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MATH1010A 1718 Tutorial I

1) The document contains tutorial notes for a university mathematics course. It provides 5 questions on limits, sequences, and other calculus topics. 2) For question 1, the author evaluates 4 different limits by simplifying the expressions and taking the limit as n approaches infinity. 3) For subsequent questions, the author uses principles of mathematical induction, the sandwich theorem, and other techniques to evaluate limits, show properties of sequences, and solve challenging problems involving infinite products and limits.

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Omonda Nii
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
36 views4 pages

MATH1010A 1718 Tutorial I

1) The document contains tutorial notes for a university mathematics course. It provides 5 questions on limits, sequences, and other calculus topics. 2) For question 1, the author evaluates 4 different limits by simplifying the expressions and taking the limit as n approaches infinity. 3) For subsequent questions, the author uses principles of mathematical induction, the sandwich theorem, and other techniques to evaluate limits, show properties of sequences, and solve challenging problems involving infinite products and limits.

Uploaded by

Omonda Nii
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATH 1010A 2017-18

University Mathematics
Tutorial Notes I
Ng Hoi Dong
Question

Q1. State whether the following sequence converges.


If no, just answer "the sequence is not convergent" without giving any justification.
If yes, find the limit.
𝑛3 + 7𝑛2 + 8𝑛 − 1
(a) 𝑎𝑛 = ,
2𝑛3 − 6𝑛2 + 5
𝑛4 + 5𝑛 + 2
(b) 𝑎𝑛 = ,
𝑛3 + 2𝑛2
√3

(c) 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛 + 5 − 3 𝑛,
𝑛𝜋
(d) 𝑎𝑛 = sin .
2
Q2. Given that
1 1
lim 𝑛 𝑛 = 1, lim 𝑛 sin = 1,
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛

evaluate
2+𝑛 1
lim 𝑛 𝑛 sin .
𝑛→∞ 𝑛

Q3. Let 𝑎1 = 5, 𝑎𝑛+1 = 1 + 𝑎𝑛 for any 𝑛 ∈ ℕ.
First, show that 𝑎𝑛 > 0 for any 𝑛 ∈ ℕ and then assume 𝑎𝑛 converges, find its limit.
1
Q4. Let 𝑎𝑛 = + 1, is 𝑎𝑛
3𝑛
(a) monotone?
(b) bounded above?
(c) bounded below?
Q5. Using the Sandwich theorem to evaluate the following limit
√ √
𝑛2 + 1 − cos 𝑛2 + 1
lim √ √
𝑛→∞
𝑛2 + 1 + cos 𝑛2 + 1

10
Challenging Question Suppose 𝑎0 = , 𝑎 = 𝑎2𝑘−1 − 2 for any 𝑘 ∈ ℕ.
3 𝑘
(a) Show that 𝑎𝑘 = 3𝐴𝑘 + 3−𝐴𝑘 for all 𝑘 ∈ ℕ and 𝑘 = 0.

𝑛
3𝐵𝑛 − 3−𝐵𝑛
(b) Show that 𝑎𝑘 = for all 𝑛 ∈ ℕ and 𝑛 = 0.
𝑘=0 3 − 3−1
∏ 𝑛
3𝐶𝑛 + 3−𝐶𝑛 + 1
(c) Show that (𝑎𝑘 − 1) = for all 𝑛 ∈ ℕ and 𝑛 = 0.
𝑘=0 3 + 3−1 + 1
∏𝑛 ( )
1
(d) Compute lim 1− .
𝑛→∞
𝑘=0
𝑎𝑘
Here, 𝐴𝑘 , 𝐵𝑛 , 𝐶𝑛 is a "nice" sequence you need to determined.

1
Answer

𝑛3 + 7𝑛2 + 8𝑛 − 1 1 + 7𝑛 + 𝑛82 − 1
𝑛3 1+0+0−0 1
A1(a). lim = lim = = .
𝑛→∞ 2𝑛3 − 6𝑛2 + 5 𝑛→∞
2 − 6𝑛 + 𝑛52 2−0+0 2

A1(b). Since the degree of the numerator = 4 > 3 = the degree of denominator,
the sequence is not convergent.
A1(c). Using the formula (𝑎 − 𝑏)3 = (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏2 ), we have
5
(√ √ ) 2
3 𝑛+5−𝑛 𝑛3
lim 𝑛 + 5 − 3 𝑛 = lim = lim
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 2 ( )1 2 𝑛→∞ ( )2 ( ( )) 13
(𝑛 + 5) + 𝑛(𝑛 + 5) + 𝑛
3 3 3 5 3 5
1+ 𝑛
+ 1× 1+ 𝑛
+1

0
= = 0.
1+1+1

⎧0, if 𝑛 = 2, 4, 6, ...

A1(d). Note that 𝑎𝑛 = ⎨1, if 𝑛 = 1, 5, 9, ... , even when 𝑛 is large, 𝑎𝑛 still oscillate on −1, 0, 1,
⎪−1, if 𝑛 = 3, 7, 11, ...

the difference of 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎𝑚 (for any 𝑛, 𝑚 are very large) is NOT small,
so the sequence is not convergent.
( )( )( )
2+𝑛 1 1 1 1
A2. lim 𝑛 𝑛 sin = lim 𝑛 𝑛 lim 𝑛 𝑛 lim 𝑛 sin = (1)(1)(1) = 1.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑛
A3. Let 𝑃 (𝑛) be te statement that 𝑎𝑛 > 0.
By 𝑎1 = 5 > 0, 𝑃 (1) is true.
Assume 𝑃 (𝑘) is true for some 𝑘 ∈ ℕ, i.e. 𝑎𝑘 > 0,

Then 1 + 𝑎𝑘 > 0, so 𝑎𝑘+1 = 1 + 𝑎𝑘 > 0, so 𝑃 (𝑘 + 1) also true.
By first principal of mathematical induction, 𝑃 (𝑛) is true for any 𝑛 ∈ ℕ.
i.e. 𝑎𝑛 > 0 for any 𝑛 ∈ ℕ.

Assume 𝑎𝑛 converge, let 𝑎 = lim 𝑎𝑛 , then we have


𝑛→∞

lim 𝑎 = lim 1 + 𝑎𝑛
𝑛→∞ 𝑛+1 𝑛→∞

𝑎= 1+𝑎
𝑎2 = 1 + 𝑎

1± 5
𝑎= .
2

Since 𝑎𝑛 > 0 for any 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, we have 𝑎 ≥ 0,



1− 5
the value that 𝑎 = < 0 need to be rejected.
2

1+ 5
Hence, lim 𝑎𝑛 = .
𝑛→∞ 2

2
A4(a). Note that

1 < 3,
3𝑛 < 3𝑛+1 ,
1 1
𝑛
> ,
3 3𝑛+1
1 1
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑛 + 1 > + 1 = 𝑎𝑛+1 ,
3 3𝑛+1

is true for any 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, so 𝑎𝑛 is decreasing.


1
A4(b). Note that 1 > 3𝑛
for any 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, so 2 > 𝑎𝑛 for any 𝑛 ∈ ℕ.
Then 𝑎𝑛 is bounded above with an upper bound 2.
1
A4(c). Note that 3𝑛
> 0 for any 𝑛 ∈ ℕ, so 𝑎𝑛 > 1 for any 𝑛 ∈ ℕ.
Then 𝑎𝑛 is bounded below with an lower bound 1.
A5. Note that
√ √ √ √
𝑛2 + 1 − 1 𝑛2 + 1 − cos 𝑛2 + 1 𝑛2 + 1 + 1
√ ≤√ √ ≤√
𝑛2 + 1 + 1 𝑛2 + 1 + cos 𝑛2 + 1 𝑛2 + 1 − 1

true for any 𝑛 ∈ ℕ. Also note that



√ 1 1 √
𝑛2 + 1 − 1 1+ 𝑛2
− 𝑛 1+0−0
lim √ = lim √ =√ = 1.
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 1 1
𝑛2 + 1 + 1 1+ + 1+0+0
𝑛2 𝑛


𝑛2 + 1 + 1
Similarly, we can have lim √ = 1.
𝑛→∞
𝑛2 + 1 − 1
√ √
𝑛2 + 1 − cos 𝑛2 + 1
By Sandwich Theorem, lim √ √ exists and equal to 1.
𝑛→∞
𝑛2 + 1 + cos 𝑛2 + 1
𝑘 𝑘
Challenging Question (a). Let 𝑃 (𝑘) be the statement that 𝑎𝑘 = 32 + 3−2 .
10 0 0
Note that = 𝑎0 = 32 + 3−2 , so 𝑃 (0) is true.
3
Assume 𝑃 (𝑙) is true for some 𝑙 ∈ ℕ or 𝑙 = 0, then
( 𝑙 )
𝑙 2 𝑙 𝑙 𝑙+1 𝑙+1
𝑎𝑙+1 = 𝑎2𝑙 − 2 = 32 + 3−2 − 2 = 32 ⋅2 + 2 + 3−2 ⋅2 − 2 = 32 + 3−2 .

Hence, 𝑃 (𝑙 + 1) also true.


By first principal of mathematical induction, 𝑃 (𝑘) is true for any 𝑘 ∈ ℕ and 𝑘 = 0.
𝑘 𝑘
i.e. 𝑎𝑘 = 32 + 3−2 for any 𝑘 ∈ ℕ and 𝑘 = 0.

𝑛
32
𝑛+1
− 3−2
𝑛+1
Challenging Question (b). Let 𝑄(𝑛) be the statement that 𝑎𝑘 = .
𝑘=0 3 − 3−1


0
10 32 − 3−2
Note that 𝑎𝑘 = 𝑎0 = = , so 𝑄(0) is true.
𝑘=0
3 3 − 3−1

Assume 𝑄(𝑚) is true for some 𝑚 ∈ ℕ or 𝑚 = 0, then (Using (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 )


( )

𝑚+1 ( 𝑚+1 ) 2𝑚+1 − 3−2𝑚+1 𝑚+2 𝑚+2
𝑚+1 3 32 − 3−2
𝑎𝑘 = 32 + 3−2 = .
𝑘=0 3 − 3−1 3 − 3−1

3
Hence, 𝑄(𝑚 + 1) also true.
By first principal of mathematical induction, 𝑄(𝑛) is true for any 𝑛 ∈ ℕ and 𝑘 = 0.

𝑛
32
𝑛+1
− 3−2
𝑛+1
i.e. 𝑎𝑘 = for any 𝑛 ∈ ℕ and 𝑛 = 0.
𝑘=0 3 − 3−1


𝑛
32
𝑛+1 𝑛+1
+ 3−2 + 1
Challenging Question (c). Let 𝑅(𝑛) be the statement that (𝑎𝑘 − 1) = .
𝑘=0 3 + 3−1 + 1

∏0
7 32 + 3−2
Note that (𝑎𝑘 − 1) = (𝑎0 − 1) = = , so 𝑅(1) is true.
𝑘=0
3 3 + 3−1 + 1

Assume 𝑅(𝑚) is true for some 𝑚 ∈ ℕ or 𝑚 = 0, then (Using (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 − 𝑏) = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 )


( )

𝑛+1 ( 𝑚+1 ) 𝑚+1 𝑚+1
2 −2𝑚+1 32 + 3−2 + 1
(𝑎𝑘 − 1) = 3 +3 −1
𝑘=0 3 + 3−1 + 1
( 𝑚+1 )
𝑚+1 2
32 + 3−2 −1
=
3 + 3−1 + 1
𝑚+2 𝑚+2
32 + 3−2 + 1
=
3 + 3−1 + 1

Hence, 𝑅(𝑚 + 1) also true.

By first principal of mathematical induction, 𝑅(𝑛) is true for any 𝑛 ∈ ℕ and 𝑘 = 0.


∏𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛+1
32 + 3−2 + 1
i.e. (𝑎𝑘 − 1) = for any 𝑛 ∈ ℕ and 𝑛 = 0.
𝑘=0 3 + 3−1 + 1

Challenging Question (d). Using (b),(c),


𝑛

( ) (𝑎𝑘 − 1)

𝑛
1 𝑘=0
lim 1− = lim
𝑛→∞
𝑘=0
𝑎𝑘 𝑛→∞ ∏
𝑛
𝑎𝑘
𝑘=0
𝑛+1 𝑛+1
3 − 3−1 32 + 3−2 + 1
= lim
−1
3+3 +1 𝑛→∞ 32𝑛+1 − 3−2𝑛+1
𝑛+2 𝑛+1
8 1 + 3−2 + 3−2
= lim
13 𝑛→∞ 1 − 3−2𝑛+2
8
= .
13

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