2.

Explain local nomenclature of TRS

A tropical revolving storm or a TRS is a storm system with a

low-pressure centre, around which winds of gale force (34 knots
or force 8) or more blow spirally inwards, anticlockwise in the
Northern Hemisphere (NH) and clockwise in the Southern
Hemisphere (SH).

TRS is common in various places in the world, but they can be

called as below:

1. “Cyclones” is used in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.

2. “Hurricane” is used on the western side of north Atlantic and

south Pacific.

3. “Cordonazo” is used on the eastern side of North Pacific.

4. “Typhoon” is used on the western side of North Pacific.

5. “Willy – willy” is used on the eastern side of South Indian

Ocean.
 3.Describe regions and seasons of greatest
frequency of TRS ?

Cyclones in the South Pacific, Hurricanes in America and

Typhoons in Asia – they are all the same thing, but with
different names.

Recipe for a cyclone:

Pre-heat the ocean to at least 26ºC

Get an area of low pressure

Add lots of warm moist unstable and disturbed air

Mix well – using the Coriolis Force (between 5º-20ºNorth or

South of the Equator) Cyclones need the Coriolis Force to
generate the spin. There is no spin created at the equator, so
that is why cyclones don’t form there (or cross the equator).In
the South Pacific, the cyclone season is over the Southern
Hemisphere summer – November to April ish. With the greatest
frequency in January – March.

In the Northeast Pacific the cyclone season is from June to

November, but the Northwest Pacific has tropical cyclones all
year round – with the most in early September and the least in
February & March. The North Atlantic has cyclones from June

September:

In the South Pacific, the cyclone season is over the Southern

Hemisphere summer – November to April ish. With the greatest
frequency in January – March.
In the Northeast Pacific the cyclone season is from June to
November, but the Northwest Pacific has tropical cyclones all
year round – with the most in early September and the least in
February & March.

The North Atlantic has cyclones from June to November with the
most occurring in August & September.

In the North Indian basin, their

cyclone season is April to
December – peaking in May and
November.Of course you should
always be keeping an eye on the weather forecasts but some
other signs that there may be a cyclone approaching include: a
long low swell Extensive high cirrus clouds in the direction from
where the storm is approaching A change of 3 hPa or more
below the mean average pressure for the area A marked change
in the direction of wind and speed To find the direction of the
storm – face the wind and the centre of the storm lies aprox 90
º on your left hand side. A hurricane force wind is defined as any
wind averaging 64 knots. These storms are given different
categories depending on the wind speed. (I don’t ever want to
know what 137kts feels like

Once a Tropical Revolving Storm has been identified it is given a

name. There are several different Tropical Cyclone warning
centres located around the world and they keep their own list of
names in alphabetical order. There are two warning centres in
the South Pacific – one in Brisbane and one in Fiji, so sometimes
the names might not appear in alphabetical order. The storms
are named to make them easier to identify one storm from
another in weather reports.

They need the warm water to

keep going, so if they move
over land or head down in to
cooler waters, they dissipate
and become tropical storms or depressions. They are described
as ‘pressure valves’ allowing the heat from the ocean to be
released and dispersed. In the Southern Hemisphere, wind blows
around the storm in a clockwise spiral flow inwards. Their
general track is usually in a South Westerly direction but it may
change and then head South East.

You can see that there are very rarely any cyclones forming in
the South East Pacific or South Atlantic oceans. This is because
of the cold currents that flow up from Antarctica – keeping this
part of the ocean too cold for the cyclones to form.

However if you check out the track of Cyclone Winston earlier

this year – the storm seems to roam around all over the place…
the line with the mini cyclones is its actual track and the grey
area is where its forecast to end up.

The wind revolves around the eye of the cyclone. In the centre
the winds can be quite light. However as the centre moves over
the area the intense wind once again resumes but from a
completely different direction.

4.Describe the condition associated with the

information of TRS?
Hurricanes - also know as typhoons or cyclones - form in specific
conditions. Different countries have different ways of preparing
and responding to their devastating impact.

Hurricanes

The strongest tropical storms are

called hurricanes, typhoons or tropical cyclones. The different
names all mean the same thing, but are used in different parts of
the world. If these huge storms start in the Atlantic off the west
coast of Africa, they are called hurricanes.

In an average year over a dozen hurricanes form over the

Atlantic Ocean and head westwards towards the Caribbean, the
east coast of Central America and the southern USA (Florida in
particular). Hurricanes may last as long as a month and although
they travel very slowly - usually at about 24 km/h (15 mph) -
wind speeds can reach over 120 km/h (75 mph).

How hurricanes form

Hurricanes need a lot of heat to form and a sea surface

temperature of at least 26°C, which is why they usually occur
over tropical seas. They also need to be between 5 and 20°
north or south of the Equator. It works like this:
. When this warm and wet air rises, it condenses to form
towering clouds, heavy rainfall. It also creates a low pressure
zone near the surface of the water.

. Rising warm air causes the pressure to decrease at higher

altitudes. Warm air is under a higher pressure than cold air,
so moves towards the ‘space’ occupied by the colder, lower
pressure, air. So the low pressure ‘sucks in’ air from the
warm surroundings, which then also rises. A continuous
upflow of warm and wet air continues to create clouds and
rain.

. Air that surrounds the low pressure zone at the centre

flows in a spiral at very high speeds - anti-clockwise in the
northern hemisphere - at speeds of around 120 km/h (75
mph).

. Air is ejected at the top of the storm – which can be 15km

high – and falls to the outside of the storm, out and over
the top, away from the eye of the storm. As this happens, it
reduces the mass of air over the ‘eye of the storm’ - causing
the wind speed to increase further. Some ejected air also
cools and dries, and sinks through the eye of the storm,
adding to the low pressure at the centre.

. The faster the winds blow, the lower the air pressure in the
centre, and so the cycle continues. The hurricane grows
stronger and stronger.
. Seen from above, hurricanes are huge circular bodies of
thick cloud around 450 km (300 miles) wide. The cloud
brings heavy rain, thunder and lightning.

. In the centre is the eye of the hurricane, about 45 km

across (30 miles) across. Often there will be no clouds in the
eye. Seen from below it will seem calmer, with a circle of
blue sky above. The eye is formed because this is the only
part of the hurricane where cold air is descending.

. In the northern hemisphere, the prevailing easterly tropical

winds tend to steer hurricanes toward land - although their
course is unpredictable. As hurricanes move inshore, their
power gradually reduces because their energy comes from
sucking up moist sea air.
 5.Explain the factors which affect the future
movement of TRS?

The weather associated with these storms is violent; torrential

rain accompanied by thunder and lightning,
severe turbulence within active convective cloud and frictional
turbulence generated by strong winds. Static electricity may
make navigation aids unreliable. A Tropical Revolving Storm can
cause significant damage to infrastructure and high loss of life.
Areas affected by a significant storm can take months or even
years to recover from the human, economic, and environmental
damage. It is not uncommon for aircraft to be evacuated from
an airport in advance of the landfall of a tropical storm. Damage
and disruption to Airport and ATM infrastructure may render
airports across a large area unusable, reducing the capacity and
capability of ANSPs and closing, or reducing the capacity of,
airports.

The diameter of a tropical storm is generally less than 500

nm and often only 100 nm in its early stages of development.
With pressure frequently about 960 millibars, and often much
less, the pressure gradient is such that winds regularly reach
hurricane force. The circulatory velocity of these storms is so
great that, once formed, no frontal structure can persist and they
become almost symmetrical circular depressions.

The factors which contribute to the intensity of a revolving storm

are:

 Instability. Tropical revolving storms usually form close to

the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)where there is
marked instability.

 Humidity. Storms mainly occur over the western parts of the

tropical oceans where the air has had a long passage over the
sea, or where air has crossed over from the other hemisphere,
and has become saturated.

 Latitude. For a given pressure gradient the strength of the

winds increases as the storm approaches the Equator.

 Temperature: Tropical revolving storms form over water

surfaces with a water temperature of at least 27C.

 The number and severity of storms in a particular season are

also influenced by other climatological factors including El
Niño effect
A tropical storm can only maintain its power when it is located
over the warmest parts of the oceans - where surface waters are
at 26°C or more. It will dissipate rapidly after crossing a coastline
and moving inland, and it will lose energy more gradually if it
strays into a region of cooler water.

6.Draw with the aid of diagrams typical and

possible track of TRS
7.Describe the factors associated with the decay
of TRS ?
What causes hurricanes to decay and dissipate? Hurricanes can
become very powerful, but they're not immortal. Tropical cyclones such as
tropical storms and hurricanes have a finite life span and their share of
enemies such as cooler sea surface temperatures, hostile upper level winds,
land, and sinking air that all inhibit further strengthening, or even dissipate
them altogether.

 Colder sea surface temperatures--Warm water is the engine of all tropical

cyclones. Sea surface temperatures must be at or above 80 degrees
Fahrenheit in order for a tropical storm or hurricane to flourish. Anything
colder than that will cause the storm to weaken or even dissipate.

 Shearing winds aloft--Tropical storms and hurricanes are "vertically stacked

systems." That means that clouds in the hurricane engine build vertically to
great heights in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. In order for this to
happen, these storms must have light winds aloft. Hostile upper level wind
conditions produce shearing, which blow off the high cloud tops of these
storms, and causes them to become disorganized.

 Sinking air--Sinking air, or subsidence from high pressure such as the

subtropical ridge can also inhibit development. Again, hurricanes are vertically
stacked systems so they need to have air rise from the surface to the upper
levels. Sinking air from high pressure hinders thunderstorm development,
which is a critical element in hurricane strengthening.

 Land, of course--The ultimate hindering factor to hurricanes is of course land.

When hurricanes or tropical storms make landfall, the friction caused by a
large land mass, and their terrain cuts off the hurricane's circulation, and
squeezes out the storm's moisture. In some cases rugged terrain such as
mountains can squeeze out tons of moisture, which in turn produces heavy
rainfall and flooding.

8.Draw plan of a TRS showing;

A. ISOBARS
B. Wind circulation
C. Path
D. Track
E. Vortex
F. Through line
G. Dangerous semicircle
H. Deangerous quadrant
I. Navigable semi circle (Northern and Southern
Hemisphere)
9.Explain the functions for the naming of the dangerous
semi circle

Dangerous semicircle

The side of a tropical cyclone to the right of the direction of

movement of the storm in the Northern Hemisphere (to the left
in the Southern Hemisphere), where the winds are stronger
because the cyclone's translation speed
and rotational wind field are additive.

The opposite side is termed the navigable semicircle. This

terminology originated in the days of sailing ships. It occurred
naturally since

1) The dangerous semicircle of the storm has the strongest

winds and heaviest seas;

2) A sailing ship on this side tends to be carried into the path of

the storm; and

3) If the storm recurves, its center is likely to cross the course of a

ship running before the wind.
10.Draw Through a TRS showing areas of cloud and
precipitation
 11.Describe the characteristics of TRS,IE size,
Wind,Pressure, Eye, Cloud, and Precipitation Sequence.
Some of the important characteristics of a Tropical Revolving
Storm (TRS) that are:

 They appear smaller size than temperate depressions

 They form near the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone, a zone
of instability
 They have nearly circular isobars
 No fronts occur (a front is the boundary between two air
masses, often distorted by warmer air bulging into the colder
air)
 They result in a very steep pressure gradient
 They have great intensity

Wind has two important characteristics—direction and speed.

The direction of wind can be gauged using an instrument called
the wind vane. It is also called weather vane. Every wind vane has
two parts, the front and the rear. A very common shape for a
wind vane is a shape of an arrow. The tip is the ‘front’, and the
tail of the arrow is the ‘rear’. This is then mounted on a vertical
column that is free to move when the wind blows. The front part
as a smaller surface area than the rear
Pressure Fluids have common properties that they share, such
as compressibility, density,pressure, buoyancy and viscosity.
However, just because fluids share similarcharacteristics doesn't
mean the specifics of those characteristics are the same for each
material.

Eye At the center of a mature tropical cyclone, air sinks rather

than rises. For a sufficiently strong storm, air may sink over a
layer deep enough to suppress cloud formation, thereby
creating a clear "eye". Weather in the eye is normally calm and
free of clouds, although the sea may be extremely violent.] The
eye is normally circular in shape, and is typically 30–65 km (19–
40 mi) in diameter, though eyes as small as 3 km (1.9 mi) and as
large as 370 km (230 mi) have been observed.

The cloudy outer edge of the eye is called the "eyewall". The
eyewall typically expands outward with height, resembling an
arena football stadium; this phenomenon is sometimes referred
to as the "stadium effect".[ The eyewall is where the greatest
wind speeds are found, air rises most rapidly, clouds reach to
their highest altitude, and precipitation is the heaviest. The
heaviest wind damage occurs where a tropical cyclone's eyewall
passes over land. In a weaker storm, the eye may be obscured by
the central dense overcast, which is the upper-level cirrus shield
that is associated with a concentrated area of strong
thunderstorm activity near the center of a tropical cyclone

Cloud and precipitation sequence.

A cloud is a visible aggregate of tiny water droplets and/or ice

crystals suspended in the atmosphere and can exist in a variety
of shapes and sizes. Some clouds are accompanied by
precipitation; rain, snow, hail, sleet, even freezing rain.

When cloud particles become too heavy to remain suspended in

the air, they fall to the earth as precipitation. Precipitation occurs
in a variety of forms; hail, rain, freezing rain, sleet or snow.

Rain and Hail

Atmospheric conditions that lead to the development of rain

and hail.

Freezing Rain

A detailed look at freezing rain, associated dangers and the

conditions that lead to its development.

Sleet
Atmospheric conditions that lead to the development of sleet.

Snow

Atmospheric conditions that lead to the development of snow.

Acknowledgments

Those who contributed to the Precipitation sections of the

Clouds and Precipitation module.

High-Level Clouds
High-level clouds form above
20,000 feet (6,000 meters) and since
the temperatures are so cold at
such high elevations, these clouds
are primarily composed of ice
crystals. High-level clouds are
typically thin and white in
appearance, but can appear in a
magnificent array of colors when
the sun is low on the horizon.
Mid-Level Clouds
The bases of mid-level clouds
typically appear between 6,500 to
20,000 feet (2,000 to 6,000 meters).
Because of their lower altitudes,
they are composed primarily of
water droplets, however, they can
also be composed of ice crystals
when temperatures are cold
enough.

Low-level Clouds
Low clouds are of mostly composed of
water droplets since their bases
generally lie below 6,500 feet (2,000
meters). However, when temperatures
are cold enough, these clouds may also
contain ice particles and snow.
Vertically Developed Clouds
Probably the most familiar of the
classified clouds is the cumulus cloud.
Generated most commonly through
either thermal convection or frontal
lifting, these clouds can grow to
heights in excess of 39,000 feet (12,000
meters), releasing incredible amounts
of energy through the condensation of
water vapor within the cloud itself.

High-Level Clouds
Cloud types include: cirrus and cirrostratus.

Mid-Level Clouds
Cloud types include: altocumulus, altostratus.

Low-Level Clouds
Cloud types include: nimbostratus and stratocumulus.
Clouds with Vertical Development
Cloud types include: fair weather cumulus and cumulonimbus.

Other Cloud Types

Cloud types include: contrails, billow
clouds, mammatus, orographic and pileus clouds.

12.Describes the signs which give warning if the approach for the
TRS.

Swell is usually the first indication of the storm centre, hence an

approaching TRS. confirmation factors, the approach of TRS is
confirmed. ... observations from other vessels may contain
storm warnings which give the position and pressure of the
storm centre and also the probable
direction of movement of the storm.

13.Enumerate the methods of determining the approximate bearing

of an approaching TRS.
TROPICAL REVOLVING STORMS A tropical revolving storm or
a TRS is a storm system with a low-pressure centre having a
diameter between 4 miles and 30 miles, the average being
about 10 miles. It is a roughly circular area of comparatively light
winds and fair weather, available at the centre of a severe
tropical cyclone. Weather in the eye is normally calm but the sea
can be extremely violent. Swell is usually the first indication of
the storm centre, hence an approaching TRS

1. Obtain the bearing of the storm centre.

2. Ascertain in which semi-circle the vessel lies.

3. Take avoiding action.

14.Enumerate the methods of determining in which sectors of a TRS

the ship is situated the current avoidance procedure when in the
vicinity of a TRS the position and direction of travel of a TRS
and ships voyage information and descrbes a appropriate measures
to avoid the danger sector of a TRS.

All seafarers are well familiar with the term ‘TRS’ or Tropical
Revolving Storm – an intense rotating depression (a region of
low pressure at the surface) which develops over the tropical
oceans. It consists of a rotating mass of warm and humid air and
creates thunderstorms with strong winds, flooding rain, high
waves, damaging storm surge etc. Convectional forces are
involved, normally stretching from the surface of such a
depression up to the tropopause.

Some of the important characteristics of a Tropical Revolving

Storm (TRS) that are:

 They appear smaller size than temperate depressions

 They form near the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone, a zone
of instability
 They have nearly circular isobars
 No fronts occur (a front is the boundary between two air
masses, often distorted by warmer air bulging into the colder
air)
 They result in a very steep pressure gradient
 They have great intensity
15.Describe the messages required to be sent in accordance with
the requirements of Solas; wen a TRS is encountered pr suspected
to be in vicinity

A statement that a tropical cyclone has been encountered. This

obligation should be interpreted in a broad spirit, and
information transmitted whenever the master has good reason
to believe that a tropical cyclone is developing or exists in the
neighbourhood.

 Time, date (Universal Co-ordinated Time) and position of

ship when the observation was taken.
 As much of the following information as is practicable should
be included in the message:

barometric pressure,** preferably corrected (stating millibars,

millimetres, or inches, and whether corrected or uncorrected);

barometric tendency (the change in barometric pressure during

the past three hours);

true wind direction;

wind force (Beaufort scale

state of the sea (smooth, moderate, rough, high);

swell (slight, moderate, heavy) and the true direction from which
it comes. Period or length of swell (short, average, long) would
also be of value;

true course and speed of ship.

Subsequent observations

 When a master has reported a tropical cyclone or other

dangerous storm, it is desirable but not obligatory, that
further observations be made and transmitted hourly, if
 practicable, but in any case at intervals of not more than 3
hours, so long as the ship remains under the influence of the
storm.

 Winds of force 10 or above on the Beaufort scale for which

no storm warning has been received. This is intended to deal
with storms other than the tropical cyclones referred to in
paragraph 2; when such a storm is encountered, the message
should contain similar information to that listed under the
paragraph but excluding the details concerning sea and swell

 Sub-freezing air temperatures associated with gale force

winds causing severe ice accretion on superstructures:

 Time and date (Universal Co-ordinated Time).

 Air temperature.

 Sea temperature (if practicable).

 Wind force and direction.

16.Descirbe the messages required to be sent in accordance with
the requirements of SOLAS when a wind of or above storm force 10
is encountered which has not previously been reported.

 When a master has reported a tropical cyclone or other

dangerous storm, it is desirable but not obligatory, that
further observations be made and transmitted hourly, if
practicable, but in any case at intervals of not more than 3
hours, so long as the ship remains under the influence of the
storm.

 Winds of force 10 or above on the Beaufort scale for which

no storm warning has been received. This is intended to deal
with storms other than the tropical cyclones referred to in
paragraph 2; when such a storm is encountered, the message
should contain similar information to that listed under the
paragraph but excluding the details concerning sea and swell

 Sub-freezing air temperatures associated with gale force

winds causing severe ice accretion on superstructures:

 Time and date (Universal Co-ordinated Time).

 Air temperature.

 Sea temperature (if practicable).

 Wind force and direction.

1. Define sea or clean waves

The sea, the world ocean or simply the ocean is the

connected body of salty water that covers over 70% of Earth's surface
(361,132,000 square kilometres (139,434,000 sq mi), with a total volume of
roughly 1,332,000,000 cubic kilometres (320,000,000 cu mi)).[1] It
moderates Earth's climate and has important roles in the water
cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle. It has been travelled and explored
since ancient times, while the scientific study of the sea—oceanography—
dates broadly from the voyages of Captain James Cook to explore
the Pacific Ocean between 1768 and 1779. The word sea is also used to
denote smaller, partly landlocked sections of the ocean and certain large,
entirely landlocked, saltwater lakes, such as the Caspian Sea and the Dead
Sea.The most abundant solid dissolved in sea water is sodium chloride. The
water also contains salts of magnesium, calcium, and potassium, amongst
many other elements, some in minute concentrations. Salinity varies widely,
being lower near the surface and the mouths of large rivers and higher in
the depths of the ocean; however, the relative proportions of dissolved
salts varies little across the oceans. Winds blowing over the surface of the
sea produce waves, which break when they enter shallow water. Winds also
create surface currents through friction, setting up slow but stable
circulations of water throughout the oceans. The directions of the
circulation are governed by factors including the shapes of the continents
and Earth's rotation (the Coriolis effect). Deep-sea currents, known as
the global conveyor belt, carry cold water from near the poles to every
ocean. Tides, the generally twice-daily rise and fall of sea levels, are caused
by Earth's rotation and the gravitational effects of the orbiting Moonand,
to a lesser extent, of the Sun. Tides may have a very high range in bays
or estuaries. Submarine earthquakes arising from tectonic
plate movements under the oceans can lead to destructive tsunamis, as can
volcanoes, huge landslides or the impact of large meteorites.

2. Describe the terminology used in an idealize water wave.

The overall oscillatory motion on the ocean surface is a

combination of a large variety of different types of waves. All
these waves are primarily classified according to the generation
and restoring mechanisms, which induce oscillations within a
wide band of periods and associated wavelengths. The resulting
waves and induced motion through the water column affect a
large number of marine processes and engineering activities
that take place on the surface and in the most superficial
sublayers of ocean. These include the exchange of heat and
gases, ocean mixing, transport of sediment, coastal morphology,
seakeeping, offshore engineering, and renewable energy among
many others. A description of the different types of ocean
surface waves and their concurrent classification is presented.

3. Describe the causes of formation waves

Waves are most

commonly caused by wind.
Wind-driven waves, or
surface waves, are created by the
friction between wind and surface
water. As wind blows across the
surface of the ocean or a lake, the
continual disturbancecreates
a wave crest.

4. Describe the characteristics of wave motion

Characteristics of wave motion. The two types of wave motion,

transverse and longitudinal, have many of the
same characteristics, such as frequency, amplitude, and
wavelength The velocity of the wave depends both on the type
of wave (light, sound, or radio) and type of medium (air, water,
or metal).

5.Describes the types pf waves

Every sound we hear, every photon of light that hits our eyes, the
movement of grass blown by the wind and the regular beat of
the tides are all examples of waves. They are all around
us. Visible, physical wave*s such as those we see when a rock is
thrown into water are what many people think about when they
first began to think about waves. These waves have distinct
properties specific to their type but also exhibit characteristics in
common with more abstract waves such as sound waves and
light (electromagnetic) waves.

Different types of waves exhibits specific characteristics. These

characteristics are used to distinguish between wave
types. Orientation of particle motion relative to the direction of
energy propagation is one way waves are characterized. There
are three categories:

 Longitudinal wave*s - Movement of the particles are

parallel to the motion of the energy. Sound waves moving
through the air is an example of this type of wave.
 Transverse wave*s - movement of the particles are at right
angles (perpendicular) to the motion of the energy.
Movement of a wave through a solid object like a stretched
rope or a trampoline is an example of this type of wave.
 Surface wave*s - particles travel in a circular
motion. These waves occur at interfaces. Examples include
waves in the ocean and ripples in a cup of water. One
consequence of occurring at an interface is that the motion
of the particles diminish with distance from the
interface. The further from the interface the smaller the
rotation of the particles until as some distance from the
surface, there is no more movement or energy propagation.

A second way that waves are characterized is by the types of

matter they are able to travel through. Electromagnetic
waves (including light) can move through a vacuum. Physical
waves require matter through which to propagate. Physical
waves are further distinguished by the phases of matter through
which they can move. Longitudinal waves can pass through
liquids and gasses while transverse waves require a material to
be solid to propagate.

Related Content

 Illustrations

 Features of a Wave
 Wave Interference
 Electromagnetic Spectrum

 Problem Sets

 Types of waves problem set

 Features of a wave problem set
 Wave Interference Concept Questions

6.Describe the variations in wave height as they travel in groups.

In fluid dynamics, wind waves, or wind-generated waves, are

water surface waves that occur on the free surface of
the oceans and
other bodies (like lakes, rivers, canals, puddles or ponds). They
result from the wind blowing over an area of fluid surface.
Waves in the oceans can travel thousands of miles before
reaching land. Wind waves on Earth range in size from
small ripples, to waves over 100 ft (30 m) high.[1]
When directly generated and affected by local waters, a wind
wave system is called a wind sea. After the wind ceases to blow,
wind waves are called swells. More generally, a swell consists of
wind-generated waves that are not significantly affected by the
local wind at that time. They have been generated elsewhere or
some time ago.[2] Wind waves in the ocean are called ocean
surface waves.

Wind waves have a certain amount of randomness: subsequent

waves differ in height, duration, and shape with limited
predictability. They can be described as a stochastic process, in
combination with the physics governing their generation,
growth, propagation, and decay—as well as governing the
interdependence between flow quantities such as: the water
surface movements, flow velocities and water pressure. The
key statistics of wind waves (both seas and swells) in
evolving sea states can be predicted with wind wave models.

7.Describe the duration and fetch influence the significant wave

height

Coastal currents are intricately tied to winds, waves, and

land formations. Winds that blow along the shoreline—
longshore winds—affect waves and, therefore, currents.

Before one can understand any type of surface current,

one must understand how wind and waves operate. Wave
height is affected by wind speed, wind duration (or how
long the wind blows), and fetch, which is the distance
over water that the wind blows in a single direction. If
wind speed is slow, only small waves result, regardless of
wind duration or fetch. If the wind speed is great but it
only blows for a few minutes, no large waves will result
even if the wind speed is strong and fetch is unlimited.
Also, if strong winds blow for a long period of time but
over a short fetch, no large waves form. Large waves
occur only when all three factors combine (Duxbury, et al,
2002.) As wind-driven waves approach the shore, friction
between the sea floor and the water causes the water to
form increasingly steep angles. Waves that become too
steep and unstable are termed “breakers” or “breaking
waves.”
 8. Describe the swell and wine wave

Swells are collections of waves produced by storm winds raging

hundreds of miles out to sea, rather than the product of local
winds along beaches. They are formed by a combination of
factors and are coveted by surfers looking to catch a big wave.
However, they are not so revered by boaters as large swells can
capsize ships.

Swell Formation

A swell in the ocean is formed through a combination of wind

strength, wind duration and fetch. Wind strength is how fast the
wind blows across the surface of the ocean. Wind duration is
how long it blows without interruption. And fetch is the
distance wind blows across the surface without disruption from
obstacles. As wind blows across the water’s surface friction
occurs and energy is transferred from wind to water. The result
is a rising crest that forms into a wave. Over time and distance,
sustained wind strength and duration build up a large amount
of energy beneath the ocean’s surface, forming deeper waves
known as swells. This energy fuels a swell so it can travel
thousands of miles without changes in height or shape.

Swell Height

As swells move away from the storm area where they formed,
they become rounded and flatten. The height of each wave in a
swell varies. Height is measured from the lowest point to the
highest point of the wave. Since waves vary in size, surf
forecasters usually give the swell height as the average height
of the tallest one-third of waves in a collection. As a rule of
thumb, the larger the height of a swell the bigger the waves it
will produce when it approaches the coast.

9. Describe waves speed in deep and in shallow water

Many forms of energy are carried in heat, light, sound, and water
waves. Energy is defined as the ability to do work; all forms of
energy can be transformed into work. In science, work is
defined as the movement of an object in the direction of the
force applied to it. Waves do work when they move objects. We
can see this work when heavy logs move across ocean basins or
sand is transported. Work can also be converted into sound
energy heard when waves crash on the shore. The powerful
energy in waves can also be used to do work by moving
generator parts to produce electricity.

10.Describe wave energy and uses of wave energy.

They are powerful source of energy. The energy output is

measured by wavespeed, wave height, wavelength and water
density. The more strong the waves, the more capable it is to
produce power. The captured energy can then
be used forelectricity generation, powering plants or pumping
of water.
11.Describe waves approaching the shore, wave refraction, waves
breaking up on the shores.

There are three types of breaking waves: plunging breakers,

spilling breakers, and surging breakers. These three wave types
are shown in Combinations of each type of wave often occur in a
surf zone.

Plunging breakers form where there is a moderately steep,

sloping bottom. Plunging waves form tubes or barrels that
cascade water in a circular motion downward into the trough
and break with a forceful crash, rapidly releasing energy. Air
trapped inside the barrel of the wave may explode or spit out of
the barrel as the wave races along. Water from colliding waves
can also explode, forming geysers of white water as the wave
breaks. If the bottom is very steep, a plunging wave becomes
a collapsing wave, when the top of the wave breaks onto the
lower part of the wave.

Spilling breakers form when the bottom slopes gradually.

Spilling breakers form when fast-moving water at the top of a
wave spills over slower-moving water at the bottom. Spilling
waves advance to shore with a line of foam tumbling steadily
down the front of the wave face. Unlike plunging waves, spilling
waves break slowly over considerable distances. Spilling waves
can offer long distance rides for surfers as the wave breaks
toward shore.

Surging breakers form when large waves suddenly hit bottom

in shallow water. Tsunami waves and tidal bores are examples of
surging breakers. Tsunamis look like walls of white water
advancing toward shore and cause great damage when they run
up the beach and onto land.
 12.Describes waves unusual character Giant waves, Tsunamis,
Seiche, (Standing waves) Tidal waves or Storm surges.

Giant Waves

A tsunami is a series of waves caused by earthquakes or undersea volcanic

eruptions. ... Tsunamis are giant waves caused by earthquakes or volcanic
eruptions under the sea. Out in the depths of the ocean, tsunami waves do
not dramatically increase in height.

Tsunamis

A tsunami is a series of waves caused by

earthquakes or undersea volcanic
eruptions. ...Tsunamis are giant waves
caused by earthquakes or volcanic eruptions
under the sea. Out in the depths of the
ocean, tsunami waves do not dramatically
increase in height.

Seiche

A seiche is a standing wave in an enclosed

or partially enclosed body of water
Seiches in harbours can be caused by long
period or infra gravity waves, which are due to sub harmonic non linear
wave interaction with the wind waves, having periods longer than the
accompanying wind-generated waves.

Standing waves

Standing wave, also called stationary

wave, combination of two waves moving
in opposite directions, each having the
same amplitude and frequency. The
phenomenon is the result of interference
—that is, when waves are superimposed,
their energies are either added together
or cancelled out.

Tidal waves or Storm surges

A tidal wave/storm surge is the rise of the water level in the sea,
an estuary or lake as result of strong wind driving the seawater
towards the coast. This so-called wind setup is superimposed on
the normal astronomical tide. The mean high water level can be
exceeded by five and more metres. The areas threatened by
storm surges are coastal lowlands.
1.Define the terms adopted by the WMO with respect Tropical
Storms

WMO maintains rotating lists of names which are appropriate

for each Tropical Cyclone basin. If a cyclone is particularly deadly
or costly, then its name is retired and replaced by another one.

he practice of naming storms (tropical cyclones) began years

ago in order to help in the quick identification of storms in
warning messages because names are presumed to be far easier
to remember than numbers and technical terms. Many agree
that appending names to storms makes it easier for the media to
report on tropical cyclones, heightens interest in warnings and
increases community preparedness. Experience shows that the
use of short, distinctive given names in written as well as spoken
communications is quicker and less subject to error than the
older more cumbersome latitude-longitude identification
methods. These advantages are especially important in
exchanging detailed storm information between hundreds of
widely scattered stations, coastal bases, and ships at sea. In the
pursuit of a more organized and efficient naming system,
meteorologists later decided to identify storms using names
from a list arranged alpabetically. Thus, a storm with a name
which begins with A, like Anne, would be the first storm to occur
in the year. Before the end of the 1900's, forecasters started
using male names for those forming in the Southern
Hemisphere.