically receives compensation, in part, based on

the performance of the Hedge Funds it manages and often significantly
invests directly in those funds. This structure creates a strong alignment
of interests between a Hedge Fund’s other investors and the Hedge Fund
Manager.
N.B. The nature and structure of Hedge Funds and their relationships with
Hedge Fund Managers vary substantially, and these assumptions may not apply to
all Hedge Funds or Hedge Fund Managers. For the purposes of Sound Practices,
MFA assumes that a Hedge Fund Manager will apply each relevant Recommen-
dation, as deemed appropriate, to each of the Hedge Funds it manages.
08 | Introduction
Relationship between Hedge Funds and Their Investors. Certain legal doc-
uments, which may include an offering memorandum, limited partnership
or limited liability company agreement, subscription agreement, or similar
contracts, govern the relationship between a Hedge Fund and its investors
(referred to collectively in this document as “offering documents”). Whether
investing in a U.S. domiciled limited partnership as a limited partner or in
a non-U.S. domiciled company as a shareholder, the investor is typically a
passive participant in the Hedge Fund with no right of participation in the
management of the Hedge Fund and generally with limited voting rights.
A Hedge Fund investor’s liability is generally limited to the extent of its
investment in a Hedge Fund.
As noted above, although the client of a Hedge Fund Manager is the Hedge
Fund, the Hedge Fund Manager generally communicates with the investors
with respect to all matters related to the Hedge Fund, including
its investment objectives, strategies, terms, and conditions of an investment
in the Hedge Fund.
Regulatory restrictions generally require investors in Hedge Funds to meet

certain requirements, such as net worth or other financial sophistication
standards, which the PWG Agreement supports:
Investor protection concerns can be addressed most effectively through a

combination of market discipline and regulatory policies that limit direct
investment in such pools to more sophisticated investors.
PWG Agreement, Section 2.
U.S. laws and regulations, for instance, generally require investors in Hedge
Funds—whether institutional or individual investors—to satisfy financial
net worth and other criteria in order to invest in a Hedge Fund. To further
bolster investor protection, managers of certain institutional investors, such
as pension fund plans, are fiduciaries with a legal duty to act in the best
interest of plan beneficiaries when making any investments on behalf of the
institution, in Hedge Funds, or otherwise.
Since its inception, MFA has consistently promoted this policy approach
as a means of achieving investor protection when needed.

Introduction
Irrespective of their jurisdiction of origin, investors in Hedge Funds should

have the ability to understand and evaluate for themselves an investment
in a Hedge Fund and the corresponding risks. Hedge Fund Managers also
reasonably expect that investors in a Hedge Fund would not expose them-
selves to risks they could not tolerate. In furtherance of these expectations,
investors generally conduct extensive due diligence of the Hedge Fund and
the Hedge Fund Manager before making a financial commitment to invest.
The PWG Agreement sets forth these concepts in its recommendations to
investors.
Overview and Organization of the Recommendations

Recognizing the shared responsibility to ensure the vitality, stability, and
integrity of financial markets, MFA works collaboratively with other seg-
ments of the marketplace to develop solutions for areas deemed vulnerable
by financial regulators. Above all, MFA and its Members recognize the
need to be at the forefront of the development of sound industry practices,
particularly in areas such as documentation and transactional practices, risk
management, and valuation, in order both to mitigate risks to the financial
system that could emanate from the activities of Hedge Funds or their
counterparties and to ensure Hedge Funds continue to provide their rec-
ognized benefits to the global financial marketplace. MFA has crafted the
Recommendations accordingly.
MFA has divided the Recommendations into the following seven substan-
tive sections.
Section 1: The management, internal trading, and information technology

controls that a Hedge Fund Manager should establish.
Section 2: Responsibilities to investors and proposed practices intended to

assist a Hedge Fund Manager in fulfilling these responsibilities.
Section 3: Determination of net asset value, including verification of

assets and liabilities, valuation policies and procedures, and the
financial statement close process.
Section 4: Risk measurement and management practices to ensure that the

risk policies of a Hedge Fund Manager are observed.
10 | Introduction
Section 5: Key regulatory controls and compliance issues.
Section 6: Trading relationships, monitoring, and disclosure, including

recommendations for documentation policies, “best execution”
practices, and soft dollar arrangements, which aim to help
govern the relationship between a Hedge Fund Manager and
its market counterparties.
Section 7: Business continuity, disaster recovery, and crisis management

planning.
In addition, Sound Practices contains the following seven appendices to the

Recommendations:
Appendix I: A glossary of key terms and selected sources used throughout

Sound Practices (certain capitalized and/or italicized terms and
certain technical words and phrases that are not defined in
the body of the document can be found in the glossary).
Appendix II: A Model Due Diligence Questionnaire for Hedge Fund Investors
(commonly asked questions a Hedge Fund Manager should
be prepared to receive from current or prospective investors).
Appendix III: Supplemental information on risk monitoring practices for

Hedge Fund Managers (in furtherance of Section 4).
Appendix IV: Guidance for Hedge Funds and Hedge Fund Managers on
Developing Anti-Money Laundering Programs (Release No. 2).
Appendix V: U.S. regulatory filings that may be applicable to a Hedge

Fund Manager (not exhaustive, but provides a starting point
for a Hedge Fund Manager in identifying applicable filing
requirements and developing policies to comply with such
requirements).

Introduction
Appendix VI: Checklist for Hedge Fund Managers to consider in develop-

ing a compliance manual (neither prescriptive, nor intended
to cover each consideration that may be relevant for a particu-
lar Hedge Fund Manager).
Appendix VII: Checklist for Hedge Fund Managers to consider in develop-

ing a code of ethics (neither prescriptive, nor intended to
cover each consideration that may be relevant for a particular
Hedge Fund Manager).
No Substitute for Legal or Other Professional Advice

The Recommendations are not intended to serve as, or be a substitute for,
professional advice. This document neither seeks to cover the specific legal
requirements with which a Hedge Fund Manager must comply, nor is it ex-
haustive. Hedge Fund Managers should consult with their professional legal,
accounting, compliance, tax, and other advisers in determining the applica-
bility of the Recommendations to their business operations and appropriate
methods for implementing the applicable Recommendations.
12 | Introduction
1. Recommendations:
Management, Trading, and
Information Technology Controls
The Recommendations in Section 1 present fundamental policies for

a Hedge Fund Manager in its management and trading operations.
Section 1 includes Recommendations for a Hedge Fund Manager
to establish trading and risk parameters corresponding to the invest-
ment objectives of each Hedge Fund it manages. The Recommenda-
tions provide guidance on the oversight of both internal and external
portfolio managers, and on review processes to effectively monitor
trading activities and operations to ensure compliance with the pre-
determined trading and risk parameters. The Recommendations also
include information technology (“IT”) guidance in order to control
changes to any software applications, data, and IT infrastructure and
to maintain proper security therein. Finally, the Recommendations in
Section 1 provide guidance on relationships with third-party service
providers that perform key business functions, such as calculating net
asset value (“NAV”) or monitoring risk.

Management and Trading Controls
1.1
A Hedge Fund Manager should establish management policies and
practices appropriate for its size, nature, and complexity and for its
trading activities for each Hedge Fund it manages.
A Hedge Fund Manager should the established management policies.

establish management policies for A Hedge Fund Manager should
trading activities documentation, review its policies and practices at
NAV determination, risk analysis, least annually and update them as
compliance, and other key areas as appropriate (e.g., to reflect changes
appropriate. A Hedge Fund Man- in structure or strategy, extraordinary
ager should adopt an organizational market events, or new applicable
structure that facilitates effective regulations).
oversight to ensure compliance with
1.2
A Hedge Fund Manager should determine the investment, risk, and
trading policies for each Hedge Fund it manages based on the specific
investment objectives described in the respective Hedge Fund’s
offering documents.
A Hedge Fund Manager should allo- should establish appropriate trading

cate capital and risk among portfolio parameters and risk limits for each
managers, strategies, asset classes, allocation, as these parameters fit
and other relevant categories, to fit into the portfolio. The Hedge Fund
each Hedge Fund’s performance Manager should adjust the trad-
objectives and targeted risk profile. ing parameters and risk limits as
A Hedge Fund Manager should necessary to reflect various market
periodically re-examine allocations and other changes. These principles
and adjust them as appropriate. In are developed more fully in Section
addition, a Hedge Fund Manager 4—Risk Management.
02 | Management, Trading, and Information Technology Controls

1.3
A Hedge Fund Manager should impose appropriate controls to ensure
that its portfolio management and trading activities are consistent with
the allocation policies and trading parameters.
A Hedge Fund Manager’s senior (commonly referred to as “side-

management should regularly review by-side management”) should
the trading activities and perform- develop and implement internal
ance of each Hedge Fund’s portfolio policies and procedures to govern
and regularly evaluate the associated the allocation of investment
risk levels. To do so, the Hedge opportunities across Hedge Funds
Fund Manager should require inter- and managed accounts. See Section
nal reports that provide senior man- 2, Responsibilities to Investors,
agement with information regarding Recommendation 2.8.
the trading activities, performance,
and risk levels of each investment A Hedge Fund Manager’s controls
strategy. Each report should identify should also ensure that its portfolio
any and all deviations from trading management and trading activities
parameters and risk limits. are consistent with its policies and
procedures governing transactions
A Hedge Fund Manager that man- with counterparties. See Section 6—
ages one or more Hedge Funds and Trading Relationship, Management,
one or more managed accounts Monitoring, and Disclosure.

Management and Trading Controls
1.4
A Hedge Fund Manager should establish policies for monitoring the
trading activities and performance of each portfolio manager to which
it allocates capital.
A Hedge Fund Manager should portfolio managers on a periodic

subject all of its portfolio manag- basis. Frequency of evaluation will
ers, including external portfolio depend on the form of the allocation
managers, to controls and review (e.g., monthly performance review of
processes based on the amount of the management of a passive invest-
assets managed, form of allocation, ment in a Hedge Fund versus more
and trading strategy. A Hedge Fund frequent review of the management
Manager should monitor the trading of a significant “managed account”
activities and performance of all investment).
1.5
A Hedge Fund Manager should have appropriate approval processes
and documentation for retaining sub-advisers and other external
portfolio managers.
A Hedge Fund Manager should portfolio manager in a managed

develop due diligence and approval account, the Hedge Fund Manager
processes for selecting and retain- should clearly define in a written
ing a sub-adviser or other external agreement with the external portfolio
portfolio manager to manage any manager the trading restrictions and
capital over which the Hedge Fund limits, reporting requirements, and
Manager has investment discre- termination provisions applicable to
tion. When a Hedge Fund Manager their relationship.
invests such capital with an external

1.6
A Hedge Fund Manager should establish policies and procedures to
control changes to any software applications, data, and IT infrastructure.
A Hedge Fund Manager should • Version control management;

establish control policies and pro-
• Segregation of personnel and
cedures to ensure that any changes
technical environments for the
to the production software applica-
development of, testing of, and
tions, data, and infrastructure (e.g.,
implementation of changes;
hardware) that support the overall
business processes occur only with • Appropriate testing and approval
authorization, testing, and approval. of changes prior to usage in
A Hedge Fund Manager should production; and
employ, to the extent feasible, the
following policies and procedures: • Back-out and recovery plans in
the event of an implementation
• Authorization controls over the problem.
development or acquisition of IT
resources (e.g., hardware, software); The Hedge Fund Manager should
maintain documentation of the
above policies and related activities.

1.7
A Hedge Fund Manager should establish policies and procedures for
logical and physical security over software applications, data, and IT
infrastructure.
A Hedge Fund Manager should • Authentication controls (e.g., pass-

establish information security words) that govern how users and
policies and procedures in order processes verify their identity to
to define the controls required to obtain access to systems and data;
secure the data and systems used
• Entitlement controls that speak
in its operations. In its policies and
to the level of access (e.g., read,
procedures, a Hedge Fund Manager
update) a user or process has to
should address the security and
systems and data; and
usage of computer applications,
databases, operating systems, hard- • Audit logging and monitoring
ware, and networks. A Hedge Fund controls internally and at the
Manager should employ, to the network perimeter.
extent feasible, the following
policies and procedures: Policies and procedures should take
into account the addition of new
• Personnel responsibilities for personnel, modification of existing
information security; access rights, and removal of access.
A Hedge Fund Manager should
• Physical access controls to produc-
maintain documentation of the
tion systems and data storage
security administration activities.
(e.g., media, USB keys);

1.8
IT operations, including backup and recovery of data, scheduling, and
problem management.
A Hedge Fund Manager should im- Business Continuity, Disaster

plement policies and procedures to Recovery, and Crisis Management
help ensure that all necessary data is for more guidance.
properly backed up so that it can be
accurately and completely recovered A Hedge Fund Manager should also
if a system outage or compromise have procedures in place to execute
of data integrity occurs. In addi- programs, including data transmis-
tion, a Hedge Fund Manager should sions, as planned and to identify and
prepare a detailed business conti- resolve deviations from scheduled
nuity, disaster recovery, and crisis processing in a timely manner.
management (“BC/DR”) plan in A Hedge Fund Manager should
order to help ensure the continuity implement policies and procedures
of business operations in the event in order to identify, resolve, review,
of disaster. A Hedge Fund Manager and analyze any problems or inci-
should test and update the plan on dents in a timely manner.
a regular basis. See Section 7—

Third-Party Service Providers
1.9
A Hedge Fund Manager should carefully select and monitor any mission-
critical, third-party service providers performing key business functions
(e.g., prime brokerage, risk monitoring, valuation, or BC/DR functions)
or it or any Hedge Fund it manages based on such service provider’s
experience with those particular Hedge Fund operations.
Mission-critical service providers are of mission-critical service providers.

those service providers a Hedge Fund A Hedge Fund Manager should dis-
Manager requires to ensure prompt close to the Hedge Funds it manages
and accurate execution and process- relationships between the Hedge
ing of transactions and to meet Fund Manager and service providers
regulatory reporting requirements. A that may give rise to potential
Hedge Fund Manager should define material conflicts of interest. See
clearly in written agreements with the Recommendations in Section
mission-critical, third-party service 7—Business Continuity, Disaster
providers the roles, responsibilities, Recovery, and Crisis Management
and liability of such service provid- for the issues associated with third-
ers. A Hedge Fund Manager should party service providers.
periodically evaluate the performance
08 | Management, Trading and Information Technology Controls

2. Recommendations:
Responsibilities to Investors
The Recommendations in this section address the key elements

a Hedge Fund Manager should consider in providing investment
management services to a Hedge Fund, while balancing the interests
of Hedge Fund investors. As described in the Introduction, investors
in Hedge Funds—whether institutional or individual—are required
by law or regulation to satisfy financial net worth and other criteria
in order to invest in a Hedge Fund. For example, some institutional
investors, such as pension plans, are represented by fiduciaries
subject to heightened regulation of investment activities in order to
protect beneficiaries. Irrespective of the type of investor, all Hedge
Fund investors should have the tools to understand and evaluate for
themselves any risks associated with an investment in a Hedge Fund.
A Hedge Fund Manager should provide Hedge Fund investors with
adequate information (as described in this section) to enhance the
investors’ ability to understand and evaluate their investment in the
Hedge Fund. Moreover, a Hedge Fund Manager should develop
policies and procedures to address situations involving potential or
actual material conflicts of interest generally consistent with these
Recommendations.

2.1
A Hedge Fund Manager should foster a management environment that
appropriately recognizes its responsibility to act in the interest of each
Hedge Fund it manages.
A Hedge Fund Manager is retained (e.g., other Hedge Funds or man-

by a Hedge Fund to act as its aged accounts), it should act in a
investment manager. In that capac- manner consistent with its fiduciary
ity, a Hedge Fund Manager has a duties to each client. This requires
responsibility to act in the interest the Hedge Fund Manager to balance
of its client, the Hedge Fund, and the interests of all client accounts
in the interest of the Hedge Fund’s against its own interests to the
investors. A Hedge Fund Manager extent the Hedge Fund Manager’s
must also act in accordance with its interests are reasonable and properly
investment management agreement disclosed. Such balancing of inter-
with the Hedge Fund, the offering ests, fiduciary duties, and resulting
documents of the Hedge Fund, and conflicts are the same as with other
applicable law. When a Hedge Fund asset managers (e.g., private equity
Manager has more than one client firms, mutual funds, etc.).
2.2
A Hedge Fund Manager should provide prospective and existing Hedge
Fund investors with information regarding the Hedge Fund’s investment
objectives and strategies, range of permissible investments, material risk
factors, and the material terms of an investment in the Hedge Fund. This
information should be sufficient to enhance the ability of investors to
understand and evaluate their investment in the Hedge Fund.
As part of their due diligence review, the Hedge Fund Manager. A sample
prospective and existing Hedge checklist of commonly asked ques-
Fund investors may ask a Hedge tions or requested information is
Fund Manager questions regard- provided in Appendix II—MFA’s
ing the terms of an investment in a Model Due Diligence Questionnaire
Hedge Fund, as well as the manage- for Hedge Fund Investors. When
ment and investment practices of asked questions from prospective
02 | Responsibilities to Investors
Hedge Fund investors, a Hedge should be obtained from Hedge
Fund Manager may choose to Fund investors. After evaluating
respond to such questions with the circumstances, a Hedge Fund
standardized answers that can be Manager may fairly determine that it
supplemented as needed. need not make additional disclosure
and/or obtain consent from investors
Informative disclosure regarding
to changes in the objectives or strate-
the material terms of an investment
gies of the Hedge Fund. A Hedge
in a Hedge Fund (e.g., applicable
Fund Manager should evaluate the
charges, expenses, withdrawal or
materiality of the change in light of
redemption rights and restrictions,
the variety of objectives employed
reporting, use of “side pockets”, etc.)
by the Hedge Fund Manager and
and the Hedge Fund’s investment
any periodic communications that
objectives and strategies enhance the
are made to Hedge Fund investors
ability of investors to form proper
regarding a Hedge Fund’s activities.
expectations as to the Hedge Fund’s
performance. Therefore, a Hedge A Hedge Fund Manager should
Fund Manager should attempt to review at least annually a Hedge
prepare appropriate disclosures for Fund’s offering documents and any
dissemination to Hedge Fund inves- standardized answers or responses
tors on a timely basis, without com- to a due diligence questionnaire
promising proprietary information to (1) ensure that the documents
regarding the Hedge Fund’s trading reflect current information and
positions. See Recommendation disclosures regarding the Hedge
2.4 below for a discussion of mate- Fund’s objectives and strategies,
rial risk factors that a Hedge Fund and (2) determine if any modi-
Manager should consider disclosing fications are required due to any
to Hedge Fund investors. changes in any material terms of an
investment in a Hedge Fund, or any
When a Hedge Fund Manager
legal, regulatory, tax, or other devel-
changes the objectives or strate-
opments. A Hedge Fund Manager
gies of a Hedge Fund, the range of
should communicate any material
permissible investments, or terms
modifications of a Hedge Fund’s
of an investment in a Hedge Fund,
offering documents to existing
the Hedge Fund Manager should
investors by delivery of the updated
evaluate and consider consulting its
offering documents or by other
legal counsel to determine whether
correspondence.
disclosure to Hedge Fund investors
is necessary and whether consent

2.3
A Hedge Fund Manager should assess whether its operations or particular
circumstances may present actual or potential conflicts of interest and
should attempt to appropriately disclose any material conflicts of interest
to Hedge Fund investors.
A Hedge Fund Manager should • Use of “Soft Dollar Arrangements”

develop policies and procedures and/or expense pass-through
to assess and appropriately disclose provisions;
any material conflicts of interest
• Conflicts that may arise in the
to Hedge Fund investors. Potential
context of side-by-side manage-
conflicts that a Hedge Fund
ment of multiple accounts, such
Manager may need to disclose,
as the allocation of investment
if applicable, include:
opportunities among Hedge
• Relationships with brokers and Funds or accounts managed by
other service providers; the Hedge Fund Manager; and
• Conflicts generated by fee • Conflicts generated by interested-
arrangements; party transactions or relationships
with affiliated persons.
• Proprietary trading of the Hedge
Fund Manager and personal/
employee trading;
2.4
A Hedge Fund Manager should work with its legal counsel to identify
and adequately describe risks to be disclosed to Hedge Fund investors.
Examples of the types of risks that • Potential loss of key management

a Hedge Fund Manager should personnel;
consider disclosing are the risks
• Taxation and “ERISA” status and
associated with:
considerations;
• Incentive compensation structure;
• Valuation of assets, including
• Lack of assurance as to valuation of side-pocket invest-
performance; ments or other illiquid or non-
marketable investments;
• A specific strategy or particular
types of investment instruments • Broker and other “counterparty”
and investment markets; insolvency; and
• Limited liquidity and restrictions • Presence or absence of regulatory
on redemptions (e.g., those result- oversight of the Hedge Fund and
ing from redemption “gates” and Hedge Fund Manager.
side-pocket investments);
• Use of leverage and margin
(including leverage embedded
in derivative instruments);

2.5
A Hedge Fund Manager should periodically provide Hedge Fund
investors with relevant performance data and, when appropriate, risk
information regarding the strategy and terms of the Hedge Fund.
Relevant periodic disclosures to • Capital measures, such as assets

Hedge Fund investors may include: under management; and
• Performance measures, such as • Risk measures that are appropriate
NAV calculations, strategy per- to the Hedge Fund.
formance attribution, and similar
information;
2.6
When a Hedge Fund Manager has the discretion to grant (or has in the
past granted)—through a side letter or similar arrangement—any more
favorable rights to certain investors that may have a material impact on
other investors, the Hedge Fund Manager should (1) make appropriate
disclosures to investors in the Hedge Fund and (2) consider issues associ-
ated with the approval and monitoring of any special terms to investors.
Examples of certain types of rights Alternative Investment Management

that may have a material impact on Association, a U.K.-based alternative
other Hedge Fund investors may investment industry association, with
include, but are not limited to, respect to the use of these arrange-
more favorable transparency and/or ments. The guidance note, in sum-
liquidity rights. mary, states that firms are required
to disclose the existence of side
Hedge Fund Managers with opera-
letters that contain terms enhancing
tions in the United Kingdom should
an investor’s ability to redeem shares
exercise caution in connection with
or interests or make a determination
the use of side letters and other
as to whether to redeem shares or
similar arrangements. The Financial
interests that might reasonably be
Services Authority (the “FSA”) has
expected to put other investors in the
pronounced that, when exercising
same class of interests at a material
regulatory functions, it will con-
disadvantage.
sider a guidance note issued by the
2.7
A Hedge Fund Manager should develop and maintain trade allocation
policies, disclose the material aspects of these policies to its Hedge Fund
investors, and document any material deviations therefrom. A Hedge
Fund Manager should include the material aspects of its trade allocation
policies in a Hedge Fund’s offering documents and, with respect to a
U.S.-registered investment adviser, in the Hedge Fund Manager’s Form
ADV that is filed with the SEC.
2.8
A Hedge Fund Manager should deliver annual audited financial state-
ments to Hedge Fund investors in a timely manner or as may otherwise
be prescribed by laws or regulations.
A Hedge Fund Manager should guidance on the development of

engage qualified independent audi- a Hedge Fund Manager’s policies
tors to audit the annual financial to determine NAV and the Financial
statements of any Hedge Fund with Statement Close Process (“FSCP”)
investors not affiliated with the are provided in Section 3—
Hedge Fund Manager. Detailed Determination of Net Asset Value.
2.9
A Hedge Fund Manager should develop valuation policies and proce-
dures, recognizing that Hedge Fund investors may both subscribe to and
redeem interests in a Hedge Fund in reliance on the values derived from
such policies and procedures.
Detailed guidance on the develop- determine NAV, and the FSCP

ment of a Hedge Fund Manager’s are provided in Section 3—
policies to verify assets and liabilities, Determination of Net Asset Value.

2.10
A Hedge Fund Manager should develop and maintain a code of ethics
and personal trading policies that include the appropriate use of materi-
al, non-public information. A Hedge Fund Manager should communicate
the material aspects of this code and policies to Hedge Fund investors.
A Hedge Fund Manager’s code of Developing a Code of Ethics for a

ethics, personal trading policies, and menu of items that a Hedge Fund
monitoring of trading activity should Manager may wish to consider in
seek to prevent and detect improper developing a code of ethics and
trading by its personnel, taking into personal trading policies. This code
account: the nature of the Hedge and policies may include: the use
Fund Manager’s business; type of of blackout periods; restricted lists;
investments or instruments traded; reviews; holding periods; and pro-
and applicable laws, rules, and regu- hibitions on certain types of trades
lations in all applicable jurisdictions. and/or required pre-approval/clear-
See Section 5—Regulatory Controls ance of certain transactions, such as
for additional guidance. See Appen- initial public offerings, private place-
dix VII—Checklist for Hedge ments/limited offerings, or securities
Fund Managers to Consider in on any restricted list.
2.11
A Hedge Fund Manager should establish policies and procedures de-
signed to (1) safeguard information related to its Hedge Fund trading
activities, as well as information subject to confidentiality obligations, and
(2) prevent the misuse of this information (including investor or customer
information), taking into account the nature of the Hedge Fund Manager’s
business and type of investments or instruments traded.
A Hedge Fund Manager’s policies are investors in a Hedge Fund, the

and procedures should address the Hedge Fund Manager should ensure
protection of information relating to that its policies and procedures meet
the Hedge Fund’s trading activities, the requirements of the SEC’s Regu-
as well as the protection of confi- lation S-P promulgated under the
dential information provided to the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act. Moreover,
Hedge Fund or the Hedge Fund a Hedge Fund Manager should
Manager by the Hedge Fund establish appropriate information
investors and other third parties. barriers within its firm to effectuate
In the United States, for example, the foregoing.
with respect to individuals who

2.12
A Hedge Fund Manager should disclose to Hedge Fund investors its
relationships with prime brokers and other brokers that involve potential
material conflicts of interest and, taking into account the nature of the
Hedge Fund Manager’s business and type of investments or instruments
traded, develop the appropriate policies and procedures.
Appropriate considerations, poten- • Discussion of how the Hedge

tial disclosures, and policies may Fund Manager seeks to meet
include: its best execution obligations
to clients and of any directed
• Disclosure of material relation-
brokerage arrangements. See
ships between the Hedge Fund
Section 6—Trading Relationship
Manager and brokers;
Management, Monitoring, and
• Disclosure of material affiliated Disclosure, Recommendation 6.5.
or interested-party transactions;
• Policies and disclosures on use
of Soft Dollar Arrangements (see
Recommendation 2.13); and
2.13
A Hedge Fund Manager should disclose its use of Soft Dollar Arrange-
ments to existing and potential investors in each Hedge Fund it manages.
This disclosure should be made prior to engaging in such arrangements
and should disclose the Hedge Fund Manager’s policies with respect to
these arrangements.
Disclosure of Soft Dollar Arrange- appropriate level of detail, and

ments may include: whether the use of Soft Dollar
Arrangements falls within the safe
• Whether the Hedge Fund
harbor of Section 28(e) of the
Manager’s use of the products
Securities Exchange Act of 1934,
and services provided by a broker
as amended.
pursuant to Soft Dollar Arrange-
ments does not exclusively benefit For guidance on a Hedge Fund
the Hedge Fund whose trades Manager’s determinations and poli-
generate the relevant brokerage cies relating to Soft Dollar Arrange-
commissions or fees; ments, see Section 6—Trading
Relationship Management,
• The types of products and services
Monitoring, and Disclosure,
that may be received through
Recommendations 6.8 and 6.9.
Soft Dollar Arrangements in an
2.14
A Hedge Fund Manager should establish and maintain policies relating
to gifts and entertainment, and other payment or receipt of money or
property from any person in a non-business capacity that may create the
appearance of impropriety to Hedge Fund investors.

3. Recommendations:
Determination of Net Asset Value
This section sets forth guiding principles a Hedge Fund Manager

should consider in fulfilling one of the most important functions of
its operations: the determination of NAV. A Hedge Fund Manager,
in consultation with the governing body of a Hedge Fund, should
establish policies and procedures for the determination of NAV that
are fair, consistent, and verifiable. It is important for a Hedge Fund
Manager to recognize that Hedge Fund investors may subscribe to
and redeem interests in the Hedge Fund in reliance on the values
derived from these policies and procedures. The Recommendations
in this section cover various aspects of a Hedge Fund Manager’s
NAV policies and procedures, including: (1) policies and procedures
with respect to verifying the existence of assets and liabilities
(financial and non-financial); (2) policies for the manner and frequen-
cy of computing NAV based on U.S. generally accepted accounting
principles (“U.S. GAAP”) or International Accounting Standards
(“IAS”) with respect to each Hedge Fund; (3) policies regarding
the appropriate disclosure of material, NAV-related information to
Hedge Fund investors; (4) policies and procedures to ensure pricing
is fair, consistent, and verifiable; (5) policies for the manner and fre-
quency of computing portfolio valuation for the purposes of internal
risk monitoring of the portfolio; and (6) policies and procedures for
the establishment of the FSCP, which is the last part of the process
for determining NAV.

Verification of the Existence of Assets and Liabilities
3.1
A Hedge Fund Manager should establish procedures to independently
verify the existence of financial assets and liabilities.
The existence of financial assets and In addition, a Hedge Fund Manager

liabilities is a critical element in the should establish, implement, and
computation of NAV. A Hedge Fund enforce procedures for the verifica-
Manager should develop practices to tion of non-financial assets and
ensure trades are processed accurately liabilities. A Hedge Fund Manager
and on a timely basis. A Hedge Fund should maintain formal documen-
Manager should establish these tation to support its non-financial
practices based on a review and accruals. See Recommendation 3.12
understanding of the Hedge Fund regarding verification of non-finan-
Manager’s business structure. A cial assets and liabilities (e.g., accruals
Hedge Fund Manager should estab- zfor expenses and fees).
lish, implement, and enforce robust
Section 1—Management, Trading,
policies, procedures, and internal
and Information Technology
controls for each stage of the trading
Controls and Section 6—Trading
cycle, including: trade initiation;
Relationship Management, Monitor-
execution; confirmation; settlement;
ing, and Disclosure provide a Hedge
reconciliation; and accounting.
Fund Manager with additional
guidance that may supplement the
Recommendations provided in this
section, focusing specifically on the
determination of NAV.
02 | Determination of Net Asset Value

3.2
the control and processing of purchases and sales of financial assets and
liabilities.
A Hedge Fund Manager should these processes should enforce the

establish policies for the processing required segregation of duties. In
of purchases and sales of financial addition, a Hedge Fund Manager
assets and liabilities. These policies should develop and implement pro-
may include thresholds for specific cedures prior to executing trades in
levels of approvals. A Hedge Fund new financial assets and liabilities
Manager should also establish ad- or with new counterparties. See
equate segregation of duties among Section 6—Trading Relationship
those who are authorized to trade, Management, Monitoring, and
those who are responsible for record- Disclosure for more information
ing trade activity, and those who are on documentation policies and
responsible for reconciling the trade procedures in transacting with
activity. Logical access rights to data counterparties.
and software application supporting

3.3
A Hedge Fund Manager should establish policies and procedures for the
periodic reconciliation of the Hedge Fund Manager’s recorded financial
assets and liabilities to statements produced by independent sources.
A Hedge Fund Manager should In order to verify the existence

reconcile trade information entered of financial assets and liabilities,
into its portfolio accounting system a Hedge Fund Manager should
with the trade information recorded reconcile its internal financial state-
by third parties on a daily basis. In ments to statements produced by
addition, to the extent practical, recognized independent financial
a Hedge Fund Manager should institutions on a monthly basis.
reconcile cash balances to balances A Hedge Fund Manager should
recorded or statements published by attempt to reconcile any differences
third parties at the end of each day. between the statements, recognizing
If a Hedge Fund Manager discovers that differences could exist between
any differences between these bal- a counterparty’s statement and a
ances or statements, it should, prime broker’s statement.
to the extent practical, investigate
any differences on a timely basis.

3.4
A Hedge Fund Manager should establish procedures for obtaining confir-
mations and performing periodic reconciliations of OTC derivatives with
its respective counterparties.
To the extent applicable, a Hedge tation for foreign exchange, currency

Fund Manager should imple- forwards, currency options, and
ment and comply with evolving related OTC transactions. A Hedge
industry practices to strengthen its Fund Manager should consider the
processing, clearing, and settlement use of such protocols and documen-
arrangements for OTC derivatives. tation to achieve operational efficien-
These practices may include the cies in the negotiation and execution
use of protocols for issuing and of basic derivatives documentation
completing trade confirmations and with counterparties.
obtaining prior written consent for
In addition to the foregoing, a
assignments.
Hedge Fund Manager should estab-
In addition, the industry has establish a practice of reconciling its OTC
lished protocols for basic derivatives derivatives records with the records
documentation, including master of its respective counterparties on a
agreements, master trade confirma- monthly basis. This practice would
tions, security agreements, guaran- require that the Hedge Fund Man-
tees, and related documentation, as ager receives monthly statements
well as industry-standard documen- from its respective counterparties.

3.5
A Hedge Fund Manager should establish policies for maintaining
sufficient internal documentation of transactions involving non-publicly
traded financial investments (other than OTC derivatives) for the purpose
of facilitating and ensuring the verification of the Hedge Fund’s financial
assets and liabilities.
For non-publicly traded financial purpose of this policy is to ensure

assets and liabilities (other than the the accuracy of amounts recorded
OTC derivatives described above), a as assets and liabilities.
Hedge Fund Manager should main-
tain adequate supporting documen-
establish and implement procedures
tation as evidence of the existence of
for: the dissemination of regular
a transaction. In addition, a Hedge
corporate action updates; the deter-
Fund Manager should maintain
mination of the applicable corporate
internal documentation in a manner,
action; and the recording of such
and to a sufficient degree, to enable
corporate actions.
it to track and support unfunded
commitments to third parties. The

Determination of Fair Value
3.6
A Hedge Fund Manager should adopt an appropriate accounting
standard that incorporates the concept of “fair value”.
For NAV purposes, a Hedge Fund Generally, U.S.-based Hedge Fund

Manager should value investments Managers employ U.S. GAAP
according to U.S. GAAP or IAS. A Financial Accounting Standards
Hedge Fund Manager should rec- Board's Statement of Financial
ognize that there may be differences Accounting Standards No. 157,
in determining fair value of financial Fair Value Measurements (“FAS
assets and liabilities as between 157”) to value their financial invest-
U.S. GAAP and IAS 39: Financial ments. Under FAS 157, fair value
Instruments, Recognition and is defined as the price that would
Measurement under International be received to sell an asset or paid
Financial Reporting Standards. to transfer a liability in an orderly
Under either standard, however, transaction between market partici-
a Hedge Fund Manager should pants at the measurement date. In
comply with the relevant account- measuring fair value, FAS 157 also
ing standard that incorporates the establishes a fair value hierarchy that
concept of fair value. prioritizes the inputs that are applied
to valuation techniques.

Responsibility for Valuation
3.7
A Hedge Fund Manager, in consultation with its governing body, should
determine the party who bears ultimate responsibility for the valuation
of investments and disclose this information to Hedge Fund investors.
If ultimate responsibility for valu- of external experts in the valuation

ation of investments does not lie process (such as Fund Administra-
with the Hedge Fund Manager, tors), the use of these experts could
the Hedge Fund Manager should help prove the independence of the
provide oversight in the valuation committee.
process. This oversight may include
Where certain responsibilities (e.g.,
regular meetings and approvals of
position verification, pricing affirma-
pricing methodologies.
tion, etc.) for determining a Hedge
A Hedge Fund Manager may deem Fund’s NAV are contractually
it necessary to establish a separate assigned to a Fund Administrator, a
committee, such as a valuation or Hedge Fund Manager should review
pricing committee, to oversee the and analyze its contract with the
determination of fair value in the Fund Administrator to determine
valuation process. The establishment the Fund Administrator’s level of
of a valuation committee may miti- responsibility for determining NAV.
gate the risk of actual or potential Before a contract is executed be-
conflicts. A valuation committee, tween them, a Fund Administrator
if formed, should be comprised of and a Hedge Fund Manager should
individuals who have the authority agree as to the roles and responsi-
and experience to provide meaning- bilities between them in valuing
ful oversight of the valuation process. financial assets and liabilities of the
When a valuation committee regu- Hedge Fund Manager and/or its
larly solicits and employs the advice Hedge Funds.

Pricing Policies and Procedures
3.8
A Hedge Fund Manager’s pricing policies and procedures should be fair,
consistent, and verifiable.
A Hedge Fund Manager should, to price validation process. Wherever

the extent practical, either calculate possible, a Fund Administrator
or verify the accuracy of prices inde- should independently price the
pendent of the investment decision financial assets and liabilities of
process. To that end, a Hedge Fund the Hedge Fund.
Manager should rely on price quotes
Certain instruments held in Hedge
from external sources whenever
Fund portfolios may have more than
practical and establish policies for
one official price that can be used
determining the value of assets for
for valuation purposes. Examples
which appropriate external price
of this are financial assets and liabili-
quotes are not reasonably available.
ties traded on multiple exchanges,
In addition, a Hedge Fund Manager
(including dual-listed securities),
should document the process used
those that trade across multiple time
to determine whether to implement
zones, and certain OTC derivatives.
recommendations of a pricing serv-
In determining which settlement
ice, as well as circumstances in which
price to use in these instances,
it is appropriate to override a pricing
a Hedge Fund Manager should
service’s recommendation.
consider the exit price and what
When available, a Hedge Fund the Hedge Fund would realize as
Manager should consider validating of the time that the Hedge Fund
prices of financial assets and liabil- closes its books and determines
ities with a secondary source and NAV. Should a security close on a
investigating significant differences foreign exchange prior to the valu-
between the primary and secondary ation by the Hedge Fund Manager,
source. For example, when a pricing the Hedge Fund Manager should
model is used to value OTC invest- consider the time zone movements
ments, the output of the model that occur in markets subsequent
may be compared to a counterparty to the foreign close, particularly in
quote. In addition, a Hedge Fund situations when there is shareholder
Manager should consider the role activity in the relevant security.
of the Fund Administrator in the

3.9
A Hedge Fund Manager should establish pricing policies and procedures
that assure that NAV is marked at fair value.
A Hedge Fund Manager should for pricing and capture exceptions.

choose reliable and recognized pric- A Hedge Fund Manager should
ing sources to the extent practical. periodically update these policies
and procedures for new types of
The existence of written pricing
instruments, as well as changes in
policies and procedures is a critical
applicable accounting standards.
element to the control structure sur-
rounding a Hedge Fund Manager’s Where practical, a Hedge Fund
pricing of portfolio investment Manager should develop practices
instruments. The Hedge Fund and/or systems for capturing pricing
Manager’s governing body should data for their trading positions from
establish these policies based on a independent sources on a daily basis.
thorough review and understanding A Hedge Fund Manager should also
of the totality of the Hedge Fund adopt procedures for periodically
Manager’s business structure (e.g., verifying the accuracy of pricing
range and complexity of instruments data and for reviewing any material
traded, stipulations contained in the discrepancies between price sources.
Hedge Fund’s offering documents, Where an instrument is not actively
liquidity terms offered to Hedge traded or where obtaining price
Fund investors, etc.). In addition, a information requires significant
Hedge Fund Manager should review effort, less frequent pricing may
these policies either (1) with the be appropriate depending on the
person(s) responsible for making nature and the size of the trading
investment decisions for the Hedge position and the size, structure, and
Fund or the valuation committee, investment objective and strategy
as the case may be, or (2) with the of the Hedge Fund. For positions
Hedge Fund’s independent auditors. traded when the only external source
In any case, a Hedge Fund Manager of fair value may be quotes from
should consistently apply its pricing relevant market-makers (the number
policies and procedures. of which, based on the liquidity of
the position, may be very limited),
Pricing policies and procedures
should clarify the role of each party
also consider the number of quotes
in the valuation process, identify the
desired to gain comfort with the fair
pricing source for each instrument,
value. This may also lead to model
and include resolution procedures

pricing as discussed below in this from its portfolio management team
Recommendation 3.9. in order to take advantage of their
expertise. Nonetheless, a Hedge
The range of OTC instruments that
Fund Manager must ensure that the
may require alternate pricing sources
appropriate amount of control and
include derivative instruments,
oversight exists, potentially through
asset-backed securities, fixed income
a valuation committee, as discussed
instruments, and other similar
in Recommendation 3.7.
instruments. However, if these alter-
nate sources are unavailable, either A Hedge Fund Manager may use
because the transactions are one-of- alternative approaches for valuing
a-kind or not actively traded, the illiquid or otherwise hard-to-value
only market for these instruments financial assets and liabilities. Among
may be with the transaction’s coun- the various approaches to valuing
terparty. These instruments could these types of assets and liabilities
be valued: (1) by obtaining a quote are: obtaining broker or counterpar-
or estimate from the counterparty; ty quotes; performing model pricing;
(2) based on a pricing model; or (3) and receiving independent apprais-
any combination thereof. Where a als. These three types of approaches
pricing model is used, a Hedge Fund should be included in the overall
Manager should make sure that it is valuation policy of a Hedge Fund
in a position to explain and support Manager. When obtaining broker
the model parameters used in deter- quotes to value illiquid and hard-to-
mining the valuation. In addition, value financial assets and liabilities,
the Hedge Fund Manager should a Hedge Fund Manager should
consider “back-testing” the pricing attempt to obtain multiple broker
model in order to assess its accuracy. quotes and develop a methodology
for calculating an average price, or
Where market prices do not exist
be able to support the price ulti-
or are not indicative of fair value,
mately used. For financial assets
and liabilities valued using a pricing
establish valuation methods for NAV
model, a Hedge Fund Manager
purposes. For example, in valuing
should give consideration to obtain-
certain instruments, a Hedge Fund
ing counterparty quotes to assess
Manager may consider seeking input
the reasonableness of the pricing

3.9 continued
model valuation. Where independ- and liabilities with investor interests
ent appraisals are obtained, a Hedge in order to achieve fairness to inves-
Fund Manager should evaluate each tors (e.g., side pockets), the Hedge
independent appraiser’s qualifica- Fund Manager should recognize that
tions and experience in valuing an creation of this mechanism does not
illiquid or otherwise hard-to-value change the principles or methods
financial asset or liability and the used for determining fair value of the
extent to which it can provide price illiquid financial assets and liabilities.
assurance.
If a Hedge Fund Manager has used monitor the performance of pricing
a mechanism to align the investment services to ensure consistency in the
strategy of illiquid financial assets services provided.

Frequency of NAV Determinations
3.10
A Hedge Fund Manager should establish policies for the frequency
of determining a Hedge Fund’s NAV.
A Hedge Fund’s official NAV is indicative NAV more frequently,

typically determined on an estab- based on estimates of accrued fees,
lished periodic basis and is used for income and expenses, and trading
the purposes of disclosure and for profits and loss, which may
the pricing of Hedge Fund inves- be used for internal purposes,
tor subscriptions and redemptions. such as risk monitoring. See also
Separately, a Hedge Fund Manager Section 4—Risk Management,
may also prepare an estimated or Recommendations 4.12 and 4.17.

Financial Statement Close Process
3.11
periodic closing of books and records consistent with appropriate
accounting principles.
The FSCP is the process whereby other accounting activities. This

the results of various transactions policy should include: (1) preparing
are summarized, reviewed, consoli- the trial balance and any necessary
dated, edited, and used for reporting consolidations; (2) accumulating,
to investors and management. In preparing, reviewing, and posting
the FSCP, the calculation of NAV journal entries; and (3) drafting and
should take into account not only reviewing the financial statements
the fair value of the financial assets and related disclosures.
and liabilities (as described above) in
the portfolio (sometimes referred to
delegate the responsibility of the
as “trading P&L”), consistent with
FSCP to personnel conversant in the
appropriate accounting principles
relevant U.S. GAAP or IAS, as well
(U.S. GAAP or IAS), but also accru-
as any applicable regulatory require-
als of interest, dividends, and other
ments. This delegation of responsi-
receivables, as well as fees, expenses,
bility will ensure that the financial
and other payables. This is critical as
statements prepared, whether they
Hedge Fund investors will both buy
are internal management reports or
and sell interests in a Hedge Fund
external regulatory reports, are in
on the basis of NAV.
compliance with U.S. GAAP or IAS,
A Hedge Fund Manager should as the case may be, or applicable
establish a policy around the FSCP regulatory requirements. A Hedge
that transforms the transactions Fund Manager should define
reflected in accounting records into access rights to data and software
financial statements and related applications supporting the FSCP
disclosures, and that generally repre- to enforce appropriate segregation
sents a process entirely separate from of duties.

3.12
As part of the FSCP, a Hedge Fund Manager should incorporate pro-
cedures for the review and recordation of all financial and non-financial
assets and liabilities (including accruals of interest, dividends, and recorda-
tion of all non-financial asset and liabilities, including management fees,
incentive fees, and other liabilities).
A Hedge Fund Manager should When a Hedge Fund Manager uses

have procedures in place to review a Fund Administrator, the Hedge
the recordation of all financial and Fund Manager should establish
non-financial assets and liabilities. procedures to review the calcula-
The recording of many of these tion of NAV provided by the Fund
accounts, such as the accruals for Administrator. This may include
interest and dividends, ties in closely analyzing and reviewing in detail the
with the corporate action process package provided by the Fund Ad-
that a Hedge Fund Manager should ministrator when no internal records
establish. For non-financial assets are kept, or reconciling the records
and liabilities, including manage- provided by the Fund Administra-
ment fees, incentive fees, and other tor to the Hedge Fund Manager’s
liabilities, the Hedge Fund Manager internal records.
should have a review process in
place to ensure that these assets and
liabilities are properly calculated and
recorded when determining NAV.

Financial Statement Close Process
3.13
A Hedge Fund Manager should review the allocation of income and
expense to Hedge Fund investors.
The allocation of income and Hedge Fund Manager should take

expense to Hedge Fund investors is measures to ensure Hedge Fund
an integral part of the FSCP. Alloca- investors are allocated their appropri-
tions are typically performed by the ate share of profits or losses within
Fund Administrator or by a division a given period. A Hedge Fund
within a Hedge Fund Manager’s Manager can accomplish this by
back office. A Hedge Fund Manager performing reasonableness checks
should establish, implement, and on the returns of investors, such as
enforce procedures to ensure that calculating the rate of return of each
all new investors and exiting inves- investor for a period to verify that all
tors are allocated profits or losses in investors with identical rights and fee
appropriate periods. In addition, a arrangements have identical returns.
3.14
In relation to reporting to Hedge Fund investors, a Hedge Fund Manager
should incorporate procedures that seek consistency between periodic
reports and annual audited financial statements.
The way in which a Hedge Fund financial statements. By standardiz-

Manager reports to Hedge Fund ing the way information is presented
investors should be consistent from on a periodic basis to Hedge Fund
period-to-period. A Hedge Fund investors and in annual financial
Manager should also attempt to statements, a Hedge Fund Manager
provide consistent information as will ensure that the investors receive
between periodic reports and a consistent information throughout
Hedge Fund’s annual audited the year.

4. Recommendations:
Risk Management
The Recommendations in this section address the key elements of

a Hedge Fund Manager’s risk management process. Hedge Fund
Managers allocate Hedge Fund assets to mitigate risks in order to
maximize associated returns. In this context, effective risk manage-
ment is central to a Hedge Fund’s success over time. Key aspects
of a robust Hedge Fund process dealing with risk include: risk meas-
urement; risk monitoring; and risk management. Additional informa-
tion on risk monitoring is provided in Appendix III—Supplemental
Information on Risk Monitoring Practices for Hedge Fund Managers.
A Hedge Fund’s risk management process generally focuses on risks

generating the largest potential losses, which for most Hedge Funds
are “market risks”. In addition, risk management gives appropri-
ate consideration to other types of risk to which a Hedge Fund is
exposed, including “funding liquidity” risks, counterparty “credit
risks”, and “operational risks”. See Appendix I for definitions of the
foregoing italicized terms.

Structure of Risk Management Process
4.1
A Hedge Fund Manager should have a risk measurement process
appropriate to its size, complexity, and portfolio structure.
The risk measurement process The risk measurement process

should: (1) develop risk metrics should include the regular calcula-
covering the major risks to which tion of risk metrics developed for
a Hedge Fund is exposed; (2) seek quantifiable risks, as well as periodic
to develop qualitative information gathering of qualitative informa-
regarding risks that are not well tion on risks that are not sufficiently
captured by quantitative metrics; captured by quantitative metrics.
and (3) where feasible and appropri-
ate in terms of a particular Hedge A Hedge Fund Manager should
Fund’s portfolio, develop approaches calculate the various relevant risk
to compare return metrics with risk metrics, as it deems appropri-
metrics in order to evaluate return ate, along various dimensions of
earned on a Hedge Fund portfolio disaggregation of the Hedge Fund’s
per unit of quantifiable risk taken portfolio, such as risk type, product,
on that portfolio. and portfolio manager.
4.2
A Hedge Fund Manager should have a risk monitoring process
A Hedge Fund Manager’s risk review reasonably detailed informa-

monitoring process should include tion on major risk exposures and
the production of regular risk reports should highlight any key develop-
to an appropriate level of detail, ments for the governing body. This
representing a Hedge Fund’s major review should take into account risk
risk exposures and highlighting key reports and other relevant quantita-
changes in these exposures. tive and qualitative information
regarding the rationale for and the
Appropriate personnel of the Hedge risks and returns of the Hedge Fund
Fund Manager should regularly Manager’s trading strategies.
02 | Risk Management
4.3
A Hedge Fund Manager should have a risk management process
The governing body of a Hedge that was communicated to Hedge

Fund Manager should periodically Fund investors in the Hedge Fund’s
review quantitative and qualitative offering documents.
information regarding major risk
exposures and realized and antici- The periodic review process should
pated returns on risks taken. include: (1) assessing the perform-
ance of trading strategies, traders,
The governing body of a Hedge and trading positions; and (2) taking
Fund Manager should review the appropriate decisions to adjust
nature and magnitude of risk any of these factors to enhance the
exposure at the Hedge Fund and/or risk-adjusted performance of the
strategy levels to ensure consistency Hedge Fund.
with the risk and return information

Market Risk
4.4
A Hedge Fund Manager should have controls to protect the integrity of
information used in its risk measurement, monitoring, and management
processes.
A Hedge Fund Manager should the governing body of the Hedge

develop controls to protect the integ- Fund Manager.
rity of: (1) a Hedge Fund’s trading
positions and other information used The personnel team responsible
in risk measurement and risk moni- for the risk measurement and
toring; and (2) the risk and return monitoring processes should possess
information produced and used in sufficient expertise to understand
the measurement, monitoring, and in detail the nature of the Hedge
management processes. Fund Manager’s trading strategies
and the main drivers of the risk and
Risk measurement and monitoring anticipated returns of its invest-
processes should be implemented ments. This team should also have
by personnel of the Hedge Fund access to all data and resources
Manager who can provide a critical necessary to effectively execute
perspective on the Hedge Fund’s risk their responsibilities.
positions and are responsible to
4.5
A Hedge Fund Manager should measure quantifiable, position-level
market risk exposures on a reasonably consistent basis across the various
portfolios and trading positions of the Hedge Funds it manages.
A Hedge Fund Manager should gen- in its risk management processes as

erally quantify exposures using “risk- a supplement to risk-adjusted meas-
adjusted” metrics. These metrics may ures. A Hedge Fund Manager should
include, for example, delta-equiva- not, however, use notional exposure
lent exposure for equity positions, measures without other measures
PV01 and credit spread 01 for fixed in this context unless the notional
income positions, and “gamma” and exposure measures are materially
“vega” for material option positions. identical to risk-adjusted measures
or risk-adjusted measures cannot
A Hedge Fund Manager may find be estimated robustly.
useful notional exposure measures
4.6
A Hedge Fund Manager should calculate, report, and review aggregations
of position-level market risk metrics along dimensions that highlight major
aspects of a Hedge Fund’s market risk exposure.
The dimensions of aggregation bond, interest rate swap, interest

relevant to market risk exposure will rate option, corporate bond, credit
depend on a Hedge Fund’s risk expo- default swap, etc.); industry sectors;
sures and organizational structure. and maturity.
In terms of risk exposures, relevant In terms of organizational structure,

dimensions of aggregation may relevant dimensions of aggrega-
include: principal risk factors (such tion may include the sub-portfolios
as national markets for equity or managed within a Hedge Fund by
yield curves for fixed income); type individual portfolio managers.
of instruments (such as government

Market Risk
4.7
A Hedge Fund Manager should calculate, report, and review volatility
metrics for portfolios and, if appropriate, relevant sub-portfolios.
Relevant portfolios for which volatil- of gains/losses for a portfolio over

ity metrics can be calculated may time (where the size and composi-
include a Hedge Fund, as a whole, tion of portfolio positions may
and sub-portfolios based on risk type have changed). Metrics in this class
and organizational structure. include realized standard deviation
of historical trading P&L or return
Volatility metrics are generally most and realized drawdown from peak.
reliable as risk management tools.
When relevant historical pricing data A second class of metrics consists
display reasonably stable volatilities of forecasts of the anticipated future
and/or correlations, a Hedge Fund variability of gains/losses for a
Manager should calculate and review specific and unchanging portfolio.
volatility metrics for exposures. Examples of such metrics are referred
to as “Value-at-Risk” or “VAR”
One class of volatility metrics and forecasted standard deviation
addresses the realized variability of future trading P&L.
4.8
A Hedge Fund Manager should perform “stress tests” to determine how
potential large changes in market prices and other risk factors could affect
a Hedge Fund’s value.
Stress tests assess the impact of Stress tests of joint market price
potential large market changes in changes with a particular market or
prices on a Hedge Fund’s value, economic motivation are often called
taking into account relevant non- “scenario analysis” and may consist of
linearities in the relationship be- scenarios of market behavior that are
tween portfolio value and size of the either historical or prospective.
change in market prices. Stress tests
may consider large price changes
in various markets one-by-one or
jointly in multiple markets.
4.9
A Hedge Fund Manager should understand the liquidity characteristics
of the various assets in the portfolios of the Hedge Funds that it manages.
“Asset liquidity” is a measure of how amount held as a percentage of: daily

easily and at what cost an asset can trading volume; issue size; or open
be sold in the market. Liquidity interest. Another measure of asset
varies across asset types, time, and liquidity is the bid/ask pricing spread
market conditions. Measures of for an asset.
liquidity may be expressed as the

Market Risk
4.10
A Hedge Fund Manager should be aware of limitations of the metrics
and models that it uses in its market risk measurement, monitoring,
and management processes.
A Hedge Fund Manager should erately infrequent events, because

not expect market risk metrics, future market dynamics can differ
individually or collectively, to pro- from past dynamics. In light of this
vide a complete view of market risk. concern, a Hedge Fund Manager
For example, measures of risk-ad- should periodically compare realized
justed exposure may prove mislead- portfolio returns to standard devia-
ing in cases where market behavior tion and VAR (or other measures of
differs substantially from past behav- portfolio volatility).
ior, or when non-linear price effects
from options are substantial. Stress tests may fail to provide
advance warning of a potential
Measures of portfolio volatility, such large loss if they do not adequately
as standard deviation and VAR, probe weaknesses in a Hedge Fund’s
seek to assess the risk of moderately present portfolio or if markets move
infrequent market movements. A in an unforeseen manner. In this re-
Hedge Fund Manager should not gard, a Hedge Fund Manager should
rely on these measures as dispositive periodically update stress tests in
indicators of portfolio perform- light of recent developments in the
ance in highly extreme events. In structure of a Hedge Fund’s portfolio
addition, these measures may fail and/or in the dynamics of financial
(to a smaller or larger extent) even markets.
as guides to the impact of mod-
Funding Liquidity Risk
4.11
A Hedge Fund Manager should monitor and manage current and
expected future sources of and draws on liquidity (cash).
A Hedge Fund needs cash liquidity In monitoring and managing current

to trade, meet margin calls, make and expected future sources and uses
payments to creditors and suppli- of cash, the Hedge Fund Manager
ers, and satisfy redemption requests. should generally take into account
Robust funding liquidity can payment obligations, cash presently
enhance Hedge Fund performance held, terms governing redemptions
by providing flexibility to maintain of Hedge Fund interests, the ability
or add to risk positions in periods to raise cash by selling assets (taking
when market stress presents trading account the asset liquidity of these
opportunities. assets), and funding arrangements
negotiated with counterparties such
as prime brokers and lenders.
4.12
A Hedge Fund Manager should plan for potential periods of funding
liquidity stress characterized by a sharp rise in needed cash relative to
available cash.
A Hedge Fund Manager should Possible adverse actions by creditors

assess a Hedge Fund’s cash and “bor- include: reluctance to release col-
rowing capacity” under large histori- lateral owed or to fund credit lines;
cal drawdowns and under conditions decisions to increase “haircuts” and
of severe market stress. In addition to collateral requirements; and use of
the factors relevant for more normal contractual rights to terminate trad-
market conditions mentioned in ing relationships based on NAV trig-
Recommendation 4.11, this analysis gers. Investors will more likely seek
should consider potential stress-peri- redemptions in a period of stress.
od actions by creditors and investors.

4.13
To enhance the stability of financing and trading relationships, a Hedge
Fund Manager should maintain an open dialogue with its credit providers
and counterparties with respect to credit terms and conditions, including
the extent of financial and risk information to be provided to such parties.
A Hedge Fund Manager and its department to provide assurances

counterparty should agree to the that it will only use financial and
extent of risk information to be other confidential information fur-
provided to each other depending nished by the Hedge Fund Manager
on their requirements and the extent for credit evaluation purposes and
and nature of the relationship. that it will not make available that
information to any member of a
counterparty’s trading business.
require a counterparty’s credit
Counterparty Credit Risk
4.14
A Hedge Fund Manager should understand and manage its exposure to
potential defaults by trading counterparties.
A Hedge Fund Manager should Once a trading relationship with a

identify acceptable counterparties counterparty is established, a Hedge
based on a counterparty’s creditwor- Fund Manager should ensure that
thiness and set appropriate risk limits the counterparty’s creditworthiness
based on such analysis. A Hedge is appropriately monitored. A Hedge
Fund Manager should establish, Fund Manager should also seek to
implement, and enforce appropriate establish appropriate collateral ar-
documentation policies and proce- rangements with counterparties and,
dures as set forth in the Recommen- if possible, establish the ability to
dations in Section 6—Trading Rela- make and respond to collateral calls.
tionship, Management, Monitoring, See Section 6—Trading Relation-
and Disclosure. ship, Management, Monitoring, and
Disclosure, Recommendation 6.4.
Leverage
4.15
A Hedge Fund Manager should monitor leverage by considering metrics
of financial statement-based leverage and metrics of risk-based leverage.
A Hedge Fund Manager should rec- should manage the leverage associ-
ognize that the term “leverage” may ated with its strategies by using ap-
be defined in a variety of different propriate risk monitoring measures.
ways and that, although not an inde- A Hedge Fund Manager should pay
pendent source of risk, leverage can special attention to the manner in
be important because of its magnify- which leverage affects the Hedge
ing effects on market risk, credit risk, Fund Manager’s ability to manage
and liquidity risk. portfolio risks to which the portfolio
is subject.
To ensure that the use of leverage is
appropriate, a Hedge Fund Manager

Operational Risk
4.16
A Hedge Fund Manager should seek to limit a Hedge Fund’s exposure
to potential operational risks, including reconciliation errors, data entry
errors, fraud, system failures, and errors in valuation or risk measurement
models.
A Hedge Fund Manager should • Establishing adequate internal

consider the following measures, controls and review processes, in-
among others, to limit or mitigate cluding appropriate segregation of
operational risk: duties, controls over incoming and
outgoing cash flows and balances
• Random, periodic spot checking
with counterparties, daily confir-
of relevant activities;
mation of trades and positions,
• Monitoring of risk, either inter- etc.; and
nally with an appropriate level
• Reviewing operational risk, includ-
of checks and balances to ensure
ing legal, compliance, and transac-
objectivity of risk analysis, or
tional policies. See the Recommen-
through reliance on external service
dations in Section 5—Regulatory
providers;
Controls and Section 6—Trading
• Maintaining a single, centralized Relationship, Management,
position data set (to avoid the Monitoring, and Disclosure.
errors inherent in maintaining
multiple or regionalized data sets);
Risk Monitoring Valuation
4.17
A Hedge Fund Manager should establish policies for determining when
risk monitoring valuation methods may differ from NAV for operational
or risk analysis reasons.
A Hedge Fund Manager should to discount prices for risk analysis pur-
generally use portfolio values used to poses if it is doubtful that quoted bids
calculate NAV for risk monitoring or offers are prices at which a trade
valuation, unless the Hedge Fund could actually be executed. See Section
Manager has determined that opera- 3—Determination of Net Asset Value,
tional or risk analysis reasons may jus- Recommendation 3.9 for additional
tify a different approach. For example, guidance.
a Hedge Fund Manager may choose

5. Recommendations:
Regulatory Controls
The Recommendations in Section 5 are designed to encourage a

Hedge Fund Manager to develop a strong regulatory compliance
infrastructure. These Recommendations provide guidance to a
Hedge Fund Manager with respect to monitoring and managing its
regulatory responsibilities in all jurisdictions in which it has business
operations or conducts investment activity. Depending on the size
and scope of operations, this may require the commitment and
management of significant internal and external resources. As pro-
vided in this section, a Hedge Fund Manager should assign over-
sight responsibilities to qualified personnel for: the internal regula-
tory compliance functions; development of compliance policies and
procedures; training of personnel; and monitoring of developments
in applicable laws, rules, and regulations. Moreover, a Hedge Fund
Manager should retain qualified external professionals for needed
expertise in discrete areas.

Regulatory Controls
5.1
A Hedge Fund Manager should create a management environment that
fosters a culture of compliance and should devote adequate internal
resources to compliance with all laws, rules, and regulations applicable
to its business operations and market conduct.
A Hedge Fund Manager, regardless of policy whether complying with

of its registration status with a regu- them may assist in the furtherance
latory agency, is required to comply of its compliance program for its
with a wide variety of laws, rules, business and investment activities.
and regulations (including those of
local, state, federal, and internation- Overall, a Hedge Fund Manager
al jurisdictions). These laws, rules, should, in reliance on its internal
and regulations may include market and external resources (including
surveillance requirements, which prime brokers, administrators, at-
provide that a Hedge Fund Manager torneys, and accountants), ensure
or Hedge Fund must furnish infor- that its personnel are cognizant of
mation and reports to regulators and adequately trained to comply
in connection with its trading and with the laws, rules, and regulations
investment activities. applicable to its business operations,
as well as those of the Hedge Funds
A Hedge Fund Manager registered it manages.
with a regulatory body, such as the
SEC, the Commodity Futures The regulatory environment for
Trading Commission (“CFTC”), Hedge Funds and Hedge Fund
or with like-regulatory bodies in Managers is evolving. Accordingly, a
non-U.S. jurisdictions, is subject Hedge Fund Manager, using internal
to specific obligations that a non- resources and/or external service pro-
registered Hedge Fund Manager is viders, should be vigilant in ensuring
not. A non-registered Hedge Fund that it monitors any developments
Manager should evaluate which of with respect to laws, rules, and
the various laws, rules, and regula- regulations to which it, or the Hedge
tions are applicable to it despite its Funds it manages, may be subject. A
non-registered status (e.g., anti-fraud Hedge Fund Manager should ensure
rules). A non-registered Hedge Fund that its policies and procedures are
Manager should also evaluate non- updated periodically and that its
mandatory laws, rules, and regula- personnel are appropriately trained.
tions and determine as a matter
02 | Regulatory Controls
A Hedge Fund Manager should issued or published by regulatory
monitor regulatory developments bodies (including self-regulatory
through consultations with attorneys organizations) and relevant trade
and other advisers and through re- groups or associations, such as MFA.
views of the various pronouncements
5.2
The policies and procedures of a Hedge Fund Manager with regards to
international operations or investment activity should be geared to com-
ply with laws, rules, and regulations in all jurisdictions in which it conducts
trading activities or business.
A Hedge Fund Manager’s policies Each jurisdiction may have laws,

and procedures should take into rules, and regulations that govern
account the requirements of the market conduct, filings or reports,
jurisdictions in which it and the anti-money laundering (“AML”) or
Hedge Funds it manages conduct “know your customer” rules, private
business or investment activities. placements, marketing, etc.

Regulatory Controls
5.3
A Hedge Fund Manager’s senior management should be involved in the
compliance program and appoint or hire an individual to develop and
monitor compliance with all applicable laws, rules, and regulations by
the Hedge Fund Manager and the Hedge Funds it manages.
For purposes of these Recommenda- A Hedge Fund Manager should

tions, the individual who is appoint- ensure that the chief compliance
ed or hired to develop and monitor officer has the internal and external
legal compliance is referred to in resources to carry out his or her du-
this section as the “chief compliance ties and actively monitor and ensure
officer”. The chief compliance officer that the Hedge Fund Manager and
may be a member of the Hedge its Hedge Funds comply with U.S.
Fund Manager’s personnel, may and international laws, rules, and
serve in this capacity alone, or as regulations applicable to the Hedge
one of several areas of responsibility. Fund Manager’s business and the
The selection criteria for the chief Hedge Fund Manager’s activities.
compliance officer should include
seniority within the firm, knowledge A Hedge Fund Manager’s chief
of investment and trading strategies compliance officer should be in-
and business operations for each volved in all aspects of the compli-
Hedge Fund managed by the Hedge ance program, including prepara-
Fund Manager, and familiarity with tion of policies and procedures, as
applicable legal requirements. For a well as compliance monitoring.
SEC-registered Hedge Fund Man- A Hedge Fund Manager should give
ager, the Advisers Act requires that consideration to the reporting lines
the Hedge Fund Manager designate of the chief compliance officer and
a chief compliance officer to admin- establish reporting lines that are
ister its policies and procedures, and adequate to help ensure appropriate
that this person meets certain criteria involvement of senior management
as set forth in the act. in the development of policies
and procedures and compliance
monitoring.
5.4
A Hedge Fund Manager should establish written compliance policies and
procedures that comprehensively address all applicable laws, rules, and
regulations tailored to its specific business operations.
A Hedge Fund Manager should While not exhaustive, the checklist

have comprehensive policies and available in Appendix VI—Checklist
procedures in place specifically for Hedge Fund Managers to
tailored to address the laws, rules, Consider in Developing a Compli-
and regulations applicable to its in- ance Manual contains possible com-
vestment management business and ponents of compliance policies and
investment activities. While many procedures. For additional guidance
service providers offer model or “off- regarding the regulations governing
the-shelf ” compliance policies and compliance policies and procedures
procedures, a Hedge Fund Manager (which are required to be adopted by
and its compliance personnel should investment advisers registered with
tailor policies and procedures to the the SEC) see the SEC’s Web site
business of the Hedge Fund Manag- (www.sec.gov/rules/final/ia-2204.
er and the Hedge Funds it manages. htm).
The tailored policies and procedures
should take into account the types N.B. The following Recommenda-
of investments made or instruments tions address more particular areas
traded, as well as the jurisdictions that should be addressed as part of the
in which the Hedge Fund Manager written policies and procedures for
conducts business and investment regulatory compliance.
activities.

Regulatory Controls
5.5
A Hedge Fund Manager should identify all required U.S. and international
regulatory filings and clearly allocate responsibility for oversight of these
filing obligations to appropriate personnel or service providers who will
supervise and ensure timely compliance with applicable regulations and
filing requirements.
The investment activities of Hedge U.S. federal reporting requirements

Funds involve many types of instru- and other regulations that may be
ments (e.g., securities, bonds, or fu- applicable to a Hedge Fund Manager
tures) across the global financial mar- operating, trading, and/or market-
ketplace. Accordingly, a Hedge Fund ing in the United States. A Hedge
Manager must comply with many Fund Manager should review similar
filing obligations. Appendix V—U.S. types of filing requirements in other
Regulatory Filings by Hedge Fund jurisdictions.
Managers contains a list of certain
5.6
As part of its written compliance policies and procedures, a Hedge
Fund Manager should include a code of ethics specifically designed for
its business operations. The code should set standards of professional
conduct for its personnel consistent with the Hedge Fund Manager’s
fiduciary duties and other applicable laws. The code should also include
procedures for handling material, non-public information to the extent
relevant and applicable.
A Hedge Fund Manager’s written Similar to the compliance policies

code of ethics should address, where and procedures referenced in
applicable, the following: standards Recommendation 5.4, a Hedge
of conduct for covered persons; Fund Manager should develop a
protection of material, non-public code of ethics tailored to the busi-
information; compliance with federal ness of the Hedge Fund Manager.
securities laws; reporting and review- The code of ethics should adequate-
ing personal securities transactions; ly address any conflicts of interest
and reporting violations of the code that are present in the Hedge Fund
of ethics to a designated person. Manager’s business.
A professional code of conduct The SEC requires that registered-

or code of ethics should set forth investment advisers adopt a code
guidelines and expectations for the of ethics for their personnel in
conduct of a Hedge Fund Manager’s compliance with SEC regulations.
personnel. A Hedge Fund Man- A copy of these regulations is avail-
ager should develop a procedure to able on the SEC Web site (www.sec.
ensure that employees understand gov/rules/final/ia-2256.htm).
and accept the code. For example, a
Hedge Fund Manager may require While not exhaustive, the checklist
employees to undergo periodic available in Appendix VII—Check-
verifications in the form of a written list for Hedge Fund Managers to
attestation of the relevant employee’s Consider in Developing a Code of
understanding and acceptance of the Ethics contains sample components
code (e.g., as required of SEC-regis- of a code of ethics.
tered Hedge Fund Managers), or in
such other form as the Hedge Fund
Manager determines is appropriate
for its business.

Regulatory Controls
5.7
As part of its overall regulatory compliance program, a Hedge Fund
Manager should establish AML policies and procedures and ensure
that its personnel and service providers follow appropriate investor
identification procedures.
AML regulations are in force in near- Anti-Money Laundering Programs

ly all jurisdictions in which Hedge (Release No. 2) (the “AML Guid-
Funds and Hedge Fund Managers ance”), attached to Appendix IV.
operate. Through either internal
resources or third parties such as Counterparties that are subject to
Fund Administrators, a Hedge Fund the “know your customer” require-
Manager must ensure it follows all ments in various jurisdictions may
applicable AML regulations with require a Hedge Fund Manager or
respect to customer identification. a Hedge Fund to provide extensive
The Hedge Fund Manager should information. Accordingly, a Hedge
also ensure it has established and Fund Manager should prepare itself
implemented required AML policies for the due diligence processes con-
and procedures. ducted by counterparties. As part of
this process, a Hedge Fund Manager
For practical guidance in this evolv- may wish to use the AML attestation
ing area of law, a Hedge Fund Man- letter (attached as Annexes B-1 and
ager should consult MFA’s updated B-2 to the AML Guidance at Appen-
Guidance for Hedge Funds and Hedge dix IV) to facilitate this process.
Fund Managers on Developing
5.8
As part of its compliance program, a Hedge Fund Manager should
develop document retention policies and procedures and create and
retain required books and records related to business operations.
A Hedge Fund Manager should accounting ledgers, bank statements,

design policies and procedures to and bills; written agreements with
ensure the retention of accurate and investors; performance history; and
complete records. It should em- recommendations distributed to a
ploy, where reasonable, appropriate certain number of persons. Gener-
electronic data management systems. ally, an SEC-registered Hedge Fund
A Hedge Fund Manager should also Manager is required to retain records
establish a policy relating to the ap- for five years.
propriate length of time records are
retained, taking into consideration With respect to performance and
its organizational structure and busi- valuation data, a Hedge Fund Man-
ness activities. ager should give consideration to the
retention of records to support the
For an SEC-registered Hedge Fund valuation of a Hedge Fund’s invest-
Manager, the SEC’s rule relating ments and the determination of a
to the maintenance of books and Hedge Fund’s performance. A Hedge
records is detailed as to the types Fund Manager should adequately
of records required. The SEC has verify the use of a particular track
interpreted this rule to include record of an individual trader or
retention of relevant email. The portfolio manager relating to their
types of records generally relate to employment with the Hedge Fund
business accounting matters such as: Manager.

Regulatory Controls
5.9
A Hedge Fund Manager should adequately train all personnel to be
familiar and comply with its compliance policies and procedures.
A Hedge Fund Manager should Areas in which a Hedge Fund

develop procedures to ensure that Manager should consider training
employees understand and accept its employees include: misuse of mate-
compliance policies and procedures. rial, non-public information; use of
These procedures may include a veri- third-party paid consultants; AML;
fication of an employee’s understand- protection of investors’ confidential
ing and acceptance of the policies information; securities reporting
and procedures, which may take the requirements; etc. A Hedge Fund
form of a written attestation or in Manager may customize training by
such other form as the Hedge Fund job functions. Other subject areas
Manager determines is appropriate may require training of all personnel
for its business. A Hedge Fund Man- (e.g., personal trading, anti-discrimi-
ager should require new employees nation, anti-sexual harassment, gifts,
to undergo verification upon the and entertainment).
commencement of employment and
existing employees to renew their A Hedge Fund Manager should de-
verification at appropriate intervals. vote adequate resources to ongoing
training programs for its personnel,
which should include appropriate
follow-up training, as applicable.
5.10
A Hedge Fund Manager should regularly review and update its compli-
ance policies and procedures and should establish internal controls to
monitor compliance.
A Hedge Fund Manager should A Hedge Fund Manager should

review and update its compliance regularly monitor whether its
policies and procedures at least personnel are complying with the
annually. A Hedge Fund Manager Hedge Fund Manager’s policies and
may conduct the review on procedures through spot-checks, risk
a one-time annual review basis, assessments, and other appropriate
on a rolling annual review basis, measures.
or other appropriate schedule to
ensure that the policies and
procedures remain current.

6. Recommendations:
Trading Relationship Management,
Monitoring, and Disclosure
The Recommendations in this section are intended to provide

Hedge Fund Managers with guidance on how to manage their
trading relationships with third parties. These relationships include
those with brokers and those in which a Hedge Fund transacts on a
principal-to-principal basis. These Recommendations cover a Hedge
Fund Manager’s pursuit of a consistent and methodical approach to
documenting transactions with third parties in order to enhance the
legal certainty of its investments. In addition, to the extent applica-
ble, this section also provides guidance on seeking to obtain best
execution and establishing guidelines for using and disclosing Soft
Dollar Arrangements.

Documentation Policies and Controls
6.1
A Hedge Fund Manager should seek to ensure timely execution of
necessary transaction documents and enforceability of transactions.
To the extent practical, a Hedge the Hedge Fund Manager should

Fund Manager should implement consider, among other factors,
the following practices: its trading relationship with the
counterparty in question, and the
• Establish procedures for entering
materiality of the risk in trading in
into counterparty trading relation-
reliance on an oral agreement (e.g.,
ships, taking into consideration
"Statute of Frauds" considerations);
the nature of the trading counter-
party, the type of trading relation- • Establish procedures for ensuring:
ship being created, and the specific (1) communication between and
product to be traded; among counterparties, Fund Ad-
ministrators, and/or other third-
• Establish appropriate documen-
party service providers; (2) that
tation procedures for trading
the appropriate service providers
depending on market practice,
have the proper trade capture and
type and tenor of transaction,
other capabilities to enable timely
and relative related risk. These
execution and documentation of
documentation procedures may
transactions; and (3) that service
include requirements for written
providers are aware of and able
agreements (including master
to implement the Hedge Fund
agreements) and confirmations.
Manager’s transactional policies
Generally, a Hedge Fund Manager
and procedures; and
should seek to ensure that written
agreements are in place with coun- • Use multi-lateral electronic trans-
terparties prior to executing any action matching and confirmation
transactions or as soon as practical systems for OTC derivatives to the
thereafter. Where a Hedge Fund extent acceptable and economical-
Manager conducts certain trading ly feasible for a relevant product.
activities in the absence of a writ-
ten agreement (or prior to the con-
clusion of a written agreement),
02 | Trading Relationship Management, Monitoring, and Disclosure

6.2
A Hedge Fund Manager should consider using a database to track the
status of trading documentation and key provisions and terms it has
negotiated, such as termination events and events of default. The Hedge
Fund Manager should manage any risks associated with variations in these
key provisions.
6.3
A Hedge Fund Manager should seek consistent bilateral terms with
counterparties to the extent appropriate and feasible in order to enhance
stability during periods of market stress or declining asset levels.
For example, to the extent approv- at a minimum seek to mitigate the

able and feasible, a Hedge Fund risk associated with such provisions
Manager may seek to negotiate through use of notice and cure
standardized events of default and periods. Over time, factors such as
other termination or collateral creditworthiness, market standards,
events to achieve consistency in market conditions, regulations,
documentation. A Hedge Fund operational capacity, or trading
Manager should consider avoiding platforms may change. A Hedge
provisions that permit counterpar- Fund Manager should assess from
ties to terminate or make demands time to time whether it is advisable
for collateral solely at their discre- to attempt to renegotiate its trading
tion or based upon subjective terms with its various counterparties
determinations. Alternatively, in response to such changes.

Documentation Policies and Controls
6.4
A Hedge Fund Manager should seek to negotiate bilateral collateral
agreements for certain types of transactions, taking into account the rela-
tive creditworthiness of the parties and the nature of the transactions.
Bilateral collateral agreements are Fund Manager to effectively and

appropriate in many OTC deriva- regularly make calls for deliveries
tives transactions, as well as certain and returns of collateral from
exchange-traded derivative transac- counterparties when permitted.
tions. To the extent a Hedge Fund
Generally, a Hedge Fund
Manager enters into bilateral col-
Manager should ensure that appro-
lateral arrangements, a Hedge Fund
priate security interests are created
Manager should seek to establish
and perfected when collateral is
such arrangements either internally
received as part of a transaction or
or through reliance on external
trading relationship.
resources that permit the Hedge

Best Execution
6.5
A Hedge Fund Manager should seek best execution in its trading
activities for the benefit of the Hedge Funds it manages
Generally, when seeking best execu- • The ability of the executing broker
tion for all types of instruments, to maintain confidentiality.
Due to the lack of transparency in
execute transactions in such a man-
the market for certain non-equities,
ner that the execution quality on an
such as certain structured prod-
aggregate, periodic basis is the most
ucts and derivative products, the
favorable under the circumstances.
review process and analysis of best
In assessing whether this standard is
execution for such products will
met, a Hedge Fund Manager should
be different than for equity trades
consider the full range and quality of
(e.g., the factors listed above may
a counterparty’s services. Factors a
be weighted differently) and will
Hedge Fund Manager may consider
involve additional factors specific to
in seeking best execution include,
structured and derivative products
but are not limited to:
transactions.
• Prompt and reliable execution;
A Hedge Fund Manager should be
• The quality, comprehensiveness, mindful of actual conflicts of interest
timeliness, and frequency of avail- that arise when transacting with bro-
able research and market informa- kers and counterparties and disclose
tion provided by the executing them as appropriate. See Section
broker; 2—Responsibilities to Investors,
Recommendation 2.3.
• The financial strength, integrity,
and stability of the broker or For regulatory guidance on the sub-
counterparty; ject of best execution, a Hedge Fund
Manager should review the SEC’s
• The ability of the executing broker
release on Guidance Regarding
to execute transactions (and com-
Client Commission Practices Under
mit capital) of size in liquid and
Section 28(e) (www.sec.gov/rules/
illiquid markets without disrupt-
interp/2006/34-54165.pdf), and the
ing the market for the security;
FSA’s Consultation Papers on Best
• The competitiveness of commis- Execution (www.fsa.gov.uk/pubs/cp/
sion rates in comparison with cp154.pdf) and Bundled Brokerage
other brokers satisfying the Hedge and Soft Commission Arrangements
Fund Manager’s other selection (www.fsa.gov.uk/pubs/cp/cp176.
criteria; and pdf).

Best Execution
6.6
As part of its compliance policies and procedures, a Hedge Fund
Manager should periodically review the firm’s relationship with each
counterparty executing transactions on behalf of every Hedge Fund
it manages to assess whether the counterparty continues to provide
best execution.
The degree to which a Hedge of counterparty relationships. In

Fund Manager engages with a its review, a Hedge Fund Manager
particular counterparty will largely should use a methodology that is
determine the need for and fre- appropriate for its business.
quency of these periodic reviews

Execution and Clearing Arrangements
6.7
A Hedge Fund Manager should carefully consider the selection of its
execution and clearing counterparties based on factors relevant to the
trading relationship.
A Hedge Fund Manager’s process • The commission rate and other

for entering into execution and clear- financing terms charged by the
ing arrangements with a particular clearing broker;
counterparty often involves entering
• The clearing broker’s responsive-
into legal agreements, developing
ness to the Hedge Fund Manager;
operational documents, and accept-
ing financing rates. In selecting a • The clearing broker’s confidential-
counterparty for execution or clear- ity policies and procedures;
ing services, a Hedge Fund Manager
should weigh relevant factors includ- • The clearing broker’s regulatory
ing, but not limited to: oversight and responsibilities; and
• The operational efficiency with • The clearing broker’s credit-

which transactions are processed worthiness.
and cleared, taking into account
the order size and complexity;
• The operational expertise and
range of services offered by the
clearing broker in providing
clearing and custody services for
the products traded by the Hedge
Fund Manager;

Soft Dollar Arrangements
6.8
Because Soft Dollar Arrangements may impact the evaluation of best
execution, a Hedge Fund Manager, if applicable to its operations and
trading activities, should make determinations regarding its Soft Dollar
Arrangements and should develop policies relating to the use of these
arrangements.
If a Hedge Fund Manager uses Soft Policies may include, depending on

Dollar Arrangements, its policies the nature of the Hedge Fund
should include procedures and docu- Manager’s business: (1) commission
mentation requirements for third- sharing arrangements and propri-
party arrangements with brokers etary arrangements addressing, as
and other counterparties. In making appropriate approved broker-dealers
determinations and policies, a Hedge and products/services; (2) reliance
Fund Manager should consider or non-reliance on the safe harbor
arrangements relating to transac- of Section 28(e); and (3) procedures
tions in instruments other than for approval of such arrangements
securities. Applicable laws, rules, or and related terms.
regulations can also guide a Hedge
Fund Manager’s determinations and
make a good faith determination
policies. For example, if the Hedge
that the amount of commission is
Fund Manager has operations in the
reasonable in relation to the value
United Kingdom, it should consider
of the brokerage and research services
any FSA consultation papers on the
provided by the broker-dealer and
subject. Additionally, if the Hedge
in light of the terms of the particular
Fund Manager is subject to ERISA,
transaction or the Hedge Fund
it should ensure its arrangements do
Manager’s overall responsibilities
not violate ERISA. Policies may also
with respect to its discretionary
vary depending on a Hedge Fund
accounts.
Manager’s customized advisory
arrangements.

A Hedge Fund Manager relying on A Hedge Fund Manager with
the safe harbor provided by Section Soft Dollar Arrangements that fall
28(e) should determine whether the outside of the safe harbor provided
brokerage and research services are by Section 28(e) should ensure that
covered within the safe harbor (as its arrangements are consistent with
set forth in Section 28(e)(3)). The its duties to investors and determine
SEC indicates that “the focus should whether the products and services
be on whether the product or service received fall within the disclosed
provides lawful and appropriate usage of Soft Dollar Arrangements.
assistance to the money manager See Section 2—Responsibilities to
in the carrying out of his responsi- Investors, Recommendation 2.13.
bilities.”1
1
See SEC Guidance Regarding Client Commission Practices Under Section 28(e)
of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

Soft Dollar Arrangements
6.9
A Hedge Fund Manager should evaluate the types of products and
services subject to its Soft Dollar Arrangements.
As part of its evaluation, a Hedge in the performance of an adviser’s

Fund Manager should determine investment decision-making respon-
the extent to which products or sibilities, including the appropriate
services have research functions or treatment of “mixed-use” items; and
are developed by a third party and (3) whether the amount of client
provided by a broker. A Hedge commissions paid is reasonable in
Fund Manager relying on Section light of the value of the products or
28(e) should make proper allocation services provided by the broker-deal-
of products or services with mixed er. The release also discusses third-
uses (i.e., computer hardware that party research and the permissibility
assists an adviser in research func- of client commission arrangements
tions and in non-research functions) under the safe harbor.
so that non-research services are paid
Additional guidance can be found
for from the Hedge Fund Manager’s
in the FSA’s Consultation Paper on
funds. Certain arrangements, such as
Bundled Brokerage and Soft Com-
commission sharing arrangements,
mission Arrangements (www.fsa.
can assist a Hedge Fund Manager in
gov.uk/pubs/cp/cp176.pdf). This
obtaining best execution by allowing
publication makes two main propos-
it to use the broker providing best
als: (1) that goods and services that
execution to execute the trade and
are reasonably anticipated should
to pay commissions to other brokers
be excluded from those that can
from whom it receives research
be purchased with commission,
or services through Soft Dollar
whether under soft or bundled ar-
Arrangements.
rangements (and the document sets
The SEC’s Guidance Regarding out the goods and services to which
Client Commission Practices Under this restriction should apply); and
Section 28(e) (www.sec.gov/rules/ (2) where a Hedge Fund Manager
interp/2006/34-54165.pdf) provides buys any other services additional to
steps for analyzing: (1) whether a trade execution with its customers’
particular product or service is an commission, it should determine the
eligible research or brokerage service cost of those services and rebate an
within the specific statutory limits equivalent amount to its customers’
of the safe harbor; (2) whether the funds.
product or service actually provides
lawful and appropriate assistance
10 | Trading Relationship Management, Monitoring and Disclosure

7. Recommendations:
Business Continuity, Disaster
Recovery, and Crisis Management
The Recommendations in this section provide a Hedge Fund

Manager with guidance on developing policies and procedures to
prepare for unexpected events that would either interfere with or
cause harm to its personnel or infrastructure, or hamper or prohibit
the continuation of business operations. While the need to establish
functional BC/DR plans is not unique to Hedge Fund Managers,
they have responsibilities to the Hedge Funds they manage to have
such plans in place. The inability to carry out routine trading and risk
monitoring functions (even on a very short-term basis) as a result of a
disruption could lead to large financial losses.

Business Continuity, Disaster Recovery,
and Crisis Management
7.1
A Hedge Fund Manager should develop a comprehensive BC/DR plan
that establishes clear policies and procedures for internal personnel and
external service providers to prepare for unexpected events.
In developing a BC/DR plan, The preparation involved to protect

a Hedge Fund Manager should a Hedge Fund Manager’s operations
consider and prepare for events that will likely be extensive and, depend-
could have a significant impact on ing on the size of operations, may
personnel, investment, and other require substantial internal person-
key business operations. The pri- nel resources to develop the BC/DR
mary goals of any BC/DR plan are plan. For a Hedge Fund Manager
to protect personnel from harm and with smaller operations, it may be
to maintain business operations for advisable to seek the assistance of
Hedge Funds under management. external third parties with appropri-
ate expertise.
Certain Hedge Fund Managers
may be subject to regulatory or self- A Hedge Fund Manager’s senior
regulatory agencies that require management should work with per-
them to have BC/DR plans. The sonnel responsible for IT, treasury,
components of a comprehensive accounting, trading, and opera-
BC/DR plan should address, with- tions to develop a plan specifically
out limitation: tailored for the business realities of
• The loss of a “key person”; the Hedge Fund Manager and the
Hedge Funds it operates. The plan
• National or local natural disasters; should consider the personal safety
• Acts of terrorism; and security of the Hedge Fund
Manager’s employees.
• Pandemics;
Overall, a Hedge Fund Manager
• Fires; should designate one member of
• IT system malfunctions or its personnel team with ultimate
corruption; and responsibility for developing and
executing the BC/DR plan, if
• Similar highly disruptive events. circumstances require. Developing
the plan will likely require senior
management to review business-
02 | Business Continuity, Disaster Recovery, and Crisis Management

critical applications, test the BC/DR templates for BC/DR plans. See
plan for resiliency, and update the Recommendation 7.12 for suggested
plan as needed. government and private sector
sources of information.
External service providers and
government agencies may provide
7.2
A Hedge Fund Manager should establish a BC/DR plan that provides
contingencies in the event of the death or incapacity of its founder or one
of its key persons, including succession planning.
A Hedge Fund Manager’s BC/DR Fund Manager with key person

plan should include plans to ensure provisions that give investors with-
compliance with any key person drawal rights should also consider
provisions that may exist in partner- the impact of the potential with-
ship or similar agreements, side drawals by investors on business
letters, and master agreements, as operations. Moreover, a Hedge Fund
well as policies and procedures to Manager should develop a succes-
promptly disclose such an event. sion planning protocol in the event
In drafting a BC/DR plan, a Hedge of the loss of a key person.
7.3
A Hedge Fund Manager should establish policies and procedures
to protect personnel in the event of a crisis making the work environ-
ment unsafe.
A Hedge Fund Manager’s BC/DR case of a fire; or (2) plans for work-
plan should include policies that ing offsite when personnel cannot
prepare for: (1) the potential need to reach their office due to (a) hazard-
immediately evacuate the premises; ous conditions (e.g., severe storms or
or (2) any condition that makes the terrorist attacks), and (b) diseases or
Hedge Fund Manager’s office(s) un- epidemics that make it inadvisable
usable. Possible crisis event scenarios for personnel to travel to the Hedge
include: (1) basic evacuation in the Fund Manager’s offices.

7.4
A Hedge Fund Manager should establish a written BC/DR plan that
outlines practices to be followed in an emergency or significant market
disruption.
A Hedge Fund Manager should BC/DR plan that addresses market

ensure, to the greatest extent practi- disruptions:
cal, that appropriate personnel will
• Financial assessments and
have the ability to monitor a Hedge
operations;
Fund’s existing portfolio positions
and execute transactions when • Means of communication
necessary in the event of a market between and among managers,
emergency or other severe market personnel, and Hedge Fund
disruption. The Hedge Fund Man- investors;
ager should establish time objectives
for recovery of trading positions or • The physical location of the
operations that are appropriate to its parties;
business. • The ability to evaluate the impact
of an event on the Hedge Fund
The most important element in a Manager and the Hedge Funds it
BC/DR plan is the identification manages and their counterparties;
and replication of mission-critical and
systems, meaning those systems a
Hedge Fund Manager requires to • Mechanisms to ensure the safety
ensure prompt and accurate process- and preservation of the Hedge
ing of transactions and to meet Fund’s assets until they can be
regulatory reporting requirements. redeemed in order to ensure the
A Hedge Fund Manager should orderly liquidation of assets in the
consider, among others, the follow- case where the Hedge Fund Man-
ing basic elements in developing a ager’s business cannot continue.

7.5
A Hedge Fund Manager should review its BC/DR plan to ensure it is
consistent with applicable laws, rules, and regulations. A Hedge Fund
Manager’s BC/DR plan should establish practices to be followed in an
emergency or significant market disruption with respect to communica-
tions with personnel or external parties.
A Hedge Fund Manager should con- outside parties of an actual or

sider addressing the following items potentially disruptive event or
in a written BC/DR plan: emergency;
• Developing a communication plan • The communication plan should
to contact essential parties (e.g., include policies on email in the
senior management, portfolio event of a disruptive event; and
managers, risk managers, brokers
• The communication plan
and trading counterparties, legal
should be tested and updated,
or compliance officers, directors
as appropriate.
of human resources, vendors, and
disaster recovery specialists);
• The communication plan should
include an instant or early notifica-
tion to alert personnel and key

7.6
A Hedge Fund Manager’s BC/DR plan should include systems for storing
and protecting hard and soft copies of documents, trade records, and
essential communications.
The policies and procedures should • Considering the impact of business

include: interruptions encountered by third
parties and identifying ways to
• Backing up or copying essential
minimize that impact.
documents and data and storing
the information offsite in hard-
copy or electronic format; and
7.7
A Hedge Fund Manager’s BC/DR plan should provide for IT contingency
arrangements that factor in geography, accessibility of records, security,
environment, and cost.
A Hedge Fund Manager should is more comprehensive as it has fully

consider maintaining back-up power redundant infrastructure, systems,
supplies onsite in the event that the and data. A Hedge Fund Manager
main power source is disrupted. should consider one of these types
of alternate sites in accordance with
Additionally, a Hedge Fund Man- the Hedge Fund Manager’s size and
ager should consider establishing budgetary constraints.
back-up facilities or the ability to
continue business in a separate geo- A Hedge Fund Manager, to the
graphic area from the Hedge Fund extent that its own personnel are not
Manager’s primary facilities. Such trained in providing redundant IT
a site may be “hot”, or “mirrored”, and other services, should consider
and could be either synchronous working with outside consultants in
or asynchronous. A “hot site” is order to determine its needs and the
configured with all system hardware, available technologies and services
infrastructure, and support person- designed to meet these needs as part
nel, and the “mirrored site” of its BC/DR plan.

7.8
A Hedge Fund Manager’s BC/DR plan should establish a person or team
responsible for monitoring regulatory and reporting compliance require-
ments in the event of a disaster or interruption with trading operations.
A Hedge Fund Manager may be rather than an event impacting a

subject to a number of reporting larger geographic area or a financial
requirements with U.S. or interna- market or markets. Accordingly, the
tional regulators. A regulator may Hedge Fund Manager should desig-
not suspend these requirements in nate appropriate personnel responsi-
the event of a crisis or emergency ble for ensuring that any regulatory
affecting a particular Hedge Fund obligations can be fulfilled in the
Manager. This would be most appli- event of an unexpected disruption
cable in the case where the emer- to business operations, to the extent
gency or disruption is limited to an practical or feasible.
individual Hedge Fund Manager,
7.9
A Hedge Fund Manager should determine whether it is necessary to use
third-party service providers and vendors in establishing its BC/DR plan.
7.10
A Hedge Fund Manager should establish contingency plans for respond-
ing to the failure of a third-party fund administrator, credit provider, or
other mission-critical party that would affect a Hedge Fund’s market,
credit, or liquidity risk.
Contingency planning should clearing systems and offsite reten-

address responses to a third party’s tion storage, and failures of prime
failure to provide services necessary brokers, credit providers, and other
for a Hedge Fund Manager to con- service providers, including back-up
duct operations. This would include providers.
addressing transfers to back-up

7.11
A Hedge Fund Manager should test and update its BC/DR plan at least
annually, to ensure that all personnel know their roles and that technology
is sufficient during the BC/DR contemplated event.
7.12
A Hedge Fund Manager should be aware of resources available from the
federal and local governments, and international regulators, if applicable,
to gather information about threat dissemination services that are target-
ed at the financial services sector and that provide information regarding
threats to physical and cyber security.
To the extent that the federal, state, The National Futures Association
and local governments offer threat requires its member commodity
alert services, a Hedge Fund Man- trading advisors and commodity
ager should investigate subscribing to pool operators to maintain a BC/DR
these services as part of its business plan (www.nfa.futures.org).
continuity and disaster recovery
program. One such service is the A Hedge Fund Manager with inter-
Financial Services/Information national operations may also consult
Sharing Alert Center (“FS/ISAC”), “MiFID”, which provides expecta-
(www.fsisac.com). tions on BC/DR plans.

APPENDIX I
Glossary and Selected

Sources Used
Certain capitalized and/or italicized terms and certain technical

words and phrases in the Recommendations are defined in the
glossary. Terms contained in this glossary are defined for the pur-
pose of the Recommendations and may have a wider or different
meaning outside the context of the Recommendations.
Advisers Act | Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended.
AML | Anti-money laundering.
Asset liquidity | See liquidity and liquidity risk.
Back-test or back-testing | An examination of the results generated by a

model (e.g., a Value-at-Risk model) as compared to actual or realized results
in order to assess the accuracy of the model.
Balance sheet leverage | See leverage measures.
BC/DR | Business continuity, disaster recovery, and crisis management.
Best execution | Generally means the execution of client trades at the best
net price in consideration of all relevant circumstances.
Borrowing capacity | The amount of money a Hedge Fund can borrow

from a broker or dealer or other credit provider (e.g., in order to fund pur-
chases of securities). For example, according to Regulation T of the Federal
Reserve Board (12 C.F.R. 220.4), a borrower may borrow up to 50% of the
value of a security, depending on the type of security.
Cash | Cash balances held in bank accounts and short-term, high-quality

marketable securities, such as government bonds.

Glossary
Cash market | A market in which goods are purchased either immediately

for cash, as in a cash and carry contract, or in which they are contracted for
presently, with delivery and payment occurring shortly thereafter. All terms
of the contract are negotiated between buyer and seller.
CFTC | The United States Commodity Futures Trading Commission.
Chief compliance officer | An individual responsible for developing and

monitoring compliance with all applicable laws, rules, and regulations by
a Hedge Fund Manager and the Hedge Funds it manages.
Collateral | An asset that is pledged as security, or whose title is transferred

to a secured party, in order to secure payment or performance obligations.
If the party providing collateral defaults, the asset pledged or transferred
may be taken and sold by the secured party to satisfy obligations of the
pledgee/transferee. Instruments that are typically accepted as collateral under
collateral agreements include government securities, cash and, to a lesser
extent, corporate debt, agency debt, equities, and letters of credit. Collateral
generally serves to mitigate counterparty credit risk (see credit risk).
Collateral agreement | An agreement between two parties governing the

delivery and use of collateral. Key provisions of such agreements are:
collateral delivery and return requirements; the rights of the secured party in
the collateral; the level of unsecured credit risk that each party is willing to
assume (i.e., mark-to-market exposure thresholds above which the transfer
of collateral is required); the type of instruments that can be posted as col-
lateral; minimum transfer amounts; haircut provisions; among others.
Collateral call | A notice given by a secured party to the provider of

collateral informing the latter that the change in the market value of a
position has required the posting of collateral.
Collateral event | An event that triggers an increase in the amount of

collateral related to a transaction or group of transactions under a collateral
agreement or master agreement (for example, rather than causing a termina-
tion of all transactions that are subject to a master agreement).
Commodity | Generally, an article of commerce or a product that can be

used for commerce. In the United States, the term is often narrowly used to
refer to products underlying futures contracts traded on regulated futures
02 | Appendix I
exchanges. The types of commodities that underlie such contracts include
both physical and financial commodities such as agricultural and energy
products, metals, foreign currencies, and interest rate and equity instruments
(see futures). Commodities are also traded in the forward and cash markets.
Concentration | Arises when a significant percentage of a Hedge Fund’s

portfolio is exposed to the same or similar market factors or other risk
factors, increasing the risk of losses caused by adverse market or economic
events affecting such risk factors. Hedge Fund Managers may track concen-
tration levels with respect to asset classes, industry sectors, regions, or other
relevant areas.
Confirmation | Generally refers to the written statement that follows any

trade in the securities markets. Confirmation is issued immediately after a
trade is executed. It spells out settlement date, terms, commission, etc.
Correlation | A standardized measure of the relative movement between

two variables, such as the prices of two different securities. The level of
correlation between two variables is measured on a scale of –1 to +1. If two
variables move up or down together, they are positively correlated. If they
tend to move in opposite directions, they are negatively correlated.
Counterparty | A third party that enters into transactions with a Hedge

Fund.
Counterparty Risk Management Policy Group II | A group of senior of-

ficials from major financial institutions and chaired by E. Gerald Corrigan,
Managing Director of Goldman Sachs, seeking to examine efficiency in the
private sector and stability of the global financial system.
Credit provider | A bank, securities firm, or other third party that extends
credit to a Hedge Fund, either in connection with financing a Hedge Fund’s
purchases of securities or other instruments or through stand-alone loan
facilities. A counterparty may be viewed as a credit provider when it engages
in synthetic financing OTC derivative transactions with a Hedge Fund.
Credit risk | The risk that an issuer of a security (asset credit risk) or a
counterparty (counterparty credit risk) will not meet its obligations when
due. Asset credit risk also includes sovereign risk where the potential loss
is related to the financial solvency of a sovereign issuer of a security.

Glossary
Counterparty credit risk is frequently broken down into component risks

for monitoring purposes (see, e.g., settlement risk and pre-settlement risk).
Credit spread | The difference between the yield (or percentage rate of
return) of a Treasury security and a non-Treasury debt security (e.g., a
corporate bond) that are identical in most respects (particularly the term
of the obligation), except with respect to credit rating.
Derivative | This refers to a financial instrument in which the value

depends on, or is derived from, the value of an underlying asset, index,
rate, or instrument.
Equity | In the context of investing, a synonym for stocks or shares of

companies. When used in connection with accounting, equity refers to the
amount by which the assets of an entity exceed its liabilities. With respect
to Hedge Funds, equity refers to capital investment.
ERISA | The United States Employee Retirement Income Security Act

of 1974, as amended.
Fair value | Generally refers to the price at which a single unit of an instru-
ment would trade between disinterested parties in an arm’s-length transac-
tion. Fair value does not generally take into account control premiums (the
price difference between the market price per share of an individual security
and the price per share of a block of securities that carries the power to con-
trol a corporation) or discounts for large or illiquid positions (see liquidity).
FAS 157 | Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Statement of Financial

Accounting Standards No. 157, Fair Value Measurements, issued under U.S.
GAAP.
Financial statement-based leverage | See leverage measures.
Form ADV | The SEC’s uniform application for investment adviser

registration.
FSA | The United Kingdom’s Financial Services Authority.
FSCP or Financial Statement Close Process | The process whereby the

results of various transactions are summarized, reviewed, consolidated,
edited, and used for reporting to investors and management.
04 | Appendix I
FSF | The Financial Stability Forum is a body convened in April 1999 to
promote international financial stability through information exchange and
international cooperation in financial supervision and surveillance. The
FSF brings together on a regular basis national authorities responsible for
financial stability in significant international financial centers, international
financial institutions, sector-specific international groupings of regulators
and supervisors, and committees of central bank experts. The FSF seeks to
coordinate the efforts of these various bodies in order to promote interna-
tional financial stability, improve the functioning of markets, and reduce
systemic risk. The FSF issued a report in May 2007 reassessing the financial
stability issues and systemic risks posed by hedge funds. The report recog-
nizes the contribution hedge funds have made to financial innovation and
market liquidity. At the same time, it notes heightened risk measurement,
valuation, and operational challenges for market participants and makes
various recommendations.
FSF Report | The Update of the FSF Report on Highly Leveraged Institutions
published in May 2007 by the FSF.
Fund Administrator | Refers to a third-party service provider offering

certain back and front office administrative services to a Hedge Fund and/or
Hedge Fund Manager. Such services may include maintaining the princi-
pal corporate records, communicating with a Hedge Fund’s investors and
sending financial statements to its investors, providing registrar and transfer
agent services in connection with the issuance, transfer, and redemption of
interests in a Hedge Fund, processing subscription and redemptions, calcu-
lation of NAV, and providing other clerical services in connection with the
day-to-day administration of the Fund.
Funding liquidity | See liquidity and liquidity risk.
Gamma | Refers to the rate of change in an option’s delta for a one-unit

change in the price of the underlying asset. As a measure of a measure, it is
considered a secondary derivative of the underlying asset’s price.
Gate | Refers to a restriction on withdrawals or redemptions from a Hedge

Fund whereby the Hedge Fund limits redemptions to a pro rata portion of
requested redemptions up to a pre-determined percentage of capital for a
specific redemption period.

Glossary
Governing body | Refers to a person or group of persons, acting through

a management committee, board of directors, or other body, or directly as
officers or members of the Hedge Fund Manager, with the authority and
responsibility to direct and oversee the Hedge Fund Manager’s activities.
Governing documents | Refers to the organizational and constituent docu-

ments of the Hedge Fund Manager entity.
Gross balance sheet assets | See leverage measures.
Group of Seven | A group comprised of Finance Ministers and Central

Bank Governors of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the United
States, and the United Kingdom for the purpose of monitoring fiscal and
monetary policies.
Group of Eight | An international forum for the governments of Canada,

France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United
States. Together, these countries represent about 65% of the world economy.
The group’s activities include year-round conferences and policy research,
culminating with an annual summit meeting attended by the heads of
government of the member states.
Haircuts | The difference between the market value of an asset posted as

collateral and the value attributed to the asset by a secured party in deter-
mining whether the collateral requirements related to the asset have been
met. A haircut is intended to protect a party that receives collateral from
fluctuations in the value of such collateral.
Hedge Fund | A pooled investment vehicle that generally meets the follow-
ing criteria: (1) it is not marketed to the general public (i.e., it is privately-
offered); (2) it is limited to high net worth individuals and institutions; (3)
it is not registered as an investment company under relevant laws (e.g., U.S.
Investment Company Act of 1940); (4) its assets are managed by a profes-
sional investment management firm that shares in the gains of the invest-
ment vehicle based on investment performance of the vehicle; and (5) it has
periodic but restricted or limited investor redemption rights.
Hedge Fund Manager | A professional investment management firm that

serves as investment manager for a Hedge Fund and manages the Hedge
Fund’s assets and investments.
06 | Appendix I
Holding period | The period over which Value-at-Risk is calculated (e.g.,
one day, three days, one week, 10 days). The holding period should reflect
the amount of time it would take to liquidate or neutralize the positions in
the relevant portfolio.
IAS | International Accounting Standards.
Illiquid instrument | See liquidity.
Interest rate term structure | The relationship among interest rates of fixed
income instruments with different maturities usually depicted as a graph,
also referred to as a “yield curve”.
IT | Information technology.
Key person | An individual, principal, or member of a Hedge Fund’s per-

sonnel that is critical to the operations and performance of the Hedge Fund
Manager.
Legal risk | The risk of loss arising from uncertainty in laws, regulations,
or legal actions that may affect transactions between parties. Legal risk may
include issues related to the enforceability of netting agreements, the perfec-
tion of collateral, the capacity of parties, and the legality of contracts, among
others.
Leverage | A factor (rather than an independent source of risk) that influ-

ences the rapidity with which changes in market risk, credit risk, or liquidity
risk change the value of a portfolio.
Leverage measures | Generally, Hedge Funds use two types of leverage

measures. Financial statement-based leverage measures compare the nominal
sizes of Hedge Fund balance sheet positions to a Hedge Fund’s equity. Risk-
based leverage measures assess the relationship between the risk of a Hedge
Fund’s portfolio and its capacity to absorb the impact of that risk.
Liquidity | There are two separate, but related types of liquidity. Funding
liquidity is the ability of a Hedge Fund to hold its market positions and
meet the cash and/or collateral demands of counterparties, other credit
providers, and investors (see collateral call and redemption). Asset liquid-
ity refers to the ability to liquidate an asset quickly, and in large volume,

Glossary
without substantially affecting the asset’s price. An asset that cannot be

liquidated in a short period of time without substantially affecting the asset’s
price is considered an illiquid instrument.
Liquidity risk | With respect to asset liquidity, the inability to sell an asset
quickly and/or in large volume at a reasonable price. With respect to fund-
ing liquidity, the risk that a party will not have or cannot obtain sufficient
funds to meet its obligations.
Long positions | Generally, this term means that an investor has purchased
a stock with the expectation that its price will rise. A long position is some-
times referred to as being “long the market”. Investors who are “bullish”
about the market will take a long position, expecting higher prices in the fu-
ture. The vast majority of investors take a long position in the market when
they invest and investors who purchase for the long-term almost always take
a long position. Investors who subscribe to the theory of “buying low and
selling high” will take a long position. The opposite of a long position is a
short position. Investors who short the market sell stock (as opposed to
buying stock) in the expectation of lower prices in the future.
Margin | A certain amount of assets that must be deposited in a margin

account in order to secure a portion of a party’s obligations under a contract
(see margin account). For example, to buy or sell an exchange-traded futures
contract, a party must post a specified amount which is determined by the
exchange, referred to as an “initial margin”. In addition, a party will be
required to post “variation margin” if the futures contracts change in value.
Margin is also required in connection with the purchase and sale of securi-
ties where the full purchase price is not paid upfront or the securities sold
are not owned by the seller.
Margin accounts | The account in which margin is held for securities or

exchange-traded futures or options. Positions that are subject to margin
requirements are generally valued, or “marked-to-market”, daily, and addi-
tional margin may be required if the market value of a position declines.
Market factors | Refers collectively to interest rates, foreign exchange rates,

equity prices, commodity prices, and indices constructed from these rates
and prices, as well as their volatility and correlation.
08 | Appendix I
Market risk | Narrowly defined, it is the risk of a decline in value of a
Hedge Fund’s portfolio resulting from changes in market factors. Since asset
liquidity risk and the credit risk of an asset’s issuer may also affect the value
of instruments in a portfolio, Hedge Funds frequently manage all of these
risks jointly as market risk.
Master agreement | An agreement, such as the 1992 ISDA Master Agree-

ment form published by the International Swaps and Derivatives Associa-
tion, Inc., that sets forth the overarching terms and conditions governing all
OTC transactions between two parties that are subject to such master agree-
ment. A master agreement typically includes payment netting and closeout
netting provisions (see netting).
MFA | Managed Funds Association.
MiFID | Markets in Financial Instruments Directive.
Model | A program or process that is designed to create a depiction of

reality through graphs, pictures, or mathematical representations.
NAV or net asset value | The fair value of a Hedge Fund’s assets minus the
fair value of its liabilities. Under U.S. GAAP, NAV computations should
include accrued interest, dividends, and other receivables of the Hedge
Fund, as well as accrued expenses and other payables. NAV would gener-
ally not include special adjustments that may be made to valuations for risk
monitoring purposes, such as adjustments for illiquidity concerns. NAV is
the basis for determining the prices applicable to investor subscription and
redemptions.
Netting | Netting involves aggregating payment amount, collateral or

closeout valuation exposures on multiple transactions between the same two
counterparties and reducing them down to a single net exposure amount by
offsetting the positive exposures with the negative. Netting provisions are
typically included in master agreements and collateral agreements between a
Hedge Fund and its counterparty.
Off-balance-sheet transaction | A transaction entered into by a Hedge

Fund that does not appear on its balance sheet. Until the adoption of
Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Statement 133, most derivatives had
been treated as off-balance-sheet transactions.

Glossary
Offering documents | Refers to documents such as an offering memoran-

dum, limited partnership or limited liability company agreement, subscrip-
tion agreement, or similar contracts governing the relationship between a
Hedge Fund and its investors.
Operational risk | The risk of loss due to system breakdowns, employee

fraud or misconduct, errors in models or natural or man-made catastrophes,
among other risks. It may also include the risk of loss due to the incomplete
or incorrect documentation of trades. Operational risk may also be defined
by what it does not include: market risk; credit risk; and liquidity risk.
OTC or over-the-counter transaction | A transaction between parties that

is not executed on an organized exchange, but instead privately negotiated
on a bilateral basis between the parties. Stocks of smaller companies, forward
contracts on physical commodities and currencies, bank and securities loans,
repurchase agreements, and derivatives are traded in OTC markets.
Pooled investment vehicle | An investment entity, such as a limited

partnership, limited liability company, trust, corporation, or similar form of
enterprise operated for the purpose of trading securities or other investment
instruments, and that is exempt from registration under the U.S. Investment
Company Act of 1940.
Portfolio manager | A person who invests and manages an amount of

capital allocated to it by a Hedge Fund Manager on behalf of a Hedge Fund.
Portfolio managers may be either employees of the Hedge Fund Manager
itself or external managers who are actively managed by the Hedge
Fund Manager or with whom the Hedge Fund Manager makes a passive
investment.
Pre-settlement risk | A form of credit risk; refers to the risk that a coun-
terparty will default on an OTC derivative contract prior to the contract’s
settlement at expiration.
PWG | President’s Working Group on Financial Markets.
PWG Agreement | The Agreement among PWG and U.S. Agency Principals
on Principles and Guidelines Regarding Private Pools of Capital, published on
February 22, 2007.
10 | Appendix I
Prime broker | A brokerage firm providing multiple services to a Hedge
Fund that are beyond the scope of those offered by a traditional broker, such
as clearing and settlement of securities transactions, financing, recordkeep-
ing, custodial services, and research capabilities.
Recommendations | The recommendations set forth in Sound Practices.
Redemption | The redemption of shares or other interests in, or

withdrawals of funds from, a Hedge Fund by an investor.
Risk-based leverage measure | See leverage measures.
Scenario analysis | Similar to a stress test, the practice of subjecting a

model (e.g., a Value-at-Risk model) to adjusted inputs in order to assess the
impact of a specified scenario of market events on a Hedge Fund’s portfolio.
(See stress test, Value-at-Risk, and model). A scenario could be historical
(e.g., by reproducing the events of October 1987) or hypothetical (e.g., by
simulating an event that would stress the market factors to which the Hedge
Fund is most exposed).
SEC | The United States Securities and Exchange Commission.
Section 28(e) | Section 28(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934,

as amended.
Senior management | Refers to members of a group of senior executives or

other management body with the authority and responsibility to direct and
oversee a Hedge Fund Manager’s day-to-day activities on behalf of a Hedge
Fund(s).
Settlement risk | The risk that a counterparty will fail to perform its obli-
gations under a contract on the settlement date; a form of credit risk.
Sharpe Ratio | A measure that is widely used by investors to evaluate the

performance of a portfolio or to compare the performance of different
portfolios on a “risk-adjusted” basis. The numerator of the Sharpe Ratio is
a measure of a portfolio’s return during a given period, generally the return
earned on the portfolio in excess of the risk-free rate of return over one year.
The denominator of the ratio is a measure of the risk incurred in achiev-

Glossary
ing the return, usually measured as the standard deviation of the portfolio’s
daily return. The higher the Sharpe Ratio, the better the portfolio’s return in
risk-adjusted terms. While the Sharpe Ratio contains information similar to
that contained in a VAR measure, the two measures have different purposes
and different perspectives. VAR is a forward-looking measure that is strictly
a risk measurement tool; the Sharpe Ratio is a retrospective measure that
compares risk and return information for an elapsed period.
Short sale | Generally, means borrowing a security (or commodity futures

contract) from a broker and selling it, with the understanding that it must
later be bought back (hopefully at a lower price) and returned to the broker.
Short selling is a technique used by investors who try to profit from the
falling price of a stock.
Side-by-side management | The management by a Hedge Fund Manager

managing both one or more Hedge Funds and managed accounts.
Side letter | Generally, refers to an agreement with an investor that varies

the terms of a Hedge Fund’s governing documents with respect to that
investor.
Side pocket | Generally, refers to an investment in an illiquid or non-mar-

ketable instrument that is accounted for separately from the other assets of
the Hedge Fund.
Soft Dollar Arrangement | An arrangement whereby a Hedge Fund

Manager directs transactions to a broker, in exchange for which the broker
provides, in addition to transaction execution, other products and services
to the Hedge Fund Manager.
Sound Practices | MFA’s Sound Practices for Hedge Fund Managers.
Spread | The excess of the price or yield on a particular security or instru-

ment relative to a benchmark. For example, the “spread over Treasury” is the
difference between the yield for a certain fixed income instrument and the
yield for a comparable U.S. Treasury security.
Standard deviation | Technically, a statistical measure of the dispersion of

a set of numbers around a central point. Standard deviation measures the
volatility, or uncertainty, of investment returns, and is therefore commonly
used to measure the risk of a portfolio. The higher the standard deviation of
a portfolio, the higher the uncertainty of the portfolio’s return.
12 | Appendix I
Statute of Frauds | A collective term describing the various statutory provi-
sions that render unenforceable certain types of contracts unless they are
evidenced by a written document.
Stress test | A general term for the practice of subjecting a model (e.g., a
Value-at-Risk model) to inputs that are adjusted to represent extreme or
unusual changes in market factors. The sources of stress may be actual his-
torical changes in market factors or hypothetical changes.
Systemic risk | The risk that the failure of a significant market participant
in a payment or settlement system to meet its obligations when due will
cause other participants or financial institutions to be unable to meet their
obligations. Such a failure could potentially cause significant market liquid-
ity or credit problems and threaten the stability of financial markets.
Third-party service provider | A firm that provides certain administrative,

technical, financial, or other services to a Hedge Fund Manager that chooses
to outsource parts of its operations.
Trading P&L | The fair value of the financial assets and liabilities in a
Hedge Fund’s portfolio.
U.S. GAAP | United States generally accepted accounting principles.
Valuation | The process of determining the value of positions in a Hedge

Fund portfolio. Valuation serves two distinct purposes: it provides the base
input for both the risk monitoring process and the calculation of a Hedge
Fund’s NAV, which serves as the basis for pricing investor subscriptions and
redemptions.
Value-at-Risk or VAR | An integrated measure of the market risk of a port-

folio of assets and/or liabilities. At the most general level, VAR is a measure
of the potential change in value of a specified portfolio over a specified time
interval or holding period, resulting from potential changes in market fac-
tors (e.g., prices and volatilities). The VAR measure is based on the distribu-
tion of potential changes in the value of the portfolio and is expressed in
terms of a confidence level. A Hedge Fund Manager’s risk management team
may choose to use VAR to estimate the maximum expected amount a Hedge
Fund could lose over a specified time horizon at a specified probability
level. For instance, the risk management team could calculate the maximum

Glossary
expected loss for a one-day period at a 95% probability level (i.e., the level
of loss that should be exceeded on only five trading days out of 100).
The challenge in calculating an accurate VAR is determining the distribu-

tion of potential value changes for market factors, which requires the risk
management team to choose a methodology for modeling potential changes
in market factors. Different methods are currently used to determine such
distribution when calculating VAR (e.g., Historical Simulation Method,
Monte Carlo Simulation Method, Analytic Variance—Covariance Method).
Vega | One of the Greek factor sensitivities used by traders to measure

exposures in derivatives portfolios.
Volatility | A measure of risk based on the standard deviation of an asset’s

return (see standard deviation). The greater the degree of an asset’s volatility,
the greater the risk of the asset.
Worst historical drawdown | The largest decrease in the value of a Hedge

Fund measured as the difference between the highest and lowest value since
its inception or during a given period of time (e.g., last five years).
14 | Appendix I
Selected Sources Used
Readers of this document may wish to review the select sources listed below
that are cited in Sound Practices.
• President’s Working Group on Financial Markets’ Agreement Among PWG

and U.S. Agency Principals on Principles and Guidelines Regarding Private
Pools of Capital, published in on February 22, 2007.
• Counterparty Risk Management Policy Group II 2005 Report, Toward
Greater Financial Stability: A Private Sector Perspective.
• SEC’s Regulation S-P, Privacy of Consumer Financial Information,
promulgated under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, as amended.
• U.S. GAAP’s Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Statement of
Financial Accounting Standards No. 157, Fair Value Measurements.
• Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended.
• Commodity Exchange Act, as amended.
• Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
• Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.
• USA PATRIOT Act of 2001, as amended.
• MFA’s updated Guidance for Hedge Funds and Hedge Fund Managers on
Developing Anti-Money Laundering Programs (Release No. 2).
• Guidance Regarding Client Commission Practices Under Section 28(e)
of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (www.sec.gov/rules/
interp/2006/34-54165.pdf).
• Consultation Papers on Best Execution (www.fsa.gov.uk/pubs/cp/cp154.pdf).
• Bundled Brokerage and Soft Commission Arrangements (www.fsa.gov.
uk/pubs/cp/cp176.pdf).
• Financial Services/Information Sharing Alert Center (www.fsisac.com).
• National Futures Association (www.nfa.futures.org).

APPENDIX II
Model Due Diligence Questionnaire

for Hedge Fund Investors
This Model Due Diligence Questionnaire was prepared and pub-

lished by Managed Funds Association (“MFA”) in consultation with
Hedge Fund Members of MFA and outside groups representing
Hedge Fund investors. This questionnaire was designed to identify
the kinds of questions that a potential investor may wish to consider
before investing in a Hedge Fund. In particular, we have tried to
identify questions that may help amplify on or provide additional
details to the disclosure in a Hedge Fund’s offering documents.
We believe that Hedge Funds are valuable to our capital markets

and provide investors with valuable portfolio diversification and risk
management. Our goal is to provide potential investors in Hedge
Funds a questionnaire to be used as a reference in performing their
due diligence before investing in a Hedge Fund.
MFA Members have diverse strategies, investment styles, risk toler-

ances and legal structures. Therefore, this questionnaire is designed
to provide a basis for investors to commence their due diligence
and is not designed to be an exhaustive list of questions that may be
relevant to an investor. We encourage the use of this document as a
resource in conducting due diligence in connection with an invest-
ment in a Hedge Fund, but also urge users to modify this document
to address their particular needs and to address any additional mat-
ters that they consider material to an investment in a Hedge Fund.
This document is also incorporated into MFA’s Sound Practices for
Hedge Fund Managers (2007 Edition) as Appendix II.
Before responding to any question in this, or any other question-

naire, a Hedge Fund Manager must recognize and take into con-
sideration applicable securities laws and its responsibilities under
those laws. Therefore, an investor should bear in mind that a Hedge
Fund Manager may modify, as it deems appropriate, in light of the
Hedge Fund Manager’s business and legal or regulatory obligations,
any question in this or any other questionnaire. In addition, a Hedge

Fund Manager may choose not to respond to a particular question

in light of confidentiality concerns. Any information provided in this
questionnaire by a Hedge Fund Manager is current only as of the
date this questionnaire is completed and the Hedge Fund Manager
has no obligation to update or supplement any of the answers given,
and assumes no responsibility for the accuracy of the answers pro-
vided after the date the questionnaire is completed.
About MFA
MFA is the voice of the global alternative investment industry. Its
Members include professionals in hedge funds, funds of funds, and
managed futures funds. Established in 1991, MFA is the primary
source of information for policy makers and the media and the
leading advocate for sound business practices and industry growth.
MFA Members represent the vast majority of the largest Hedge Fund
groups in the world who manage a substantial portion of the almost
$2.0 trillion invested in absolute return strategies. MFA is headquar-
tered in Washington, D.C., with an office in New York.
For more information, please contact Managed Funds Association’s

government relations team at 202.367.1140 or visit our Web site at
www.managedfunds.org.
This document is for informational purposes only and is not and should
not be construed as an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy any
interest in any entity or investment vehicle. Any offer to sell or solicitation of
an offer to buy will only be made pursuant to a confidential private offering
memorandum of the applicable investment vehicle (“Memorandum”). The
information in this document is qualified in its entirety and limited by refer-
ence to such Memorandum, and in the event of any inconsistency between
this document and such Memorandum, the Memorandum shall control. This
document is not a complete description of the businesses engaged in by the
Hedge Fund Manager and/or any of its affiliates or clients. Accordingly, this
document does not contain all material information that may be useful to
your evaluation and contains generalizations and categorizations in light of
the format of these questions.
02 | Appendix II
I. Investment Manager Overview
A. General Information:
1. Firm Name:
2. Firm Headquarters:
3. Placement Agent, if any:
4. Placement Agent Address:
5. Contact Name:
6. Contact Telephone Number:
7. Contact Fax:
8. Contact Email:
B. Firm Description
Please provide a brief description of the firm.
C. Investment Manager Entities and Organizational Structure

Please describe the relevant entities of the investment manager or adviser
and their ownership structure. Have there been any material changes to the
entities themselves (e.g., additions or deletions) or to the ownership structure
of those entities in the past three years?
D. Personnel
1. Please briefly describe the background of the firm’s key investment
personnel.
2. For the firm’s key investment personnel that have left the firm over the
past three years, please explain any non-routine reasons for the departures.
3. Please describe the firm’s supervisory structures (e.g., management

committees).

4. How many employees does the firm have supporting investment man-
agement businesses in total? How many by function? If the firm or its
affiliates maintain multiple offices, how are these employees distributed
geographically?
E. Service Providers
1. Auditor
a. Who audits the investment vehicles managed by the firm?
b. Does the auditor have an affiliation or any business relationship with

the firm or any of its affiliates outside of the audit relationship itself?
Has the firm or any of its affiliates retained the auditor or any of its
affiliates for other engagements, such as consulting services, financial
statement preparation, or tax services? If so, please describe.
c. Has the current auditor audited the firm’s investment vehicles in each
of the last three years? If not, please describe the circumstances of any
audit engagement changes made.
d. Has any investment vehicle managed by the firm ever received a quali-
fied audit opinion? If so, please describe.
e. Has an auditor ever requested a material restatement of financial state-

ments or performance results of any investment vehicle managed by the
firm? If so, please describe.
2. Has the firm engaged any third-party marketing agent? If so, please
describe the terms of this engagement.
3. Who serves as legal counsel for the firm?
4. Does the firm outsource any accounting or operational functions to third

parties? If so, please describe. Does the firm periodically review the per-
formance of any such service providers? How is this review conducted?
04 | Appendix II
F. Compliance System and Registrations with
Regulatory Authorities
1. Please describe the firm’s compliance regime. Does the firm have a desig-
nated Chief Compliance Officer (CCO)? If so, please briefly describe the
background of the CCO, and explain whether the CCO has any responsi-
bilities other than those relating to compliance matters.
2. Is the firm or any of its affiliates registered with any regulatory authori-
ties? If so, please describe. If the firm has not registered with the U.S.
Securities and Exchange Commission as an investment adviser, please
explain the exemption upon which the firm currently relies and if it
intends to register in the next 12 months.
3. Does the firm maintain and periodically review written compliance poli-
cies and procedures, including a code of ethics? If not, please explain.
4. Does the firm have a written policy on the handling and safeguarding of
any material, non-public information in its possession, including a proc-
ess to educate employees? If not, how is material, non-public information
protected, and how are these processes communicated to employees?
5. Does the firm have written policies regarding personal account trading
by employees? If so, please describe. If not, is personal account trading
monitored, and how are standards of conduct communicated to
employees?
6. Does the firm maintain written procedures on the provision and receipt
of gifts and entertainment? If not, how is such activity monitored, and
how are standards of conduct communicated to employees?
7. Does the firm maintain written Anti-Money Laundering (“AML”)

procedures? Is there a designated AML compliance officer? If not,
how are AML checks conducted?
8. Please describe any material soft dollar arrangements the firm currently
maintains.
9. Please describe any material directed brokerage arrangements the firm

currently maintains.

G. Legal Proceedings
1. In the past five years: (a) have there been any criminal or administra-
tive proceedings or investigations against the firm, a principal or key
employee of the firm, or any affiliate of the firm; or (b) have there been
any civil proceedings against the firm, a principal or key employee of the
firm, or any affiliate of the firm in each case that resulted in an adverse
disposition? If so, please describe.
2. Is the firm currently aware of any pending criminal or administrative

proceedings against the firm, a principal or key employee of the firm,
or any affiliate of the firm?
3. Have any adverse dispositions materially impacted any of the funds

or accounts managed by the firm?
H. Infrastructure and Controls
1. Please describe the firm’s current trading, portfolio management, and

post-trade reconciliation and accounting infrastructure, identifying any
significant deployments of third-party software.
2. Please describe how trades are generally executed. What types of controls
are typically used to help prevent unwanted executions from occurring?
3. Please describe the typical trade reconciliation process and frequency.

What segregations of duty are generally employed in the process?
4. Please describe how cash or other asset transfers can be authorized, both
for transfers within a vehicle managed by the firm, as well as to external
parties. What types of controls are generally used to prevent unwanted
transfers from occurring?
5. Please describe how the firm handles trading errors.
6. Does the firm or its affiliates retain errors and omissions insurance?
06 | Appendix II
2. Market Risk
I. Business Continuity
Does the firm maintain a written BC/DR plan? If not, how does the firm
plan to maximize its ability to recover from business interruptions?
II. Overview of Activities of the

Investment Manager
A. Vehicles Managed
1. Please provide a description of the major investment vehicles managed
by the investment manager.
2. What are the aggregate assets under management of the investment
manager?
3. Does the firm manage separate accounts? If so, please describe.
4. Does the investment manager or any of its employees have an interest in
any of the investment vehicles managed by the investment manager? If
so, what is the amount of this interest in the aggregate?
B. Other Businesses
Does the investment manager engage materially in other businesses apart
from asset management? If so, please describe.
C. Conflicts of Interest
1. Please describe those conflicts of interest that you consider material to
the management of the investment vehicles. How do you address these
conflicts?
2. Does the firm engage in cross-trades or principal cross-trades with or
among the accounts and/or investment vehicles it manages? If so, what
controls are generally in place to protect the participating investment
vehicles or accounts?

3. Does the firm have any affiliates or subsidiaries that are broker-dealers
or execution agents? If yes, do these broker-dealers or execution agents:
(a) execute on behalf of investment vehicles managed by the firm; and
(b) charge commissions or mark-ups on these executions or otherwise
bill expenses to investment vehicles managed by the firm in instances in
which the investment vehicle is not the sole owner of the execution agent
or broker-dealer? If so, please describe these arrangements.
III. Fund Information
A. Fund Overview and Investment Approach

1. Please describe the fund’s legal structure.
2. Please provide a brief description of the investment strategies generally
deployed by the fund.
3. What types of financial instruments does the fund generally trade?
4. In which geographical markets does the fund generally trade?
5. Approximately how many positions does the fund generally hold?
What is the typical maximum position size?
6. Please describe the portfolio turnover.
B. Fund Capital and Investor Base

1. What is the capital base of the fund?
2. How many investors are currently invested in the fund?
3. If the fund maintains a master-feeder structure with both U.S and non-
U.S. feeder entities, what percentage of the capital base is invested in the
U.S. fund? The non-U.S. feeder fund?
08 | Appendix II
C. Fund Terms
1. Are there multiple classes of interests or multiple feeder entities in
the fund?
2. Please list, for each class of interest or feeder:
a. Investment minimum;
b. Management fee;
c. Performance fee, including hurdle rates, high-water marks, and loss
carryforwards, if any; and
d. Redemption terms, including any fees payable, lock-ups, gating
provisions, or other restrictions.
3. Can the investment manager suspend redemptions, suspend the payment
of redemption proceeds, pay redemption proceeds in-kind, or otherwise
elect to deviate from the redemption terms described in 2(d) above? If so,
please describe.
4. Have gates been imposed in the past? If so, under what circumstances
were the gates imposed? If gates have been imposed in the past, have
those gates been lifted? If so, under what circumstances were the gates
lifted?
5. Does the firm generally charge additional expenses to the fund, including
operating expenses, audit fees, administrative fees, fund organizational
expenses, legal fees, sales fees, salaries, rent, or other charges not detailed
in (2) above? If so, please describe. What was the total amount of these
expenses in each of the last three calendar years as a percentage of total
fund assets under management, if applicable?
6. What is the firm’s policy with regard to side letters? Do any investors in
the fund experience fee or redemption terms that differ materially from
those listed above? If so, please describe.

D. Performance History
Please provide a performance history for the fund.
E. Risk Management
1. Please describe the firm’s risk management philosophy and discuss the
approach used by the firm in the management of the fund’s exposure
to: equity, interest-rate, currency, and credit market risk (as applicable);
financing and counterparty risk; and operational risk.
2. Does the firm rely on third parties to perform any portion of its risk
management function?
3. What types of risk measures does the firm use in its risk management
function?
F. Valuation
1. Please describe the process of valuation of the fund’s positions, including
valuation process for positions that do not have a market price. Please
discuss in particular the frequency of valuation and whether any third-
party services are employed in the valuation process (and, if so, how these
third parties are monitored).
2. Has the fund had a material restatement of its financial statements or any
prior results since inception? If so, please describe. Was the restatement
the result of an audit by an external auditing firm?
G. Fund Service Providers

1. If the fund employs an administrator, please provide its contact
information.
2. Please provide information concerning legal counsel used by the fund,
if any.
3. Please name the main prime brokers used by the fund.
H. Investor Communications
What types of investor communication does the fund currently provide,
and with what frequency?
Unless otherwise indicated, the information below is as of [recent date].
10 | Appendix II
APPENDIX III
Supplemental Information on
Risk Monitoring Practices for
Hedge Fund Managers
The objective of this appendix is to elaborate upon the supplemen-

tal discussion of risk management practices contained in Section
4—Risk Management. This appendix describes the general array
of risk management techniques and methodologies currently avail-
able, in addition to addressing the specific techniques and method-
ologies that should be considered as part of sound risk monitoring
practices for Hedge Fund Managers. The latter discussion includes
further explanations of valuation, liquidity, and leverage from the
perspective of Hedge Fund Managers.
This appendix begins by providing used in financial markets for

an overview of the risks faced by monitoring market risk—VAR,
a Hedge Fund Manager in Section scenario analyses and stress tests,
1—Management, Trading, and and back-testing;
Information Technology Controls.1
The descriptions of the practices • The importance of analyzing
for monitoring market risk (Section funding liquidity risk. While the
2—Responsibilities to Investors), measures for monitoring funding
funding liquidity risk (Section 3— liquidity described in this appendix
Determination of Net Asset Value), are used in other industries, Hedge
and leverage (Section 4—Risk Fund Managers should focus signi-
Management) form the core of this ficant attention on funding liquid-
appendix and address the following ity given the impact it can have on
key issues: the viability of a Hedge Fund; and
• Risk monitoring techniques. This • Leverage in the context of Hedge
appendix will discuss generally Funds. While leverage is not
certain techniques that are often unique to Hedge Funds, the
1
Valuation policies and practices are discussed in Sound Practices in Section 3—
Determination of Net Asset Value. While not explicitly part of the risk management
team, proper valuation practices are crucial to effective risk monitoring.
MFA’s Sound Practices for Hedge Fund Managers | 01

Supplemental Information on Risk Monitoring
Practices for Hedge Fund Managers
market risk inherent in a Hedge This appendix concludes with a

Fund, coupled with the constraints description of practices for monitor-
imposed by funding liquidity, ing counterparty credit risk (Section
make the amplifying effect of lever- 5—Regulatory Controls). Because
age of particular concern to Hedge Funds generally deal with
a Hedge Fund Manager. counterparties having high credit
quality, the credit risk of counterpar-
This appendix describes a group of
ties may be of less concern to Hedge
static leverage measures, both finan-
Fund Managers than the other
cial statement-based and risk-based
sources of risk, but should nonethe-
leverage measures. Also described in
less by appropriately monitored.
this appendix are dynamic leverage
measures that can provide additional
information to the Hedge Fund
Manager.
I. Overview: The Risks Faced by

a Hedge Fund Manager
Effective risk management requires that the Hedge Fund Manager recog-
nize and understand the source of the returns the Hedge Fund is earning
(i.e., the risks to which the Hedge Fund is exposed). Consequently, one
of the primary responsibilities of the Hedge Fund Manager’s risk manage-
ment team is to identify and quantify the sources of risk.
While observers often distinguish agers should recognize that “market

four broad types of risk—market risk” incorporates elements of credit
risk, credit risk, liquidity risk, and risk and liquidity risk. Defined most
operational risk2—it is important to narrowly, market risk focuses on the
recognize that these risks are inter- impact of changes in the prices of
related. Indeed, Hedge Fund Man- (or rates for) securities and deriva-
2
“Sovereign risk” may be viewed either as “credit risk”, if the potential loss is related to
the financial solvency of the sovereign, or as “market risk”, if the potential loss is related
to policy decisions made by the sovereign that changes the market value of positions (e.g.,
currency controls). “Legal risk”, other than those covered by the preceding discussion of
“sovereign risk”, would be included as “operational risk”.
02 | Appendix III
1.0 Overview: The Risks Faced by a Hedge Fund Manager
tives, the volatilities of those prices, Hedge Fund Managers’ ability to

and the correlations between pairs of finance its positions. Section 3 of
prices on the value of the portfolio. this appendix will indicate why this
However, elements of liquidity risk risk is of greater concern to Hedge
and credit risk have a similar focus. Fund Managers than to other enti-
For example: ties and will describe the techniques
that should be used by Hedge Fund
• Changes in liquidity impact on the
Managers to monitor funding
value of a security or derivative.
liquidity risk.
This element of liquidity risk is
sometimes referred to as asset or The Hedge Fund Manager should
“market” liquidity risk; and also consider “leverage”. However,
• Changes in the creditworthiness leverage is not an independent
of an entity impact on the value source of risk; rather, it is a factor
of a security or derivative issued that influences the rapidity with
by or indexed to that entity. which changes in market risk, credit
risk, or liquidity risk factors change
Because these three risks all focus the value of the portfolio. Indeed, it
explicitly on changes in the value is essential to consider what leverage
of an asset or the portfolio, Hedge means—or does not mean—in the
Fund Managers should integrate context of a Hedge Fund:
the monitoring and management
• A single leverage number may not
of them (i.e., view them as a group,
contain very much information.
rather than individually). Hence,
As will be illustrated in this appen-
in Section 2 of this appendix, “mar-
dix, a risk-reducing transaction can
ket risk” will encompass the credit
increase some leverage measures
risk associated with assets held in
while decreasing others;
the portfolio and asset (or market)
liquidity risk, as well as the more • The liquidity or price volatility
commonly cited market risk factors: of the position being leveraged
interest rate risk; foreign exchange is relevant to assessing effective
rate risk; equity price risk; and leverage. The leverage employed
commodity price risk. by a Hedge Fund that holds one-
year Treasury bills with ten-to-one
In addition to having an impact on leverage may be of less concern
the value of securities or derivatives than that employed by a Hedge
held by the Hedge Fund, changes Fund levered two-to-one with
in funding liquidity can impact the respect to the S&P 500 Index;

The Risks Faced by a Hedge Fund Manager
• A Hedge Fund’s capacity to Fund investors that can withdraw

absorb losses—its “funding liquid- their funds on short notice; and
ity”—is relevant to assessing its
• Other factors may also be
effective leverage. Leverage should
relevant to the assessment of
be measured relative to a Hedge
Hedge Fund’s effective leverage.
Fund’s capacity to absorb losses.
These may include such consid-
A Hedge Fund that has a relatively
erations as the level of position
high level of financial statement-
concentration in the Hedge Fund
based leverage may pose a smaller
portfolio, overall market volatility
risk than a less levered Hedge Fund
and correlation conditions,
with low cash positions, limited
and other “situation-specific”
borrowing capacity, or Hedge
considerations.
Stylized Portfolios
In Sections 2, 3, and 4, of this appendix, a collection of stylized portfo-

lios and balance sheets are used to illustrate and compare the meas-
ures of market risk, funding liquidity risk, and leverage that are also
discussed in the Recommendations. As described below, these simple
portfolios are composed of various combinations of three hypothetical
securities (which are denoted as Asset 1, Asset 2, and Asset 3) and two
derivative contracts. Two of the securities are lower risk assets, with
annualized volatility of 30% and 25%, respectively. The third asset is a
higher risk asset with annual volatility of 60%. The two derivatives are
simple futures contracts on the two low risk securities; therefore, they
have the same volatility as those securities.
Each portfolio is part of a simple balance sheet. It is assumed that $100
of investor equity funds each strategy. To calculate all of the various
risk measures, the stylized balance sheets also indicate a cash position, a
futures margin position, and a liability account that reflects any financ-
ing transactions. The required futures margin is 10% in cash, which is
not counted as liquidity. In addition, up to 50% of Asset 1, 2, or 3 can
be borrowed, and 50% of the proceeds from a short sale are available to
finance investments.
For each portfolio, various measures of market risk, liquidity, and
leverage have been calculated. Note that not all the risk measures are
relevant for every portfolio.
04 | Appendix III
• Portfolios 1 and 2 illustrate positions with identical market risk but
different investments to implement the strategy. Portfolio 1 is an
un-leveraged investment in Asset 1, while Portfolio 2 uses the futures
contract on Asset 1 to implement the same strategy.
• Portfolios 3 and 4 are leveraged versions of Portfolios 1 and 2. The
use of balance sheet leverage (Portfolio 1) or additional derivatives
contracts (Portfolio 2) has the effect of increasing the market risk of
both portfolios.
• Like Portfolios 3 and 4, Portfolio 5 is more risky than Portfolios 1 and
2. Instead of employing traditional leverage, however, the additional
risk arises because the manager switches from a lower-risk strategy
(invests in Asset 1) to a higher-risk investment strategy (invests in
Asset 3).
• Portfolios 6 and 7 use long and short investments to illustrate the
effect of a type of hedging by being long in one asset and short in
another that is positively correlated with the first. In Portfolio 6, the
strategy is implemented in the cash market, while Portfolio 7 achieves
identical market risk using a combination of cash and futures. As
discussed later, these portfolios illustrate the complexity that can ap-
pear as the portfolio increases in size—although Portfolios 6 and 7 are
generally less risky than Portfolios 3 and 4, there are conditions under
which these can become significantly more risky.
• Portfolios 8 and 9 are used to illustrate the effect of matched book
assets—either in the futures market or the cash market—on traditional
leverage and liquidity measures. Portfolios 8 and 9 represent the same
net positions as Portfolios 1 and 2; however, the positions are estab-
lished by combining a short position in Asset 1 or futures on Asset 1
(i.e., -20) with long positions in the same asset (i.e., 100), rather than
only long positions (i.e., 80).

The Risks Faced by a Hedge Fund Manager
Table 1: Stylized Portfolios
Unlevered Levered Unlevered Long/Short Unlevered

Cash versus Cash versus High Risk Strategy Strategy with
Futures Futures Cash versus Matched
Futures Book Assets
Cash Futures Levered Futures High Risk Long/ Long/ Hedged Hedged
Only Only Cash Cash Short Short Cash Futures
Cash Mixed
Portfolio 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Summary Balance Sheet

Capital 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Borrowing 0 0 30 30
(outright or repo)
Investments
Cash Market
Transactions
Asset 1 80 120 120 120 100, -20
Asset 2 -60
Asset 3 80
Derivatives Market
Transactions
Futures on Asset 1 80 120 100, -20
Futures on Asset 2 -60
Cash 20 92 10 88 20 10 4 10 88
Futures Margin 0 8 0 12 0 0 6 0 12
As noted above, for Hedge Fund Operational risks faced by Hedge

Managers, changes in credit quality Fund Managers are much the same
that affect the value of the portfolio as those faced by other financial in-
through a change in the price of stitutions—data entry errors, fraud,
securities owned are incorporated reconciliation errors, and system
into “market risk”. However, Hedge failures and errors in valuation or
Fund Managers are also exposed to risk measurement models. The ap-
counterparty credit risk. Changes in propriate techniques and practices
the credit quality of counterparties to deal with these risks are, likewise,
can impose costs on the Hedge Fund the same techniques and practices
either in the form of an increase in used by other entities. As noted in
expected losses due to counterparty the Recommendations, these include
failure to perform or by forcing the random spot checks, maintenance of
Hedge Fund Manager to find alter- a single, centralized data set, contin-
native counterparties. gency plans for responding to failures
in the Hedge Fund Manager’s sys-
tems, or for responding to the failure
of a third-party service provider.
06 | Appendix III
II. Market Risk
Encompassing the credit risk associated with securities and derivatives
in the portfolio and asset liquidity risk, as well as interest rate risk, foreign
exchange rate risk, equity price risk, and commodity price risk.
A Hedge Fund Manager should One model that is intended to pro-

employ a consistent framework for vide a summary market risk measure
measuring the risk of loss for a port- that incorporates correlations
folio (and relevant subcomponents between positions is VAR. VAR
of the portfolio). In order for the measures the maximum change in
Hedge Fund Manager to manage the value of the portfolio that would
the risks that the Hedge Fund faces, be expected at a specified confidence
its risk management team needs to level over a specified holding period.
produce some useful measures and For example, if the 95% confidence
analyses of risk. While the choice of level one-day VAR for a portfolio is
framework or model for measuring $500,000, one would expect to gain
risk should be left to each Hedge or lose more than $500,000 in only
Fund Manager, the Hedge Fund five of every 100 trading days on
Manager should be aware of the average. One of the roles of the risk
structural limitations of the model management team is to identify the
selected and actively manage these factors affecting the risk and return
limitations, including the impact of of the Hedge Fund’s investments,
any model breakdown. both within individual portfolios
and across the entire range of activi-
For example, measuring the degree ties of the Hedge Fund Manager.
to which the portfolio is diversified Those factors should be incorporat-
(e.g., the percentages of the portfolio ed into the risk monitoring process
allocated to different asset classes or and, where appropriate, be included
to different geographical regions) in the market risk model. Factors
may be useful, but it is important that are commonly incorporated in
for the Hedge Fund Manager to a market risk model include:
recognize and understand the cor-
relations between positions. For • Prices for equities and/or equity
complex portfolios, many summary indices;
measures of market risk do not • Level and shape of the interest
reflect such correlations. rate term structure in relevant
currencies;

Market Risk
• Foreign exchange rates; methodologies that have become

standard forms of VAR over the past
• Commodity prices;
several years:
• Credit spreads;
• Variance/Covariance. Under this
• Nonlinearities (particularly for method, which is probably the
instruments with elements of most widely used VAR methodol-
optionality); ogy, the program draws volatil-
ity (variance) and correlation
• Volatilities; and (covariance) information from data
• Correlation. histories, for each position in the
portfolio, and calculates the vola-
The risk management team may also tility estimate under the assump-
consider incorporating “asset liquid- tion that the returns for the overall
ity” (i.e., the potential exposure to portfolio will assume a normal
loss attributable to changes in the distribution. It is the least process
liquidity of the market in which the intensive and perhaps the easiest of
asset is traded) as an additional fac- the VAR methodologies;
tor. Measures of asset liquidity that
may be considered include: • Historical Volatility. Under this
approach, the VAR portfolio
• The number of days that would actually is repriced each day over
be required to liquidate and/or the data history, a daily trading
neutralize the position in question; P/L calculation is derived and
and ranked in ascending order. The
• The value that would be lost if risk estimate is then set at the level
the asset in question were to be consistent with the confidence
liquidated and/or neutralized interval selected for the analysis.
completely within such period. Historical volatility is very process
intensive, but is considered by
many to be the most effective form
Parameter Selection of VAR; and
In order to calculate a VAR measure, • Monte Carlo Simulation. Under
a number of parameters should be the Monte Carlo approach, the
input; these parameters describe the portfolio is repriced across large
positions in the portfolio and the numbers of random observa-
underlying markets. In addition, us- tions that are consistent with the
ers of VAR should select across three volatility history of the underlying
08 | Appendix III
2. Market Risk
instruments. Like historical VAR, necessary to liquidate (or neutral-

these observations are then ranked ize) the positions in the portfolio.
in ascending order, and the risk In practice, if the Hedge Fund has
estimate is set at a level consistent positions in thinly traded or illiquid
with the applicable confidence instruments, it is difficult to deter-
interval. Historical Monte Carlo mine the correct liquidation/neu-
VAR is typically only used for tralization period for the portfolio.
very complex portfolios, featuring Consequently, good practice is to
abundant nonlinearities. use standard holding periods (e.g.,
one day, three days, five days, and
Each method, if applied accurately
10 days in the base-case VAR calcu-
and in a manner consistent with the
lation and then employ stress tests
risk and capital allocation policies of
to determine the degree of holding
the Hedge Fund, can be an effective,
period risk in the portfolio).
if imperfect, means of estimating
exposure.
Confidence Level
In addition to the selection of VAR There is no mathematical formula
methodology, for a given portfolio, that defines the appropriate con-
the parameters most likely to have fidence level; the appropriate con-
a significant impact on the VAR fidence level is determined by the
value are the time horizon or hold- business circumstances of the entity.
ing period (the period of time that Different types of businesses should
would be necessary for the portfolio and do use different confidence
to be liquidated or neutralized), the levels. The appropriate confidence
confidence level (the probability that level for a specific Hedge Fund will
the change in the value of the port- be a business decision that is deter-
folio would exceed the VAR), and mined by the specific circumstances
the variance-covariance data (which of the Hedge Fund. Senior manage-
reflects the volatility of the individual ment of the Hedge Fund Manager
market factors and the correlation should be actively involved in this
between pairs of factors). These pa- determination.
rameters are explained further below.
Variance-Covariance Data3
Time Horizon While the measure of the risk of
The time horizon or holding period individual market factors (i.e.,
used in the VAR calculation is the variances of the market factors)
intended to reflect the time period is important, the question of the
3
Parameter selection is only applicable for Variance/Covariance matrix.

Market Risk
degree of correlation (i.e., covari- To address this limitation, the

ance) between pairs of market factors Hedge Fund Manager should
is critical, because correlation has perform scenario analyses regularly,
such a large impact on the VAR cal- to assess the VAR for the current
culation. A number of VAR models portfolio in periods of market stress.
use historic correlations. However,
In creating scenario analyses, a
since historic correlations are unsta-
Hedge Fund Manager should use
ble (especially during periods of mar-
both historical stress periods (e.g.,
ket stress), the Hedge Fund Manager
October 19, 1987 when the equity
should employ scenario analyses and
markets “crashed”, the Asian finan-
stress testing (see below) to ascertain
cial crisis of 1997, and the stock
the impact of inaccurate correlation
market declines after March 2000
assumptions.
(bursting of the “dot-com” bubble)).
Beyond a Single VAR Number Stress Testing

Hedge Fund Managers should stress
Hedge Fund Managers should
test the VAR number by changing
recognize that a single VAR number
the parameters of the VAR model.
is not sufficient to capture all risks
Stress tests permit the Hedge Fund
faced by the Hedge Fund and that
Manager to see what will happen
successful risk management requires
to the VAR number if the actual
the risk management team to ana-
values of market factors (i.e., prices,
lyze both the sensitivity of the VAR
rates, volatilities, etc.) differ from the
to alternative market conditions
values used as inputs in the base-case
and the reliability of the VAR
VAR calculation.
calculations.
Among the potential changes in
Scenario Analysis market conditions that should be
By their nature, VAR calculations considered in stress testing are:
are based on “typical” market days.
• Changes in prices;
Periods of market stress or crisis—
the very times of greatest concern • Changes in interest rate term
—will not be well represented in structures; and
the data for a typical period; so the
• Changes in correlations between
resulting VAR number will underes-
prices.
timate the risks of severe markets.
10 | Appendix III
If the portfolio contains options or If specific asset liquidity factors
instruments with options character- are incorporated in the market risk
istics, additional changes that should model, these asset liquidity factors
be considered as part of stress can be “stressed” to examine the
testing are: impact of: (1) changes in the value
that could be lost if the position
• Changes in volatilities; and
in question were to be liquidated
• Changes in nonlinearities and/or neutralized completely dur-
(e.g., convexity or gamma). ing the standard holding period; or
(2) changes in the number of days
Hedge Fund Managers also should required to liquidate and/or neutral-
consider including the effects of ize the position in question.
changes in the liquidity of various
assets in their stress testing. For Of particular concern to Hedge
example, Hedge Fund Managers Fund Managers are “breakdowns”
could examine the effects of chang- in the correlations reflected in cur-
ing the holding period. A horizon rent market data. In times of market
of several days may reveal strings of crisis, the correlations between
losses (or gains) that, while indi- asset prices or rates can change dra-
vidually consistent with the one-day matically and unexpectedly, with
predicted distributions, in total add the result that positions that were
up to a significant deviation from thought to be diversifying—or even
the market risk model’s predicted hedging —end up compounding
distribution. risk. While it remains difficult to
hedge correlation risk, stress tests
Rather than changing the holding to evaluate the impact of correlation
period to reflect the illiquidity of changes permit the Hedge Fund
securities or derivatives, the Hedge Manager to help ensure that, when
Fund Manager could gauge the the Hedge Fund Manager selects the
impact of illiquidity by inputting assets to be included in the portfo-
changes for the appropriate market lio, the Hedge Fund is accepting the
risk factors that are reflective of mul- desired level of correlation risk (and
tiple-day market price movements is being compensated for bearing
(as opposed to single-day changes). that risk).

Market Risk
Illustrative Risk Measures
Table 2 contains several illustrative VAR measures for each of the nine
stylized portfolios introduced earlier:
• Standard VAR – A 95% One-Day VAR is calculated using the his-
torical volatilities for the assets and assuming the correlation between
Assets is 0.3;
• Stressed VAR 1 – The 95% One-Day VAR is recalculated increasing
the volatility of each asset by 50% (i.e., to 45% for Asset 1, to 37.5%
for Asset 2, and to 90% for Asset 3) and increasing the correlation
between all assets to 0.9; and
• Stressed VAR 2 – The 95% One-Day VAR is recalculated again
increasing the volatilities by 50% as above, but decreasing the correla-
tion between assets to zero.
Table 2 provides confirmation of some general propositions regarding

the VAR measures:
• Identical positions have the same VAR regardless of whether they
are implemented in the cash market (e.g., Portfolio 1) or the futures
market (e.g., Portfolio 2). Identical in this case refers to the fact that
the cash and futures positions represent the price risk associated with
the same asset and in the same amount as discussed below, other risk
measures, such as liquidity, are not identical;
• VAR can be increased via traditional balance sheet leverage or the use
of additional derivatives contracts. Portfolios 3 and 4 illustrate the
effect of leverage on the first two portfolios;
• VAR can be increased by choosing higher risk assets, regardless of
leverage, as illustrated in Portfolio 5; and
• A hedge is not always a hedge. The “hedge” established via Portfolios
6 and 7 presumes that Assets 1 and 2 are positively correlated. Under
normal conditions (i.e., when correlation equals 0.3 in this example)
the tendency of Asset 1 and Asset 2 to move together results in the
VAR of Portfolio 6 being similar to the VAR of Portfolio 3 even
though the total position size is larger. When the correlation gets
more positive (Stressed VAR 1), the hedge is better, and VAR stays
12 | Appendix III
Table 2: Markets of Market Risk

Futures Book Assets
Cash Mixed
Portfolio 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Capital 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Borrowing 0 0 30 30
(outright or repo)
Investments
Cash Market
Transactions
Asset 1 80 120 120 120 100, -20
Asset 2 -60
Asset 3 80
Derivatives Market
Transactions
Cash 20 92 10 88 20 10 4 10 88
Futures Margin 0 8 0 12 0 0 6 0 12
Risk Measures
Standard VAR (asset 2.50 2.50 3.76 3.76 5.01 3.61 3.61 2.50 2.50
Correlation = 0.3)
Stressed VAR 1 3.76 3.76 5.64 5.64 7.51 3.67 3.67 3.76 3.76
(Vol+50%; Asset
Correlation = .90)
Stressed VAR 2 3.76 3.76 5.64 5.64 7.51 6.10 6.10 3.76 3.76
(Vol+50%; Asset
Correlation = 0)
Sharpe Ratio 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.05 1.32 0.69 0.69 1.05 1.05
relatively unchanged even though overall volatility in the market has

increased by 50%. However, when the correlation gets less positive
(Stressed VAR 2), the hedge is much less effective and the combined
effect of higher volatility and lower correlation results in a signifi-
cantly larger VAR. As was the case with the earlier portfolios, the use
of futures or cash market investments does not change the market risk
measure, as evidenced by the identical VAR of Portfolios 6 and 7.

Market Risk
Back-testing • Model(s) did not adequately

Perhaps even more important than capture sources of risk.
analyzing the sensitivity of the VAR
number is “back-testing” the VAR to
see how it performed. By comparing Relating Earnings and Risk
actual changes in the value of the It was noted at the outset that effec-
portfolio to the changes generated tive risk management requires the
by the VAR calculation, the Hedge Hedge Fund Manager to recognize
Fund Manager can gain insight into and understand the risks the Hedge
whether the VAR model is accurate- Fund faces. That, in turn, requires
ly measuring a Hedge Fund’s risk. the Hedge Fund Manager to un-
derstand the various sources of the
In back-testing, one expects that Hedge Fund’s earnings, both the size
the portfolio will lose more than of the earnings and their volatility.
the VAR from time to time. For ex-
ample, a 95% one-day VAR should One way that Hedge Fund Manag-
be exceeded five days in every 100 ers can accomplish this attribution
trading days on average. When the is by decomposing the daily value
actual changes in the value of the changes by market factors. The ob-
portfolio exceed VAR, the Hedge jective is to determine if the actual
Fund Manager should determine changes were what would have been
the source of the discrepancy (i.e., predicted, given the now known
whether the VAR measure is flawed changes in the market factors. If the
or whether this loss is simply one observed change in the value of the
which was expected given the confi- portfolio differs significantly from
dence level employed). Other poten- the change that would be expected,
tial sources of deviations include: given the composition of the port-
• A change in the composition of folio and the observed changes in
the portfolio between calculation the market factors, the differences
and observation; should be reconciled.
• Pricing models under/overstated Such a source-of-return and source-

obtainable prices; of-risk attribution process sets the
stage for linking performance meas-
• A change in the underlying urement with risk measurement.
market, including changes in the The Sharpe Ratio is widely used by
volatility, correlation, or liquidity
of the factors used in the market
risk model; and
14 | Appendix III
2. Market Risk
investors to measure a portfolio’s While VAR and the Sharpe Ratio

risk-adjusted performance over a contain some similar information,
specific period.4 The numerator of the two measures are different tools,
the Sharpe Ratio is a measure of designed for different purposes.
portfolio return during the period; VAR is primarily a risk measure-
the denominator is a measure of ment tool. The Sharpe Ratio is a
the risk incurred in achieving the summary measure, combining both
return. (For example, over the past risk and return information. More-
decade the Sharpe Ratio for the over, while VAR is a risk measure
S&P 500 has been approximately and the denominator of the Sharpe
1.2.) Investors prefer higher Sharpe Ratio contains a risk measure, these
Ratios, since a higher Sharpe Ratio two risk measures are quite differ-
indicates that the portfolio earned ent. The risk measure used in the
superior returns relative to the level denominator of the Sharpe Ratio is
of risk incurred. a historical measure; it characterizes
the actual volatility of the return
There are a number of ways in over some historical period. In
which return and risk could be cal- contrast, VAR is intended to be a
culated. Below is the Sharpe Ratio prospective measure of risk.
for an arbitrary portfolio—desig-
nated as Portfolioj—calculated using
the most common conventions
for measuring return and risk. The
numerator is the return earned on
the portfolio (Rj) in excess of the
risk-free rate of return (Rf) (i.e.,
the interest rate earned on risk-free
securities such as U.S. Treasury
securities) over the same period. The
denominator—the risk incurred—is
measured as the standard deviation
of the portfolio’s daily return j.
Rj-Rf
(Sharpe Ratio)j =
j
4
The Sharpe Ratio is attributed to William F. Sharpe, who described a measure of
“return to variability” for use in comparing investment performance.

III. Funding Liquidity Risk
While other entities face funding liquidity risk, this risk is a more central
concern to Hedge Fund Managers than others, because funding liquidity
problems can rapidly increase a Hedge Fund’s risk of failure. As is de-
scribed in the following box, a lack of funding liquidity can contribute
to a crisis situation for the Hedge Fund.
Liquidity Crisis Cycle
Hedge Fund Managers should be concerned about a confluence of risks

(i.e., market or credit risk events affecting illiquid positions that are
leveraged). Such a confluence of events could require the Hedge Fund
to liquidate positions into a market that cascades in price because of a
high volume of liquidation orders. Such a situation could be decom-
posed into three stages:
1. A loss that acts as the triggering event.
2. A need to liquidate positions in a disorderly manner to raise cash
because of this loss. The liquidation may be required either because
the Hedge Fund should post margin with its counterparties or
because of redemptions by investors due to the loss.
3. A further drop in the Hedge Fund’s NAV as the market reacts to
actions by the Hedge Fund. Obviously, attempts by the Hedge Fund
to sell in too great a quantity or too quickly for the market liquid-
ity to bear can cause a further drop in prices, precipitating a further
decline in the Hedge Fund’s NAV, and leading in turn to yet a
further need to liquidate to satisfy margin calls or redemptions. This
downward spiral can be exacerbated if other market participants
have information about the Hedge Fund’s positions.
The point of no return comes when the effect of liquidation has a
greater impact on the value of the remaining Hedge Fund position
than the amount of cash raised from the liquidation. If this happens,
the Hedge Fund is caught in an accelerating, downward spiral, and
eventually it will not be able to satisfy the demands of its creditors or
investors. Once the losses move beyond a critical point, it becomes
a self-sustaining crisis that feeds off of the need for liquidity, a need
imposed by the demands of the Hedge Fund’s creditors and investors.
16 | Appendix III
Because of its importance, Hedge need to have measures of potential
Fund Managers should focus sig- liquidity that reflect the riskiness
nificant attention and resources on of the portfolio;
measuring and managing funding
• Worst Historical Drawdown. This
liquidity risk. There exist a range
indicator provides a measure of
of measures Hedge Fund Managers
risk and of the amount of liquidity
can use to track funding liquidity
the Hedge Fund has required in
risk. Hedge Fund Managers should
the past. This measure is, however,
monitor the liquidity available in
a backward-looking measure of
the Hedge Fund by tracking its cash
risk and may not be indicative of
position (i.e., cash and short-term
the Hedge Fund’s current expo-
securities issued by high-credit-qual-
sure; and
ity entities) and its borrowing capa-
city (e.g., access to borrowings under • VAR. As aforementioned, VAR
margin rules or credit lines). is currently the most widely used
prospective measure of market
Beyond measures of available liquid- risk. Consequently, tracking the
ity, Hedge Fund Managers should ratio of Cash or Cash + Borrow-
also monitor measures of relative ing capacity to VAR provides the
liquidity. Hedge Fund Mana- Hedge Fund Manager with an
gers should relate the measures of indication of whether the Hedge
liquidity (Cash or Cash + Borrow- Fund’s liquidity relative to its need
ing capacity) to the need for that for liquidity is rising or falling.
liquidity. The following measures
are indicators of a Hedge Fund’s
potential need for liquidity:
• Equity or NAV. Generally, a larger
Hedge Fund will require greater
levels of liquidity. However, a
Hedge Fund’s need for liquidity
during periods of market stress is
determined not only by the size
of the portfolio, but also by the
characteristics of the assets it holds
(in addition to a Hedge Fund’s
need to fund redemptions). Con-
sequently, Hedge Fund Managers

Illustrative Liquidity Measures
Table 3 on page 20 contains the results of calculating five of the

liquidity measures discussed in this section for each of the nine
stylized portfolios.
Available liquidity is measured by cash that is not committed as mar-
gin, and by cash plus the “borrowing capacity” of the assets. For the
three cash market assets, it is assumed that 50% of the value of a long
position can be borrowed (i.e., assume current Regulation T margin
requirements if the three assets were equities). For simplicity, short po-
sitions in the assets are assumed to have a 50% margin requirement, in
effect, allowing 50% of short trades to be used to fund long positions,
or for cash.
Several features of funding liquidity risk measurement are evidenced
by the stylized portfolios.
• Other things being equal, futures (and derivatives in general) require
the Hedge Fund Manager to use significantly less cash (at origina-
tion) than would an equivalent position established via a cash market
transaction. This is evidenced by Portfolios 1 and 2. However, not
reflected in these numbers is the interrelation of market risk, funding
liquidity risk, and leveraging. While the cash position uses more
cash at origination than does the futures position, if the value of the
underlying asset were to change dramatically, the resulting margin call
on the futures position could have a significant impact on the Hedge
Fund’s cash position.
• For the same amount of initial capital, the use of leverage (e.g., Port-
folios 3 and 4) both consume borrowing capacity and increase VAR;
so, measures of available liquidity and relative measures indicate that
liquidity declines.
• Use of leverage in the cash market decreases available cash faster
than the identical strategy implemented with futures. The increase
in traditional balance sheet leverage (i.e., use of margin to buy assets)
in Portfolio 3 sharply reduces both absolute and relative measures of
liquidity since either cash or borrowing capacity is consumed in the
process. The identical economic leverage is obtained using futures
in Portfolio 4, but the decrease in liquidity is less pronounced. The
caveat about future cash requirements for futures positions that was
raised in the first point applies here, as well.
18 | Appendix III
Q Use of a relative liquidity measure (e.g., VAR/(Cash + Borrowing
capacity)) captures the impact of investing in higher risk assets, while
holding the amount invested constant. Portfolio 5 shows that while
absolute liquidity is the same as for Portfolio 1, liquidity relative to
VAR has decreased (i.e., VAR is a higher percentage of available cash).
Q Portfolios 6 and 7 illustrate once again that identical market risk
portfolios present different funding liquidity risk profiles. Portfolio 7,
which uses futures to short Asset 2 while borrowing against Asset 1, is
less liquid than Portfolio 6 that shorts Asset 2 in the cash market. The
difference is simply that short positions in futures (and derivatives in
general) do not generate cash.
Additional insight about funding redemptions. Also, Hedge Fund

liquidity can be gained by looking at Managers should strengthen lines
the variability in the relative liquidity of communication with their credit
measure over time. A relative liquid- providers, providing them with sum-
ity measure that varies over time is mary measures of the Hedge Fund’s
evident and consistent with “effective risk and liquidity consistent with the
liquidity” (i.e., the assets are liquid nature of the relationship. Hedge
and the manager is willing to take Fund Managers should actively
advantage of that liquidity). manage (or monitor) the cash in
margin accounts. Similarly, Hedge
Beyond simply monitoring liquidity, Fund Managers should negotiate
Hedge Fund Managers should man- haircuts, the speed at which prime
age liquidity in several dimensions. brokers can dictate an increase in
Foremost is the use of the Hedge margin rates, and bilateral collateral
Fund Manager’s experience and agreements, where appropriate, to
judgment to maintain liquidity lev- further reduce the likelihood of
els that are adequate given the risk of running out of liquidity.
loss and/or the likelihood of investor

Table 3: Measures of Liquidity

Futures Book Assets
Cash Mixed
Portfolio 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Capital 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Borrowing 0 0 30 30
(outright or repo)
Investments
Cash Market
Transactions
Asset 1 80 120 120 120 100, -20
Asset 2 -60
Asset 3 80
Derivatives Market
Transactions
Cash 20 92 10 88 20 10 4 10 88
Futures Margin 0 8 0 12 0 0 6 0 12
Standard VAR (asset 2.50 2.50 3.76 3.76 5.01 3.61 3.61 2.50 2.50
Correlation = 0.3)
Liquidity Measures
Measures of Available
Liquidity
Cash 20 92 10 88 20 10 4 10 88
Cash + Borrowing 60 92 40 88 60 70 34 60 88
Capacity
Relative Measures
Cash/Equity 20% 92% 10% 88% 20% 10% 4% 10% 88%
(Cash + Borrowing 60% 92% 40% 88% 60% 70% 34% 60% 88%
Capacity)/Equity
VAR/(Cash + 4.2% 2.7% 9.4% 4.3% 8.3% 9.0% 10.6% 4.2% 2.8%
Borrowing
Capacity)
20 | Appendix III
IV. Leverage
As the Recommendations made clear, leverage is neither a concept that
can be uniquely defined, nor is it an independently useful measure of risk.
Nevertheless, leverage is important to Hedge Fund Managers because
of the impact it can have on the three major quantifiable sources of risk:
market risk; credit risk; and liquidity risk.
Leverage is not a uniquely defined age measures do not convey any

concept. For example, a variety of information about the role borrowed
“leverage” measures are used in the money plays in the risk of insolven-
areas of banking and finance. These cy. Investor-based leverage measures
measures, which are described in the extent to which dollars entering
more detail below, may be financial a hedge fund are themselves levered.
statement-based (also referred to as No single measure captures all of the
“asset-based”), risk-based, or inves- elements that market participants,
tor-based. The financial statement- regulators, or market observers at-
based measures attempt to capture tribute to the concept of leverage.
the traditional notion of leverage as Indeed, examples will be presented
“investing borrowed funds”. Using in which a risk-reducing transaction
borrowed money (or its equivalent) increases some leverage measures
enables an investor to increase the while decreasing others. This leads
assets controlled for a given level of to the observation that leverage is
equity capital. Financial statement- not an independently useful con-
based measures of leverage relate cept, but should be evaluated in the
some measure of asset value to eq- context of the quantifiable exposures
uity. Both returns and risk, relative of market, credit, and liquidity.
to equity, are magnified through the
use of traditional, financial state- While continuing to track and use
ment-based leverage. The risk-based financial statement-based measures
measures of leverage capture another of leverage, Hedge Fund Manag-
aspect associated with leverage, ers should focus their attention
namely, the risk of insolvency due to on measures of leverage that relate
changes in the value of the portfolio. the riskiness of the portfolio to
The risk-based measures relate a the capacity of the Hedge Fund to
measure of a Hedge Fund’s mar- absorb that risk (i.e., the measures
ket risk to its equity (or liquidity). should include elements of market
Although useful in this capacity, as risk (including the credit risk as-
described below, risk-based lever- sociated with assets in the portfolio)

Leverage
and funding liquidity risk). Hedge investing in “low risk” strategies

Fund Managers should focus on (e.g., long/short strategies) using
such measures because traditional borrowed funds, while the other
financial statement-based leverage by Hedge Fund uses no accounting
itself does not necessarily convey risk leverage but employs “high risk”
of insolvency. To say that one Hedge strategies (e.g., macro-directional)
Fund is levered 2-to-1 while another and large cash reserves. One is “high
is not levered does not necessar- risk” and “high cash” and the other
ily mean that the levered Hedge is “low risk” and “low cash/high bor-
Fund is more risky or more likely rowing”, yet each achieves the same
to encounter liquidity problems. If risk-based leverage. This comparison
the levered Hedge Fund is invested highlights the second reason why
in government securities while the leverage measures are not independ-
Hedge Fund that is not levered is ently useful—more comprehen-
invested in equities, financial state- sive measures blend the effect of
ment-based leverage would lead to multiple risk dimensions. To assess
erroneous conclusions about the the contribution of leverage requires
risk of the two funds. In this sense, additional information.
financial statement-based measures
of leverage are arguably deficient
since they convey the least informa- Financial Statement-Based
tion about the nature and risk of the Leverage Measures
assets in a portfolio. There exist a number of widely used
and generally accepted financial
Risk-based measures, see below, statement-based measures of lever-
present a measure of market risk age. In addition to the pragmatic
(usually VAR) relative to a measure recognition that counterparties and
of the resources available to absorb credit providers routinely request
risk (cash or equity). However, in these measures, a more compel-
doing so, risk-based measures effec- ling rationale for calculating these
tively condense several dimensions measures is that they can contribute
of risk into a single number. The to an understanding of leverage
result of this compression is that measures that incorporate risk. This
some of the detail is lost; the specific is particularly true when accounting
effect of leverage is intertwined with and risk-based leverage are tracked
dimensions of market, credit, and over time.
liquidity risk. To illustrate, consider
two funds with identical risk-based Certain accounting measures can
leverage. One Hedge Fund employs also provide information regarding
2-to-1 accounting leverage while
22 | Appendix III
how much direct or indirect credit • Net Balance Sheet Assets to
in the form of repurchase agree- Equity: (On-Balance-Sheet
ments, short sales, or derivatives are Assets-Matched Book Assets)/
employed by a Hedge Fund. How- Equity. While this measure requires
ever, it should be recognized that more detailed information about
even these financial statement-based the positions in a Hedge Fund’s
measures have serious weaknesses, portfolio, it does provide a partial
discussed below, particularly as solution to the shortcomings of
stand-alone measures of leverage. the Gross Balance Sheet Assets to
equity measure by including off-
The most widely used and generally sets and direct hedges as reflected
accepted financial statement-based in matched book assets. However,
measures of leverage are those that important elements of the Hedge
relate items from a Hedge Fund’s Fund’s effective leverage are still
balance sheet. not incorporated:
• “Gross Balance Sheet Assets” - This measure does not reflect
to Equity: On-Balance-Sheet portfolio correlation or less
Assets/Equity. This straightfor- direct hedges that fall outside
ward measure is easily calculated the definition of matched book
from published financial state- assets; and
ments; however, it fails to incorpo-
- This measure does not
rate two important elements of a
incorporate off-balance-sheet
Hedge Fund’s effective leverage:
instruments.
- The risk-reducing effect of
on-balance-sheet hedges is not Other financial statement-based
recognized. Adding a hedge measures have been proposed to
to the balance sheet increases capture off-balance-sheet transac-
assets and thereby increases this tions (e.g., forward contracts, swaps
leverage measure, even though and other derivatives).
the transaction may substantially
offset the risk of another asset; Risk-Based Leverage
and Measures
- The full notional amount of Risk-based leverage measures reflect
derivative instruments is not re- the relation between the riskiness
quired to be recorded on the bal- of a Hedge Fund’s portfolio and the
ance sheet. To the extent the full capacity of the Hedge Fund to ab-
notional amount is not recorded, sorb the impact of that risk. While
this measure may understate the
Hedge Fund’s true economic risk.

Leverage
not the only measure that could • VAR/Equity. This measure gives
be used, the Hedge Fund’s equity a picture of the Hedge Fund’s
provides a useful measure of “capac- capacity to absorb “typical” market
ity”. There are, however, different movements. The criticism of such
measures of market risk that could a measure is that it does not reflect
be used as the risk measure: the risk of the Hedge Fund’s port-
folio in extreme markets; and
• Volatility in Value of Portfolio/
Equity. This is a measure of actual • Scenario-Derived Market Risk
performance volatility over a given Measure/Equity. To assess the im-
horizon relative to equity. While pact of extreme events, the leverage
useful, it is subject to criticism. measure could be calculated using
Since it is a retrospective measure, a market risk measure derived from
it is less useful if the composition analysis of extreme event scenarios
of the portfolio changes or if (or stress tests). This measure gives
future market conditions are not senior management information
like historical conditions. Moreo- about the Hedge Fund’s ability to
ver, it does not isolate the effect absorb extreme market events.
of financing on the risk of the
Hedge Fund since it includes
financed assets;
24 | Appendix III
Illustrative Leverage Measures
Table 4 contains the results of calculating all of the financial statement-

based leverage measures and two of the risk-based leverage measures
discussed in this section. Note that net balance sheet leverage and
net accounting leverage are only relevant for Portfolios 8 and 9, because
these portfolios are the only ones in which the long and short positions
can be netted under accounting rules.
Leverage can be interpreted in several ways: as the use of borrowed
money to fund larger asset positions than would otherwise be achiev-
able; and as the use of economic leverage to increase effect of a given
change in market prices on the value of a Hedge Fund’s equity.
The illustrative portfolios demonstrate several common features of
financial statement-based and risk-based leverage:
• The most common leverage measure, gross balance sheet leverage
(or assets/equity) is not indicative of the types of assets employed or
the amount of risk assumed. In the illustration, gross balance sheet
leverage is the same in Portfolios 1, 2, 4, 5, and 9 even though the
risk and investment strategy differ significantly across portfolios.
Similarly, while the amount of risk assumed in Portfolio 8 is identi-
cal to the risk assumed in Portfolio 1, the levels of gross balance sheet
leverage differ;
• The purpose of the net balance sheet leverage measure is to adjust for
matched book assets. Comparison of net balance sheet leverage with
gross balance sheet leverage for Portfolio 8 shows an instance where
this occurs;
• Gross accounting leverage, which sums assets, liabilities, and futures
is not informative about investment strategy (cash versus futures) or
the market risk of the portfolio. Note that the riskiest portfolio as
measured by VAR, Portfolio 5, has the lowest accounting leverage.
Similarly, Portfolios 1 and 2 are low risk, yet gross accounting
leverage varies by 80% between them;
continued

Leverage
• Net accounting leverage adjustments for matched book assets and de-
rivatives that hedge on-balance-sheet positions are seen by comparing
gross accounting leverage with net accounting leverage for Portfolios
8 and 9. Note that this measure does not capture the use of a futures
position to offset an identical futures position (i.e., the matched
futures in Portfolio 9). The risk-based leverage measures come closer
to capturing the nature of the risks as reflected in the specific strate-
gies. (Note Portfolios 1, 2, 8, and 9.) However, they too miss certain
aspects of the risk picture. For example, Portfolios 3 and 4 have the
same VAR/equity, but the cash market strategy employed in Portfo-
lio 3 uses more cash and borrowing capacity, and is therefore riskier
from a liquidity standpoint (VAR is 9.4% of liquidity in Portfolio 3
compared to only 4.3% of liquidity in Portfolio 4); and
• Stress and scenario analysis are essential elements of liquidity and lev-
erage analyses. The long/short strategy employed in Portfolios 6 and
7 is similar in risk-based leverage to Portfolios 3 and 4 until one looks
at the stress scenarios. Because of the reliance on correlation, the
leverage of Portfolios 6 and 7 is potentially much larger in a period
of market stress.
26 | Appendix III
Table 4: Measures of Leverage

Futures Book Assets
Cash Mixed
Portfolio 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Summary Balance
Sheet
Capital 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Borrowing 0 0 30 30
(outright or repo)
Investments
Cash Market
Transactions
Asset 1 80 120 120 120 100, -20
Asset 2 -60
Asset 3 80
Derivatives Market
Transactions
Cash 20 92 10 88 20 10 4 10 88
Futures Margin 0 8 0 12 0 0 6 0 12
Standard VAR 2.50 2.50 3.76 3.76 5.01 3.61 3.61 2.50 2.50
(asset Correlation=0.3)
Leverage Measures
Accounting-Based
Measures
Gross Balance Sheet 1 1 1.3 1 1 1.6 1.3 1.2 1
Leverage
Net Balance Sheet 1 1
Leverage
Gross Accounting 1 1.8 1.6 2.2 1 2.2 1 1.4 2.2
Leverage
Net Accounting 1.2 2.2
Leverage
Risk-Based Measures
VAR/Capital 2.50% 2.50% 3.76% 3.76% 5.01% 3.61% 3.61% 2.50% 2.50%
Stress 1 VAR/ 3.76% 3.76% 5.64% 5.64% 7.51% 3.67% 3.67% 3.76% 3.76%
Capital
Stress 2 VAR/ 3.76% 3.76% 5.64% 5.64% 7.51% 6.10% 6.10% 3.76% 3.76%
Capital

Leverage
While the preceding leverage meas- • A Hedge Fund Manager could

ures are the ones most commonly reduce risk-based leverage by
used by Hedge Fund Managers, reducing the level of risk that is
other measures may be used to ana- being accepted (e.g., by changing
lyze leverage. Indeed, because of the strategy or the types of assets being
interrelation between market risk, held in the portfolio). To track the
funding liquidity risk and leverage, degree to which the Hedge Fund
measures of funding liquidity risk is able to modify its risk-based
described in Section 4—particularly leverage, the Hedge Fund Manager
Cash + Borrowing Capacity relative should track variations in the
to VAR—also provide the Hedge Hedge Fund’s market risk measure
Fund Manager with insights about a (e.g., VAR) over time.
Hedge Fund’s leverage.
The following two measures could
be used to track the relationship
Dynamic Measures of Leverage over time between measures of
A crucial factor influencing a Hedge market risk and actions taken by
Fund’s ability to absorb the impact the Hedge Fund Manager to adjust
of extreme market events is the leverage. Both of these measures
degree to which a Hedge Fund consider a short time interval (one
can modify its risk-based leverage, day, two days,…, one week); and,
especially during periods of market both assume that equity is constant:
stress.
• Changes in Portfolio Market
Treating equity as constant, there are Risk. A decline in a portfolio’s
two ways a Hedge Fund Manager market risk measure (e.g., VAR)
could reduce risk-based leverage: in a period following an increase
in that market risk measure in
• If a Hedge Fund Manager wishes the preceding period could be evi-
to continue an existing investment dence of the Hedge Fund Manag-
strategy, risk-based leverage could er’s ability to de-lever the portfolio
be reduced by reducing traditional during a period of market stress
leverage resulting from either on- (the market risk measure could be
or off-balance-sheet transactions; VAR or the observed volatility of
and the value of the portfolio during
the relevant period); and
28 | Appendix III
• Relationship between a Change in cash or in borrowing capacity.
in Market Risk and a Subsequent Therefore, an increase in Cash +
Change in Cash + Borrowing Borrowing capacity in a period
capacity. All other things being following an increase in the market
equal, if a Hedge Fund Manager risk measure for the portfolio (e.g.,
is able to reduce the portfolio’s VAR) could be evidence of the
financial statement-based leverage, Hedge Fund Manager’s reacting to
the result would be an increase market stress by reducing leverage.
V. Counterparty Credit Risk

Hedge Fund Managers enter into transactions with a variety of counter-
parties including banks, securities firms, exchanges, and other financial in-
stitutions. The risk of loss to the Hedge Fund as a result of the failure of a
counterparty to perform as expected constitutes counterparty credit risk.
Credit risk is present to some extent specific counterparty is the loss that
in almost any dealing with a third its Hedge Fund would suffer were
party, including the settlement of se- the counterparty to default. That,
curities and derivatives transactions, in turn, depends on the magnitude
repurchase agreements, collateral of the Hedge Fund’s exposure to
arrangements, and margin accounts. the counterparty and the likelihood
It is also present in open derivatives of default (i.e., the counterparty’s
positions where the exposure of one creditworthiness).
counterparty to another will change
over the life of the contract as the An assessment of exposure to a par-
contract’s value fluctuates. Hedge ticular counterparty should include
Fund Managers should be aware of analysis of the following elements
and track concentrations of credit of exposure:
risk with particular counterparties, • Current replacement cost. The
and where applicable, different amount the Hedge Fund would
regions of the world. lose if its counterparty were to
become insolvent immediately and
One of the factors that should be
the Hedge Fund Manager had to
considered in determining how will-
replace the contract in the market;
ing a Hedge Fund Manager should
be to enter into a transaction with a

Counterparty Credit Risk
• Potential exposure. A probabil- • Risk mitigation and documen-

istic assessment of the additional tation. The extent to which
exposure that could result if the collateral, netting provisions, or
counterparty does not default im- other credit enhancement reduces
mediately but instead defaults at the magnitude of the exposure
some date in the future. Potential to a counterparty. Hedge Fund
exposure is particularly applicable Managers can greatly reduce their
to derivatives transactions where credit exposure to counterparties
exposure is reciprocal and likely by negotiating bilateral netting
to change substantially before the and collateral provisions in their
contract expires; documentation and establishing
document management processes
• The probability of loss. The
to ensure transactions are docu-
likelihood of a default by the
mented consistently and in
counterparty over the relevant
a timely manner.
time horizon. This is a function
of the counterparty’s current credit
quality, the length of the transac-
tion, and possibly the nature of
the transaction itself; and
30 | Appendix III
APPENDIX IV
Guidance for Hedge Funds and

Hedge Fund Managers on Developing
Anti-Money Laundering Programs
(Release No. 2)
Introduction .....................................................................2
Historical Background......................................................3
MFA’s Efforts to Promote Sound Practices
in Anti-Money Laundering for the
Hedge Fund Industry .................................................6
Applicability of the 2007 AML Guidance ........................8
of 2007 AML Guidance ..............................................9
Recommendations .........................................................12
Annex A Definitions......................................................................40
Annex B Model Anti-Money Laundering Attestation ...................47
Annex C Proposed Template for Anti-Money
Laundering Policies and Procedures ........................53
Annex D Sample Provisions for Fund Administrators,
Investor Intermediaries, and Subscription
Documents...............................................................68
Annex E Sample Board Resolutions .............................................84
Annex F Members of Financial Action Task Force
on Money Laundering..............................................87
Annex G List of FATF Non-Cooperative Jurisdictions ..................88
Annex H Lists Maintained by the Office of Foreign
Assets Control..........................................................89
Annex I Money Laundering Advisories Issued by
the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network
of the U.S. Department of Treasury .........................90
Annex J Countries and Financial Institutions
That Have Been Designated by the
U.S. Department of Treasury as Being of
“Primary Money Laundering Concern” ...................91

Guidance for Hedge Funds and Hedge Fund Managers
on Developing Anti-Money Laundering Programs
Introduction
Managed Funds Association (“MFA”) is pleased to publish the second
release of the Guidance for Hedge Funds and Hedge Fund Managers on
Developing AML Programs (the “2007 AML Guidance”). This document
is incorporated into Sound Practices for Hedge Fund Managers (“Sound
Practices”) so that Hedge Fund Managers may incorporate AML recommen-
dations into their overall internal controls and procedures.1 This document
is the first update to MFA’s original Preliminary Guidance for Hedge Funds
and Hedge Fund Managers on Developing AML Programs, published on
March 28, 2002 (the “Preliminary Guidance”).
In October 2001, immediately following the enactment of the USA Act

of 2001 (the “PATRIOT Act” or the “Act”), MFA began analyzing the Act’s
potential impact on MFA members and preparing Members for expected
AML regulations. The Preliminary Guidance was published as a result of these
initial efforts. At the time of publication of the Preliminary Guidance, the
Financial Crimes Enforcement Network of the U.S. Department of Treasury
(“FinCEN”) had not yet published final rules requiring AML compliance
with the PATRIOT Act. In the years since the PATRIOT Act, and in the
absence of formal defined AML obligations, MFA’s members have used the
Preliminary Guidance to develop their internal AML policies. FinCEN has
since published proposed rules for the Hedge Fund industry, investment
advisers (“IAs”) and commodity trading advisors (“CTAs”). Although, as
of August 2007, Hedge Funds, IAs, and CTAs still were not subject to final
AML rules, the proposed rules, together with a number of other significant
developments in AML regulation and industry practice, have impacted the
AML compliance of Hedge Funds and Hedge Fund Managers.
MFA recognizes that AML compliance has been and continues to undergo
great change as regulations implementing the PATRIOT Act are promul-
gated and as industry practice develops. Accordingly, MFA is publishing this
1
The terms “Hedge Fund” and “Hedge Fund Manager” are defined consistently with
Sound Practices for Hedge Fund Managers. These and other definitions applicable
to the anti-money laundering (“AML”) procedures (such as “Investor”), are set forth
in Annex A to the Appendix to the 2007 AML Guidance for convenience. When the
term “Recommendation” is used in the 2007 AML Guidance, it refers to the numbered
recommendations in this appendix.
02 | Appendix IV
second release, the 2007 AML Guidance, in connection with the publication
of Sound Practices in order to inform its members of relevant AML develop-
ments and to help Hedge Funds and Hedge Fund Managers implement or
enhance their AML programs in a timely manner. MFA will publish a third
release of this document once final AML regulations for Hedge Funds, IAs
and CTAs are issued.
Historical Background
Presently, Hedge Funds and Hedge Fund Managers are subject to certain
existing laws, including federal, state, and foreign statutes criminalizing
money laundering, certain relevant reporting provisions of the Bank Secrecy
Act (“BSA”), and the economic sanctions programs administered by the
U.S. Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”).
Title III of the PATRIOT Act, entitled the International Money Launder-
ing Abatement and Anti-Terrorist Financing Act of 2001, amended the BSA
to expand AML measures and apply them to many financial institutions.
Notably, as discussed more fully below, Section 352 of the PATRIOT Act
provides that each financial institution must establish an AML program.
As defined in the PATRIOT Act, the term “financial institution” includes,

among others, any entity that is “an investment company”, as well as any
entity that is registered (or required to register) as a commodity pool opera-
tor (“CPO”) or a CTA under the Commodity Exchange Act (“CEA”). At
the time that MFA originally published its Preliminary Guidance, it was not
clear whether the reference to an investment company would be construed
to include a Hedge Fund, which is excepted from the definition of an
investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940 (“Invest-
ment Company Act”). When U.S. Department of Treasury issued interim
final rules applying the AML program requirements of Section 352, among
others, to banks, registered securities broker-dealers, futures commission
merchants, and mutual funds, it recognized the definition of “investment
company” under the Investment Company Act, as well as the exclusions
from the definition, and deferred extending the rule to unregistered invest-
ment companies. Specifically, U.S. Department of Treasury temporarily
exempted closed-end investment companies and Hedge Funds, as well as
CPOs and CTAs, among others, from the requirements of Section 352.2 At

the time, U.S. Department of Treasury stated that it expected to review and
analyze the extent to which the exempted businesses might be used by mon-
ey launderers or terrorist financiers and to issue a series of additional rules
that would require the exempted businesses to establish AML programs.
The U.S. Department of Treasury has clearly confirmed its intention to

require Hedge Funds, commodity pools, and similar investment vehicles
to establish AML programs under Section 352 of the PATRIOT Act. On
September 18, 2002, FinCEN issued a proposed AML program rule, (this
rule as amended and supplemented shall be herein after referred to as the
“Proposed AML Program Rule”), requiring certain investment compa-
nies that are not registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission
(“SEC”) to establish AML programs.3 Those entities included private invest-
ment funds, Hedge Funds, private equity funds, venture capital funds, com-
modity pools, and real estate investment trusts (collectively, “Unregistered
Investment Companies” or “UICs”).
The proposed rule was consistent, in many respects, with the approach
taken by MFA in the Preliminary Guidance. Of particular note, however,
in this proposed rule was a provision requiring every UIC to file a notice
identifying itself and providing basic contact and other descriptive informa-
tion with FinCEN.
Specifically, the Proposed AML Program Rule for UICs applies to: (1) an
issuer that, but for the exclusions provided would be an investment company
under the Investment Company Act; (2) a commodity pool; and (3) a com-
pany that invests primarily in real estate and/or interests therein. To narrow
the definition of a UIC so that it encompassed only those companies that
pose a risk of money laundering activities, FinCEN proposed three limita-
tions on the definition and three exceptions to the scope of the term.4 Under
2
The exemption, which was initially set to expire on October 24, 2002, was extended on
October 28, 2002 until the final rules are issued for deferred financial institutions.
3
The Proposed AML Program Rule was issued partially in response to a recommenda-
tion in an investment company study undertaken at the request of Congress, which was
issued by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Treasury, in conjunction with the
Federal Reserve and the SEC. See A Report To Congress In Accordance With Section
356(c) Of The Uniting And Strengthening America By Providing Appropriate
Tools Required To Intercept And Obstruct Terrorism Act (PATRIOT Act) (Dec.
31, 2002).
04 | Appendix IV
the proposed definition, a UIC would include only those companies that:
• Permit an Investor to redeem any portion of his or her ownership interest
within two years after that interest was purchased;
• Have total assets of $1,000,000 or more (including received subscrip-
tions to invest) as of the end of the most recently completed calendar
quarter; and
• Are organized under the laws of a State or the United States, sell owner-
ship interests to U.S. persons, or are organized, operated, or sponsored
by U.S. persons.
In addition, on April 28, 2003, FinCEN simultaneously issued Proposed

AML Program Rules for IAs and CTAs. The Proposed AML Program Rule
for IAs applies to:
(1) SEC-registered advisers that have a principal office and place of business
in the United States and that report to the SEC that they have assets under
management on form ADV; or
(2) Advisers in the United States that are not registered with the SEC, but
have $30 million or more of assets under management, and are relying on
the registration exemption under Section 203(b)(3) of the Investment
Advisers Act of 1940.5
The Proposed AML Program Rule for CTAs applies to any CTA that is both
4
The rule exempts: (a) family companies, i.e., companies owned by a single family as
described in section 2(a)(51)(A)(ii) of the Investment Company Act, but without
regard to the amount of assets owned by such companies; (b) employees’ securities com-
panies, i.e., investment companies established by employers for the benefit of employees;
(c) employee benefit plans that are not construed to be pools; and (d) companies that
are another type of financial institution under the BSA (such as broker-dealers) and
required to establish their own AML programs under the BSA.
5
The Proposed AML Program Rule excludes from the AML Program requirement the
following types of IAs: (1) small, state registered firms with less than $30 million in
assets under management that are not registered with the SEC; (2) IAs that are regis-
tered with the SEC, but do not manage client assets; and (3) unregistered IAs required
to have an AML Program under the BSA as a financial institution in another capacity
and examined by a Federal functional regulator in that other capacity. The Proposed
AML Program Rule also permits IAs covered by the rule to exclude from their AML
Programs any investment vehicle they advise that is already subject to the AML Program
requirement under the BSA.

registered or required to be registered with the Commodity Futures Trading

Commission (“CFTC”) under the CEA and that directs client commodity
futures or options accounts.6
MFA’s Efforts to Promote Sound Practices in AML

for the Hedge Fund Industry
Although the Proposed AML Program Rules for UICs, IAs, and CTAs are
not yet final, MFA continues to believe, as it did at the time of the issuance
of the Preliminary Guidance, that Hedge Funds and their Hedge Fund Man-
agers should adopt and implement AML programs consistent with Section
352 of the Act as a matter of sound practice7. As with the Preliminary Guid-
ance, this 2007 AML Guidance is intended to highlight what MFA believes
to be key elements for Hedge Funds and their Hedge Fund Managers to
consider in developing an effective AML program, including the require-
ments to which they are subject under the BSA, and their obligations to
comply with the OFAC sanctions programs. As stated above, this 2007
6
Under the Proposed AML Program Rule, the following are not subject to the AML
Program requirements: (1) any person who is not registered as a CTA by virtue of 7
U.S.C. 6m or CFTC Rule 4.14(a); (2) CTAs that provide commodity trading advice,
but do not direct accounts; and (3) persons that choose to register with the CFTC
as CTAs, even though they are not required to register, and who do not direct client
accounts. Like the Proposed AML Program Rule for IAs, the Proposed AML Program
Rule for CTAs permits them to exclude from their AML programs pooled invest-
ment vehicles (such as UICs) they advise, which are also subject to the AML Program
requirement.
7
MFA believes that Hedge Fund Managers and Hedge Funds should adopt effective
AML programs for a number of compelling reasons, including, but not limited to: the
existence of the Proposed AML Program Rules by the U.S. Department of Treasury
that encourage the adoption of an effective AML program for investment advisers and
unregistered investment companies which may become final; ensuring compliance with
applicable criminal statutes prohibiting money laundering and terrorist financing
and the economic sanctions programs administered by OFAC; satisfying anticipated
due diligence inquiries from prime brokers and other financial institutions subject
to the provisions of and regulations promulgated under the BSA, as amended by the
PATRIOT Act; existing BSA reporting requirements; and minimizing exposure to
reputational and legal risks, e.g., risks associated with accepting an investment from
a Prohibited Investor (as defined below).
06 | Appendix IV
AML Guidance updates and replaces the Preliminary Guidance issued by
MFA in March 2002.
Moreover, since the PATRIOT Act’s enactment, MFA has actively pursued
an on-going dialogue with the regulators responsible for developing the
applicable AML regulations to educate them regarding relevant issues and
to advocate Members’ interests and views regarding regulations under con-
sideration. Meetings and discussions also regularly occur in a more informal
manner as particular issues arise regarding implementation of the PATRIOT
Act by the Hedge Fund industry.
For example, MFA has submitted comment letters to U.S. Department of

Treasury with respect to the proposed rules8. On November 25, 2002, MFA
submitted a comment letter with respect to the UIC proposed rule, in which
it requested clarification of certain provisions. In particular, MFA addressed
the provision with respect to delegation to third parties and asserted that
Hedge Funds would be aided by sound regulatory guidance when delegat-
ing to a third party the performance of Investor due diligence and offered
suggestions as to how Hedge Funds should be able to avoid strict liability
for the AML deficiencies of its third-party delegates. MFA also identified
issues presented by the proposed rule’s requirement that federal examiners
be permitted to inspect a third party delegate’s records for the purpose of the
UIC’s AML program.
Subsequently, on July 7, 2003, MFA submitted another comment letter

with respect to the Proposed AML Program Rules for IAs and CTAs. In
the letter, MFA recommended, among other suggestions, that U.S. Depart-
ment of Treasury adopt parallel exclusions under the rule for CTAs as were
proposed under the rule for IAs regarding assets under management. MFA
sought to exclude from the AML requirements a CTA’s responsibility for
those accounts that are maintained with a futures commission merchant that
are already subject to an AML program rule, as the CTA is not involved in
the flow of assets in and out of such accounts. MFA also sought to provide
IAs with the ability to rely on certain entities for the performance of Investor
identification procedures. MFA also requested that IAs and CTAs be permit-
8
MFA, Comment Letters, Nov. 25, 2002 (UICs) and July 7, 2003 (IAs and CTAs),
available at (www.managedfunds.org).

ted to rely on the AML programs of foreign financial institutions to the

extent that such reliance is determined to be appropriate.
Additionally, in an effort to educate and inform members regarding their

AML responsibilities, MFA has also organized several informative programs
in partnership with prominent prime brokers for the benefit of their Hedge
Fund clients. In addition, MFA has actively participated in conferences and
seminars addressing the PATRIOT Act’s requirements, including programs
organized by Bloomberg, AML Law and Compliance Conference, 100
Women in Hedge Funds, and the Institute for International Research,
among others. MFA has also engaged in a dialogue with a number of other
industry organizations representing the broker-dealer industry, the futures
industry, and the mutual fund industry, where the concerns among these in-
dustries have overlapped. For example, MFA has engaged in a dialogue with
a wide range of major international financial institutions to create a standard
letter for Hedge Fund Managers, including both registered and unregistered
IAs and non-U.S. regulated IAs, attesting to counterparties such as prime
brokers, banks, and other financial institutions that they have established
AML policies and procedures and that these policies and procedures are
consistent with MFA’s recommendations (attached hereto as Annex B is
MFA’s Model AML Attestation, developed in consultation with a wide range
of major international financial institutions).
Applicability of the 2007 AML Guidance

As with Sound Practices overall, this 2007 AML Guidance is intended prima-
rily for U.S.-based Hedge Funds and Hedge Fund Managers, and offshore
Hedge Funds with U.S.-based Hedge Fund Managers. MFA also believes
that the 2007 AML Guidance may be applicable to offshore Hedge Funds
and Hedge Fund Managers to the extent that they utilize U.S.-based prime
brokers, since, in order to comply with the requirements of the PATRIOT
Act and implementing regulations, these prime brokers may require com-
fort regarding their fund clients’ AML policies, procedures, and controls.
Similarly, the 2007 AML Guidance may also be applied more generally to
commodity pools, CPOs, and CTAs based in the United States.9
9
Entities registered with the CFTC must also consider applicable rules and regulations
issued by the CFTC and the National Futures Association.
08 | Appendix IV
As U.S.-based Hedge Fund Managers often work with offshore Hedge
Funds and/or administrators, it is also important for U.S.-based Hedge
Funds to be aware of relevant non-U.S. AML structures, which may be dif-
ferent from, as well as more or less, stringent than the U.S. AML structure.
These differences may impact the practices of Hedge Fund Managers,
including for example, the subscription documentation they may require
of their Investors.
In light of MFA’s expectation that most Hedge Funds will rely on their
Hedge Fund Managers for development of and compliance with an ap-
propriate AML program, the 2007 AML Guidance has been written from
the perspective of the Hedge Fund Manager. If a Hedge Fund were to
develop an AML program without involvement of its Hedge Fund Manager,
the 2007 AML Guidance would apply equally to the Hedge Fund itself.
Similarly, to the extent that a Hedge Fund Manager delegates any AML
functions to an administrator, that administrator would have to adopt the
relevant AML program provisions of the Hedge Fund Manager, although
the Hedge Fund Manager would retain responsibility for compliance under
the AML regulations. The 2007 AML Guidance therefore speaks of “Hedge
Fund Managers” as a generic term for the personnel with operating author-
ity over a Hedge Fund or commodity pool, whether that be the personnel of
the Hedge Fund, the commodity pool, or the employees of the IA, CTA, or
CPO. Where the Guidance draws more specifically from the rules for UICs,
IAs, or CTAs, it so indicates. In addition, use of the terms “Unregistered
Investment Company” and “Hedge Fund” encompasses commodity pools
unless otherwise indicated.

of 2007 AML Guidance
Each Hedge Fund Manager should assess the 2007 AML Guidance in
light of the characteristics of its Investor base, its business model, and the
resources of its organization, and, based upon this assessment, apply the
2007 AML Guidance, as appropriate.

Given the considerable differences among Hedge Funds, Hedge Fund Man-
agers, and the Investors with whom they deal, MFA believes that no one
standard or model AML program can be appropriate for all Hedge Funds.
Hedge Funds vary not only in size, strategy, and organizational structure,
but also in the profile of their Investor bases. Some Hedge Funds may have
mainly natural persons as Investors, whereas others may have primarily an
institutional client base; some maintain relationships with Investor interme-
diaries and nominees, while others have predominantly “Direct Investors”;
some have an international client base, while others are purely domestic;
and some may limit their Investors to insiders and other Investors that are
known to the Hedge Fund Manager, while others deal with Investors from a
wide variety of sources. The characteristics of a Hedge Fund’s Investor base
should influence the AML policies and procedures adopted by the Hedge
Fund Manager.
Consequently, the 2007 AML Guidance should not be viewed as definitive

requirements that could be rigidly applied by all Hedge Fund Managers
or that should serve as a basis either for auditing a Hedge Fund Manager’s
AML policies and practices or for any legal claim or action. Nor should the
2007 AML Guidance be viewed as exhaustive or addressing the only issues to
consider in developing an AML program. In evaluating the relevance of the
2007 AML Guidance and its ability to implement the recommended policies
and procedures, a Hedge Fund Manager should recognize that, while some
recommendations can be implemented easily or unilaterally, others may
require planning, and in some cases negotiation with, and cooperation by,
third parties.
As U.S.-based Hedge Fund Managers often work with offshore Hedge

Funds and/or administrators, it is also important to note, as discussed above,
that U.S. Hedge Fund Managers may be obligated to implement policies
that reflect the AML regime of foreign jurisdictions. Since MFA’s issuance
of its Preliminary Guidance, foreign jurisdictions have significantly enhanced
their AML requirements for offshore Hedge Funds and/or administrators.
10 | Appendix IV
For instance, documents required of Investors in Hedge Funds may be de-
pendent upon the AML structure of the particular foreign jurisdiction. Also,
U.S.-based Hedge Fund Managers, which are not yet required to file suspi-
cious activity reports (“SARs”) in the United States, may, depending on the
foreign jurisdiction in which the offshore fund or administrator is located,
be required to file a SAR. This 2007 AML Guidance does not address any of
these potentially divergent practices concerning the varying AML regimes of
foreign jurisdictions.
In developing an AML program, a Hedge Fund Manager should consult

with its professional legal and accounting advisers. The 2007 AML Guid-
ance is not intended to serve as a substitute for such professional advice, and
neither Hedge Funds nor their Hedge Fund Managers should rely upon the
2007 AML Guidance as a substitute for such advice.

Recommendations
I. Fundamental Elements of AML Programs
1.1 General
Broad Policy Statement. As part of its AML program, a Hedge Fund Manager
should adopt a broad statement, at its highest executive level, that clearly
sets forth its policy against money laundering and any activity that facilitates
money laundering or the funding of terrorist activities.
Objectives. The Hedge Fund Manager should clearly state the objectives
of its AML program, which may include the detection and deterrence of
instances of money laundering, terrorist financing, and other illegal activity.
1.2 Basic Elements of the AML Program

The Proposed AML Program Rules for UICs, IAs, and CTAs provide that
these entities devise and implement, within 90 days following publication
of a final rule, an AML program that includes, at a minimum, the four basic
elements set forth in Section 352 of the Act and as developed in more detail
on the following pages:
• The development of internal policies, procedures, and controls;
• The designation of a compliance officer;
• An ongoing employee training program; and
• An independent audit function to test programs.
The AML program should be in writing and approved by “Senior Manage-

ment”. This could be reflected in an approval by their board of directors or
trustees, or if they do not have such a board, their general partner, sponsor,
organizer, operator, or other person that has a similar Senior Management
function with respect to the company.11
11
A sample resolution of the board of directors of a Hedge Fund Manager adopting
a policy statement against money laundering and terrorist financing is attached as
Annex E.
12 | Appendix IV
1.3 Internal Policies, Procedures, and Controls
The Hedge Fund Manager should develop written policies, procedures, and
controls reasonably designed to prevent them from being used to launder
money or finance terrorist activities and to achieve compliance with ap-
plicable requirements of the BSA and its implementing regulations. These
policies, procedures, and controls should address the vulnerabilities of the
Hedge Fund Manager, which will vary depending on the nature of its
particular clients and services.
Employees of the Hedge Fund Manager should be generally informed of

the AML policies and procedures adopted by the Hedge Fund Manager and
familiar with the substance and intent of the Hedge Fund Manager’s AML
policy and procedures.
1.4 Role of Senior Management and the AML

Compliance Officer
Designation of Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer. The Hedge Fund
Manager should designate an “Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Offic-
er”, who should be, where possible, an officer of the Hedge Fund Manager
who is competent and knowledgeable regarding applicable requirements
and money laundering risks. The Hedge Fund Manager should provide
the Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer with adequate authority
and resources to effectively implement the Hedge Fund Manager’s AML
program and should be empowered with full responsibility and authority to
develop and enforce appropriate policies and procedures.
Involvement in Policy Development and Enforcement. Senior Management and

the Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer should be involved in the
development, adoption, and enforcement of written AML policies, proce-
dures, and controls so as to ensure the efficacy of the Hedge Fund Manager’s
AML program.
Involvement in Decision-Making. The AML policies, procedures, and con-

trols should provide that the decision to accept or reject an Investor involves
the Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer when money launder-
ing risks have been identified. Consistent with the Hedge Fund Manager’s
policies, the Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer may consult with
Senior Management on such decisions, as appropriate.

Determinations Regarding Third Party Reliance. As discussed in Part V, the

Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer should be involved in any
decision to delegate the performance of Investor identification procedures
to a third party.
1.5 Investor Identification Policies and Procedures

Establishing Investor Identification Policies and Procedures. The Hedge Fund
Manager should establish written policies and procedures regarding Investor
identification that are reasonably designed to be both feasible and effective
in achieving the stated objectives of the AML program. Key elements to
consider in developing these procedures are addressed in Part II. The 2007
AML Guidance also addresses the delegation to third parties of the perform-
ance of Investor identification procedures (as defined below) in Part V.
Review and Update as Necessary. The Hedge Fund Manager should periodi-
cally review and update their AML policies and procedures based on ap-
plicable amendments to existing AML legislation and regulations, as well as
changes in the characteristics of the Investor base of the Hedge Fund. In this
regard, MFA expects to update the 2007 AML Guidance to reflect changes
in AML law and regulation applicable to the Hedge Fund industry, once the
proposed rules become final. In particular, a Hedge Fund Manager should
ensure that Investor due diligence checklists and procedures are updated on
a periodic basis and that changes are independently reviewed and approved
by the Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer.
1.6 Responsibilities of the Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer

The Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer’s responsibilities should
specifically include, among other things:
• Coordinating and monitoring of the Hedge Fund Manager’s day-to-day

compliance with applicable AML laws and regulations and its own AML
program;
• Arranging for employee training programs for appropriate personnel

related to the Hedge Fund Manager’s AML program;
14 | Appendix IV
• Reviewing any reports of suspicious activity from personnel of the Hedge
Fund Manager; and
• Arranging for the performance of an independent audit to evaluate the

Hedge Fund Manager’s AML policies and procedures.
The Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer may serve other functions

and may serve multiple departments within the Hedge Fund Manager’s
organization. However, the Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer
should not be responsible for functional areas within the organization where
money laundering activity may occur.
1.7 Employee Training Program

Establishment and Content of Program. The Hedge Fund Manager should
establish AML training programs for all relevant personnel to be conducted
on a periodic basis, as appropriate. The level, frequency, and focus of the
training should be determined by the responsibilities of the employees and
the extent to which their functions bring them into contact with activities
susceptible to possible money laundering or transactions that could trigger
BSA reporting obligations. For employees whose functions may expose them
to such transactions or activities, the training should occur when the em-
ployee assumes those duties and periodically during the course of employ-
ment. Employees should be notified of any new regulatory requirements,
with additional training as deemed necessary by the Anti-Money Launder-
ing Compliance Officer. The training program should, among other things:
• Review applicable AML laws and regulations and recent trends in money
laundering, including the ways in which such laws and trends relate to
Hedge Funds; and
• Address elements of the Hedge Fund Manager’s own AML program,

particularly its Investor identification procedures and policies regarding
detection of suspicious activity.
Requiring Attendance. The Hedge Fund Manager should develop and main-
tain policies, procedures, and controls reasonably designed to ensure that all
appropriate personnel attend the AML training programs, as required.

Recordkeeping. Records of all AML training sessions conducted, including

the dates and locations of the training sessions and the names and depart-
ments of attendees, should be retained for at least five years, or for a longer
period as may be required by applicable laws or regulations.
1.8 Independent Audit Function

The Hedge Fund Manager’s AML program should include an independ-
ent audit function on a periodic basis to assess compliance with and the
effectiveness of its AML program. The independent audit function should
involve:
• Evaluation by the Hedge Fund Manager’s legal and compliance director

or officer, external auditors, or counsel of the Hedge Fund Manager’s
compliance with applicable AML laws and regulations and the Hedge
Fund Manager’s own AML program; and
• Reporting of the results of this evaluation to the audit committee of the

board of directors or similar oversight body of the Hedge Fund or Hedge
Fund Manager.
The Hedge Fund Manager’s AML program should also provide for appro-
priate follow-up to ensure that any deficiencies detected in the course of the
audit of its AML program are addressed and rectified.
1.9 Representations to Counterparties on Policies and Procedures

The Hedge Fund Manager, including registered and unregistered IAs and
non-U.S. regulated IAs, should be prepared to attest to counterparties
such as prime brokers, banks, and other financial institutions that they
have established AML policies and procedures and that their policies and
procedures are consistent with MFA’s recommendations. Major institutions
should find acceptable MFA’s Model AML Attestation, attached hereto as
Annex B and developed in consultation with a wide range of major interna-
tional financial institutions.
16 | Appendix IV
II. Investor Identification Policies and Procedures
2.1 General
Objective. As part of an AML program, a Hedge Fund Manager should
establish and maintain reasonable procedures that are designed to identify an
Investor to the extent reasonable and practical (such procedures are referred
to generally as “Investor identification procedures”). Although Hedge Fund
Managers and Hedge Funds are not yet subject to customer identification
program requirements or other AML due diligence under the PATRIOT
Act, these Investor identification procedures are designed to reduce their
exposure to criminal liability and reputational harm.
Consider Characteristics of Investor Base. The Hedge Fund Manager’s

Investor identification procedures should take into account the specific
risks presented by the Investor base of the Hedge Fund(s) it manages.
General Premise. The Hedge Fund Manager’s Investor identification

procedures should further be based on the premise that the Hedge Fund
Manager should accept an investment from a new Investor only after its
performance of one of the following due diligence steps:
• The Hedge Fund Manager has undertaken reasonable due diligence

efforts with respect to the identity of a Direct Investor that is acting on
its own behalf and not for the benefit of any third party;
• If the Investor is investing on behalf of other underlying Investors, the

Hedge Fund Manager has undertaken reasonable due diligence efforts
with respect to the identities of the Investor and the underlying
Investors; or
• The Hedge Fund Manager has determined that it is acceptable to rely on

the Investor due diligence performed by a third party, such as a fund ad-
ministrator or an Investor intermediary, with regard to the Investor (and
underlying Investors, if applicable). Reliance upon Investor identification
procedures performed by a third party is addressed in Part V.

2.2 Investor Identification Procedures

Perform Procedures Appropriate to Type of Investor. Where the Hedge Fund
Manager undertakes to conduct reasonable due diligence efforts with respect
to the identity of an Investor (rather than relying on its fund administrator
or another third party, as discussed in Part V), it should conduct Investor
identification procedures based upon the specific characteristics presented by
an Investor. Possible identification procedures are presented in Recommenda-
tions 2.2.1 and 2.2.2, and procedures for screening for “Prohibited Investors”
(as defined below) are addressed in Recommendation 2.3. Possible enhanced
procedures for addressing “high risk” Investors are addressed in Recommen-
dation 2.4. These procedures are provided as examples only and are not in-
tended to be prescriptive or exhaustive. For example, a Hedge Fund Manager
may elect to apply alternative Investor identification procedures based upon
the specific characteristics of an Investor or apply enhanced measures for
reasons other than those discussed in the 2007 AML Guidance.
Timing. A Hedge Fund Manager should complete appropriate Investor

identification procedures with regard to an Investor prior to (or if neces-
sary, within a reasonable time thereafter), accepting an investment from the
Investor in order to make an assessment regarding the Investor’s identity and
whether additional due diligence should be conducted with respect to the
Investor.
Due Diligence Checklists. A Hedge Fund Manager may wish to develop a due
diligence checklist to facilitate the performance of Investor identification
procedures.
Document Procedures Undertaken. A Hedge Fund Manager should retain

copies of all documents reviewed or checklists completed in connection with
its Investor identification procedures in accordance with its Investor records
retention policies. See Recommendation 2.6.
Appropriate Identity Provisions Included in Subscription Documents. Fund

subscription documents should generally require an Investor to:
• Represent and covenant that all evidence of identity provided is genuine

and all related information furnished is accurate;
18 | Appendix IV
• Agree to provide any information deemed necessary by the Hedge Fund
Manager to comply with its AML responsibilities and policies; and
• In the case of a Direct Investor, represent that it is investing solely as

principal and not for the benefit of any third parties.12
Investor Representations. Hedge Fund subscription agreements should con-

tain a general set of representations from the Investor, stating that they are
in compliance with various U.S. federal, state, and international laws and
regulations, as well as a set of other disclosures relevant to AML and OFAC
compliance. The representation should include statements with respect
to the legitimacy of the source of funds being invested, the status of the
Investor as a Prohibited Investor, or “Senior Foreign Political Figure/Politi-
cally Exposed Person” or “SFPF/PEP”, and if the Investor is a fund of funds or
an entity that is acting as an agent or nominee, the representation that the
Investor has adopted AML procedures. See Recommendation 2.4.
2.2.1 Natural Persons as Investors

In order to confirm the identity of a natural person, a Hedge Fund Manager
should take reasonable steps to ascertain the Investor’s name and address,
and, if applicable, social security number or taxpayer identification number.
Where funds are wired to the Hedge Fund Manager or the administrator
from a financial institution located in a “FATF jurisdiction”13 in which the
investor is a customer, no additional information is generally necessary,
unless the Investor is considered a Prohibited Investor or high risk Investor,
as discussed in Recommendations 2.3 and 2.4, on the following pages.
12
Sample provisions that could be included in subscription documents are attached as
Annex D-3. The Hedge Fund Manager may also wish to include some or all of these
sample provisions in amendments (in the form of a letter or otherwise) to subscription
documents with existing Investors.
13
The term “FATF jurisdiction” is defined in Annex A to the 2007 AML Guidance.
In establishing a risk-based approach for its AML program, a Hedge Fund Manager
may wish to classify certain FATF jurisdictions as high risk for money laundering based
on certain publicly available data (such as the International Narcotics Control Strategy
Report (“INCSR”), which is an annual report issued by the U.S. Department of State
that assesses the money laundering risks of various countries and jurisdictions).

Where the Investor’s bank is not located in a FATF jurisdiction, the Hedge
Fund Manager should undertake reasonable due diligence efforts with
respect to the identity of the Investor in the Hedge Fund by obtaining ad-
ditional forms of identification from the Investor that may be used to con-
firm the Investor’s identity (e.g., government issued identification, such as
official driver’s license with photograph, passport, utility bill containing the
Investor’s name and address, and/or reports from credit bureaus) or other
generally available public information confirming the Investor’s identity.
In addition to these document requirements, if the Hedge Fund Manager

believes it would be reasonable to rely upon a certificate from the Investor
that the Investor is not a prohibited Investor or high risk Investor, as set
forth in Recommendations 2.3 and 2.4 below, respectively, such an “AML
Certification” should be obtained.
2.2.2 Corporations, Partnerships and Comparable Legal Entities

as Investors
In order to confirm the identity of a legal entity, the Hedge Fund Manager
should take reasonable steps to ascertain the entity’s name, address, and
if applicable, taxpayer identification number, and its authority to make
the contemplated investment. Where funds are wired to the Hedge Fund
Manager or the administrator from a financial institution located in a FATF
jurisdiction where the investor is a customer, no additional information is
generally necessary, unless the Investor is considered a Prohibited Investor or
high risk Investor, as discussed in Recommendations 2.3 and 2.4, below.
Where the Investor’s bank is not located in a FATF jurisdiction, the Hedge
Fund Manager should undertake reasonable due diligence efforts with
respect to the identity of the Investor in the Hedge Fund by obtaining addi-
tional forms of identification from the Investor that may be used to confirm
the Investor’s identity (e.g., documents certifying the existence of the entity
such as certified articles of incorporation, a government-issued business
license, a partnership agreement, or a trust instrument) or other generally
available public information confirming the Investor’s identity.
20 | Appendix IV
Where the investor is neither a publicly-traded company listed on a major,
regulated exchange (or a subsidiary or a pension fund of such a company),
nor a regulated institution organized in a FATF jurisdiction, the Hedge
Fund Manager may wish to gain additional comfort regarding the Investor’s
identity by obtaining certain of the following, as appropriate, under the
circumstances:
• Evidence that the Investor has been duly organized in its jurisdiction
of organization;
• A list of directors, senior officers, and principal equity holders (in order
to ensure, for example, that none of these persons is a prohibited
Investor, as set forth in Recommendation 2.3), and/or, if the Hedge Fund
Manager believes it can reasonably rely upon an AML Certification from
the Investor, it can obtain a certificate from the Investor that it has imple-
mented and complies with AML policies, procedures, and controls that,
for example, seek to ensure that none of its directors, officers, or equity
holders are Prohibited Investors, as set forth in Recommendation 2.3;
• In the case of a trust, evidence of the trustee’s authority to make the

contemplated investment and either an AML Certification from the
trustee (if the Hedge Fund Manager believes it would be reasonable to
rely upon such a certificate) or, alternatively, the identities of beneficiar-
ies, the provider of funds (e.g., settlor(s)), those who have control over
funds (e.g., trustee(s)), and any persons who have the power to remove
trustees, as well as the trust and the persons authorized to act on behalf
of the trust;
• Description of the Investor’s primary lines of business;
• Publicly available information from law enforcement agencies or

regulatory authorities; or
• If appropriate, Investor’s financial statements and/or bank references.

2.3 Prohibited Investors

A Hedge Fund Manager should not accept any investment from or on
behalf of any Investor ( a “Prohibited Investor”) that is:
• An individual or entity whose name appears on any lists of prohibited
persons and entities as may be mandated by applicable law or regulation,
including the List of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons
administered by OFAC14 (“OFAC List”) as such lists may be amended
from time to time;
• An individual or entity who is from a country or territory prohibited
by the OFAC sanctions programs;
• Resident in, or organized or chartered under the laws of, a jurisdiction
that has been designated by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of
Treasury under Section 311 of the PATRIOT Act as warranting special
measures due to money-laundering concerns; or
• A “Prohibited Foreign Shell Bank” (see below).
(See Part IV below for a discussion of OFAC Policies and Procedures.)
Necessity of Checking for Updates to the OFAC Lists. A Hedge Fund Manager
should update the information that it maintains and relies upon for the
purposes of checking the above lists as necessary in order to ensure that
it does not accept an investment from a Prohibited Investor or permit a
redemption to an Investor that has been added to the OFAC Lists.15
Prohibited Foreign Shell Banks. Hedge Fund Managers should not accept
investments from or on behalf of a Prohibited Foreign Shell Bank. With
respect to Investors that are Foreign Banks, Hedge Fund Managers may
wish to consider obtaining a representation that the bank either: (1) has
14
For a description of the lists maintained by OFAC, please refer to Annex H. The
complete OFAC lists may be accessed at (www.treas.gov/ofac).
15
Where compliance resources are limited, a Hedge Fund Manager may wish to consider
using a third-party compliance service for assistance with monitoring OFAC lists.
22 | Appendix IV
a “Physical Presence”; or (2) does not have a Physical Presence, but is affili-
ated with a regulated financial group; and (3) does not provide services to
Prohibited Foreign Shell Banks.
2.4 High Risk Investors

Prior to accepting an investment from an Investor that the Hedge Fund
Manager has reason to believe presents high risk factors (a “High Risk
Investor”) with regard to money laundering or terrorist financing, the Hedge
Fund Manager should conduct enhanced due diligence with regard to the
Investor, in addition to standard Investor identification procedures.
The enhanced due diligence procedures undertaken with respect to High

Risk Investors should be well documented and any questions or concerns
with regard to a High Risk Investor should be directed to the Anti-Money
Laundering Compliance Officer. The decision to accept or reject an invest-
ment by a High Risk Investor should directly involve a more senior level of
management than is typically involved in establishing an Investor relation-
ship. Documentation of this decision-making process should also be retained.
The following are examples of types of Investors that may be deemed to

present high risk factors with regard to money laundering or terrorist
financing:
• Investors not located in a FATF jurisdiction;
• Non-U.S. “Private Investment Companies”;
• A SFPF/PEP or an immediate family member or close associate

of a SFPF/PEP;
• Any Investor resident in, or organized or chartered under the laws of,
a “Non-Cooperative Jurisdiction” or “NCCT jurisdiction”;16
16
There are presently no countries or territories that have been designated by FATF
as non-cooperative with international AML efforts.

• Any Investor whose subscription funds originate from, or are routed

through, an account maintained at a Prohibited Foreign Shell Bank, or
an “offshore bank”, or a bank organized or chartered under the laws of a
Non-Cooperative Jurisdiction, or a bank or financial institution subject
to special measures under Section 311 of the Patriot Act;
• Any Investor that is a Foreign Bank subject to enhanced due diligence

under Section 312 of the PATRIOT Act;17 or
• Any Investor who gives the Hedge Fund Manager reason to believe that
the source of its subscription funds may not be legitimate.
Examples of enhanced due diligence procedures that a Hedge Fund Manager

might consider in order to address high risk factors presented by Investors
are detailed in Recommendations 2.4.1 (for natural persons) and 2.4.2 (for
legal entities).
2.4.1 Natural Persons as High Risk Investors

Below are examples of measures a Hedge Fund Manager might consider,
as appropriate, in order to seek comfort with respect to certain High Risk
Investors who are natural persons:
• Reviewing pronouncements of U.S. governmental agencies and multilat-

eral organizations such as FATF and the INCSR Report with regard to
the adequacy of AML and counter-terrorism legislation in the Investor’s
home country jurisdiction;
17
Foreign Banks subject to enhanced due diligence pursuant to Section 312 of the
PATRIOT Act are banks: (1) that operate under an offshore banking license; (2) that
have a license issued by a non-U.S. country that has been designated as non-coopera-
tive with international money laundering principles or procedures by an intergovern-
mental group or organization of which the United States is a member and with which
designation the U.S. representative to the group or organization concurs; or (3) that
are licensed in a non-U.S. country that has been designated by the Secretary of the
U.S. Department of Treasury as warranting special measures due to money laundering
concerns, such as Section 311 special measures.
24 | Appendix IV
• Assessing the Investor’s business reputation through review of generally
available media reports or by other means;
• Considering the source of the Investor’s wealth, including the economic

activities that generated the Investor’s wealth, and the source of the
particular funds intended to be used to make the investment; and in par-
ticular, where a SFPF/PEP is involved, taking steps to determine whether
the funds are derived from political corruption; and
• Reviewing generally available public information, such as media reports,

and other publicly available databases to determine whether the Inves-
tor has been the subject of any allegations, investigations, indictments,
convictions, or other criminal, civil charges, or regulatory actions based
on violations of AML laws or regulations, or involving allegations of
corruption, or relating to the financing of terrorists.
2.4.2 Legal Entities as High Risk Investors

Below are examples of measures a Hedge Fund Manager might consider,
as appropriate, in order to seek comfort with respect to certain High Risk
Investors who are legal entities:
• Reviewing recent changes in the ownership or Senior Management

of the Investor;
• If applicable, determining the relationship between the Investor and

the government of its home country jurisdiction, including whether
the Investor is a government-owned entity;
• Reviewing pronouncements of U.S. governmental agencies and multilat-

eral organizations such as FATF with regard to the adequacy of AML and
counter-terrorism legislation in the Investor’s home country jurisdiction;
• Assessing the Investor’s business reputation through a review of generally

available media reports or by other means;
• Considering the source of the Investor’s wealth, including the economic

activities that generated the Investor’s wealth, and the source of the
particular funds intended to be used to make the investment; and in par-
ticular, where a SFPF/PEP is involved, taking steps to determine whether
the funds are derived from political corruption; and

• Reviewing generally available public information, such as media

reports, and other publicly available databases to determine whether
the Investor has been the subject of any allegations, investigations,
indictments, convictions, or other criminal or civil charges or regulatory
actions, including, violations of AML laws or regulations, or involving
allegations of corruption, or relating to the financing of terrorists.
2.5 Inadequate Information

If there is inadequate information or Investor identification procedures that
cannot be performed, the Hedge Fund Manager may refuse to accept the
investment from the Investor, and file a voluntary SAR, if appropriate. See
Recommendation 3.2. If the Investor’s subscription to the Hedge Funds is
approved, the Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer should consider
whether ongoing monitoring is necessary, and, if appropriate, establish a
method for review by Senior Management and the Anti-Money Laundering
Compliance Officer.
In addition, Hedge Fund Managers should consider conducting their

review of publicly available databases on at least an annual basis in order
to determine whether to continue the relationship.
2.6 Investor Records Retention

The Hedge Fund Manager should establish procedures requiring that
copies of documents reviewed as part of the performance of its Investor
identification procedures be retained for an appropriate period of time and,
at a minimum, the period of time required by applicable law or regulation.
For example, a Hedge Fund Manager might require that documents be
retained for so long as an Investor remains invested in one of the Hedge
Funds it manages and for a minimum of five years following the final
redemption by the Investor.
26 | Appendix IV
The following are examples of the types of documents that the Hedge Fund
Manager might wish to retain as part of its Investor records retention policy:
• Copies of documents reviewed in connection with Investor identification

procedures or enhanced due diligence procedures;
• Investor identification checklists, if any, or similar due diligence

documentation; and
• Any other documents required to be retained by applicable AML

legislation.
2.7 Risk-Focused Review of Existing Investors

Based on its own risk assessment, a Hedge Fund Manager should periodically
review, for example, as part of the audit function addressed in Recommenda-
tion 1.8, the adequacy of due diligence performed on existing Investors. As
appropriate, a Hedge Fund Manager should consider undertaking a periodic
review of its existing Investor base in order to ensure that no Investor is a
Prohibited Investor, as defined in Recommendation 2.3.
2.8 Anti-Money Laundering Risks Associated with Receipt/Transfer

and Redemption of Funds
Hedge Fund Managers should consider adopting procedures whereby they
only accept wire transfers from a financial institution that is incorporated or
has its principal place of business in a FATF jurisdiction. Funds received into
a Hedge Fund from an Investor or prospective Investor’s bank or brokerage
account, should be credited upon redemption to the same bank or brokerage
account, unless there is a legitimate reason for, and the Anti-Money Launder-
ing Compliance Officer authorizes, such payment into another account. If an
exception is made and the Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer or
other appropriate officer agrees otherwise, the officer should document the
rationale behind permitting transfer or payment into another account. Funds
received from an Investor or prospective Investor should not be transferred
or credited to any other investment interest without Anti-Money Launder-
ing Compliance Officer or Senior Management approval. In the event an
Investor makes a request for an early redemption, the Anti-Money Launder-
ing Compliance Officer, in conjunction with Senior Management, should

evaluate the reasons for the request to determine whether there are any
AML concerns. Such decisions regarding the request for early redemption,
including the rationale for granting the request in the event such request is
approved, should be documented.
III. Suspicious and/or Criminal Activity Monitoring and Reporting
3.1 Suspicious Activity Monitoring

Although Hedge Funds and Hedge Fund Managers are not currently
required to monitor and report suspicious activity under Section 356 of the
PATRIOT Act, in the Proposed AML Program Rule, FinCEN encourages
Hedge Funds and Hedge Fund Managers to file Suspicious Activity Reports
voluntarily. Moreover, an offshore Hedge Fund or administrator may be
required to file a comparable suspicious activity report under the laws of its
own jurisdiction. Therefore, a Hedge Fund Manager’s policies, procedures
and controls should provide for the detection of suspicious activity and
should include examples of the types and patterns of activities that may
require further review to determine whether the activity is suspicious. For
example, in some circumstances, the following activities or requests, none of
which per se constitutes suspicious activity, may be indicative of activity that
may require further investigation:
• An Investor exhibits an unusual concern regarding the Hedge Fund’s

compliance with government reporting requirements, particularly with
respect to the Investor’s identity, type of business and assets, or the Inves-
tor is reluctant or refuses to reveal any information concerning business
activities, or furnishes unusual or suspect identification or business
documents;
• An Investor attempts to make frequent subscriptions or redemptions

outside of the normal periods;
• An Investor (or a person publicly associated with the Investor) has a

questionable background or is the subject of news reports indicating
possible criminal, civil, or regulatory violations;
28 | Appendix IV
• An Investor appears to be acting as the agent for another entity, but
declines, evades or is reluctant, without legitimate commercial reasons,
to provide any information in response to questions about that entity;
• An Investor wishes to engage in investments that are inconsistent with

the Investor’s apparent strategy;
• An Investor has difficulty describing the nature of his or her business

or lacks general knowledge of the industry he or she is apparently
engaged in;
• An Investor makes a misrepresentation to the Hedge Fund that its name

does not appear on an OFAC List, but the name is discovered during the
due diligence review process;
• An Investor wishes to engage in investments that are inconsistent with

the Investor’s apparent investment strategy;
• An Investor attempts, with unusual frequency (taking into account the

differences between Direct Investors and Investor intermediaries, as ap-
propriate), to make investments, request redemptions, or transfer funds;
• An Investor engages in unusual or frequent wire transfers (taking into

account the differences between Direct Investors and Investor intermedi-
aries, as appropriate), particularly to unfamiliar bank accounts;
• An Investor requests that redemption proceeds be wired to unrelated

third parties or to bank accounts in countries other than the Investor’s
country of origin;
• An Investor insists on dealing only in cash or cash equivalents;
• An Investor requests that a transaction be processed in such a manner

so as to avoid the Hedge Fund’s normal documentation requirements;
• An Investor exhibits a total lack of concern regarding the investment

program, related risks, the management team, etc.;
• An Investor has difficulty describing the reasons for request for wire
transfers to unfamiliar bank accounts or jurisdictions other than the
Investor’s country of residence;

• An Investor makes frequent investments followed by requests for

redemptions, especially if the requests are that the proceeds be wired to
unrelated third parties or bank accounts in foreign countries;
• An Investor makes non-economic transfers (e.g., substantial financial

investments followed by a request for redemption with indifference as
to penalty amounts charged by the Hedge Fund Manager for engaging
in such transactions);
• An Investor makes or requests transfers to accounts in countries where

drug trafficking is known to occur or to other high risk countries;
• An Investor attempts to transfer funds to jurisdictions other than its

home country jurisdiction;
• An Investor requests a transfer of an investment interest from a foreign

government to a private person; or
• An Investor requests a transfer of an investment to an unrelated third

party without a reasonable explanation.
3.2 Suspicious Activity Reporting

The Hedge Fund Manager’s AML program should require any employee
who detects suspicious activity or has reason to believe that suspicious activ-
ity is taking place to immediately inform his or her immediate supervisor,
as well as the Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer, who should
determine whether to report the suspicious activity to law enforcement.
As discussed in Part V below, a Hedge Fund Manager should seek to estab-

lish effective lines of communication for addressing suspicious activity de-
tected by its fund administrator or another third party on which the Hedge
Fund Manager relies for Investor due diligence and provide, for example,
that the fund administrator or other third party should, where permitted by
law, immediately notify the Hedge Fund Manager’s Anti-Money Laundering
Compliance Officer of any suspicious activity relating to the Hedge Fund
Manager’s funds.
30 | Appendix IV
The AML program should also remind all employees of the fact that reports
of suspicious activity are confidential and may not be disclosed to any
person involved in the transaction and that it is a violation of the BSA for a
Hedge Fund Manager or the Hedge Fund or its directors, officers, employ-
ees, or agents, to notify any person involved in the transaction or any third
party that a SAR has been filed, except where requested by FinCEN or
an appropriate law enforcement or regulatory agency. The AML program
should also address the procedures the Hedge Fund Manager must follow
in order to maintain the confidentiality of a SAR in the event it receives a
subpoena or is otherwise requested to disclose a SAR or the information
contained in a SAR. In that situation, the Hedge Fund Manager must de-
cline to produce the SAR or to provide any information that would disclose
that a SAR has been prepared or filed, and contact FinCEN for guidance.
Transactions involving terrorist financing or ongoing money laundering

schemes should be immediately reported to FinCEN via the Financial
Institutions Hotline (1-866-556-3974), in addition to filing a SAR regard-
ing the activity in a timely manner, when appropriate.
3.3 Recordkeeping
The Hedge Fund Manager should maintain copies of all documentation,
records, and communications relating to a reported transaction on behalf
of each Hedge Fund. All SARs and supporting documentation related to
the SARs shall be retained for a period of at least five years.
IV. OFAC Policy And Procedures

Hedge Funds and Hedge Fund Managers based in the U.S. are subject to
regulations administered by OFAC and, therefore, must comply with a series
of laws that impose economic and trade sanctions against: (1) certain foreign
governments and their agents; (2) agencies, organizations and individuals
that sponsor terrorism; and (3) international narcotics traffickers.

In order to determine whether either an Investor or the source of a funds

transfer is covered by an OFAC sanctions program, the Hedge Fund Man-
ager should screen the names of Investors, and to the extent known to the
Hedge Fund, any of such Investors’ directors, general partners, managing
members, trustees, settlors, beneficiaries, or beneficial owners (as applicable),
against the OFAC List and the list of countries subject to OFAC’s sanctions
programs. Such checks should be done at the time an investment is made,
any time the OFAC List is updated, and at the time of redemption.
If an Investor resides in, is a citizen of, or an entity has a place of business in,
a country or territory named on the OFAC List, or the Investor’s name ap-
pears on the OFAC List, Hedge Fund Manager personnel should report the
information to the Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer, who will
determine whether the transaction must be rejected or blocked, and whether
the transaction must be reported to OFAC.
The Hedge Fund Manager must also file an annual report with OFAC
regarding all blocked property held by the Hedge Fund.
The procedures may be contracted out to a third-party service provider

approved by the Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer or delegated
to the administrator, subject to the Anti-Money Laundering Compliance
Officer’s satisfaction with the administrator’s compliance procedures (see
Part V, the 2007 AML Guidance).
V. Performance of Investor Identification and other

AML Procedures by Third Parties
5.1 Relationships between Hedge Fund Managers and Third Parties

The Proposed AML Program Rules recognize the ability of a Hedge Fund
or Hedge Fund Manager to contractually delegate the implementation and
operation of certain aspects of their AML compliance program to other
entities through which the company conducts its business, such as fund
administrators, IAs, CPOs, CTAs, broker-dealers (including prime brokers),
and futures commission merchants. Consistent with this approach, a Hedge
Fund Manager typically delegates to a fund administrator the processing
32 | Appendix IV
of subscription documents and compliance with AML laws and regulations
applicable in the fund’s jurisdiction of organization.18 Under the Proposed
AML Program Rules, a Hedge Fund and Hedge Fund Manager that
delegates responsibility for aspects of the AML program would continue
to remain fully responsible for the effectiveness of the program.
In addition, the Hedge Fund Manager often relies on third parties such as
placement agents or asset aggregators for the introduction of Investors to the
fund. Likewise, certain Investor intermediaries, including fund of funds and
nominees, may invest in a Hedge Fund on their clients’ behalf. These third
parties often have direct contact and maintain the primary relationship with
the Investor and are consequently in the best position to “know the Inves-
tor.” As a result, a Hedge Fund Manager may directly or indirectly rely upon
the Investor identification procedures performed by such third parties, as set
forth in Part II above.
5.2 Delegation of Elements of Hedge Fund Manager’s AML Program

to Third Parties - Administrators, IAs, CTAs
The Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer should be directly in-
volved in the decision to delegate to, and the selection of, a third party
to perform certain elements of the Hedge Fund Manager’s AML Program,
including Investor identification procedures and SAR and in determining
whether, and to what extent, such delegation is reasonable and appropriate.
Such a decision will often be predicated on the Hedge Fund Manager’s inter-
est in directing its AML and due diligence efforts where they are most likely
to be productive. Taking into account applicable law and regulation, its
own risk assessment of its Investors and available resources, the Anti-Money
Laundering Compliance Officer might determine that, absent any specific
money laundering concerns, it will generally be appropriate to delegate
particular Investor identification or other AML procedures to a third party,
such as an administrator, IA, or CTA.
18
In addition, fund administrators organized under the laws of the Bahamas, Bermuda,
and the Cayman Islands are required to comply with AML laws and regulations enacted
in these jurisdictions during the past few years. The AML laws and regulations of these
jurisdictions impose detailed “know your customer” obligations on fund administrators.

5.3 Reliance on Third Parties: Placement Agents/Financial Institutions

Based on these same considerations, the Anti-Money Laundering Com-
pliance Officer might also determine that it will generally be appropriate
(absent any specific money laundering concerns) to rely on the Investor
identification procedures performed by certain other categories of third
parties that have introduced the Investor to the Hedge Fund and, therefore,
may be better suited to conduct those procedures. Such third parties can
include placement agents or asset aggregators. In addition, Hedge Funds
may choose to rely on other financial institutions such as:
• A U.S.-regulated financial institution where the Investor is a customer of

the U.S.-regulated financial institution and the Investor’s investment funds
are wired from its account at the U.S.-regulated financial institution;19
• A regulated foreign financial institution organized in a FATF jurisdiction,

where the Investor is a customer of such foreign financial institutions and
the Investor’s investment funds are wired from its account at the foreign
financial institution;
• An Investor intermediary, nominee, fund of funds, or asset aggregator

that is itself a U.S.-regulated financial institution; or
• An Investor intermediary, nominee, fund of funds, or asset aggregator

that is itself a regulated foreign financial institution organized in a FATF
jurisdiction.
To the extent that the Hedge Fund Manager believes that the Investor iden-
tification procedures performed by a placement agent or regulated foreign
financial institution, although reliable, may not include procedures that are
included in the Hedge Fund Manager’s AML policies and procedures (e.g.,
determination of whether an Investor is a Prohibited Investor as defined in
Recommendation 2.3), the Hedge Fund Manager should either expressly
19
As used herein, the term “U.S.-regulated financial institution” would include institu-
tions subject to the AML provisions of the PATRIOT Act, such as a registered broker-
dealer and a U.S. branch or agency of a Foreign Bank. Where doubt exists as to the
existence of a formal customer relationship between such a financial institution and an
Investor, the Hedge Fund Manager may wish to obtain representations from the finan-
cial institution confirming the existence of a customer relationship and the performance
of customer due diligence.
34 | Appendix IV
request that the foreign financial institution confirm that it has performed
the necessary additional procedures or otherwise provide for the perform-
ance of such procedures prior to accepting an Investor through the financial
institution.
5.4 Allocation of Responsibilities Between the Parties

Regardless of whether a Hedge Fund delegates its Investor identifica-
tion procedures to an administrator, IA, or CTA, or whether it relies on
a financial institution acting as a placement agent or asset aggregator that
introduced the Investor, agreements with such third parties that either
introduce or process Hedge Fund investments should clearly allocate AML
responsibilities between the third party and the Hedge Fund and its Hedge
Fund Manager, as appropriate. The Hedge Fund Manager should con-
duct due diligence with respect to the AML policies of the third party by
familiarizing itself with such policies (by, for example, obtaining a copy or
a summary of the third-party’s AML policies) and determining whether the
policies meet the standards set by the Hedge Fund Manager. Agreements
with third parties should also seek to establish effective lines of communica-
tion for addressing Investor due diligence issues and suspicious activity or
circumstances as they arise. Such agreements should also contemplate means
by which a Hedge Fund or its Hedge Fund Manager may periodically verify
or audit the third party’s compliance with its AML policies, procedures,
and controls.
Agreements with Fund Administrators. A Hedge Fund’s agreement with its

fund administrator should specifically allocate between the administrator,
on the one hand, and the fund and the Hedge Fund Manager, on the other
hand, their respective obligations for compliance with applicable U.S. AML
laws and regulations, as well as the laws and regulations applicable in the
fund’s home country jurisdiction.20 Sample representations and covenants
that could be sought from fund administrators are included in Annex D-1.
20
The Hedge Fund Manager may wish to seek amendments (in the form of a letter or
otherwise) to its existing agreements with fund administrators.

Agreements with Certain Investor Intermediaries. A Hedge Fund Manag-

er’s agreement with an introducing firm or asset aggregator should clearly
allocate responsibilities for Investor identification in accordance with the
policies adopted by the Hedge Fund Manager. Sample representations and
covenants that could be sought from Investor intermediaries in this regard
are included in Annex D-2.
5.5 Risk-Based Assessment of Third Parties’ Anti-Money

Laundering Procedures
As part of its determination as to whether it should delegate to or rely on a
third party in performing particular AML functions, a Hedge Fund Man-
ager should undertake a risk-assessment of any money laundering concerns
relating to the third party, taking into account the jurisdiction in which the
third party is located, as well as various other factors indicative of the quality
of their AML procedures. This is particularly important, for example, when
dealing with unregulated entities or entities that are not based in jurisdic-
tions that have been pre-determined to be acceptable to the Hedge Fund
Manager (e.g., non-FATF jurisdictions). In determining whether the Hedge
Fund Manager may delegate to or rely on a third party for the purposes of
performing certain AML functions, the Hedge Fund Manager may wish to
consider various factors, as appropriate, such as:
• Jurisdiction in which the third party is based and the existence of

applicable AML laws and regulations. In order to gain comfort regard-
ing the AML structure of another jurisdiction, a Hedge Fund Manager
may wish to review pronouncements of U.S. governmental agencies and
multilateral organizations21 regarding the AML laws and regulations in
such other jurisdiction:
• Regulatory status of third party and affiliates;
• Reputation and history of third party in the investment industry; and
• The AML and Investor due diligence policies, procedures and controls
implemented by the third party.
21
In this regard, a Hedge Fund Manager may wish to consult pronouncements and
publications by FATF (see also Annexes F and G hereto), FinCEN (see also Annex I
hereto) and the U.S. Department of State’s INCSR Report.
36 | Appendix IV
5.6 Further Assurances
Should the Hedge Fund Manager determine that further assurances from
any third party are warranted, it may also wish to consider some of the
following possibilities:
• Requiring the third party to provide the Hedge Fund Manager with a
copy of its AML and Investor due diligence policies, procedures and
controls and to promptly notify the Hedge Fund Manager of any
amendment thereto;
• Requiring the third party to certify and covenant that it complies

and will continue to comply with its AML and Investor due diligence
policies, procedures, and controls;
• Requiring meaningful written representations and covenants as to

Investors verified by the third party, e.g., a covenant that it will ensure
that no such Investors are Prohibited Investors, as set forth in
Recommendation 2.3;
• Requiring the third party to provide access, upon request, to copies

of documents reviewed by the third party in performing Investor due
diligence;
• Requiring the third party to submit to a review or audit of its AML poli-
cies, procedures, and controls and its compliance with them as they relate
to the funds managed by the Hedge Fund Manager; and
• In the case of an intermediary or nominee, obtaining evidence of or

representations as to its authority to make the contemplated investment.

VI. Additional BSA Requirements
6.1 Policy Relating to Cash and Cash Equivalents

Given the close association between cash transactions and money launder-
ing, a Hedge Fund Manager should consider limiting the acceptance of cash
or cash equivalents such as money orders and traveler’s checks. Where such
a policy has been adopted, requests for exceptions to this policy should be
brought to the Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer for approval,
and for possible filing of cash transaction reports on an IRS/FinCEN
Form 8300.
Pursuant to both the PATRIOT Act and the Internal Revenue Code, the
Hedge Fund Manager and each Hedge Fund must report the receipt of one
or more related cash or cash equivalent transactions that exceed $10,000.
The transactions are reportable on IRS/FinCEN Form 8300 and must be
filed by the 15th day after the date the cash or cash equivalent was received.
The AML procedures should describe these requirements and the timing for
filing these forms, as well as the legal prohibition against “structuring” such
cash transactions in order to avoid the reporting requirement. Whenever
patterns of structuring are identified, the Anti-Money Laundering Compli-
ance Officer should be notified.
6.2 Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts Report

The AML procedures should also address the responsibility of a Hedge Fund
and Hedge Fund Manager to report any financial interest in, or signature
or other authority over, any non-U.S. financial accounts, including bank,
securities, or other types of financial accounts in a foreign country, if the
aggregate value of those financial accounts exceeds $10,000 at any time
during the calendar year. Such reports must be made each calendar year by
filing TD 90-22.1 with FinCEN on or before June 30 of the succeeding
year. MFA has recently sought guidance from the Internal Revenue Service
(“IRS”), with respect to the reporting rule and how it applies in various
scenarios that commonly arise in the Hedge Fund industry.
38 | Appendix IV
6.3 Reports of Transportation of Monetary Instruments
The AML procedures should also address the responsibility of a Hedge Fund
and Hedge Fund Manager to file reports of the physical transportation of
cash or cash-like monetary instruments, (e.g., all traveler’s checks and various
other negotiable instruments and securities in bearer form) of more than
$10,000 into or outside of the United States to the U.S. Customs Service on
a Report of International Transportation of Currency or Monetary Instru-
ments (“FinCEN Form 105” or “CMIR”). The procedures should also
address the prohibition on structuring of the transaction so as to avoid the
CMIR reporting requirement. All questions about CMIR reporting should
be directed to the Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer.
VII. General Recordkeeping Requirements

All documentation related to a Hedge Fund or Hedge Fund Manager’s
AML program not addressed above should be retained for a period of
at least five years.

ANNEX A: Definitions
1. 2007 AML Guidance is MFA’s Guidance for Hedge Funds and Hedge
Fund Managers on Developing Anti-Money Laundering Programs
(Release No. 2).
2. AML is defined as anti-money laundering.
3. The Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer is the person

appointed by Senior Management, among other things, to administer
the Hedge Fund Manager’s AML program.
4. The BSA is the Bank Secrecy Act, as amended.
5. A Close Associate of a SFPF/PEP is a person who is widely and pub-

licly known (or is actually known by the Hedge Fund Manager or the
Hedge Fund) to be a close associate of such an individual.
6. The CFTC is the U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission.
7. A CMIR or FinCEN Form 105 is a form published by the U.S.

Customs Service on a Report of International Transportation of
Currency or Monetary Instruments.
8. The CEA is the Commodity Exchange Act, as amended.
9. A Commodity Pool Operator or CPO is defined under the CEA as

“any person engaged in a business that is of the nature of an investment
trust, syndicate, or similar form of enterprise and who, in connection
therewith, solicits, accepts, or receives from others, funds, securities,
or property, either directly or through capital contributions, the sale
of stock or other forms of securities, or otherwise, for the purpose of
trading in any commodity for future delivery on or subject to the rules
of any contract market or derivatives transaction execution facility,”
subject to certain exceptions. Section 1a(5) of the CEA, 7 U.S.C. §
1a(5).
40 | Appendix IV
10. A Commodity Trading Advisor or CTA is defined under the CEA as
“any person who, for compensation or profit, engages in the business of
advising others, either directly or [indirectly], as to the value . . . or . . .
advisability of trading in any contract of sale of a commodity for future
delivery made or to be made on or subject to the rules of a contract
market or derivatives transaction execution facility, or any commodity
option authorized under section 6c [of the CEA], or any leverage trans-
action authorized under section 23 [of the CEA], or for compensation
or profit, and as part of a regular business, issues or promulgates analy-
ses or reports concerning any of the activities referred to above, subject
to certain exemptions. Section 1a(6) of the CEA, 7 U.S.C. § 1a(6).
11. A Direct Investor is an Investor who invests in a Hedge Fund as princi-

pal and not for the benefit of any third party.
12. The Financial Action Task Force or FATF is an international organiza-

tion comprised of representatives of the financial, regulatory, and law
enforcement communities from around the world, which serves as the
world leader in the development of effective AML programs. A list of
current FATF-member jurisdictions is available at (www.oecd.org/fatf),
and included in Annex F attached hereto.
13. A FATF Jurisdiction is a country or territory that is a member in good

standing of the FATF.
14. A Foreign Bank means a bank organized under foreign law, or an

agency, branch, or office located outside the United States. The term
does not include an agent, agency, branch, or office within the United
States of a bank organized under foreign law.
15. FinCEN is the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network of the U.S.

Department of Treasury.
16. A Hedge Fund is a pooled investment vehicle that generally meets

the following criteria: (1) it is not marketed to the general public (i.e.,
privately-offered); (2) it is limited to high net worth individuals and
institutions; (3) it is not registered as an investment company under
relevant laws (e.g., U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940); (4) its

assets are managed by a professional investment management firm that

shares in the gains of the investment vehicle based on investment per-
formance of the vehicle; and (5) it has periodic but restricted or limited
investor redemption rights. The term Hedge Fund, as used in these
Recommendations, is not intended to capture private investment funds
that are “purely” traditional private equity, venture capital, or real estate
funds, although MFA recognizes that individual Hedge Funds may
in accordance with their offering documents pursue these and other
investment strategies.
17. A Hedge Fund Manager is a professional investment management firm

that serves as investment manager for a Hedge Fund and manages its
assets and investments.
18. A High Risk Investor is an Investor that a Hedge Fund Manager has
reason to believe presents high risk factors with regard to money laun-
dering or terrorist financing. Examples of high risk factors with regard
to money laundering and terrorist financing can be found in Recom-
mendation 2.4.
19. An Immediate Family Member of a SFPF/PEP means a spouse, par-

ents, siblings, children, and spouse’s parents or siblings.
20. The International Narcotics Control Strategy Report or INCSR is an

annual report issued by the U.S. Department of State that assesses the
money laundering risks of various countries and jurisdictions.
21. The IRS is the U.S. Internal Revenue Service.
22. An Investment Adviser or IA is defined in the Investment Advisers Act

of 1940 as “any person who, for compensation, engages in the business
of advising others . . . as to the value of securities or as to the advis-
ability of investing in, purchasing, or selling securities, or . . . issues . . .
analyses or reports concerning securities,” subject to certain exceptions.
Section 202(a)(11) of the the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, 31
U.S.C. § 80b-2(a)(11).
42 | Appendix IV
23. An Investment Company is defined under section 3 of the Investment
Company Act as “any issuer which . . . is or holds itself out as being
engaged primarily, or proposes to engage primarily, in the business
of investing, reinvesting, or trading in securities,” subject to certain
exemptions. 15 U.S.C. §§ 80a-3(a)(1)(A), (c)(1) and (c)(7).
24. Investment Company Act is the U.S. Investment Company Act of

1940, as amended.
25. The term Investor includes, unless otherwise indicated, any Direct
Investor, and any intermediary or nominee that makes an investment
on behalf of other Investors.
26. The term Investor identification procedures refers to those procedures

a Hedge Fund Manager establishes and maintains that are designed to
identify an Investor to the extent reasonable and practical and to reduce
the Hedge Fund Manager’s exposure to criminal liability and reputa-
tional harm.
27. MFA is the Managed Funds Association.
28. A Non-Cooperative Jurisdiction or NCCT jurisdiction means any for-

eign country that has been designated as non-cooperative with interna-
tional AML principles or procedures by an intergovernmental group or
organization, such as FATF, of which the United States is a member and
with which designation the United States representative to the group or
organization continues to concur.
29. OFAC is the U.S. Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets

Control.
30. The OFAC List is the List of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked
Persons administered by OFAC, as such lists may be amended from time
to time.
31. An offshore bank refers to a non-U.S. bank that possess a license to

conduct banking activities that prohibits the licensing entity from con-
ducting banking activities with the citizens of, or in the local currency
of, the jurisdiction that issued the license.

32. Physical Presence means a place of business that is maintained by a

foreign bank and is located at a fixed address, other than solely an
electronic address or a post-office box, in a country in which the foreign
bank is authorized to conduct banking activities, at which location
the foreign bank employs one or more individuals on a full time basis,
maintains operating records related to its banking activities, and is
subject to inspection by the banking authority that licensed the foreign
bank to conduct banking activities.
33. A Politically Exposed Person or PEP is a term used for individuals who
are or have been entrusted with prominent public functions in a foreign
country, for example Heads of State or of government, senior politi-
cians, senior government, judicial or military officials, senior execu-
tives of state owned corporations, important political party officials,
etc. Business relationships with family members or close associates of
PEPs involve reputational risks similar to those with PEPs themselves.
See FATF 40 Recommendations Glossary at (www.fatfgafi.org/
glossary/0,3414,en_32250379_32236889_35433764_1_1_1_1,00.
html#34285860).
34. The Preliminary Guidance is MFA’s original Preliminary Guidance

for Hedge Funds and Hedge Fund Managers on Developing Anti-Money
Laundering Programs, published on March 28, 2002.
35. A Private Investment Company or PIC is a type of international busi-

ness corporation, typically used to hold individual funds and invest-
ments in which ownership can be vested through bearer shares or regis-
tered shares, which is incorporated frequently in countries that impose
low or no taxes on company assets or that are bank secrecy havens. PICs
can offer confidentiality of ownership, as the shares of a PIC may be
held by a trust, which may hold assets centrally, and provide interme-
diaries between private banking customers and the potential beneficiar-
ies of the PICs. As a result, PICs are typically viewed by regulators as
posing money laundering risk and, therefore, requiring enhanced due
diligence, as appropriate. See Bank Secrecy Act Anti-Money Launder-
ing Examination Manual, Federal Financial Institutions Examination
Council, at pp. 285-86 (2006).
44 | Appendix IV
36. A Prohibited Foreign Shell Bank means a bank incorporated in a juris-
diction in which it has no physical presence and which is unaffiliated
with a regulated financial group.
37. A Prohibited Investor is: (1) An individual or entity whose name

appears on: (a) any lists of prohibited persons and entities as may be
mandated by applicable law or regulation, including the List of Specially
Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons administered by OFAC as
such lists may be amended from time to time; (b) such other lists of
prohibited persons and entities as may be mandated by applicable U.S.
law or regulation consider specifying other lists to be verified; or (c)
such other lists of prohibited persons and entities as may be provided to
the administrator by the Hedge Fund Manager;
(2) An individual or entity who is from a country or territory prohib-

ited by the OFAC sanctions programs;
(3) An individual or entity who is a resident in, or organized or char-

tered under the laws of, a jurisdiction that has been designated by
the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Treasury under Section
311 of the PATRIOT Act as warranting special measures due to
money laundering concerns; or
(4) A Prohibited Foreign Shell Bank.
38. Proposed AML Program Rules, as amended and supplemented, were

rules issued by FinCEN on September 18, 2002, which require UICs to
establish AML programs. The Proposed AML Program Rules were later
expanded to IAs and CTAs on April 28, 2003 by FinCEN.
39. RIA stands for a registered investment adviser.
40. The SEC is the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
41. A Senior Foreign Political Figure or SFPF is: (1) a current or former
senior official in the executive, legislative, administrative, military, or
judicial branches of a non-U.S. government (whether elected or not), a
current or former senior official of a major non-U.S. political party, or

a current or former senior executive of a non-U.S. government-owned

commercial enterprise; (2) a corporation, business, or other entity that
has been formed by, or for the benefit of, any such individual; (3) an
immediate family member of any such individual; and (4) a person who
is widely and publicly known (or is actually known by the Hedge Fund
Manager or the Hedge Fund) to be a close associate of such individual.
For purposes of this definition, a “senior official” or “senior executive”
means an individual with substantial authority over policy, operations,
or the use of government-owned resources. See 31 C.F.R. § 103.175(r).
42. SFPF/PEP is a short-hand term used to refer to a Senior Foreign

Political Figure or Politically Exposed Person.
43. Senior Management refers to members of a group of senior executives

or other management body with the authority and responsibility to
direct and oversee a Hedge Fund Manager’s day-to-day activities on
behalf of a Hedge Fund or Hedge Funds.
44. Sound Practices is MFA’s Sound Practices for Hedge Fund Managers.
45. A SAR is a Suspicious Activity Report.
46. An underlying Investor is the beneficial owner of shares of stock

in a company.
47. Unregistered Investment Companies or UICs are certain investment

companies that are not registered with the SEC, including private
investment funds, Hedge Funds, private equity funds, venture capital
funds, commodity pools, and real estate investment trusts.
48. The term U.S.-regulated financial institution includes institutions

subject to the AML provisions of the Patriot Act.
49. USA Act of 2001 or PATRIOT Act or the Act means the Uniting and
Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to
Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism (PATRIOT) Act of 2001 (Pub. L.
No. 107-56).
46 | Appendix IV
ANNEX B: Model Anti-Money Laundering Attestation
1. For use in dealings with Registered Investment Adviser (“RIA”)/
Unregistered Investment Companies (“FUNDS”) – Annex B-1
2. For use in dealings with Unregistered Investment Advisers/Non-U.S.
Regulated Investment Advisers (“IA”) and Unregistered Investment
Companies (“FUNDS”) – Annex B-2

ANNEX B-1: Model Anti-Money Laundering Attestation

For use in dealings with Registered Investment Adviser (“RIA”)/
Unregistered Investment Companies (“FUNDS”)*
Name:
Address:
On behalf of the RIA named above, and the FUNDS it manages [or the
FUNDS managed by its affiliates] (hereafter “RIA/FUNDS”), the under-
signed represents and warrants that:
1. The RIA is an Investment Adviser registered with the U.S. Securities and
Exchange Commission and under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940
[or a Commodity Trading Advisor (“CTA”) or Commodity Pool Opera-
tor (“CPO”) registered under the Commodity Exchange Act].
2. The RIA/FUNDS has implemented and currently maintains AML
procedures that are reasonably designed to be consistent with the AML
provisions of Sound Practices for Hedge Fund Managers, which Managed
Funds Association believes are generally in accord with the requirements
of the Bank Secrecy Act, as amended by the PATRIOT Act of 2001
(the “PATRIOT Act”).
3. The RIA/FUNDS has adopted procedures reasonably designed to
comply with the laws, regulations, and Executive Orders administered
by the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets
Control (“OFAC”), including the List of Specially Designated Nationals
and Blocked Persons administered by OFAC, as such list may be amended
from time to time.
* This form can be used for all FUNDS introduced by an IA, and should be prepared on
the letterhead of the IA. Where the IA is affiliated with an RIA, the form for an RIA
should be used.
48 | Appendix IV
4. The RIA/FUNDS or its designee, including, as appropriate, the
FUNDS’ administrator, will retain relevant documentation with
respect to the investor/shareholder,1 including identification information,
obtained in accordance with the above procedures for five years after the
date on which the investor/shareholder withdraws from the FUND.
5. Upon a reasonable request, the RIA agrees to recertify in writing the
representations and warranties provided herein.
CERTIFICATION
On behalf of the RIA/FUNDS, the undersigned hereby certifies that I have
read the foregoing representations and warranties, and acknowledge that the
foregoing representations and warranties are true and correct.
RIA Name:
Address:
By: Name of Compliance Officer

or Senior Manager:
Title:
Signature: Date:
or:
By: FUND’s Administrator2 :

Name of Authorized Person:
Title:
Signature: Date:
1
The term “investor/shareholder,” as used herein, means any “direct investor” or any
intermediary or nominee who makes an investment on behalf of other investors/share-
holders. A “direct investor” is an investor/shareholder who invests in a Hedge Fund as
principal and not for the benefit of any third party.
2
In appropriate circumstances, this representation letter may be signed by the FUND’s
Administrator, and prepared on its letterhead.

ANNEX B-2: Model Anti-Money Laundering Attestation

For use in dealings with Unregistered Investment Advisers/
Non-U.S. Regulated Investment Advisers (“IA”) and
Unregistered Investment Companies (“FUNDS”)*
Name:
Address:
On behalf of the IA named above, and the FUNDS it manages (hereafter

“IA/FUNDS”), the undersigned represents and warrants that:
1. The IA is organized under the laws of [Insert name of jurisdiction]

[and regulated by [Insert name of applicable regulator]].
2. The IA/FUNDS has implemented and currently maintains anti-money

laundering procedures that are reasonably designed to be: (1) consistent
with the anti-money laundering provisions of Sound Practices for Hedge
Fund Managers (“Sound Practices”), which Managed Funds Associa-
tion believes are generally in accord with the requirements of the Bank
Secrecy Act, as amended by the PATRIOT Act of 2001 (the “PATRIOT
Act”); and (2) compliant with applicable anti-money laundering laws,
rules, and regulations of its own jurisdiction.
3. The IA/FUNDS has, consistent with Sound Practices, applied, and will
continue to apply, its anti-money laundering procedures to all investors/
shareholders1, and will, in accordance with the laws of its own jurisdic-
tion, take reasonable measures to identify all investors/shareholders.
* This form can be used for all FUNDS introduced by an IA, and should be prepared on
the letterhead of the IA. Where the IA is affiliated with an RIA, the form for an RIA
should be used.
1
The term “investor/shareholder,” as used herein, means any “direct investor” or any
intermediary or nominee who makes an investment on behalf of other investors/share-
holders. A “direct investor” is an investor/shareholder who invests in a Hedge Fund as
principal and not for the benefit of any third party.
50 | Appendix IV
4. The IA/FUNDS has, consistent with Sound Practices, undertaken appro-
priate due diligence efforts with respect to each investor/shareholder, in-
cluding enhanced scrutiny with respect to senior foreign political figures2
/politically exposed persons,3 the preclusion of any prohibited foreign
shell bank,4 and the screening of any country, territory, individual and/or
entity prohibited pursuant to applicable economic sanctions programs,
including, without limitation, all applicable sanctions regimes promul-
gated or administered by the U.S. Department of Treasury’s Office of
Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”), the United Nations, the European
Union, and/or any other applicable jurisdiction’s economic sanctions
regime.5
2
A “senior foreign political figure” is defined as: (1) a current or former senior official
in the executive, legislative, administrative, military or judicial branches of a non-U.S.
government (whether elected or not), a current or former senior official of a major non-
U.S. political party, or a current or former senior executive of a non-U.S. government-
owned commercial enterprise; (2) a corporation, business, or other entity that has been
formed by, or for the benefit of, any such individual; (3) an immediate family member
of any such individual; and (4) a person who is widely and publicly known (or is
actually known by the IA or the FUND) to be a close associate of such individual. For
purposes of this definition, a “senior official” or “senior executive” means an individual
with substantial authority over policy, operations, or the use of government-owned
resources; and “immediate family member” means a spouse, parents, siblings, children,
and spouse’s parents or siblings.
3
A “politically exposed person” is a term used for individuals who are or have been
entrusted with prominent public functions in a foreign country, for example, heads
of state or of government, senior politicians, senior government, judicial or military
officials, senior executives of state-owned corporations.
4
A “prohibited foreign shell bank” is a bank incorporated in a jurisdiction in which it
has no physical presence and which is unaffiliated with a regulated financial group.
5
U.S. IAs/FUNDS must comply with the sanctions programs administered by OFAC,
including the List of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons adminis-
tered by OFAC, as such list may be amended from time to time.

5. The IA/FUNDS or its designee, including, as appropriate, the FUNDS’

Administrator, will retain relevant documentation, including identifica-
tion information, obtained in accordance with the above procedures
[for at least five years] after the date on which the investor/shareholder
withdraws from the FUND.
6. Upon a reasonable request, the IA/FUNDS agrees to recertify the repre-

sentations and warranties provided herein.
CERTIFICATION
On behalf of the IA/FUNDS, the undersigned hereby certifies that I have
read the foregoing representations and warranties, and acknowledge that the
foregoing representations and warranties are true and correct.
IA Name:
Address:
By: Name of Compliance Officer

or Senior Manager:
Title:
Signature: Date:
or:
By: FUND’s Administrator6 :

Name of Authorized Person:
Title:
Signature: Date:
6
In appropriate circumstances, this representation letter may be signed by the FUND’s
administrator, and prepared on its letterhead.
52 | Appendix IV
ANNEX C: Proposed Template for Anti-Money
Laundering Policies and Procedures*
MFA believes that the template below sets forth the key elements that
should be included in a Hedge Fund Manager’s AML policies, procedures,
and controls. AML compliance will be undergoing great change as regula-
tions implementing the PATRIOT Act are promulgated and as industry
guidance develops over time, and MFA anticipates that it will periodically
update this template accordingly. Similarly, a Hedge Fund Manager should
therefore update its AML policies, procedures, and controls as necessary to
reflect applicable law and regulation and developing industry practice.
Given the degree to which Hedge Funds vary in size and organizational
structure, as well as in the profile of their Investor bases, MFA believes that
no one standard or model AML program can be appropriate for all Hedge
Fund Managers. The appropriateness of policies and procedures for a Hedge
Fund Manager will depend on a number of factors, including, but not lim-
ited to: (1) laws and regulations applicable to the Hedge Fund and Hedge
Fund Manager; (2) the specific risks presented by the Investor base of each
Hedge Fund that is managed by the Hedge Fund Manager; (3) the Hedge
Fund Manager’s relationships with its fund administrator and its Investor
intermediaries; and (4) the Hedge Fund Manager’s available resources. Con-
sequently, a Hedge Fund Manager’s AML policies, procedures, and controls
need to be tailored to the specific circumstances presented and should only
be adopted on the advice of qualified professional advisers.
* Unless otherwise defined, capitalized terms shall have the meanings ascribed to them in
the 2007 AML Guidance.

[Name of Hedge Fund Manager]

ANTI-MONEY LAUNDERING POLICIES,
PROCEDURES AND CONTROLS
Dated as of [insert date adopted/last updated]
I FUNDAMENTAL ELEMENTS OF ANTI-MONEY

LAUNDERING PROGRAM
A. Policy Statement
This section should clearly set forth the Hedge Fund Manager’s
policy against money laundering and any activity that facilitates
money laundering or the funding of terrorist activity. (See Recom-
mendation 1.1.) This policy should be adopted at the Hedge Fund
Manager’s highest executive level.
The following is an example of such a policy statement:
“[SENIOR MANAGEMENT/THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS]

HAS DETERMINED THAT IT IS THE POLICY OF _________
_____ TO SEEK TO PREVENT THE MISUSE OF THE FUNDS
IT MANAGES AND ITS PERSONNEL AND FACILITIES FOR
PURPOSES OF MONEY LAUNDERING AND TERRORIST FI-
NANCING. ______________ HAS ADOPTED AND ENFORC-
ES RIGOROUS POLICIES, PROCEDURES AND CONTROLS
TO DETECT AND DETER THE OCCURRENCE OF MONEY
LAUNDERING AND OTHER ILLEGAL ACTIVITY.]”
A statement could also be included to emphasize that: (1) AML

compliance is the responsibility of every employee of the Hedge
Fund Manager; and (2) any employee that detects activity that seems
to be suspicious should immediately report such activity to the Anti-
Money Laundering Compliance Officer.
54 | Appendix IV
B. Objectives of the Anti-Money Laundering Program
This section should clearly set forth the objectives of the Hedge
Fund Manager’s AML program. (See Recommendation 1.1.) These
objectives should include the detection and deterrence of instances of
money laundering, terrorist financing, and other illegal activity. This
section should also provide that all employees of the Hedge Fund
Manager should be generally informed of the AML policy and proce-
dures adopted by the Hedge Fund Manager and be familiar with the
substance and intent of such policy and procedures (see Recommen-
dation 1.3).
C. Basic Elements of the Anti-Money Laundering Program

This section should state the four basic elements of an AML program
for UICs, IAs, and CTAs under Section 352 of the PATRIOT Act:
(1) the development of internal policies, procedures, and controls;
(2) the designation of a compliance officer; (3) an ongoing employee
training program; and (4) an independent audit function to test pro-
grams. Such programs should be in writing and approved by Senior
Management (see Recommendation 1.2).
D. Role of Senior Managment and the Anti-Money Laundering

Compliance Officer
This section should clearly identify the Anti-Money Laundering
Compliance Officer appointed by the Hedge Fund Manager and
provide sufficient contact details for this person. This section should
also describe the role of Senior Management and the Anti-Money
Laundering Compliance Officer in the development, adoption, and
enforcement of written AML policies, procedures, and controls, and
that it is the responsibility of the Anti-Money Laundering Compli-
ance Officer, in consultation with Senior Management, as appro-
priate, to decide whether to accept or reject an Investor when the
Investor has been categorized as high risk. In addition, this section

should provide that the Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer

determine whether to delegate the performance of Investor identifi-
cation procedures to a third party (see Recommendation 1.4).
E. Investor Identification Policies and Procedures

This section should state that the Hedge Fund Manager should
establish written policies and procedures regarding Investor
identification, which is addressed in Part II below. In addition,
the Hedge Fund Manager should periodically review and update
their AML policies and procedures (see Recommendation 1.5).
F. Responsibilities of the Anti-Laundering Compliance Officer

This section should clearly identify the responsibilities of the
Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer. See Recommendation
1.6 for a discussion of the role and possible responsibilities of the
Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer. This section might
also include a statement that: (1) encourages the employees of the
Hedge Fund Manager to seek the assistance of the Anti-Money
Laundering Compliance Officer in addressing any money launder-
ing-related concerns that they may have; and (2) directs the employ-
ees of the Hedge Fund Manager to immediately report suspicious
activity to the Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer.
G. Employee Training Program

This section should describe the Hedge Fund Manager’s employee
training program (see Recommendation 1.7) and in particular a
training program might set forth:
(1) The general content of the Hedge Fund Manager’s AML training
program(s);
(2) Regularity with which the training program will be conducted;
56 | Appendix IV
(3) Person(s) responsible for conducting the program (e.g., the
Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer);
(4) The requirement that each employee comply with the Hedge
Fund Manager’s policies and procedures;
(5) Depending on their function, the group of employees that will

be required to attend the AML training program(s) and proce-
dures to ensure attendance; and
(6) The procedures for creating and maintaining records of all AML
training sessions conducted, including the dates and locations of
the training sessions and the names and departments of attend-
ees, and maintenance of these records for a minimum specified
period (e.g., five years).
H. Independent Audit Function

This section should provide for an independent audit function to
assess the Hedge Fund Manager’s compliance with, and the effective-
ness of, its AML program (see Recommendation 1.8). In particular
the independent audit function might set forth:
(1) Regularity with which the independent audit will be performed

(e.g., annually at a specified time);
(2) Person(s) responsible for performing the audit (e.g., appropriate

member of Senior Management or external professionals);
(3) Procedures applicable to auditing performance of third

parties upon whom the Hedge Fund Manager relies for the
performance of Investor identification procedures and other
AML responsibilities;
(4) Evaluation of the Hedge Fund Manager’s compliance with appli-

cable AML laws and regulations and the Hedge Fund Manager’s
own AML program;
(5) Reporting of the results of such evaluation to the audit com-

mittee of the board of directors or similar oversight body of the
Hedge Fund or Hedge Fund Manager; and

(6) Appropriate follow-up to ensure that any deficiencies detected

in the course of the audit of its AML program are addressed
and rectified.
I. Representations to Counterparties on Policies and Procedures

This section sets forth the understanding that the Hedge Fund
Manager may be required to make AML attestations to financial
institutions, and provides Model Anti-Money Laundering Attestation
attached as Annex B (see Recommendation 1.9).
II. INVESTOR IDENTIFICATION POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
A. Objectives
This section should provide that the Hedge Fund Manager should
establish and maintain reasonable procedures that are designed to
identify Investors (see Recommendation 2.1).
B. Consider Characteristics of Investor Base

This section should provide that the Hedge Fund Manager’s Investor
identification procedures should take into account the risks of the
Investor base of the Hedge Fund it manages.
C. General Premise
This section should state that the Hedge Fund Manager’s Investor
identification procedures are based on the general premise that the
Hedge Fund Manager should only accept an investment from a new
Investor after its performance of one of the following due diligence
steps: (1) undertaking reasonable due diligence efforts with respect to
the Direct Investor; (2) undertaking reasonable due diligence efforts
with respect to the identity of an Investor, who is investing on behalf
of other underlying Investors, and the underlying Investors them-
selves; or (3) determining whether it is acceptable to rely on Investor
due diligence performed by a third party.
58 | Appendix IV
D. Investor Identification Procedures
This section should describe in detail the procedures undertaken by
the Hedge Fund Manager to conduct reasonable due diligence efforts
with respect to the identities of Investors to the extent reasonable and
practical and to ensure that Prohibited Investors are not permitted
to invest in the Hedge Fund it manages (see Recommendations in
Part II). To the extent that the Hedge Fund Manager relies on third
parties to perform certain Investor identification procedures (as
discussed in Part V of the 2007 AML Guidance and as addressed in
Part V of this template), this section should take into account those
arrangements as applicable.
Investor identification procedures should be based upon the specific
characteristics presented by the following types of Investors:
(1) Natural persons
See Recommendation 2.2.1 for examples of the types of procedures

that might be included here.
(2) Corporations, partnerships and comparable legal entities
See Recommendation 2.2.2 for examples of types of procedures that

might be included here.
(3) Prohibited Investors
This section should clearly identify those types of Investors that are
prohibited from investing in the Hedge Fund managed by the Hedge
Fund Manager. See Recommendation 2.3 for examples of the types
of Investors that should be prohibited from investing; a Hedge Fund
Manager or Hedge Fund may wish to identify other types of Inves-
tors that are prohibited. This section should also include procedures
that provide for screening for Prohibited Investors, including:
a. Investors whose names appear on any lists of prohibited

persons and entities as may be mandated by applicable law or
regulation, including the List of Specially Designated Nationals

and Blocked Persons administered by the U.S. Department

of Treasury’s OFAC1, as such lists may be amended from
time to time;
b. Investors who are from a country or territory prohibited by

the OFAC sanctions programs;
c. Investors who are resident in, or organized or chartered under

the laws of, a jurisdiction that has been designated by the
Secretary of the U.S. Department of Treasury under Section
311 of the PATRIOT Act as warranting special measures due
to money laundering concerns; or
d. Prohibited Foreign Shell Bank.
(4) High Risk Investors
This section should identify the types of Investors that the Hedge
Fund Manager considers to be “high risk” and requiring enhanced
Investor identification procedures. Examples of High Risk Investors
are discussed in Recommendation 2.4 and include:
a. Investors not located in a FATF jurisdiction;
b. Non-U.S. PICs2;
c. A SFPF/PEP, an immediate family member, or close associate

of a SFPF/PEP3;
1
OFAC’s List of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons may be accessed
at (www.treas.gov/ofac).
2
See definition of “Private Investment Companies” in Appendix A and the BSA Anti-
Money Laundering Examination Manual, Federal Financial Institutions Examina-
tion Council, at pg. 292 (2007) (www.ffiec.gov/pdf/bsa_aml_examination_
manual2007.pdf).
3
See definition of SFPF in Appendix A and the final rule implementing Section 312 of
the PATRIOT Act, 31 C.F.R. § 103.175(r); see also definition of a PEP in Appendix
A and the FATF 40 Recommendations Glossary at (www.fatf-gafi.org/glossary/
0,3414,en_32250379_32236889_35433764_1_1_1_1,00.html#34285860).
60 | Appendix IV
d. Any Investor resident in, or organized or chartered under the
laws of, a Non-Cooperative Jurisdiction4;
e. Any Investor whose subscription funds originate from, or

are routed through, an account maintained at a Prohibited
Foreign Shell Bank, an offshore bank, a bank organized
or chartered under the laws of a Non-Cooperative Juris-
diction, or a bank or financial institution subject to special
measure under Section 311 of the PATRIOT Act;
f. Any Investor that is a Foreign Bank subject to enhanced due

diligence under Section 312 of the PATRIOT Act; or
g. Any Investor who gives the Hedge Fund Manager reason to

believe that the source of its subscription funds may not be
legitimate.
This section should then address the enhanced Investor identification

procedures that should be applied to High Risk Investors.
The procedures should distinguish between:
a. Natural persons

b. Legal entities

4
There are presently no countries or territories that have been designated by FATF
as non-cooperative with international AML efforts.

E. Inadequate Information
This section should specify the Hedge Fund Manager’s procedures
for handling situations when there is inadequate information ob-
tained with respect to Investors, or Investor identification procedures
cannot be performed. When Investor subscriptions are approved,
this section should specify the Hedge Fund Manager’s procedures
for monitoring such Investors (see Recommendation 2.5).
F. Investor Record Retention

This section should describe the Hedge Fund Manager’s procedures
regarding retention of documents reviewed as part of its performance
of Investor identification procedures (see Recommendation 2.6).
G. Risk Focused Reveiw of Existing Investors

This section should address the Hedge Fund Manager’s procedures
for the periodic review of the adequacy of its due diligence per-
formed on existing Investors (see Recommendation 2.7).
H. Anti-Money Laundering Risks Associated with

Receipt/Transfer and Redemption of Funds
This section should describe the Hedge Fund Manager’s procedures
for receipt, transfer, and redemption of funds with respect to Inves-
tors. Specifically, this section should provide that the Hedge Fund
Manager should only accept wire transfers from financial institutions
in FATF jurisdictions and that such funds should only be credited
upon redemption to that same Investor’s bank or brokerage account,
unless otherwise approved by the Anti-Money Laundering Compli-
ance Officer and/or Senior Management. Also, this section should
state that any requests for early redemption should be evaluated
by the Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer and/or Senior
Management. Decisions regarding these instances should be docu-
mented (see Recommendation 2.8).
62 | Appendix IV
III. SUSPICIOUS AND/OR CRIMINAL ACTIVITY
MONITORING AND REPORTING
A. Suspicious Activity Monitoring

This section should address the fact that the U.S. Department of
Treasury encourages the Hedge Fund and Hedge Fund Manager
to file a SAR voluntarily. This section should also address offshore
Hedge Funds and administrators who may be required to file a
comparable suspicious activity report in accordance with the laws
of their own jurisdiction. See Recommendation 3.1 for examples of
“red flags” which may require the filing of SARs.
B. Suspicious Activity Reporting

This section should provide a statement directing employees of
the Hedge Fund Manager to immediately report suspicious activ-
ity to their immediate supervisor and the Anti-Money Laundering
Compliance Officer. This section should also provide a statement
directing employees of the Hedge Fund Manager to keep any such
SARs confidential. The statement should warn employees not to
discuss the suspicious activity or the fact that it has been referred to
the Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer with the Investor
concerned or any third party, except where requested by FinCEN
or an appropriate law enforcement or regulatory agency (see
Recommendation 3.2).
C. Recordkeeping
This section should address the recordkeeping procedures for
SARs and supporting documentation related to such SARs, as such
documentation should be retained for a period of at least five years
(see Recommendation 3.3).

IV. OFAC POLICIES AND PROCEDURES

This section should set forth the Hedge Fund Manager’s policies and
procedures for screening Investors against the list of countries, ter-
ritories, individuals, and/or entities prohibited pursuant to the laws,
regulations, and executive orders administered by OFAC, including the
List of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons administered
by OFAC, as such list may be amended from time to time. This section
should provide that these procedures may be contracted out to a third-
party service provider. This section should also set forth the Hedge Fund
Manager’s policies and procedures for dealing with Investors prohibited
by OFAC, including the reporting of such Investors to OFAC.
V. PERFORMANCE OF INVESTOR IDENTIFICATION AND

OTHER AML PROCEDURES BY THIRD PARTIES
A. Relationships between the Hedge Fund Manager and Third Parties

This section should address the fact that the U.S. Department of
Treasury has recognized the ability of a Hedge Fund or Hedge Fund
Manager to contractually delegate the implementation and opera-
tion of certain aspects of its AML compliance program to third
parties (e.g., fund administrators, IAs, CPOs, CTAs, broker-dealers,
and futures commission merchants), although the Hedge Fund and
Hedge Fund Manager remain fully responsible for the program. In
addition, this section should provide that the Hedge Fund Manager
may rely upon Investor identification procedures being performed
by third parties, such as placement agents of Investor intermediaries
(e.g., fund of funds and nominees who invest in a Hedge Fund
on their client’s behalf (see Recommendation 5.1)).
64 | Appendix IV
B. Delegation of Elements of Hedge Fund Manager’s Anti-Money
Laundering Program to Third Parties – Fund Administrators,
IAs, and CTAs
This section should provide that the Anti-Money Laundering
Compliance Officer should be involved in the decision to delegate
to, and select, a third party, who should perform certain elements
of the Hedge Fund Manager’s AML program, and determine
whether such delegation is reasonable and appropriate (see
Recommendation 5.2).
C. Reliance on Third Parties – Placement Agents/

Financial Institutions
This section should provide that the Anti-Money Laundering
Compliance Officer should also determine whether it is generally
appropriate to rely on the Investor identification procedures being
performed by a third party that introduced the Investor to the Hedge
Fund. See Recommendation 5.3 for examples of such third parties
which may include placement agents, asset aggregators, or other
financial institutions (e.g., certain Investor intermediaries, nominees,
or fund of funds).
This section should also provide that, to the extent that the third
party does not perform certain procedures that are included in the
Hedge Fund Manager’s AML procedures, the Hedge Fund Manager
should expressly request that the third party perform such procedures
prior to accepting a new Investor.
D. Allocation of Responsibilities between the Parties

This section should provide that, regardless of whether a Hedge
Fund delegates its Investor identification procedures to a third party
or relies on another financial institution, there should be an agree-
ment with such third party clearly allocating AML responsibilities
between the third party and the Hedge Fund and its Hedge Fund

Manager (see agreements with fund administrators and Investor

intermediaries attached hereto as Annexes D-1 and D-2, respec-
tively). This section should also contemplate the way in which a
Hedge Fund or its Hedge Fund Manager may periodically assess
the third party’s compliance with its AML policies, procedures,
and controls. This section should also specify how the Hedge Fund
Manager will conduct due diligence on the third party’s AML
policies (see Recommendation 5.4).
E. Risk-Based Assessment of Third Parties’ Anti-Money

Laundering Procedures
The section should address a Hedge Fund Manager’s risk-based
assessment of a third parties’ AML procedures before determining
whether it should delegate to or rely on a third party in performing
AML functions (see Recommendation 5.5).
F. Further Assurances
This section should set forth further assurances from third par-
ties that a Hedge Fund Manager may consider before determining
whether it should delegate to, or rely on, a third party for purposes
of performing certain AML functions. See Recommendation 5.6
for examples of the types of further assurances that a Hedge Fund
Manager may wish to consider from a third party.
VI. ADDITIONAL BSA REQUIREMENTS
A. Policy Relating to Cash and Cash Equivalents

This section should require the Hedge Fund Manager to implement
policies, procedures, and controls that limit the acceptance of cash
or cash equivalents such as money orders and traveler’s checks. In
addition, this section should address the reporting responsibilities of
a Hedge Fund and Hedge Fund Managers with respect to the receipt
of one or more related cash or cash equivalent transactions that ex-
66 | Appendix IV
ceed $10,000 on the IRS/FinCEN Form 8300. This section should
also address the legal prohibition against “structuring” in order to
evade this reporting requirement (see Recommendations 6.1).
B. Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts Report

This section should set forth the responsibilities of a U.S.-based
Hedge Fund and a U.S.-based Hedge Fund Manager to report any
financial interest in, or signature or other authority over, any non-
U.S. financial accounts, including bank securities or other types of
financial accounts in a foreign country, if the aggregate value of those
financial accounts exceeds $10,000 at any time during the calendar
year (see Recommendations 6.2).
C. Reports of Transportation of Monetary Instrument

This section should address the reporting responsibilities of a Hedge
Fund and a Hedge Fund Manager with respect to the physical trans-
portation of cash or cash-like monetary instruments of more than
$10,000 into or outside of the United States to the U.S. Customs
Service on a FinCEN Form 105. This section should also address the
legal prohibition against “structuring” in order to evade this report-
ing requirement (see Recommendation 6.3).
VII. GENERAL RECORDKEEPING REQUIREMENTS

This section should set forth the general recordkeeping requirements
for a Hedge Fund Manager to retain documents for a period of at least
five years.
VIII. CONCLUSION
Any questions, comments or concerns regarding the Hedge Fund
Manager’s AML policies, procedures, and controls should be directed
to the Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer.

ANNEX D: Sample Provisions for Fund Administrators, Investor

Intermediaries, and Subscription Documents
1. Sample Provisions for Fund Administrators – Annex D-1
2. Sample Provisions for Investor Intermediaries – Annex D-2
3. Sample Provisions for Subscription Documents – Annex D-3
68 | Appendix IV
ANNEX D-1: Sample Provisions for Fund Administrators*
Below are examples of representations and covenants that a Hedge Fund
Manager might seek from a fund administrator. These examples are pro-
vided for illustrative purposes only and should not be viewed as prescriptive
requirements, or as addressing the only issues to consider when seeking rep-
resentations and covenants from a fund administrator. The appropriateness
of representations and covenants will depend on a number of factors, in-
cluding, but not limited to: (1) the AML policies, procedures, and controls
established by the Administrator; (2) the Hedge Fund Manager’s AML pro-
gram; (3) the risks presented by a Hedge Fund’s Investor base; and (4) the
jurisdiction in which the laws of the Administrator is located. Consequently,
such provisions need to be tailored to the specific circumstances presented
and should only be adopted on the advice of qualified legal counsel.
(1) Provisions Related to the Fund Administrator’s Anti-Money

Laundering Program
• The fund administrator has adopted and implemented AML
policies, procedures, and controls that comply and will continue
to comply in all respects with the requirements of applicable AML
laws and regulations in its home country jurisdiction.
• The fund administrator has provided the Hedge Fund Manager with
a copy or a summary of its AML policies, procedures, and controls,
and will promptly provide the Hedge Fund Manager with any
[material/substantive] amendment thereto. [Alternatively, the Hedge
Fund Manager may wish to incorporate the fund administrator’s
AML policies, procedures, and controls into its agreement with the
fund administrator so that the fund administrator’s AML policies,
procedures, and controls could only be amended with the consent
of the Hedge Fund Manager.]
• The fund administrator strictly adheres to, and will at all times
during its relationship with the Hedge Fund Manager strictly adhere
to its AML policies, procedures, and controls.
• The fund administrator agrees to [annually] submit, at its own
expense, to an independent audit by [the Hedge Fund Manager]
* Unless otherwise defined, capitalized terms shall have the meanings ascribed to them
in the 2007 AML Guidance.

[external auditors or other experts agreed by the Hedge Fund

Manager] to assess its compliance with and the effectiveness of its
AML policies, procedures, and controls.
(2) Provisions Related to Prospective Investors

• The fund administrator will verify the identities of, and conduct due
diligence (and, where appropriate, enhanced due diligence) with re-
gard to, all prospective Investors and, where applicable, the principal
beneficial owners on whose behalf an Investor makes an investment
in accordance with its AML policies, procedures, and controls and
[this Agreement/Amendment].
• The fund administrator will hold evidence of the identities of each
Investor and, where applicable, the beneficial owners on whose
behalf an Investor makes an investment in accordance with its AML
policies, procedures, and controls and [this Agreement/Amendment],
maintain such evidence for at least five years following an Investor’s
final redemption from [applicable fund(s)], [and make such informa-
tion available to the Hedge Fund Manager promptly [upon request]].
• The fund administrator will [take all reasonable and practical steps
to] ensure that it does not accept or maintain subscription funds,
directly or indirectly, from:
(a) An individual or entity whose name appears on:
(i) Any lists of prohibited persons and entities as may be

mandated by applicable law or regulation, including the
List of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons
administered by the U.S. Department of Treasury’s OFAC;1
(ii) [Such other lists of prohibited persons and entities as may be

mandated by [applicable][U.S.] law or regulation] [consider
specifying other lists to be verified]; or
1
OFAC’s list may be accessed at (www.treas.gov/ofac).
70 | Appendix IV
(iii) Such other lists of prohibited persons and entities as may
be provided to the fund administrator by the Hedge Fund
Manager;
(b) An individual or entity who is from a country or territory

prohibited by the OFAC sanctions programs;
(c) An individual or entity who is a resident in, or organized or

chartered under the laws of, a jurisdiction that has been desig-
nated by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Treasury under
Section 311 of the PATRIOT Act as warranting special measures
due to money laundering concerns; or
(d) A Prohibited Foreign Shell Bank.
• Prior to accepting an investment from a High Risk Investor, the

fund administrator will conduct enhanced due diligence with regard
to such High Risk Investor, [as provided by the fund administrator’s
AML policies, procedures, and controls] [as agreed upon between
the Hedge Fund Manager and the fund administrator], in addition
to routine Investor identification procedures. High Risk Investors
include:
(a) An individual or entity not located in a FATF jurisdiction;
(b) A non-U.S. PIC;
(c) SFPF/PEP, any member of a SFPF/PEP’s Immediate Family, or

any Close Associate of a SFPF/PEP;
(d) An individual or entity resident in, or organized or chartered

under the laws of, a Non-Cooperative Jurisdiction;
(e) An individual or entity whose subscription funds originate from,

or are routed through, an account maintained at a Prohibited
Foreign Shell Bank, or an offshore bank, or a bank organized or
chartered under the laws of a Non-Cooperative Jurisdiction, or
a bank or financial institution subject to special measures under
Section 311 of the PATRIOT Act;

(f ) An entity that is a Foreign Bank subject to enhanced due

diligence under Section 312 of the PATRIOT Act; or
(g) An individual or entity who gives the fund administrator reason

to believe that the source of its subscription funds may not be
legitimate.
• The fund administrator and the Hedge Fund Manager agree that,
absent any suspicious circumstances, the fund administrator may
rely upon the due diligence procedures performed with respect to
Investors whose investment funds are transmitted by the following
sources: [Identify institutions/entities that the Hedge Fund Manager
has determined to be worthy of reliance.] For example, a Hedge
Fund Manager may determine that certain of the following may be
relied upon:
• A U.S.-regulated financial institution where the Investor is a cus-

tomer of the U.S.-regulated financial institution and the customer’s
investment funds are wired from its account at the U.S.-regulated
financial institution;
• A regulated foreign financial institution organized [in a FATF juris-

diction] [in a jurisdiction determined by the Hedge Fund Manager
to have an acceptable AML regime] where the Investor is a customer
of the regulated foreign financial institution and the customer’s
investment funds are wired from its account at the foreign financial
institution;
• An Investor intermediary that [has been approved by the Hedge

Fund Manager] [is itself a U.S.-regulated financial institution or a
regulated foreign financial institution organized [in a FATF jurisdic-
tion] [in a jurisdiction determined by the Hedge Fund Manager to
have an acceptable AML structure]].
72 | Appendix IV
(3) Provisions Related to Suspicious Activity
• The fund administrator will immediately notify the Anti-Money
Laundering Compliance Officer of the Hedge Fund Manager if it
knows, or has reason to suspect, that a prospective or existing Inves-
tor, or the principal beneficial owners on whose behalf a prospective
or existing Investor has made or is attempting to make, an invest-
ment, is among other things, any individual or entity who gives the
fund administrator reason to believe that the source of its subscrip-
tion funds may not be legitimate.
• The fund administrator will immediately notify the Anti-Money
becomes aware of any suspicious activity or pattern of activity or
any activity that may require further review to determine whether
it is suspicious.

ANNEX D-2: Sample Provisions for Investor Intermediaries*

Below are sample representations and covenants that a Hedge Fund
Manager might seek from an Investor intermediary, which, for purposes of
this annex, may include, without limitation, an introducing firm, an asset
aggregator, a nominee, or a fund of funds (each, an “Intermediary”). These
examples should not be viewed as prescriptive requirements, or as addressing
the only issues to consider in obtaining representations and covenants from
an Intermediary. The appropriateness of representations and covenants will
depend on a number of factors, including, but not limited to: (1) the AML
policies, procedures, and controls established by the Intermediary; (2) the
Hedge Fund Manager’s own AML program; and (3) the risks presented by a
Hedge Fund’s Investor base; and (4) the jurisdiction in which the laws of the
Intermediary is located. Consequently, such provisions need to be tailored
to the specific circumstances presented and should only be adopted on the
advice of qualified legal counsel.
(1) Provisions Relating to Status of Intermediary

• The Intermediary is (select one as applicable):
(a) A U.S.-regulated financial institution or intermediary based

in a FATF jurisdiction; or
(b) An unregulated entity based in a FATF jurisdiction.
• [Where Intermediary invests in its own name:] The Intermediary

is subscribing/will subscribe for shares in the [applicable fund(s)]
as a record owner in its capacity as [agent/representative/nominee]
on behalf of one or more underlying Investors, and agrees that
the representations, warranties and covenants made in the subscrip-
tion agreement are made by it on behalf of itself and the under-
lying Investors.
74 | Appendix IV
• [Where Intermediary is a banking entity:] The Intermediary has
(select one as applicable):
(a) A Physical Presence; or
(b) It does not have a Physical Presence, but is a regulated affiliate.
• [Where Intermediary invests on behalf of other Investors:] The Interme-

diary: (1) has all requisite power and authority from the underlying
Investors to execute and perform the obligations under the subscrip-
tion agreement; (2) has carried out Investor identification procedures
with regard to all underlying Investors; and (3) has established the
identity of all underlying Investors, holds evidence of such identi-
ties [and will make such information available to the Hedge Fund
Manager upon request].
2) Provisions Relating to Intermediary’s Anti-Money

Laundering Program
• The Intermediary has adopted and implemented AML policies,
procedures, and controls that comply and will continue to comply
in all respects with the requirements of applicable AML laws and
regulations in its home country jurisdiction.
• The Intermediary has provided the Hedge Fund Manager with a
copy or summary of its AML policies, procedures, and controls,
and will immediately provide the Hedge Fund Manager with any
[material/substantive] amendment thereto.
• The Intermediary strictly adheres to, and will at all times during its
relationship with the Hedge Fund Manager strictly adhere to, its
AML policies, procedures, and controls.
• The Intermediary agrees to [annually] submit to an independent
audit at the direction of the Hedge Fund Manager to assess its
compliance with and effectiveness of its AML policies, procedures,
and controls.

(3) Provisions Relating to Prospective Investors

• The Intermediary will verify the identities of, and conduct due dili-
gence (and, where appropriate, enhanced due diligence) with regard
to, all prospective Investors and, where applicable, the principal
beneficial owners on whose behalf an Investor is seeking to make an
investment, in accordance with its AML policies, procedures, and
controls.
• The Intermediary will hold evidence of the identity of each Investor
and, if applicable, the beneficial owners on whose behalf an Inves-
tor is seeking to make an investment, maintain such evidence for at
least five years from the date of an Investor’s complete redemption
from the [applicable fund(s)], [and agrees to make such information
available to the Hedge Fund Manager [and the fund administrator]
promptly [upon request]].
• The Intermediary will [take all reasonable and practical steps to]
ensure that [it does not make an investment, directly or indirectly,
for or on behalf of ] [it does not introduce any Investor that is]:
(1) Any lists of prohibited persons and entities as may be man-

dated by applicable law or regulation, including the List of
Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons adminis-
tered by the U.S. Department of Treasury’s OFAC, as such
lists may be amended from time to time;
(2) [Such other lists of prohibited persons and entities as may be

mandated by applicable U.S. law or regulation] [consider
(3) Such other lists of prohibited persons and entities as may

Manager;
76 | Appendix IV
(b) An individual or entity who is from a country or territory pro-
hibited by the OFAC sanctions programs;
(c) An individual or entity who is a resident in, or organized or

chartered under the laws of, a jurisdiction that has been desig-
nated by the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Treasury under
Section 311 of the PATRIOT Act as warranting special measures
due to money laundering concerns; or
(4) Provisions Related to High Risk Investors

• Prior to making an investment for or on behalf of a High Risk
Investor, the Intermediary will conduct enhanced due diligence with
regard to such High Risk Investor, [as provided by the Intermediary’s
AML policies, procedures, and controls][as agreed upon between the
Hedge Fund Manager and the Intermediary], in addition to routine
Investor identification procedures. High Risk Investors include:
• An individual or entity not located in a FATF jurisdiction;
• A non-U.S. PIC;
• A SFPF/PEP, any member of a SFPF/PEP’s Immediate Family, or
any Close Associate of a SFPF/PEP;
• An individual or entity resident in, or organized or chartered under
the laws of, a Non-Cooperative Jurisdiction;
• An individual or entity whose subscription funds originate from, or
are routed through, an account maintained at a Prohibited Foreign
Shell Bank, or an offshore bank or a bank organized or chartered
under the laws of a Non-Cooperative Jurisdiction, or a bank or
financial institution subject to special measures under Section 311
of the PATRIOT Act;
• An entity that is a Foreign Bank subject to enhanced due diligence
under Section 312 of the PATRIOT Act; or

• An individual or entity who gives the Intermediary reason to believe

that the source of its subscription funds may not be legitimate.
(5) Provisions Related to Suspicious Activities

• The Intermediary will immediately notify the Anti-Money Launder-
ing Compliance Officer of the Hedge Fund Manager if it knows, or
has reason to suspect, that a prospective or existing Investor, or the
principal beneficial owners on whose behalf a prospective or exist-
ing Investor has made or is attempting to make, an investment, is,
among other things, any individual or entity who gives the Interme-
diary reason to believe that the source of its subscription funds may
not be legitimate.
• The Intermediary agrees to immediately notify the Anti-Money
becomes aware of any suspicious activity or pattern of activity or any
activity that may require further review to determine whether the
activity or pattern of activity is suspicious.
78 | Appendix IV
ANNEX D-3: Sample Provisions for Subscription Documents*
Below are examples of types of provisions that a Hedge Fund Manager

might include in subscription documentation in connection with its Inves-
tor identification procedures. These examples should neither be viewed as
prescriptive requirements, nor as exhaustive or addressing the only issues to
consider in developing provisions related to Investor identification in sub-
scription documentation. Consequently, such provisions need to be tailored
to the specific circumstances presented and should only be adopted on the
advice of qualified legal counsel.
(1) Provisions Relating to Identity of Investor

• Investor represents that all evidence of identity provided is genuine
and all related information furnished is accurate.
• Investor agrees to provide any information deemed necessary by
the Hedge Fund Manager in its sole discretion to comply with its
AML program and related responsibilities from time to time.
(2) Provisions Relating to Purpose of Investment

For an Investor investing for its own account:
• Investor is subscribing for shares in the [applicable fund(s)] for its
own account, risk and beneficial interest.
• Investor is not acting as agent, representative, intermediary/nominee,
or in any similar capacity for any other person.1
• No other person will have a beneficial or economic interest in the
shares being purchased by the Investor.
• Investor does not have any intention or obligation to sell, distribute,
assign or transfer all or a portion of the shares to any other person.
1
The term “person” means any nominee account, beneficial owner, individual, bank,
corporation, partnership, limited liability company, or any other legal entity.

For an Investor Intermediary investing in its own name on behalf of

other Investors, which, for these purposes, may include, without limita-
tion, an introducing firm, an asset aggregator, a nominee or a fund of
funds:
• The Intermediary is subscribing for shares in the [applicable fund(s)]
as a record owner in its capacity as [agent/representative/nominee]
on behalf of one or more underlying Investors, and agrees that the
representations, warranties, and covenants made in the subscrip-
tion agreement are made by it on behalf of itself and the underlying
Investors.
• The Intermediary: (1) has all requisite power and authority from the
underlying Investors to execute and perform the obligations under
the subscription agreement; (2) has carried out agreed Investor iden-
tification procedures with regard to all underlying Investors; and (3)
has established the identity of all underlying Investors [, and] holds
evidence of such identities [, and will make such information avail-
able to the Hedge Fund Manager upon request].
(3) Provisions Relating to Prohibited Investors

• Investor acknowledges that the Hedge Fund Manager prohibits
any investment in the Hedge Fund by or on behalf of Prohibited
Investors:
(1) Any lists of prohibited persons and entities as may be man-

dated by applicable law or regulation, including the List of
Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons adminis-
tered by the U.S. Department of Treasury’s OFAC2 as such
lists may be amended from time to time;
(2) [Such other lists of prohibited persons and entities as may

be mandated by applicable U.S. law or regulation consider
2
OFAC’s list may be accessed at (www.treas.gov/ofac).
80 | Appendix IV
(3) Such other lists of prohibited persons and entities as may
Manager;
(b) An individual or entity who is from a country or territory pro-

hibited by the OFAC sanctions programs;
(c) An individual or entity who is a resident in, or organized or char-

tered under the laws of, a jurisdiction that has been designated by
the Secretary of the U.S. Department of Treasury under Section
311 of the PATRIOT Act as warranting special measures due to
money laundering concerns; or

• Investor represents and covenants that neither it, nor any person con-
trolling, controlled by, or under common control with, it, nor any
person having a beneficial interest in it, is a Prohibited Investor, and
that it is not investing and will not invest in [the applicable fund(s)]
on behalf of or for the benefit of any Prohibited Investor. Investor
agrees to promptly notify the [Investor relations representative/fund
administrator/Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer of the
Hedge Fund Manager] of any change in information affecting this
representation and covenant.
• Investor acknowledges that, if, following its investment in [the appli-
cable fund(s)], the Hedge Fund Manager, the fund administrator or
[the applicable fund(s)] reasonably believes that Investor is a Prohib-
ited Investor [or has otherwise breached its representations and cov-
enants [hereunder/as to its identity]], the Hedge Fund Manager may
be obligated to freeze its investment, either by prohibiting additional
investments, declining any redemption requests and/or segregating
the assets constituting the investment in accordance with applicable
regulations, or its investment may immediately be redeemed by [the
applicable fund(s)], and it shall have no claim against the Hedge
Fund Manager, the fund administrator or [the applicable fund(s)] for
any form of damages as a result of any of the aforementioned actions.

• Investor acknowledges that additional investments by Investor

may be refused and/or a request for redemption may be delayed or
declined if the Hedge Fund Manager, the fund administrator, or [the
applicable fund(s)] reasonably believes it does not have satisfactory
evidence of the Investor’s identity.
(4) Other Possible Disclosures and Acknowledgements

• Investor represents that [except as otherwise disclosed to the Hedge
Fund Manager in writing,]:
(a) It is located in a FATF jurisdiction;
(b) It is not a non-U.S. PIC;
(c) It is not a SFPF/PEP, any member of a SFPF/PEP’s Immediate

Family, or any Close Associate of a SFPF/PEP;
(d) It is not a resident in, or organized or chartered under the laws

of, a Non-Cooperative Jurisdiction;
(e) It is not resident in, or organized or chartered under the laws

of, a jurisdiction that has been designated by the Secretary of
the U.S. Department of Treasury under Sections 311 of the
PATRIOT Act as warranting special measures due to money
laundering concerns;
(f ) It is not a Foreign Bank subject to enhanced due diligence under

Section 312 of the PATRIOT Act;
(g) Its subscription funds do not originate from, or will they be

routed through, an account maintained at a Prohibited Foreign
Shell Bank, an offshore bank, or a bank organized or chartered
under the laws of a Non-Cooperative Jurisdiction, or a bank or
financial institution subject to special measures under Section
311; or
(h) It has not given the Hedge Fund Manager any reason to believe
that the source of its subscription funds is not legitimate.
82 | Appendix IV
• Investor acknowledges and agrees that any redemption proceeds
paid to it will be paid to the same account from which its investment
in [the applicable fund(s)] was originally remitted, unless [Anti-
Money Laundering Compliance Officer, in its sole discretion],
agrees otherwise.
• Investor acknowledges and agrees that the Hedge Fund Manager
may release confidential information about it and, if applicable,
any underlying Investor or beneficial owner, to regulatory or law
enforcement authorities, if [Senior Management], in its sole discre-
tion, determines that it is in the best interests of [the applicable
fund(s)] to do so.

ANNEX E: Sample Board Resolutions

1. Adopting Anti-Money Laudering Program and Policy Statement Against
Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing – Annex E-1
2. Appointing Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer – Annex E-2
84 | Appendix IV
ANNEX E-1: Sample Board Resolution Adopting Anti-Money
Laundering Program and Policy Statement Against Money
Laundering and Terrorist Financing
WHEREAS, a proposed draft of the anti-money laundering program (the

“Program”) developed by [Name of Hedge Fund Manager] (the “Compa-
ny”) and attached hereto as Exhibit A has been distributed to each member
of the Board of Directors of the Company.
WHEREAS, a proposed draft of the Company’s policy statement against

money laundering and terrorist financing (the “Policy Statement”),
attached hereto as Exhibit B, has been distributed to each member of
the Board of Directors.
NOW, THEREFORE, BE IT RESOLVED, that the Program, in the form

submitted to the Board of Directors and attached hereto as Exhibit A, be,
and the same hereby is, approved and adopted, to be effective as of the date
of adoption of this resolution.
RESOLVED FURTHER, that the Policy Statement, in the form submitted

to the Board of Directors and attached hereto as Exhibit B, be, and the same
hereby is, approved and adopted, to be effective as of the date of adoption
of this resolution.
RESOLVED FURTHER, that the officers of the Company be, and each
acting alone is, hereby authorized, empowered and directed, for and on
behalf of the Company, to take or cause to be taken any and all actions as
such officers may deem necessary or advisable to carry out and perform the
responsibilities and obligations of the Company under the Program and the
Policy Statement.
RESOLVED FURTHER, that the officers of the Company are, and each
acting alone is, hereby authorized to do and perform any and all such acts
as such officers shall deem necessary or advisable, to carry out the purposes
and intent of the foregoing resolutions.

ANNEX E-2: Sample Board Resolution Appointing

Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer
WHEREAS, [Name of the Hedge Fund Manager]’s anti-money launder-

ing program (the “Program”) requires the appointment of an Anti-Money
Laundering Compliance Officer who will be responsible for the day-to-day
administration of the Program in accordance with the provisions thereof.
RESOLVED, that ______________ is hereby appointed as the Anti-Money

Laundering Compliance Officer of [Name of Hedge Fund Manager] to
serve until [his][her] successor shall be duly appointed or, if earlier, until
[he][she] resigns, is removed from office or is otherwise disqualified from
serving as the Anti-Money Laundering Compliance Officer.
RESOLVED FURTHER, that the Anti-Money Laundering Compliance

Officer is hereby authorized to do and perform any and all such acts and
functions as [he][she] is charged with under the provisions of the Program.
86 | Appendix IV
ANNEX F: Members of Financial Action Task Force
on Money Laundering*
1) Argentina 17) Japan

2) Australia 18) Luxembourg
3) Austria 19) Mexico
4) Belgium 20) Kingdom of the Netherlands
5) Brazil 21) New Zealand
6) Canada 22) Norway
7) China 23) Portugal
8) Denmark 24) The Russian Federation
9) Finland 25) Singapore
10) France 26) South Africa
11) Germany 27) Spain
12) Greece 28) Sweden
13) Hong Kong 29) Switzerland
14) Iceland 30) Turkey
15) Ireland 31) United Kingdom
16) Italy 32) United States
Please Note: The list of FATF members is amended periodically.

FATF members are not per se FATF jurisdictions.

ANNEX G: List of FATF Non-Cooperative Jurisdictions*
Currently, there are no countries and territories designated by FATF as non-

cooperative in the fight against money laundering. An updated list of FATF
NCCT jurisdictions is available at (www.oecd.org/fatf).
Please Note: The list of Non-Cooperative Jurisdictions is amended periodi-

cally. For a current list of Non-Cooperative Jurisdictions, please refer to
the FATF Web site at (www.fatf-gafi.org/pages/0,2987,en_32250379_
32235720_1_1_1_1_1,00.html).
88 | Appendix IV
ANNEX H: Lists Maintained by the Office
of Foreign Assets Control*
A. Persons and Entities Subject to OFAC Sanctions
See List of Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons

at (www.treas.gov/ofac).1
B. Countries Subject to OFAC-Administered Sanctions as of June 2007 2

1. Belarus 7. Liberia
2. Cote d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast) 8. Myanmar (aka Burma)
3. Cuba 9. North Korea
4. Democratic Republic 10. Sudan
of the Congo
11. Syria
5. Iran
12. Western Balkans
6. Iraq
13. Zimbabwe
Please Note: These lists are amended periodically. For current OFAC Lists,
please refer to the OFAC Web site at (www.treas.gov/ofac).
1
This list includes Specially Designated Global Terrorists, including those persons
listed in Executive Order 13224 – Blocking Property and Prohibiting Transactions
With Persons Who Commit, Threaten to Commit or Support Terrorism.
2
The OFAC-administered sanctions targeting specific countries take many different
forms.The sanctions are generally couched in terms of identifying certain targeted indi-
viduals or certain prohibited transactions, which may or may not include transactions
such as Hedge Fund investments. Compliance with regulations promulgated by OFAC
are beyond the scope of the 2007 AML Guidance.

ANNEX I: Money Laundering Advisories Issued by the

Financial Crimes Enforcement Network of the U.S. Department
of Treasury*
As of June 2007, FinCEN has issued advisories with regard to deficiencies

in the AML regimes of the following jurisdictions:
1) Belarus
2) Burma (Myanmar)
3) Nauru
4) North Korea
Please Note: FinCEN advisories with regard to the AML regimes in certain
jurisdictions are issued and withdrawn by the U.S. Department of Treasury
periodically. Advisories are also issued by FinCEN that generally describe
trends and developments related to money laundering and financial crime.
Please refer to the FinCEN Web site at (www.fincen.gov).
90 | Appendix IV
ANNEX J: Countries and Financial Institutions That Have Been
Designated by the U.S. Department of Treasury as Being of
“Primary Money Laundering Concern”*
The countries and financial institutions listed below have been designated
by the U.S. Department of Treasury as being of “primary money laundering
concern” and are currently subject to special AML measures under Section
311 of the PATRIOT Act. An updated list of such countries and financial
institutions is available at (www.fincen.gov/reg_bsaregulations.html).
1) Burma (Myanmar)
2) Myanmar Mayflower Bank
3) Asia Wealth Bank
4) Banco Delta Asia
5) Commercial Bank of Syria (includes Syrian Lebanese Commercial Bank)
6) VEF Banka
The U.S. Department of Treasury has proposed to similarly designate the

countries and financial institutions listed below as being of “primary money
laundering concern” and to impose special measures against them. Notices
of final designations and the imposition of special measures will be posted
at (www.fincen.gov/reg_bsaregulations.html).
1) Nauru
2) Belmetalnergo (includes Infobank)
3) First Merchant Bank OSH Ltd. (of Cyprus), including its subsidiaries,
FMB Finance Ltd., First Merchant International Inc., First Merchant
Finance Ltd., and First Merchant Trust Ltd.
4) Infobank (including Belmetalnergo)

APPENDIX V
U.S. Regulatory Filings by

Hedge Fund Managers
Listed below are regulatory filings organized by regulatory agencies

(excluding tax-related, broker-dealer, and state “blue sky” filings) that
a Hedge Fund Manager may be required to file in the United States. The
regulatory filings made by a Hedge Fund Manager will vary depending
on the type and volume of trading in which it engages, its business
model, and the jurisdictions in which it operates. For example, like other
market participants and institutional investors, a Hedge Fund Manager is
required to make certain regulatory filings in the United States if the size
of the positions it holds in certain markets reaches “reportable” levels.
In addition, some Hedge Fund Managers are regulated entities in the
United States or are otherwise subject to a regulatory regime, and, like
other similarly situated entities, are required to make certain filings in that
capacity. MFA notes that this appendix includes the requirement to file
Form ADV with the SEC under the Advisers Act, but does not address the
requirements applicable to registered investment advisers pursuant to
filing that form. A Hedge Fund Manager may also be subject to regulatory
reporting and filing requirements in jurisdictions in which it conducts its
business; however, this document does not address non-U.S. filings.
Federal Reserve Bank
Treasury Securities Position and Foreign Exchange Transaction Reporting
1. Large Position Reporting Report of positions in specific Treasury

security issues that exceed the large
position threshold specified by the U.S.
Department of Treasury (minimum
$2 billion).
Reports are filed in response to notices
issued by the U.S. Department of
Treasury if such threshold is met.
continued

U.S. Regulatory Filings by Hedge Fund Managers
Reports are filed with the Federal Reserve

Bank of New York and are not public.
2. Form T FC-1 Report of weekly, consolidated data on
foreign exchange contracts and positions
of major market participants.
Reports are filed throughout the calendar
year by each foreign exchange market
participant having more than $50 billion
equivalent in foreign exchange contracts
on the last business day of any calendar
quarter during the previous year.
The reports are filed with the appropriate
Federal Reserve Bank acting as agent for
the U.S. Department of Treasury and are
not public.
3. Form FC-2 Report of monthly, consolidated data on
the foreign exchange contracts and foreign
currency denominated assets and liabilities
of major market participants.
participant having more than $50 billion
quarter during the previous year.
The reports are filed with the appropriate
the U.S. Department of Treasury and are
not public.
4. Form FC-3 Report of quarterly, consolidated data on
the foreign exchange contracts and foreign
currency denominated assets and liabilities
of major market participants. continued
02 | Appendix V

participant that has more than $5 billion
quarter during the previous year and that
does not file Form FC-2.
Reports are filed with the appropriate
the U.S. Department of Treasury and
are not public.
Treasury Auction Filings
5. Treasury Auction Treasury security reports filed as neces-
sary. Confirmations must be filed by any
customer who is awarded a par amount
of $500 million or more in U.S. govern-
ment securities in a Treasury auction. The
confirmations must include a customer’s
reportable net long position, if any.
Confirmations are filed with the Federal
Reserve Bank to which the bid was submit-
ted and is not public.
Treasury International Capital Forms

6. Forms CQ-1 and CQ-2 Forms filed by U.S. persons having claims
on, or financial liabilities to, foreigners hav-
ing balances on deposit with foreign banks
(in the United States or abroad) or other-
wise engaging in transactions in securities
or other financial assets with foreigners.
Forms CQ-1 (Financial Liabilities to, and
Claims on, Foreigner Residents) and
continued


CQ-2 (Commercial Liabilities to, and
Claims on, Foreigner Residents) are quar-
terly reports, which collect data on financial
and commercial liabilities to, and claims
on, unaffiliated foreigners held by non-
banking enterprises in the United States.
The forms must be filed when the
consolidated total of such liabilities is
$50 million or more during that period
or $25 million or more during that period,
respectively.
The forms are filed with the Federal
Reserve Bank of New York and are not
public except for aggregate information.
7. Form S Form filed by any U.S. person purchasing
or selling $2 million or more of long-term
marketable domestic and foreign securi-
ties in a month in direct transactions with
foreign persons.
The form is filed with the Federal Reserve
Bank of New York and is not public
except as to aggregate information.
Securities and Exchange Commission

Sale of Securities by an Issuer Exempt from Registration under
Regulation D or Section 4(6) under the Securities Act of 1933,
As Amended
8. Form D Notice of sale filed after securities, such

as interests in a private hedge fund, are
sold in reliance on a Regulation D private
placement exemption or a Section 4(6)
exemption from the registration provisions
of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.
The form is filed with the SEC and rel-
evant states and is publicly available.
04 | Appendix V
Secondary Sale of Restricted and Control Securities under Rule 144
of the Securities Act of 1933, As Amended
9. Form 144 Form filed as notice of a proposed sale

of restricted securities or securities held
by an affiliate of the issuer in reliance on
Rule 144 of the Securities Act of 1933, as
amended, when the amount sold during
any three-month period exceeds 500 shares
or units or has an aggregate sales price in
excess of $10,000. The form is filed with the
SEC and the principal national securities
exchange, if any, on which such security is
traded and is publicly available.
Ownership of Equity Securities Publicly Traded in the United States

10. Schedule 13D Disclosure report filed by an investor, in-
cluding a Hedge Fund and its Hedge Fund
Manager, who beneficially owns more than
5% of a class of equity securities publicly
traded in the United States. The report
identifies the source and amount of the
funds used for the acquisition.
This reporting requirement is triggered by
direct or indirect acquisition of more than
5% of beneficial ownership of a class of
equity securities publicly traded in the
United States. Amendments must be filed
promptly for material ownership changes
or for changes to the beneficial owner’s
intentions regarding the issuer of securities.
Some investors may instead report on short-
form Schedule 13G, if they are eligible.
See Item 11.
The report is filed with the SEC and is
publicly available.
continued

11. Schedule 13G Short-form disclosure report filed by a pas-

sive investor, including a Hedge Fund and
its Hedge Fund Manager, who would oth-
erwise have to file a Schedule 13D but who
owns less than 20% of the subject securities
(or is a certain U.S.-regulated investment
business) and has not purchased the securi-
ties for the purpose of influencing control
of the issuer.
This reporting requirement is triggered by
direct or indirect acquisition of beneficial
ownership of more than 5% of a class of eq-
uity securities publicly traded in the United
States. Amendments must be filed annually,
as well as monthly (for U.S.-regulated in-
vestment businesses) or promptly (for other
passive investors) if ownership changes by
more than 5% of a class of securities.
The report is filed with the SEC and is
publicly available.
12. Forms 3, 4, and 5 A statement of ownership filed by direc-
tors, officers, or owners of more than 10%
of a class of equity securities of a public
company. The initial filing is on Form 3 and
changes are reported on Form 4. The annual
statement of beneficial ownership of securi-
ties is on Form 5. The statements contain
information on a reporting person’s relation-
ship to the company and on purchases and
sales of the company’s equity securities.
Form 3 reporting is triggered by: (1)
acquisition of more than 10% of the equity
securities of a public company; (2) the
reporting person becoming a director or
officer; or (3) the equity securities becom-
06 | Appendix V
ing publicly traded, as the case may be.

Form 4 reporting is triggered by any open
market purchase, sale, or an exercise of
options of those reporting under Form 3.
Form 5 reporting is required annually for
those insiders having exempt transactions
not reported on Form 4.
The statements are filed with the SEC and
are publicly available.
Registered and Unregistered Institutional Investment Managers
13. Form 13F Quarterly position report filed by registered
and unregistered institutional investment
managers (i.e., any person, other than a
natural person, investing in or buying and
selling securities for its own account, and any
person exercising investment discretion with
respect to the account of any other person)
with investment discretion over $100 mil-
lion or more in equity securities publicly
traded in the United States. Reports contain
position information about the equity securi-
ties under the discretion of the Hedge Fund
Manager, and the type of voting authority
exercised by the Hedge Fund Manager.
The reporting requirement is triggered by
an institutional investment manager holding
equity securities having an aggregate fair
market value of at least $100 million on
the last trading day of a calendar year and
requires a report as of the end of that year
and each of the next three quarters.
The reports are filed with the SEC and are
publicly available.
continued

Material Associated Persons of Registered Broker-Dealers

14. Form 17-H Material Associated Persons Reports,
(“MAPRs”) filed by registered broker-deal-
ers. Some Hedge Fund Managers are affili-
ated with registered broker-dealers. MAPRs
generally include material affiliates and par-
ents and may therefore include an affiliated
Hedge Fund Manager or the related Hedge
Fund. Broker-dealers must report: (1) an
organizational chart of the broker-dealer; (2)
risk management policies of the broker-
dealer; (3) material pending legal proceed-
ings; and 4) additional financial information
including aggregate positions, borrowing,
and off-balance sheet risk for each MAPR.
The reporting requirement is triggered by
status as a broker or dealer registered under
Section 15 of the Securities Exchange Act
of 1934, as amended.
This report is filed with the SEC quarterly
and cumulatively at year-end and is not
public.
There are also a variety of filings with the
SEC and the securities self-regulatory or-
ganizations that must be made by registered
broker-dealers and their associated persons.
Investment Adviser Registration under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940
15. Form ADV The SEC’s uniform application for invest-
ment adviser registration filed by a Hedge
Fund Manager eligible to register with the
SEC under the Advisers Act. This form is
divided into two parts. Information submit-
ted in Part I is filed electronically with the
National Association of Securities Dealers
08 | Appendix V
Investment Adviser Registration Deposi-

tory and includes information regarding,
among other things, the investment adviser’s
business, their educational background,
and whether they have been sanctioned for
violating securities or other laws. Informa-
tion in Part II is geared primarily toward the
adviser’s clients. Part II contains information
relating to the business practices, fees, in-
vestment strategies, and conflicts of interest
the investment adviser may have with its
clients. Part II is not submitted to the SEC
but is deemed to be filed so long as a copy
is maintained in the adviser’s files and is
subject to review by the SEC. Part II (and
Part I) are required to be updated annually,
within 90 days of the adviser’s fiscal year
end, and whenever it becomes materially
inaccurate. However, certain changes may
require the investment adviser to promptly
amend Part I.
Commodity Futures Trading Commission and

National Futures Association
Commodity Trading Advisors (“CTAs”) and Commodity Pool
Operators (“CPOs”)
16. CPO and CTA An individual or entity operating or solicit-

Registration Forms ing funds for a commodity pool, which
7-R and 8-R; would include a Hedge Fund Manager for
Available Exemptions a Hedge Fund that trades futures or options
on futures, may be required to register
as a CPO, unless it qualifies for an exemp-
tion from registration. An exemption
from registration is available if the pool is:
(1) sold only to accredited investors,
continued

Commodity Futures Trading Commission

and National Futures Association
“knowledgeable employees”; or certain

qualified eligible persons; and (2) engaged in
limited trading of commodity interests (as
measured by certain portfolio tests) (CFTC
Regulation 4.13(a)(3)). There is also an
exemption from registration for CPOs that
admit only highly sophisticated participants,
which include: (1) natural persons who
are qualified purchasers, knowledgeable
employees, or non-U.S. persons; and (2)
entities that are qualified eligible persons
or accredited investors (CFTC Regulation
4.13(a)(4)).
An individual or entity that, for compensa-
tion or profit, advises others (directly or
indirectly) as to the value of or advisability
of buying or selling futures contracts or
options on futures generally must register
as a CTA unless it qualifies for the statu-
tory exemption in Section 6m(1) of the
Commodity Exchange Act or the exemption
provided in CFTC Regulation 4.14(a)(8).
Providing advice indirectly includes having
the authority to allocate the assets of a fund
or account to another CTA to trade. A
CTA may avail itself of the Section 6m(1)
exemption if the CTA has provided futures
trading advice to 15 or fewer persons (legal
organizations being deemed a single person)
in the past 12 months and does not gener-
ally hold itself out to the public as a CTA.
CFTC Regulation 4.14(a)(8) permits a CTA
to claim exemption from registration if its
futures trading advice is incidental to its
securities advice and is given only to certain
limited categories of clients, including pools
10 | Appendix V
operated under Regulation 4.13(a)(3) or

4.13(a)(4). These exemptions are available
to Hedge Fund Managers, whether or not
registered with the SEC or a state authority.
The documents required for registration as
a CPO or CTA are: (1) a completed Form
7-R (which provides CPO or CTA informa-
tion); (2) a completed Form 8-R (which
provides biographical data) and fingerprint
card for each principal (defined to include
executive officers, directors, and 10% own-
ers), branch office manager, and associated
person (defined to include persons soliciting
fund interests or accounts or supervising
persons so engaged), and proof of passage of
the “Series 3” exam for each associated per-
son; and (3) proof of passage of the “Series
3” and futures branch office manager exams
for each branch office manager.
A person seeking to rely on either the CFTC
Regulation 4.13(a)(3) or 4.13(a)(4) CPO
registration exemption must furnish to each
prospective participant in the relevant pool:
(1) a statement that the person is exempt
from registration with the CFTC as a CPO
and that, unlike a registered CPO, it is not
required to deliver a disclosure document
and a certified annual report to participants
in the pool; and (2) a description of the
criteria pursuant to which it qualifies for the
exemption from registration. A person seek-
ing to rely on any of the CPO registration
exemptions must file with NFA an online
notice claiming the relevant exemption and
continued


providing certain information specified

in the relevant rule. These disclosures and
filings must be made no later than the time
at which a subscription agreement for the
relevant pool is delivered to a prospective
participant in such pool.
CFTC Regulation 4.13 requires a person
claiming exemption from CPO registration
thereunder to: (1) keep all books and records
prepared in connection with its activities as a
CPO for five years from the date of prepara-
tion (and maintain such books in a readily
accessible place for the first two years of such
period); and (2) ensure that annual reports
to pool participants (if provided) are pre-
pared in accordance with generally accepted
accounting principles consistently applied
(and, if certified, certified in accordance with
CFTC Regulation 1.16).
A person relying on the CFTC Regulation
4.14(a)(8) exemption from CTA regis-
tration must keep all books and records
prepared in connection with its activities
as a CTA for five years from the date of
preparation (and maintain such books in
a readily accessible place for the first two
years of such period). There are also ad-
ditional requirements with respect to the
notice that a CTA must file with NFA to
claim its exemption from registration.
Applications for registration are filed with
and approved by NFA under authority
granted to it by the CFTC and the registra-
tion documents are generally public except
for fingerprint cards, although confiden-
12 | Appendix V
tiality may be requested for certain informa-

tion relating to the principals.
17. Form 3-R Form 3-R is used to report changes to infor-
mation contained in Form 7-R. The form
is filed with NFA and is public, though
confidentiality may be requested for certain
information relating to principals.
18. Form 8-T Form 8-T filed within 20 days of the termi-
Associated Person nation of an associated person, principal, or
Termination branch manager. The form is filed with
NFA and is generally public.
19. Annual Report An annual report of a pool must be filed
pursuant to CFTC Regulation 4.22(c) by
a pool’s registered CPO (unless the CPO
is exempt under CFTC Regulation 4.7, as
described below). The annual report must
contain certain information, such as actual
performance information and fees, and
must be distributed to each participant in
the pool.
A registered CPO must file the annual re-
port with NFA within 90 days of the pool’s
fiscal year-end. The annual report is gener-
ally publicly available; however, the CFTC
is prohibited from disclosing information
that would separately disclose the business
transactions or market positions of any per-
son, trade secrets, or names of any investors.
20. CPO/CTA This is an annual compliance questionnaire
Questionnaire concerning business activities of registered-
CPOs or CTAs. The questionnaire is filed
electronically with NFA and is not public.
continued


21. NFA Self-Audits To satisfy continuing supervisory responsi-

bilities, NFA members must annually review
their operations using a self-examination
checklist. The checklist focuses on a mem-
ber’s regulatory responsibilities and solicits
information on whether a member’s internal
procedures are adequate for meeting those
responsibilities.
A written attestation affirming completion
of the self-examination checklist must be
signed and dated by a CPO/CTA’s super-
visory personnel. The attestation must be
retained by the member for five years and
provided to NFA upon request.
22. Certain Claims for Filings made pursuant to CFTC Regulation
Exemption for CPOs and 4.12(b)(3) (notice of claim for exemption
CTAs from certain requirements by a CPO that
complies with the Securities Act of 1933,
as amended, and manages a Hedge Fund
with limited trading in commodity futures
and options) and CFTC Regulation 4.7(d)
(notice of claim for exemption by a CPO
or CTA with “qualified eligible persons”
as investors).
CFTC Regulation 4.5 provides an exclusion
from the definition of the term CPO for
certain qualifying persons. Any person who
desires to claim the exclusion provided by
CFTC Regulation 4.5 must file a notice of
eligibility with NFA.
CFTC Regulation 4.6 provides an exclu-
sion for certain persons from the definition
of the term CTA. Any person claiming
exclusion under CFTC Regulation 4.6 must
14 | Appendix V
submit to these special calls from the CFTC

requiring the person to demonstrate compli-
ance with such regulation.
These statements are filed with the CFTC
and NFA and are public.
23. Disclosure Document CPOs and CTAs are generally required
to prepare detailed disclosure documents
containing specified information. These
documents are filed with NFA and provided
to investors but are not publicly available.
However, CPOs and CTAs operating under
CFTC Regulation 4.7, are exempt from the
disclosure document requirement and are
only required to provide all material disclo-
sures (and include specified legends on their
materials). In addition, under the exemption
provided in CFTC Regulation 4.8, Hedge
Funds whose Hedge Fund Managers are
exempt under CFTC Regulation 4.12(b)
or which sell interests solely to “accredited
investors” and rely on the safe harbor provi-
sions of Rules 505 or 506 of Regulation
D under the Securities Act of 1933, as
amended, may begin soliciting, accepting,
and receiving money upon providing the
CFTC and the Hedge Fund investors with
disclosure documents for the Hedge Fund,
which requirement may be satisfied through
providing a private placement memoran-
dum.
24. Year-End Financial Annual reports for Hedge Funds for which
Reports for § 4.7 Funds a CPO has filed an exemption under CFTC
Regulation 4.7 must contain a Statement of
continued


Financial Condition, a Statement of Income

(Loss), appropriate footnote disclosure,
other material information, and a legend
to any claim for exemption. The annual
report must be presented and computed in
accordance with generally accepted account-
ing principles consistently applied and, if
certified by an independent public account-
ant, it must be in accordance with CFTC
Regulation 1.16.
The annual report is filed with NFA and
distributed to each investor and is not
public.
25. Form 40 “Statement of Reporting Trader” filed pur-
suant to CFTC Regulation 18.04 by persons
who receive a special call by the CFTC, or
its designee, for holding positions equal to
or in excess of specified levels. The form
generally must be filed within ten business
days after the call. Specified levels are set
separately for each type of futures contract.
Form 40 requires disclosure of information
regarding ownership and control of futures
and option positions held by the report-
ing trader, as well as the trader’s use of the
markets for hedging. Hedging exemptions
from speculative position limits must be
reported. The CFTC often issues a special
call for a Form 40 after receiving a Form
102 (described below).
The form is filed with the CFTC and is not
publicly available.
26. Form 102 Form 102 is filed pursuant to CFTC Regu-
lation 17.01 by clearing members, futures
16 | Appendix V
commission merchants, and foreign brokers.

The form identifies persons, including
Hedge Funds, having financial interest in,
or trading control of, special accounts in
futures and options. The CFTC provides
preliminary information regarding whether
positions and transactions are commercial or
noncommercial in nature. The form must
be filed when the account first becomes
reportable (i.e., when it first contains futures
or options positions equal to or in excess of
specified levels). The form must be updated
when information concerning financial
interest in, or control of, the special account
changes. In addition, the form is used by
exchanges to identify accounts reported
through their large trader reporting systems
for both futures and options.
The form is filed with the CFTC and is
not public.
Selected Stock and Futures Exchange Reports

Application for Exemption from Speculative Position Limits
27. Speculative Position This application is filed for exemption from

Limit Exemption speculative position limits. Exchanges
generally have speculative position limits
for physical commodities and stock index
contracts, and the CFTC has speculative
position limits for certain agricultural com-
modities. Exemptions from such limits are
generally available for hedging transactions.
Financial contracts, such as interest rate
contracts, generally have “position account-
ability” levels rather than strict position
continued


limits. Accounts or account controllers

exceeding position accountability levels
must justify their positions to an exchange
or the CFTC upon request. Generally, an
application for any speculative position limit
exemption must show that such position is
a bona fide hedging, risk management, arbi-
trage, or spread position. The filing is made
with the appropriate exchange in the case
of physical commodities and stock index
contracts and with the CFTC in the case of
certain agricultural commodities.
Federal Trade Commission and U.S. Department of Justice

Filings Made Prior to Mergers and Acquisitions
28. Hart-Scott-Rodino This notification is filed prior to the

Notice consummation of certain mergers, acquisi-
tions, and joint ventures. The notification
includes information about the transaction
and the participants in the transaction.
As a general matter, both the acquiring
person and the acquired person must file
notifications when either the acquiring
person or the acquired person is engaged in
U.S. commerce or an activity affecting U.S.
commerce, and either of the following two
tests is met:
(1) (A) one person has either total assets or
annual net sales of $119.6 million or more
(threshold adjusted annually); and the other
person has either total assets or annual net
sales of $12.0 million or more (threshold
adjusted annually); and (B) as a result of the
transaction, the acquiring person will hold
18 | Appendix V
Federal Trade Commission and U.S. Department of Justice
an aggregate total amount of more than

$59.8 million (threshold adjusted annually)
of the voting securities and assets of the
acquired person; or
(2) as a result of the transaction, the
acquiring person will hold an aggregate
total amount of more than $239.2 million
(threshold adjusted annually) of the voting
securities and assets of the acquired person,
regardless of the sales or assets of the acquir-
ing and acquired persons.
Acquisitions of voting securities are exempt
from filing if they are made “solely for the
purpose of investment” and if, as a result
of the acquisition, the securities held do
not exceed 10% of the outstanding voting
securities of the issuer. Securities are acquired
“solely for investment purposes” if the person
acquiring the securities has no intention of
participating in the formulation, determi-
nation, or direction of the basic business
decisions of the issuer.
The Hart-Scott-Rodino Act and rules there-
under contain various other exemptions,
which are complex and require familiarity
with the concepts and terminology of this
legislation. The formation of partnerships
and limited liability companies is potentially
subject to notification under Hart-Scott-
Rodino, as the result of changes to the
Hart-Scott-Rodino rules that became
effective on April 7, 2005.
The notice is filed with the Federal Trade
Commission and the U.S. Department of
Justice and is not public.

APPENDIX VI
Checklist for Hedge Fund Managers

to Consider in Developing
a Compliance Manual
The following checklist has been drafted to assist Hedge Fund

Managers in developing their own compliance policies and pro-
cedures. MFA expects that the contents and specific details of a
Hedge Fund Manager’s policies and procedures will vary significantly
depending on factors specific to each Hedge Fund Manager, such
as, among other things, organizational structure and the strategies
of the Hedge Funds undertaken by the Hedge Fund Manager. In
addition, Hedge Fund Managers that are required to register under
Advisers Act will need to adopt policies and procedures that meet
the requirements of Rule 206-4(7).1 Some of the requirements of that
Rule are summarized in the checklist below for the benefit of SEC-
registered Hedge Fund Managers, but may also be considered as a
reference for non-registered Hedge Fund Managers, to the extent
they are appropriate for their operations. By providing this list, MFA
does not intend to advocate the adoption of policies and procedures
containing any particular provision, or to provide an exhaustive list
of the provisions that should be included. MFA hopes that Hedge
Fund Managers will consider the various categories set forth in this
checklist in developing policies and procedures that are tailored to,
and include all provisions appropriate for, their own businesses.
1
All Rules and Sections listed in Appendix VI are in accordance with the Advisers Act.

Checklist for Hedge Fund Managers to Consider
in Developing a Compliance Manual
I. Applicability and General • Use and Distribution. Distribute

Provisions policies and procedures to all
covered personnel and make clear
• Identify Covered Personnel. that it is the responsibility of the
Explain what employees, officers, covered personnel to understand
directors, and other personnel the contents of the policies and
at the Hedge Fund Manager are procedures.
covered (“covered personnel”).
Note that Rule 206-4(7) requires
registered investment advisers’ II. Chief Compliance Officer
compliance policies to apply to • Appointment and Responsibili-
the adviser and any supervised ties of the Chief Compliance
person (“any partner, officer, Officer. Explain that there must
director (or other person occupy- be a chief compliance officer
ing a similar status or performing or other similar individual (the
similar functions), or employee “Chief Compliance Officer”)*
of an investment adviser, or other appointed and that the Chief
person who provides investment Compliance Officer is assigned
advice on behalf of the investment primary responsibility for coor-
adviser and is subject to dinating and supervising compli-
the supervision and control of ance with applicable laws and
the investment adviser”). regulations, as well as all internal
procedures adopted by the invest-
• Purpose of Policies and
ment adviser. Note that Rule 206-
Procedures. Set forth policies
4(7) requires registered investment
and procedures that are reason-
advisers to designate an individual
ably designed to prevent violations
responsible for administering the
of such policies and procedures
policies and procedures of the
from occurring, and to detect
Hedge Fund Manager.
and address violations that have
occurred. Note that Rule 206(4)-7 * Recommendations for sound practices
requires all registered investment relating to the Chief Compliance
advisers to adopt and implement Officer are contained in Section
policies and procedures reasonably 5—Regulatory Controls.
designed to prevent the invest-
ment adviser and its personnel
and the entity he or she is advising
from violating the Advisers Act
and its rules and regulations.
02 | Appendix VI
III. Elements of Policies and investment strategies employed
Procedures by the Hedge Fund Manager and
operational processes, including
A. Investment Adviser as Fiduciary policies on partial fills, de minimis
Include information detailing a reallocations, deviations from
Hedge Fund Manager’s applicable allocation policy, and allocations
fiduciary duties and explain that the of “New Issues”. Establish a com-
adviser must act solely in the best mittee, designate an employee, or
interests of its client and must make otherwise allocate responsibility to
full and fair disclosure of all material review the facts and circumstances
facts about the Hedge Fund Manag- of opportunities to ensure that the
er’s business and business practices Hedge Fund Manager addresses its
to its clients. applicable fiduciary duties.
• Note that all investment advisers, • Maintain Portfolios Consist-

whether registered or unregis- ent with Funds’ Objectives.
tered, are subject to the antifraud Undertake reviews of portfolios
provisions of Section 206, which (electronic and/or manual reviews)
generally makes it unlawful for an and establish controls in order to
investment adviser to engage in detect departures from established
fraudulent, deceptive, or investment objectives.
manipulative conduct.
• Disclose Information about
In addition, note that in adopting Portfolio Management
Rule 206(4)-7, the SEC indicated Processes. Develop disclosure con-
that advisers should consider their trols to consider whether and the
fiduciary obligations under the way in which policies and changes
Advisers Act and formalize policies to policies should be reviewed and
and procedures to address them. communicated to investors.
• Comply with Applicable

B. Portfolio Management Processes Regulatory Restrictions. Evaluate
and address applicable regulatory
Include provisions addressing requirements, including filing
controls and procedures for various requirements with various govern-
portfolio management processes. ment regulators* and establish
• Allocate Investment Opportuni- timelines and assign oversight
ties Fairly among Funds. Create responsibility for compliance
procedures for allocating op- to the Chief Compliance Officer
portunities that relate to types or a designated employee.
of investments involved, and

* A list of required U.S. filings that for handling transactions upon

Hedge Fund Managers may be completion, including distribu-
required to file is contained in tion of confirmations. Establish
Appendix V—U.S. Regulatory a procedure for handling and
Filings by Hedge Fund Managers. reporting execution errors.
In the case of registered investment • Conflicts Review. Establish effec-

advisers, this requirement covers a tive review and approval processes
number of substantive provisions for dealing with any conflicts
under the Advisers Act, including: of interest that arise, including
in connection with Soft Dollar
• Filing and updating Form ADV;
Arrangements* or other services
• Proxy voting policies and from brokers. This should include
procedures; policies for selection of broker-
dealers, use of affiliated broker-
• Custody requirements; dealers, use of agency crosses,
• Procedures for solicitation and disclosure to investors about
activities; the process for dealing with these
potential conflicts. **
• Books and records;
* Suggestions for soft dollar and best
• Insider trading policies and codes
execution practices are addressed in
of ethics;
Section 6—Trading Relationship
• Advertising; and Management, Monitoring, and
Disclosure.
• Requirements for an advisory
contract. ** Note that Section 206(3) makes
it unlawful for any investment
C. Trading Practices adviser, whether registered or un-
registered, to act as a principal on
Include provisions addressing the other side of a transaction from
procedures for trading practices a client, without first disclosing it
and execution of strategies. and obtaining the written consent
of the client.
• Transaction Review. Name
authorized traders for transac-
tions, establish procedures for
specific periodic review of certain
transactions and orders, include
a retention policy for transaction
reports, and describe procedures
04 | Appendix VI
• Aggregated Trade Review. Fairly E. Disclosures
allocate aggregated trades among
Develop disclosure controls and
Hedge Funds. Establish proce-
procedures to ensure prompt and
dures for when to aggregate trades,
accurate disclosure to investors and
how to allocate aggregated trades,
any applicable regulators, including
and how to review adherence to
account statement disclosures.
policy.
• E
stablish a committee or a desig-
D. Trading Activity nated employee to review required
Procedures should address propri- disclosure documents for accuracy
etary trading of the Hedge Fund and consistency.
Manager and personal trading
• Establish procedures for updat-
activities of supervised persons.
ing and distributing any required
Note that this element may be
information to investors and regu-
covered by other policies adopted
lators. In the case of registered in-
by Hedge Fund Managers. In the
vestment advisers, this procedure
case of registered investment advis-
should address required updates in
ers, Section 204A requires advisers
Form ADV and required financial
to adopt insider trading policies, and
and disciplinary information in
Rule 204-1 requires registered in-
Rule 206(4)-4.
vestment advisers to adopt codes of
ethics which are required to contain Note that Section 207 prohibits
provisions covering personal trading any person from willfully making
activities.* any untrue statement of a material
fact, or willfully omitting to state
• E
stablish policies to direct that
any material fact that is required
any trading by employees and
to be stated, in any registration
affiliates will be conducted in a
application or report filed with
manner that is consistent with the
the SEC.
requirements of the policies and
in a manner consistent with the
applicable fiduciary duties owed
by the Hedge Fund Manager.
* Suggestions for elements of trading

policies and codes of ethics are
addressed in Appendix VII—Check-
list for Hedge Fund Managers to
Consider in Developing a Code of
Ethics.

F. Safeguarding Client Assets Note that Rule 204-2 identifies

certain books and records that
Develop procedures to safeguard must be prepared and retained
client assets from conversion or by registered investment advis-
inappropriate use by advisory ers. For purposes of Section 204,
personnel. books and records include records
of the private funds for which
• Limit authority and access to the adviser or a related person
client accounts to designated acts as general partner, managing
employees and require approval of member, or in a similar capac-
the Chief Compliance Officer for ity. This Rule specifies the time
deviations from that policy. periods for which such books and
records must be retained, which is
• M
onitor activity of employees
generally five years.
with access to client accounts to
ensure adherence to procedures.
H. Marketing and Fees
G. Recordkeeping
Include procedures to address
Create policies that address main- marketing activities, including use
taining complete and accurate of solicitors and payment of fees.
records of the Hedge Fund Manager
and all Hedge Funds it manages. • D
evelop disclosure controls to
ensure that arrangements are fully
• These policies and procedures and accurately disclosed. Note
should be designed to ensure the that if a registered investment
retention of accurate and com- adviser pays a cash fee to a person
plete records and may include, as soliciting investors, the adviser
appropriate, maintenance of origi- must meet the requirements of
nal copies of all records, including Rule 206(4)-3.
those created in email, protection
against electronic destruction, • Develop disclosure controls to
development of searchable indices ensure that any performance fees
of stored data and records, and are fully and accurately disclosed.
policies relating to access to Note also that registered advisers
records. A Hedge Fund Manager of 3(c)(1) funds may be subject
should also establish a policy relat- to limitations on the ability to
ing to the length of time records charge performance fees. Section
are required to be retained that is 205(a)(1) generally prohibits a
appropriate for its organizational registered investment adviser from
structure and business activities.
06 | Appendix VI
receiving a performance fee. How- Note that the SEC’s Regulation
ever, Rule 205-3 permits a regis- S-P (“Privacy of Consumer Finan-
tered investment adviser to receive cial Information”) requires regis-
a performance fee from certain tered investment advisers to adopt
eligible clients. Registered advisers policies and procedures reasonably
should establish the qualifications designed to: (1) ensure the confi-
for “eligible clients” in accordance dentiality of customer records and
with the rule. information; (2) protect against
any anticipated threats or hazards
to the security of customer records
I. Valuation and information; and (3) protect
Include processes to value holdings against unauthorized access or use
and assess fees based on those of customer records or informa-
valuations.* tion that could result in substan-
tial harm or inconvenience to any
* Suggestions for valuation practices consumer. Registered investment
are included in Section 3— advisers are required to distribute
Determination of Net Asset Value. a notice of their privacy policy to
each of their underlying investors
in a fund that are natural persons
J. Safeguards for Privacy Protection at the time a person becomes an
of Client Records and Information investor in a Hedge Fund and,
Adopt policies to address adminis- going forward, on an annual basis.
trative and physical safeguards for
the protection of customer records
K. Business Continuity,
and information.
Disaster Recovery, and Crisis
• Develop procedures and lists of Management Plans
employees permitted to access cli- Develop procedures to reduce risk
ent information. Set forth policy to clients as a result of unforeseen
for providing client information events that would impact the
to affiliates and non-affiliated adviser’s ability to continue active
third parties. Consider requiring management of the clients’ assets.*
pre-approval of client or Chief
Compliance Officer. * Recommendations for BC/DR plans
are included in Section 7—Business
Continuity, Disaster Recovery, and
Crisis Management.

L. Anti-Money Laundering V. Acknowledgment and Training

Develop policies and procedures • Develop requirements for employ-
in connection with the prevention ees, such as requiring an em-
of money laundering. This sec- ployee to sign a written statement
tion should include the policy of acknowledging his or her receipt
the Hedge Fund Manager regard- and understanding of, and agree-
ing cash or cash equivalent bearer ment to abide by, the policies.
instruments, its documentation
policies, its reporting and disclosure • Require periodic training of
obligations, as well as the role of the employees to ensure understand-
Chief Compliance Officer.* ing of, and compliance with,
policies and procedures.
* A more in-depth review is included
in Appendix IV—Guidance for
Hedge Fund Managers on Devel-
oping Anti-Money Laundering
Programs (Release No.2).
IV. Review and Updating

of Policies
• Establish processes for reviewing
the policies and procedures to
determine their adequacy and
the effectiveness of their
implementation.
• Update policies in the event of

significant changes to business
or unforeseen market events.
Note that Rule 206(4)-7 requires

registered investment advisers
to conduct this review no less
frequently than annually.
08 | Appendix VI
APPENDIX VII
Checklist for Hedge Fund Managers

to Consider in Developing
a Code of Ethics
The following checklist is intended to assist Hedge Fund Managers

in developing their own codes of ethics or conduct. MFA expects
that the codes of ethics or conduct among different Hedge Fund
Managers will vary significantly depending on factors specific to
each Hedge Fund Manager, including organizational structure and
the types of Hedge Funds advised by the Hedge Fund Managers.
By providing this checklist, MFA does not intend to advocate the
adoption, of a code of ethics or conduct containing any particular
provision, and does not intend to provide an exhaustive list of the
provisions that should be included. Instead, it is MFA’s hope that
Hedge Fund Managers will consider the various elements of this
checklist in developing a code of ethics or conduct that is specifi-
cally tailored to their own businesses. Moreover, particular provisions
identified below may be contained in one or more other policy
manuals, memoranda, or other documents.
Hedge Fund Managers should be aware that those required to

register with the SEC must establish, maintain, and enforce a code
of ethics pursuant to Rule 204A-1 of the Advisers Act1 and must offer
in Part II of their Form ADV to provide such code to clients and pro-
spective clients. The requirements of that rule are summarized in the
checklist below for the benefit of registered Hedge Fund Managers,
but may also be considered as a reference for unregistered Hedge
Fund Managers to the extent such requirements are appropriate to
their operations. To be adequately implemented, Hedge Fund Man-
agers should consider supporting the principles of conduct set forth
in any code of ethics or conduct with compliance policies.
1
All Rules and Sections listed in Appendix VII are in accordance with the Advisers Act.

in Developing a Code of Ethics
Hedge Fund Managers should • Articulation of covered personnel’s

consider including the following fiduciary duty to act in the client’s
provisions: best interest. For certain Hedge
Fund Managers, the scope of the
Applicability of the Code duties to clients may be set forth
in investment management agree-
• Identification of personnel covered ments, offering documents, or
(“covered personnel”) by the code other written materials, and
of ethics or conduct (“the Code”). the Code may make reference
• Emphasis on the adherence to the to these.
provisions of the Code. Note that Rule 204A-1 requires
Note that Rule 204A-1 requires standards of conduct that reflect
registered Hedge Fund Managers the registered investment adviser’s
to make the Code available to all fiduciary obligations and the fidu-
clients and potential clients of any ciary obligations of its supervised
Hedge Fund advised by the Hedge persons.
Fund Manager, upon request. • A statement that covered person-
nel should strive to act in a profes-
Standards of Conduct sional and ethical manner.
• A provision setting forth standards • Incorporation of the Hedge Fund
of business conduct for covered Manager’s fundamental ideals
personnel. (such as integrity, honesty, trust,
• A statement that covered personnel etc.), as well as the legal, ethical,
are to comply with all applicable and moral obligations with which
federal securities laws, including covered personnel should comply.
the various applicable provisions
of the Advisers Act, U.S. Invest- Personal Trading
ment Company Act of 1940, the • Policies emphasizing that the
Securities Act of 1933, the Securi- interests of clients will at all times
ties Exchange Act of 1934, and all be placed first, and that covered
applicable rules and regulations personnel will not take advantage
adopted by the SEC. Note that of their positions for personal
Rule 204A-1 requires codes of eth- benefit.
ics to include provisions requiring
supervised persons to comply with • Procedures for personal trad-
applicable federal law. ing, such as “blackout periods”,
restricted lists, reviews, holding
periods, and prohibitions on
certain types of trades.
02 | Appendix VII
1.0 Overview: The Risks Faced by a Hedge Fund Manager
• Procedures for the required • Requirement that the chief com-

pre-approval/clearance of certain pliance officer should review the
transactions, such as IPOs, private personal security reports to check
placements/limited offerings, or for any trading improprieties. Note
securities on any restricted list. that Rule 204A-1 requires Hedge
Fund Managers to review personal
Note that Rule 204A-1 requires
securities transactions and holdings
pre-approval before “access per-
periodically.
sons” (as defined in Rule 204A-
1(e)(1)) may directly or indirectly
Client Information
acquire beneficial ownership in
any security in an IPO or limited • Policies that identify confiden-
offering. tial client information, and then
ensure that the information is not
Reporting of Holdings disclosed, other than in the neces-
sary course of business (i.e., on a
• Procedures for covered personnel
“need to know” basis).
to file an initial holding report or
account statement, covering all • Policies to prevent the misuse of
their current holdings in specified information.
investments. This holding report
Note that these confidentiality
should be updated periodically.
policies may also be contained
Note that Rule 204A-1 contains
within the compliance policies
specific reporting requirements
and procedures. See Appendix
for “access persons”, including the
IV—Guidance for Hedge Funds
content and timing of holding
and Hedge Fund Managers on
reports and transaction reports.
Developing Anti-Money Launder-
• With respect to implementation ing Programs (Release No. 2) for
of the foregoing bullet, Hedge more information on AML poli-
Fund Managers may consider cies as they affect confiden-
setting up a system to have cop- tiality policies.
ies of brokerage statements and
confirmations of covered person-
nel delivered directly to the Hedge
Fund Manager.
• Procedures to report all specified
types of personal transactions on
a quarterly basis to designated
personnel.

in Developing a Code of Ethics
Insider Trading Acknowledgement,

Certification, and Training
• Formulation of policies that are
designed to: prevent and detect • Requirement that covered person-
insider trading; reflect the nature nel sign an acknowledgement
of the Hedge Fund Manager’s that they have received the Code.
business and type of instruments Note that Rule 204A-1 requires
traded; and include procedures, supervised persons to acknowl-
such as a restricted list and the edge receipt of the Code and any
monitoring of trading activity amendments.
by covered personnel.
• Provisions concerning training
• Implement policies to prevent the staff on the principles and policies
misuse of material, non-public of the Code.
information, such as controlling
• Designation of a person that
access to the information through
covered personnel can seek advice
a gatekeeper and controlling the
for any questions about the Code.
ability to make copies of such
information. • Requirement for conducting
annual recertification of the
Gifts and Acts of Hospitality policies in the Code.
• Creation of policies on the giving • Requirement that a record be
or receiving of business gifts kept of the acknowledgements
and other acts of hospitality that by supervised persons. Note that
may create the appearance of Rule 204-2(a)(12)(iii) requires a
impropriety. record of acknowledgements for
• Inclusion of provisions that re- each supervised person to be kept
quire mandatory reporting of gifts for five years.
accepted in the course of business. • Requirement that a record be kept
Consider whether gifts should and maintained by appropriate
need to cross a certain threshold, supervisory personnel of the Code
depending on the nature of the and any amendments to the Code.
Hedge Fund Manager’s business, Note that Rule 204-2(a)(12)(i)
before such reporting would be requires a record of the Code to
required. be kept for five years.
04 | Appendix VII
Violations of Code Sanctions
• Provision for a reporting • Development of appropriate sanc-
mechanism for any violations tions for breaches of the provi-
of the Code. sions of the Code, such as suspen-
sion, letter of censure, restitution,
Note that Rule 204A-1 requires
and termination.
a code of ethics to contain provi-
sions requiring supervised persons For further reference materials
to report any violations of the code on drafting a Code, please see the
of ethics promptly to the chief following resources:
compliance officer or, provided the
chief compliance officer also receives • Asset Manager Code of Professional
reports of all violations, to other Conduct (2005) from the CFA
persons designated in the code of Centre for Financial Market
ethics. Integrity (www.cfainstitute.org/
centre/ethics/asset/pdf/asset_
• Provision for whistleblower
manager_code.pdf); and
protection to those who report
violations. • SEC final rule release on the
• Provisions designed to ensure Investment Adviser Code of
that sensitive information about Ethics (www.sec.gov/rules/final/
violations is kept confidential ia-2256.htm).
until otherwise notified by the
designated person.
• Policies for when and how an
investigation is initiated and
carried out, as well as who has
responsibility to undertake the
investigation.
• Determination of whether records
of every violation or alleged
violation will be kept and for
how long. Note that Rule 204-
2(a)(12)(ii) requires that a record
be kept of any violation of the
Code and any action taken as a
result of the violation.

Sound English

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sound English

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Sound English

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

WASHINGTON, DC | NEW YORK

Sound Practices for Hedge

Section 1 Recommendations: Management, Trading,

1.1 Management and Trading Controls .......................2

1.6 Information Technology Controls ...........................5

1.9 Third-Party Service Providers .................................8

Section 2 Recommendations: Responsibilities to Investors ...........1

2.1 Responsibilities to Investors ...................................2

Section 3 Recommendations: Determination of Net Asset Value..1

3.1 Verification of the Existence of Assets

3.6 Determination of Fair Value ...................................7

3.7 Responsibility for Valuation ....................................8

3.8 Pricing Policies and Procedures .............................9

3.10 Frequency of NAV Determinations ......................13

3.11 Financial Statement Close Process.......................14

Section 4 Recommendations: Risk Management...........................1

4.1 Structure of Risk Management Process ..................2

4.4 Market Risk .............................................................4

4.11 Funding Liquidity Risk ............................................9

Sound Practices for Hedge Fund Managers | 01

4.14 Counterparty Credit Risk ......................................10

4.15 Leverage ..............................................................11

4.16 Operational Risk ...................................................12

4.17 Risk Monitoring Valuation ....................................13

Section 5 Recommendations: Regulatory Controls .......................1

5.1 Regulatory Controls ...............................................2

Section 6 Recommendations: Trading Relationship

6.1 Documentation Policies and Controls ....................2

6.5 Best Execution .......................................................5

6.7 Execution and Clearing Arrangements ..................7

6.8 Soft Dollar Arrangements.......................................8

Section 7 Recommendations: Business Continuity, Disaster

7.1 Business Continuity, Disaster

Appendix I Glossary and Selected Sources Used.............................1

Selected Sources Used .................................................15

Appendix II Model Due Diligence Questionnaire for

I. Investment Manager Overview ..............................3

II. Overview of Activities of the Investment

III. Fund Information....................................................8

I. Overview: The Risks Faced by a Hedge

II. Market Risk ................................................................7

III. Funding Liquidity Risk .............................................16

V. Counterparty Credit Risk .........................................29

Appendix IV Guidance for Hedge Funds and Hedge Fund

Applicability of the 2007 AML Guidance........................8

Sound Practices for Hedge Fund Managers | 03

Appendix V U.S. Regulatory Filings by

Appendix VI Checklist for Hedge Fund Managers to Consider

Appendix VII Checklist for Hedge Fund Managers

About Managed Funds Association

MFA achieves its success through four major areas:

Sound Practices for Hedge Fund Managers | 01

Managed Funds Association

360 Madison Avenue

Sound Practices for Hedge Fund Managers | 03

About the 2007 Edition

Public Policy & the Hedge Fund Industry

Sound Practices for Hedge Fund Managers | 01