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Process Control

The document discusses process control and the use of Laplace transforms. It outlines control objectives like safety, operational constraints, and product quality. It describes process dynamics and how control brings systems back to steady-state after disturbances. It defines controllable, uncontrollable, and product variables. Finally, it provides the definition of the Laplace transform and examples of how common functions like exponentials, step functions, and derivatives transform.

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Dina Mansour
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33 views3 pages

Process Control

The document discusses process control and the use of Laplace transforms. It outlines control objectives like safety, operational constraints, and product quality. It describes process dynamics and how control brings systems back to steady-state after disturbances. It defines controllable, uncontrollable, and product variables. Finally, it provides the definition of the Laplace transform and examples of how common functions like exponentials, step functions, and derivatives transform.

Uploaded by

Dina Mansour
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Fourth Class Process Control

Control objective :
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1) Safety
2) Environmental protection
3) Operational constraints
a) Equipment protection
b) Smooth operation
4) Product quality
5) Profit
6) Monitoring and diagnosis

Process dynamic:
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Refers to the time-varying behavior of controlled or uncontrolled process behavior


when there are subject to disturbances.

Process control:
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Controlling the unsteady state behavior and bring the system back to the steady –
state.

Classes of variables:
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1) Un controllable variables: ambient condition ,catalyst activity.


2) Controllable variables: temperature ,pressure ,flow ,level ,pH.
3) Product variables: color ,viscosity, composition.

Laplace transformation:
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Laplace transform is useful for providing qualitative analysis of dynamic processes.


Laplace transform is an operator that transforms the independent variable of a
function from the time domain to the s-domain. In this case, it facilitates the solution
of linear differential equation as Laplace transform converts the ODE into algebraic
variables.

Definition of the Laplace transformation:


−∞

ʆ (𝑡𝑡) = 𝑓𝑓(𝑠𝑠) = � 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡)𝑒𝑒 −𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡)


𝑓𝑓
0

1
Fourth Class Process Control

s is variable defined in the complex plane (i.e. ,s=a+jb)

Transformation of simple functions:


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1) Exponential function

𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑒𝑒 −𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 for t ≥0

Then
1
ʆ[𝑒𝑒 −𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 ] =
𝑠𝑠+𝑎𝑎

2) The step function


0 t < 0
f (t ) =  
A t > 0
3) Ramp function
𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡) = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 for t.≥0 with a is constant
𝑎𝑎
Then ʆ [𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎] = 2
𝑠𝑠
4) Trigonometric function

𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡) = sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔


𝜔𝜔
ʆ[sin 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔] =
𝑠𝑠 2 + 𝜔𝜔 2
𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡) = cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔
𝑠𝑠
ʆ[cos 𝜔𝜔𝜔𝜔] = 2
𝑠𝑠 + 𝜔𝜔 2
5) Derivatives

 d n f (t ) 
 = s f ( s ) − s f (0) − s f ′(0)....... − sf
n −1 n−2 n−2
 2
n
(0) − f (0)
 dt 
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑(𝑡𝑡)
ʆ� � = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑠𝑠) − 𝑓𝑓(0)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑 2 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡)
ʆ� 2
� = 𝑠𝑠 2 𝑓𝑓(𝑠𝑠) − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(0) − 𝑓𝑓 ′ (0)
𝑑𝑑𝑡𝑡

2
Fourth Class Process Control

6) Integrals

𝑡𝑡
1
ʆ�� 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑� = 𝑓𝑓(𝑠𝑠)
0 𝑠𝑠

Final –value theorem:


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lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡) = lim[𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑠𝑠)]


𝑡𝑡→∞ 𝑠𝑠→0

Initial-value theorem
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lim 𝑓𝑓(𝑡𝑡) = lim [𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠(𝑠𝑠)]


𝑡𝑡→0 𝑠𝑠→∞

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