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    Three Fundamental Laws of Transport Phenomena

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    1) Newton's law of viscosity describes the shear stress in a fluid between two parallel plates, where one plate is moving and the other is stationary. The shear stress is directly proportional to the velocity gradient. 2) Fourier's law of heat conduction states that the rate of heat transfer through a solid plate is proportional to the temperature difference across the plate and the surface area, and inversely proportional to the thickness of the plate. 3) Fick's law of diffusion describes the diffusion of a component in a gas, where the rate of diffusion is proportional to the concentration gradient.

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    Three Fundamental Laws of Transport Phenomena

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    Genet
    214 views3 pages
    1) Newton's law of viscosity describes the shear stress in a fluid between two parallel plates, where one plate is moving and the other is stationary. The shear stress is directly proportional to the velocity gradient. 2) Fourier's law of heat conduction states that the rate of heat transfer through a solid plate is proportional to the temperature difference across the plate and the surface area, and inversely proportional to the thickness of the plate. 3) Fick's law of diffusion describes the diffusion of a component in a gas, where the rate of diffusion is proportional to the concentration gradient.

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    1) Newton's law of viscosity describes the shear stress in a fluid between two parallel plates, where one plate is moving and the other is stationary. The shear stress is directly proportional to the velocity gradient. 2) Fourier's law of heat conduction states that the rate of heat transfer through a solid plate is proportional to the temperature difference across the plate and the surface area, and inversely proportional to the thickness of the plate. 3) Fick's law of diffusion describes the diffusion of a component in a gas, where the rate of diffusion is proportional to the concentration gradient.

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    214 views3 pages

    Three Fundamental Laws of Transport Phenomena

    Uploaded by

    Genet
    1) Newton's law of viscosity describes the shear stress in a fluid between two parallel plates, where one plate is moving and the other is stationary. The shear stress is directly proportional to the velocity gradient. 2) Fourier's law of heat conduction states that the rate of heat transfer through a solid plate is proportional to the temperature difference across the plate and the surface area, and inversely proportional to the thickness of the plate. 3) Fick's law of diffusion describes the diffusion of a component in a gas, where the rate of diffusion is proportional to the concentration gradient.

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    Three Fundamental Laws of Transport Phenomena

    Newton’s Law of Viscosity


    Figure 1.2 shows a flow of fluid between two parallel plates, where the upper plate moves at a
    constant velocity, U [m s–1], and the lower one is at rest. In a steady state, a linear velocity
    profile is established, due to the effect of the viscosity of the fluid. Because of this frictional drag
    caused by the viscosity of the fluid, a drag force, Rf [N], will act on the surface of the plate. The
    following empirical equation is known for the fluid friction:

    𝑅𝑓
    𝜏 = 𝜏𝑤 = (1.1)
    𝐴
    𝑑𝑢
    𝜏 = −𝜇 𝑑𝑦 (1.2)

    Fig. 1.2 Flow of a viscous fluid between two parallel plates.


    Where, A is the surface area of the plate [m2], y is the distance from the wall [m], 𝜏 is the shear
    stress in the fluid [Pa], 𝜏w (Rf/A) is the shear stress at the wall [Pa], and 𝜇 is the viscosity [Pa s],
    which is one of the important physical properties of the fluid. The equation (1.2) is usually
    known as Newton’s law of viscosity. Fluids are classified into two groups: Newtonian fluids,
    which obey Newton’s law of viscosity, and non-Newtonian fluids, which do not obey Newton’s
    law. Common fluids such as air, water, and oils generally behave as Newtonian fluids, whereas
    polymer solutions usually behave as non-Newtonian fluids.

    Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction


    Figure 1.3 shows the temperature distribution in a solid plate of surface area A [m2] and
    thickness 𝛿[m], where the temperature of one surface is kept at T1 [K] and that of the other at T2
    [K] (T1 > T2). Heat will be transferred from the hot to the cold surface and this phenomenon is
    known as the conduction of heat. In a steady state, a linear temperature profile is established in
    the solid and the

    rate of heat transfer, Q [W], is observed to be proportional to the temperature difference between
    the two surfaces (T1 – T2) and the surface area of the plate, A [m2], and inversely proportional to
    the thickness of the plate, 𝛿 [m]:
    𝑇1 −𝑇2
    𝑄∝𝐴 (1.3)
    𝛿

    𝑄 𝑑𝑇
    𝑞 = 𝐴 = −𝑘 (𝑑𝑦) (1.4)

    Fig. 1.3 Conduction of heat through a solid wall.

    Where q (= Q/A) is the heat flux [Wm–2], T is the temperature [K], y [m] is the distance in the
    direction of heat conduction, and k is a physical property of the fluid known as the thermal
    conductivity [Wm–1 K–1].

    Fick’s Law of Diffusion


    If we place a small amount of a volatile liquid in the bottom of a test tube and let it be in contact
    with a dry air stream, as shown in Fig. 1.4, a linear concentration profile is established in the test
    tube at steady state, and steady evaporation of the liquid will take place. This phenomenon,
    whereby a transfer of material is caused by a non-uniform distribution of concentration, is called
    diffusion. The following empirical law is known for the rate of diffusion:

    𝐽𝐴 = −𝑐𝐷
    𝑑𝑥𝐴
    (1.5) Where c is the molar density [kmol m–3], D is the diffusivity
    𝑑𝑦
    [m–2 s–1], JA is the rate of diffusion of component A per unit
    area of the surface (diffusional flux) [kmol m–2 s–1], and y is
    the distance in the direction of diffusion [m].
    Fig. 1.4 Diffusion of vapor in a gas

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