PRACTICAL

ELECTRONICS

ERY ACCURATE
'''COMPACT
*LOW COST

SPECIALLY DESIGNED FOR

THE AMATEUR CONS-RUCTOR
 a.)COLA
ELECTROLYTIC CONDENSERS
0.25uf. ..3V. 4uf. ..4V. l6uf. ..150V. 00uf. .3V.
luf. ..I0V. 4uf. .. 12V. 20uf. ..3V. 00uf. .6V.
luf. ..15V. 4uf. ..25 V. 20uf. ..6V.
luf. ,.40V. 4uf.
00uf. .I0V.
.. I 00V.
PRODUll luf. . .50V. Suf. ..6V.
20uf.
20uf.
.. 9V.
.. ISV.
00uf.
00uf.
.12V.
.15V.
(Regd. Trod* Mork) I id. ..350V. Suf. . 25V. 25uf. ..6V.
1.25a. ..16V.
.
50uf. .I2V.
Suf. ..50V. 25u1. ..12V. 50uf. .25V.
2uf. ..3V. Suf. ..70V. 25u1. ..25V. 200uf. .3V.
SOLDERING EQUIPMENT 2uf.
2uf.
..9V.
..I0V.
60.
6uf.
.. I2V.
.. I 5V.
25u1. ..30V. 2000. .4V.
30uf. ..6V. 200uf. .16V.
ltd. .. ISV. 6-4uf. ..40V. 30o1. ..I0V. 250uf. .2.5V.
2uf. ..70V. Suf. ..3V. 30uf. .. 15V. 250uf. .9V.
/)r die 2uf.
2-Suf.
..150V.
.. I 6V.
8uf,
8uf.
..6V.
..50V.
32uf.
..25V.
32uf.
, .1.5V.
.2-5V.
250uf.
320uf.
. ISV.
2-5uf. ..25V. 10uf. ..6V ..3V.40uf. .4V. 500uf.
Suf. ..3V. 10uf...10y. ..6.4V.
40uf.
Suf. .. I2V. .2.5V. 640uf.
lOuf... I2V. ..6V. 50uf. 750uf.
DISCRIMINATING Suf.
3.2.uf.
..25V.
..6V.
32uf. ..6.4V.
10uf...25V,
..4V.
12.5uf.
12.5uf...40V.
641.A.
..9V. 50uf.
..2-5V.
64uf. ..9V.
1000uf.
. 18V.
.6V.

32uf. ..40V. .. I6V.

I 6uf. 64uf. ..10V.
ENTHUSIAST 32uf- ..64V. I6uf. ..30V. 64uf. ..40V.
All at If- each, 9/- per dozen. Mixed packet (our selection) 20 for 10/,
200/100ut, 275V.; 200/200uf., 275V.; 125/300/50uf., 275V.; 5/. each or
3 for I0/-.
PAPER CONDENSERS
0.001uf. .. 500V. 0.005uf. ..750V. 0- I uf. .. 350V. 0 .5uf.
0.00Iuf. .. 1000V. 0.02uf. .. ISOV.
..600A.C. 13-luf. ..750V. 0.5uf. .. 350V.
0.002uf. ..500V. 0.02uf. ..350V. 0.25uf. ..350V. 0-50.
All at 15/. per 100, or mixed packet (our selection) 50 for 10/, ..500V.

VERY SPECIAL VALUE! SILVER MICA, POLYSTYRENE,

CERAMIC CONDENSERS
Very well assorted. Mixed types and values. 10/- per 100.
RESISTORS
Very small I watt, 5% long leads, ideal for transistor work, 10/- for 50.
1. watt assorted values including printed circuit types, 10/- for 100, 55/ -
per 1,000.
f watt to 3 watt mixed values and types, 10/- for 100, 55/- per 1,000.
TO CLEAR: 10 Meg. I/6th watt resistors, LI per 1,000.
WIRE -WOUND 3 watt, 5 watt -6d each.
7 watt, 10 watt -9d. each.
---
Most values, I Si to 47K II.
TRANSISTORS
AFZ12, Screened V.H.F. oscillator transistors, 5/- each.
0C44, 45, 81D -2/6d each.
0071 equivalent, 1/ -each, L3 per 100.
Switching Transistors ASY22 (yvy) or I.B.M. (npn), 6 for 10/-.
Car radio type Output Transistors type NKT405, 10/- each.
UNMARKED, UNTESTED TRANSISTORS-SOfor 10/-.
LIGHT-SENSITIVE TRANSISTORS SIMILAR TO OCP71-2/- each.
TELEVISION VALVES. BRAND NEW AND BOXED
PCF80, 7/6; PL81, 7/6; PCL82, 7/6; PCL85. 7/6; PCL84, 7/6; PCC84, 6/6;
PYBI, 6/-; ECC82, 6/6; PL36, 9/-; EY86, 6/-; PCL83, 9/-; PY33, 9/-; ECLBO,
6/6; PCC89, 9/-.
Silicon diodes. Make excellent detectors. Also suitable for keying
electronic organs. If- each or 10 for 10/-.
BY100 TYPE TELEVISION H.T. RECTIFIERS, SPECIAL PRICE 5/- each,
30/- dozen.
ORPI 2 light sensitive resistors, 9/. each.
TRANSISTOR BATTERY ELIMINATORS -same size as PP9, 30/-; PP6, 10/,
BATTERY CHARGERS, with meter and fuse, 4 amp. 6/12V., 55/- each.
SOLON MODEL 615 Slim Pencil -bit Soldering Irons, 25/. each.
WELLER DUAL -HEAT SOLDERING GUN, 57/6.
NUTS, SCREWS and WASHERS, very useful assorted packs, 6/- each.
WALKIE-TALKIES (not for use in U.K.). L7/101- pair.
SIGNAL INJECTOR, parts and circuit to make, 10/- only.
SIGNAL TRACER, parts and circuit to make, 10/- only.
MOTOR CAR REV. COUNTER (less 1mA meter), parts and circuit to make,
10/- only.
TRANSISTORS, COMPONENTS AND CIRCUIT to convert ImA meter to
0 to 10 Meg. ohm meter, 10/-.
TRANSISTORISED RUMBLE AND SCRATCH FILTER (for improving repro-
duction of old records), all components and circuit, 30/-.
SINCLAIR. All products in stock including latest version of MICRO -6
World's smallest radio -and only 59/6!
-
NEEDLES FOR RECORD PLAYERS. HALF PRICE!
All types below at 3/6 each!
TCBLP; GC2LP; GC8LP; BF4OLP; GP67LP; GP37; GP59; TC8 Stereo LP;
Studio 0 LP.
CARTRIDGES
SONOTONE MONO, 10/-. ACOS, 15/-. ACOS STEREO SAPPHIRE 11/6;
DIAMOND, 17/6. All complete with needles!

LAPEL MICROPHONES, Magnetic or Crystal, 10/. each.

TAPE RECORDER MICROPHONES, Fantastic value at 11/- each.
ACOS MIC. 45, 30/-. Many others, both crystal and dynamic in stock.
ILLUSTRATED: THIN CONNECTING WIRE. lOyd., 1/-; IOOyd., 7/6; 500yd., 25/.;
Post 4/6. 1,000yd., 40/-. Post 6/-.
L64 iir" BIT INSTRUMENT IN
LOUDSPEAKERS. I2in. Richard Allen, 37/6d, I2in. Bakers Guitar,
L700 PROTECTIVE SHIELD L5/5/-. 3in., 4in., Sin. and Sin x 3in., all at 10/- each; Bin. x 2fin.,
12/6; 2in. 80 ohm, 7/6.
EARPIECES. Magnetic or Crystal, 5/. each.
APPLY DIRECT TO: VERO BOARD
2fin. x Sin., 3/11; 2(in. x 3/in., 3/3; 3fin. x Sin., 5/6; nin x 3fin..3/11.
SALES & SERVICE DEPT. Terminal Pins, 50 for 3/-; Spot Face Cutter, 7/3; Pin Insert Tool, 9/6.
Special Offer -Cutter and 5 boards, 2fin. x lin., 9/9.
ADCOLA PRODUCTS LTD. ORDERS BY POST -TO G. MILWARD,
F. 17 PEEL CLOSE,
ADCOLA HOUSE DRAYTON BASSETT, STAFFS
GAUDEN ROAD PLEASE INCLUDE APPROPRIATE POSTAGE COSTS
LONDON, S.W.4 No Enquiries without stamped add d envelope
TELEPHONE: MACAULAY 0291/3 For customers in the Birmingham area, goods may be obtained from:
Rock Exchanges, 231 Alum Rock Road, Birmingham B

IL
PLEASE FILL IN THE COUPON
FOR YOUR COPY OF FREE
*FLOG LIST
WE HAVE TO URGENTLY MAKE ROOM IN OUR MAIN 13,000 SQUARE FEET
BRIGHTON WAREHOUSE FOR THE SUPERB NEW RANGE OF JASON
ELECTRON IC KITS AND EQUIPMENT THE FIRST OF WHICH WILL BE
ARRIVING SHORTLY. I. Geloso 4000 i2 De Luxe Headphones Type H600 (Listed
3 Gns.)
19/6
*A FEW 2. Geloso De Luxe Stethoset Headphones (Listed 3 Gns.)
19/6
3. Geloso Desk Pen Mikes. Quality Xtal Mike with High
EXAMPLES Quality Ball Pen (Listed 6 Gns.) 19/6
4. Toshiba Portable Record Player. 3 Speed with Variable
Fine Speed Control, Ultra Modern Case, 200/250 V A.C., E6 . 19 . 0
*QUANTITY Excellent Volume and Quality (Listed II Gns.)
5. Raymor A.M./ F.M. 9 tr. Radios. Japanese. Superior
DISCOUNTS
Quality Cabinet. Leather (Black) Finish. Model RMIOI.
Highly Recommended (List II Gns.). Not a Midget!
712 Gns.
Size 71" 41", "

6. Taya 8 Transistor Radiogram. Portable 2 -Speed Player

*GUARANTHDI plus Medium Wave Transistor Radio. Size 10 ', 6' 3 . E7 . 19 . 0
Absolutely Complete to Xtal Cartridge and Batteries.
(Normally £12). Limited Stocks
NEW GOODS
7. B.B.C. 2 Aerials, 5 to 22 Element Fringevision. De Luxe
MILLION NEW Finish, All with 6 Reflectors in Parabola for Peak FROM 19/6
VALVES SURPLUS TO Efficiency. For Callers Only. All Branches.
OUR NORMAL
8. Super Heavy Pointer Knobs. Black. Modern. (Normally
REQUIREMENTS OFFERED
FOR LIMITED TIME AT 3'. each) 6 FOR 5/ -
SILLY PRICES. DAF96 4;'-;
UCH 81 4/6; 6103G 1/9; ECC85
AND 100's MORE U !
3/9; PCF86 5/-; EF85 3/6;
832 9,-, ETC., ETC., ETC. SALES ALL BRANCHES COMMENCING 17th JUNE
JASON POST NOW FOR FREE "FLOG LIST"
QUALITY To TECHNICAL TRADING CO., PARK CRESCENT PLACE, BRIGHTON

* TAPE *
We otter you fully tenellieed NAME
Please send free "Flog List", without obligation, to

mylar and taper of identical

quality 01-0, aide range recordi»g ADDRESS
characterist ice ae top grade taper.
Quality control nigiinufacture. They
are truly worth a few more copper,.
than acetate, rub-enunlard, jointed or Block Capitals Please
cheap import,. TRY ONE AND
PROVE IT YOURSELF. OR WRITE IF YOU PREFER NOT TO CUT COUPON PEi 7 67 I
Standard Play Long Play
lOnft. 2/3 3ill. 22511. 2'9
3.10ft. 4,8 4in. 430f1. 5,6
510. tiUntt. 733 0.1oft. 10,6 Stool,/ds of leak, Quad. Chapraaa. Loadaula. drarrirone, Triple:ear, 1:a0. 1111'02, rrograph, lair./ edale,
btio. ioelft. 10,6 51in. 1.2nOft. Poet: I II. 1'5. I It,. 2!6. 2 Iln 2.9, 4 lb. 3;3, 11 lb. 4/, 14 It.. 6;6.
I All Mail Orders to Brighton please.
iiu. 1,200f1. 12;6 1,00011. 18,6
10 Tottenham Court Road, W.1
LONDON Tel.: MUSeum 2639

TECHNICAL
Double Play Triple Play
Sin. 30011. 4/- 41n. .mutt. 131 -
4in. ii0Oft. 81 - Inn. 1,1100ft. 25/- Par 680722Crescent Place
GU, 1,200ft. 15/- n. 2,400ft. 34;- BRIGHTON Tel.k
buin. 1,1.10ft. 19/6 7M. 3,60011. 44, -
7III. 2,4110ft. 271 - ,raison Road
PORTSMOUTH T350-352
TRADING
Quadruple Play el. 220
Postage 11- reel :d n. Weft. MI
Port Free lose 5^1, on three reels. SOUTHAMPTON in°5`811Teet
Quantity and Trade enquiries invited.
NOTE. Large cape stud, at all brauelies.
WORTHING "`r-
 N EVW- Complete Precision Soldering KIT
This kit --in a rigid plastic "tool -box"- Model CN 15W. miniature iron fitted a" bit Interchangeable spare bit, .3-,
contains everything you need for pre- Interchangeable spare bit,15" Reel of Resin -cored solder Felt cleaning pad
cision soldering Stand for soldering iron Space far stowage of lead and plug Heat sink
Til..U0f36-page booklet on "HOW -TO -SOLDER" for amateur and professional.

409 6 Lists dealers available on

request, or in case of difficulty
order direct from Antex Ltd.
A
,4NTEX Grosvenor House Croydon
CR9 1QE Phone 01-6862774
Send for the 16 -Page ANTEX Main Catalogue

VIKING STEREO 4 4 DE -LUXE

GOODMANS HIGH FIDELITY HIGH QUALITY AMPLIFIER
MANUAL
0000MANS
u GM FIDELITY 1967
A Guide to full
listening enjoyment
The Manual is much more than a cata-
logue of Goodmans High Fidelity Loud-
speakers-it contains informative articles,
including advice on stereo, special begin-
ners page, and full cabinet drawings.
You'll find it interesting as well as
informative.
PRICE £13-17-0 COMPLETE
The Perfect Combination A high quality stereo amplifier, built to meet the requirements of budget HI -Fl.
MAXAMP 30 Elegant styled cabinet in black resin and woodgrainedends. Brushed aluminium
TRANSISTORISED STEREOPHONIC HIGH FIDELITY AMP- panel, black and silver knobs. Quality components throughout. Ganged Bass
LIFIER 1 5 + 1 5 watts Silicon solid state Integrated pre -amplifier and Treble controls, separate volume controls for each channel. Valves (Standard
Model) 2 X ECL88 (De -Luxe Model) 1 X ECC83 (2) X ECL88. Output 3- ohms
Negligible distortion £49.10.0. matching, suitable A.C. mains 230-240 volt. Cabinet size. 181iri. wide, 54 tn. high.
8iin. depth. Full instructions and guarantee. Send for leaflet. S.A.E.
STEREOMAX VIKING 10-12. A twelve watt amplifier for use on 230-240 volt A.C.
MATCHING AM/FM STEREOPHONIC FM TUNER mains. Inputs suitable Microphone. Record Player, Tuner, Tape Recorder. etc.
Transistorised Outstanding specification Stereo de -coder (optional) Printed circuitry. Five Mullard valves, reliable components. Front panel contains
2 Input Jacks, 2 Volume Controls, 1 Tone, Neon and On/Off switch. Designed
£60.0.0. + £11.18.3. P.T. inc. Surcharge. tofitinto same type and size cabinet as Stereo. Fully guaranteed. Send S.A.E. for
Both MAXAMP 30 and STEREOMAX have poAshed wood cases leaflet.
(10r x 5k" x 71" deep) in Teak or Walnut to order. PRICE Complete with case £8-19-6 PLUS 12/6 P.P.
VIKING X.P.15 (Bass Model). A frustrated order offered at a fraction

...
Full specifications of the Maxamp 30 and Stereomax are given in of cost (original price 39 gas.). 15 watts output. Suitable for 210-240 Volt A.C.
the High Fidelity Manual -send the coupon for your FREE copy- mains. Attractive Black chassis with slotted Chromed steel top cover, size
15 X 74 X 7in. 4 Input Jacks, 2 volume controls, 2 tone. 5 Mallard valves.
or pay an early visit to your Goodmans dealer. Fully guaranteed. Send s.A.E. for leaflet.
Price Complete £12-19-6 plus 12/6 P. & P. and Ins.
Please send Hi - Manual together with name and address,
I FREE of my nearest Goodmans dealer. L.P. TAPE BARGAIN
51 in. reels each containing 1,200ft. of top quality polyester recording tape
I Name (Limited quantity).
I Address
Price 3 reels for 35/- P.P. free.
----
Terms: C.W.O., C.O.D. Money back guarantee.
PE 7
3s7T. 0H INLELBSRI Di DEG

1600DNIANS INDUSTRIEii
AXIOM WORKS WEMBLEY MIDDLESEX. Tel: 01-902 1200
VIKING (ELECTRONICS) LTD.
Telephone: ELG 3644 LONDON, N.W.10
A Division of Radio R enta set Products Lrd (MAIL ORDER ONLY)

474
 NOT BUILD ONE OF OUR
PORTABLE TRANSISTOR
h
BACKED BY OUR SUPER AFTER SALES SERVICE
RADIOS .. . FIRST FOR PERFORMANCE,
QUALITY & PRICE!
" A wonderful range of transistor radios using first grade components guaranteed results."

NEW ROAMER SEVEN Mk IV

7 WAVEBAND PORTABLE OR CAR RADIO
Amazing performance and specification * Now with PHILCO MICRO -ALLOY R.F. TRANSISTORS
FULLY TUNABLE ON ALL WAVEBANDS 9 stages -7 transistors and 2 diodes
Covers Medium and Long \Vaves. Trawler Band and three Short Waves to approx. 15 metres.
Push-pull output for room filling volume from rich toned r r 4- speaker. Air spaced ganged tuning
condenser. Ferrite rod aerial for M & L Waves and telescopic aerial for S Waves. Real leather -look case
with gilt trim and shoulder and hand straps. Size r 7" 4' approx.
.

The perfect portable and the ideal car radio. (Uses PP7 batteries. it, a i la ble anywhere.)
* EXTRA BAND FOR EASIER TUNING Total cost of parts now only £5.19.4 P. & P. Parts Price List and easy build
OF LUXEMBOURG, etc. w 5/6 plans 3/- (Free with kit)

NEW MELODY MAKER SIX

3 WAVEBAND PORTABLE. 8 stages. Six transistors and two diodes.
Covers Medium and Long Waves and extra Band for easier tuning of Luxembourg, etc. Top
quality 3" Loudspeaker for quality output. Two RF stages for extra boost. High 'Q' 6' Ferrite
Rod Aerial. Approx. 350 Milliwatts push-pull output. Handsome potket size case with gilt
fittings. Size 6; in. (Uses long -life PP6 battery). Carrying strap 1/6 extra.
;

This amazing receiver 13.9.6 P. & P. Ports Price List and easy build plans 2/-. (Free with
may be built for only *- 3'6 kit)
NOW WITH 3IN. SPEAKER !
POCKET FIVE 3NIOn.SPEAITKHER!
NEW TRANSONA FIVE 7 stages -5 transistors and 2 diodes.
"Home, Light, A.F.N. Lux. all at good volume" Covers Medium and Long Waves. Oa test
G.P., Durham Home, Light, Luxembourg and many Con-
7 stages --5 transistors and 2 diodes tinental stations were received loud and clear.
Fully tunable over Medium and Long Waves. Designed round supersensitive Ferrite Rod STOP PREN.
Incorporates Ferrite rod aerial, tuning con- Aerial and fine tone 3 in. moving coil speaker,
into attractive black and gold case.
denser. volume control, new type fine tone built Pocket 3 Med :111,i
super dynamic 3 in. speaker, etc. Attractive case. Size 61, a 41 I; in. Sire 5'
able rims here.)
3' -.in. (Uses 1289 battery, avail-
I '
version with miniature speaker
with red speaker grille. (Uses 1289 battery available anywhere.)
Extended M.W. band for easier tuning of Luxembourg etc. Extended M.W. band for easier tuning 29/6 P.3 P
of Luxembourg etc.
Total cost of all
parts now only 42/6 Parts Price List and easy build Total cost of all
plans 2/- (Free with kit) parts now only 42/6 P. & P.
3/6
Ports Price List and easy build plans 1/6 (FREE with Kit)
NEW ROAMER SIX
NOW WITH PHILCO MICRO -ALLOY R.F. TRANSONA SIX
TRANSISTORS
6 WAVEBAND!! 8 stages -6 transistors and 2 diodes
8 stages -6 transistors and 2 diodes This is a top performance receiver covering full
Listen to stations half a world away with this 6
Nledium and Long Waves. High-grade 3M.
waveband portable. Tunable on Medium and speaker makes listening a pleasure. Push-pull
output. Ferrite rod aerial. Many stations listed
Long Waves, Trawler Band and two Short Waves. in one evening including Luxembourg loud and
Sensitive Ferrite rod aerial and telescopic aerial for short waves. Top clear. Attractive case in grey with red grille. Size
grade transistors. 3 -inch speaker, handsome case with gilt fittings. Size (0 41 :r I ;in. (Uses PP4 battery available anywhere.) Carrying Strap
7) x 5} x (Carrying Strap 1/6 extra.) - extra. Extended M.W. band for easier tuning of Luxembourg etc.
* EXTRA BAND FOR EASIER TUNING OF LUX, ETC. I

Total cost of all

Total cost of all £3.19.6 P. & P. Parts Price List and easy build parts now only 59/6 P. 3,16 P Parts Price List and easy build
plans 1;6 (Free with kit)
parts now only 36 plans 2,'- (Free with kit)

MELODY SIX SUPER SEVEN

8 stages -6 transistors and 2 diodes 9 stages -7 transistors and 2 diodes
Our latest completely portable transistor Covers Medium and Long Waves and Traw-
radio covering Medium and Long Waves. ler Band. The ideal radio for home, car, or
Incorporates pre -tagged circuit board, 3in. can be fitted with carrying strap for outdoor
heavy duty speaker, top grade transistors, use. Completely portable-has built-in
volume control, tuning condenser, wave Ferrite rod aerial for wonderful reception.
change slide switch, sensitive 6in. Ferrite Special circuit incorporating 2 RF Stages,
rod aerial. Push-pull output. Wonderful push-pull output, 3in. speaker (will drive
reception of B.B.C. Home and Light, 208 and many Continental stations.
Handsome leather -look pocket size case, only 6i x 31 x lain. approx. large speaker). Size 51 I )in. (Uses 9v battery, available
with gilt speaker grille and supplied with hand and shoulder straps. anywhere.)
Total cost of all Parts Price List and easy build Total cost of all P. & P.
parts now only £3.9.6 P'38'6 P. plans 2.- (Free with kit) Parts now only £3.19.6 36
Parts Price List and easy build
plans 2- (Free with kit)

Callers side entrance

Barratts Shoe Shop.

61a HIGH STREET, BEDFORD.

475
 A masterpiece of
power, compactness,
quality and versatility
12 WATTS RMS CONTINUOUS SINE WAVE (24W PEAK)

15 WATTS RMS MUSIC POWER (30W PEAK)

CAN BE RUN FROM BATTERIES

SIZE 3in x Itin x lin

SINCLAIR
Ultra -linear class B
output and generous

III
neg. feedback.
Frequency
I 5-50,000c/s
With unique manual of
circuits.
response
IdB. Z.112 12 WATT COMBINED 1114 1
AMPLIFIER AND PRE -AMP
Eight special H.F. transistors are used in the Z.I2 to
Output suitable for 3, achieve results to compare favourably in every way with
7 5 and 15 ohm loads. the costliest equipment you can buy. But the Z.12 is
IIII Two 3 ohm speakers smaller, is more versatile and certainly saves you Technical Description
may be used in parallel. money. It is preferred not only for mono and stereo The Z.12 measures only 3in !fin .<
Input-2mV into 2K hi-fi, but it also enjoys enormous popularity fitted in lain and weighs 3oa. 8 special tran-
electric guitars, used for P.A. and intercoms and many sistors are employed in original
ohms. circuitry developed by Sinclair
other instances where power and dependability are
Signal to noise ratio- imperative. This superb amplifier with integrated pre - Radionics own research team. The
better than 60dB. unit, which includes its own pre -
amp is supplied ready -built, tested and guaranteed amp, is ruggedly built. Two are ideal
BUILT, TESTED AND together with the Z.I2 manual which details matching, in stereo. This versatile amplifier
GUARANTEED volume and tone control and selector switching circuits can be powered by batteries or the
89/6 using one Z.I2 in mono or two in stereo. PZ.3 12 volt car or other batteries.

SINCLAIR
SINCLAIR MICRO FM
7 TRANSISTOR COMBINED FM
TUNER AND RECEIVER STEREO

Less than 3in I tin x fin. F.M.

Superhet using pulse counting
discriminator for superb audio
15
quality. Low I.F. makes align-
ment unnecessary. Tunes 88- PRE -AMP AND
108Mc/s. The telescopic aerial
suffices for good reception in all CONTROL UNIT
but poorest areas. Signal to
noise ratio-30dB at 30 micro-
volts. Takes standard 9V
For use with two Z.12's or any good hi-fi stereo
battery. One outlet serves for system. The front panel is elegantly styled in solid
feeding to amplifier or recorder, BUILT, TESTED
the other allows set to be used brushed and polished aluminium with well styled AND
as a pocket portable. Brushed solid aluminium knobs. Frequency response 25c/s GUARANTEED
and polished aluminium front,
spun aluminium dial. A to 30kcis IdB connected to two Z.I2's. Sensitivity
fascinating set to build which Mic. 2mV into 50k P.U.-3mV into 50k 1.2: Radio-
gives excellent reception by any
standards. Complete kit inc. 20mV into 4 7 Equalisation correct to within E9.19.6
aerial, case,
instructions.
earpiece and IdB on RIAA curve from 50 to 20,000c/s. Size
6 -}in 2+ in < 2iin plus knobs.

Sinclair PZ.3. Transistorised mains power supply

NEEDS NO ALIGNING £5.19.6 unit with ample output for two Z.12's and Stereo 79/6
25 together.

MIIIIMMIS SINCLAIR RADIONICS LTD., 22 Newmarket Rd., CAMBRIDGE

Telephone OCA3-52996
I

, 476
 SINCLAIR MICROMATIC
There could not be a better time than NOW
to enjoy using the Sinclair Micromatic. The FOR ACTION
performance of this British -designed and
made 6 -stage transistor set is fantastic. It
assures reception from stations all round the
dial and all round the clock with unsurpassed
power and clarity, thanks to the unique new
circuitry which this set incorporates. It plays
virtually anywhere, indoors and out and you
can enjoy your listening without ever disturb-
Actual Size
ing the privacy of others nearby. You will
particularly like the fine appearance of the
Micromatic-it is completely professional
inside and out and you can build it for yourself REMAKA77
y
or buy it complete ready to play at once.
Technical description
6 -stage receiver having two R.F. stages, a Complete kit in new
double diode detector and a powerful three see -for -yourself"
stage A.F. amplifier, the output from which pack, instructions
feeds into a specially matched high quality and solder.
lightweight earpiece. The MICROMATIC has
its own built-in ferrite rod 'aerial and uses
vernier type tuning over the medium wave
band. A.G.C. counteracts fading from distant
stations. The beautifully styled case is faced
with an artist designed aluminium front panel
of outstanding elegance, with aluminium
tuning dial to match.
59/6
Built, tested and guaranteed with ear piece and batteries. 79/6 f yyou prefer rli:Ingtoycouut, ottradv,age, please quote
PE.7 when

SINCLAIR RADIONICS LTD., 22 NEWMARKET ROAD, CAMBRIDGE

I Please send NAME
ADDRESS
Guarantee
Should you not be completely satisfied with
your purchase when you receive it from us,
your money will be refunded in full at once I for which 1 enclose cashichequelmoney
and without question. Full service I order value £ d. PE.7
facilities available to all purchasers. L-
477
 RADIO & ELECTRONIC
RADIONIC CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
IN DISPENSABLE ALIKE TO :
STUDENT RADIONIC ......
TEACHER
AMATEUR EXPERIMENTER nrti _ .

Unique and brilliantly simple. Hundreds of educational establish-

ments-Universities, Technical Colleges, Schools, the Armed Forces-
are already using Itadionic for electronic Instruction. Enthusiastic
owners range from 9 to 82 years of age.
Selected by the Council of Industrial Design for all British Design
('entres. Featured in Sound and Television broadcasts.
The system is beautifully engineered from top quality British components. No soldering.
No mains. No prior knowledge needed. Simply arrange components on perforated
transparent panel, position brass connecting strip underneath, fix with 6BA nuts and circuit
works with full efficiency. You can then dismantle and build another circuit. Your results
are guaranteed by our Technical Department and News Letter Service. A No. 4 SET and 6 -TRANSISTOR SUPERHET
All parts available
separately for conversion or expansion of sets.
UNIQUE! Our "No soldering" printed circuit board for superhet port-
able. Simply Insert components and tighten nuts. sivfi
No. 1 Set £5.18.6. 14 Circuits (Earphone) yjnoalc coma
No. 2 Set £6.19.6. 20 Circuits (Earphone)
No. 3 Set £10.19.6. 22 Circuits (7 x 41n. Loudspeaker output
No. 4 Set £14.19.6. 26 Circuits (include 6 Transistor and reflex
Prices (Post Free) superhets)
PLUS: P.T. Surcharge of DM; 1/11d: 3/1d; 4/2d, respectively.)

Full details from:

RADIONIC PRODUCTS LIMITED .... - . . ....

.......-
STEPHENSON WAY, THREE BRIDGES
Theoretical Circuit Practical Layout
CRAWLEY, SUSSEX
Tel.: CRAWLEY 27028
Trade Enquiries Invited Our 'E' Series of basic electronic circuits is available separately.
Send for details of E/508, our do-it-yourself computer.

RADIOGRAM CABINETS 19 Gns.

An elegant Stereogram Cabinet
in modern Veneered Mahogany Less than HALF list price!
z and Cloth covered Front Panel
BLACK LEATHERETTE SIDE PANELS
-. Dimensions: 52 X 17} X 12
Speaker positions for Twin10" X 5"
Speakers
OTHER MODELS-SEND FOR LIST
SUPERB LUSTRAPHOHE
17 in. TWO-YEAR GUARANTEE
EX -RENTAL TELEVISIONS LII.10.0 MOVING COIL MICROPHONE
3 star Guarantee * Tube * Valves * Components
Channels for all areas Insured Carriage 30/ -
Guaranteed brand new in maker's ONLY
FREE ILLUSTRATED LIST
Slim line models
17" - 19" - 21" - 23"
io

I
Ibox . .offered at below cost, list
.

price £3.7.6. Your opportunity while

surplus stocks last. This high quality
microphone is complete with 9ft.
26/..
A wide range of sizes, models and
prices.
Demonstrations daily
I cable and standard co -axial plug. POST FREE IN U.K. I
Frequency response 70-12,000 cycles/ I
TRANSISTOR CASES TAPE RECORDER sec., sensitivity -75 db (m). Medium
7/6. 91- N 64" >, 44- CABINETS 49/6
711.t1Tfir,
P. & P. 3/6. Dia. 16-x 121, 7". Red and impedance, nominal 600 ohms. Lead I
TRANSISTOR CASES Gp.rzyp.. W. out for BSR deck.
ill'
:11
.

(111,1. 19/6. Cloth covered, many

can be extended up to 100ft. without
.4' colours. Size
P. & P. 3/6.
91-X fir X 3i -
Similar cases
loss of quality. FREE! Circuit for low- I
in plastic 7/6. cost transistor pre -amplifier for
SINGLE PLAYER CABINETS
P. & P. 7/6.
19/6.
input. I
matching to high -impedance
T.V. TURRET TUNERS 2/6. New Less RUSH YOUR ORDER NOW!
Valves. Slim Models 5/, Press Button
Models 19/6 P. & P. 4/6.

DUKE & CO. (LONDON) LTD.

621/3 Romford Road, Manor Park, E.12
ANDREW MERRYFIELD LTD.

478
Phone: ILFord 600-1-2-3. Stamp for Free List.
L
Dept. PL/805, 29 Wright's Lane, Kensington, London, W.8
EN No IN NE - ill. J
 La SPECIAL INTEREST ITEMS!
-37- 1m 3EL a cIL .71. CD
CONSTRUCTORS BARGAINS
NEW! LASKY'S CLEAR THE SKYROVER
PLASTIC PANEL METERS De Luxe
Precision made in Japan by HIOKI. Each meter boxed and 7 transistor plus 2 diode superhet, 6 waveband
hilly guaranteed with all fixing nuts and washers. are portable receiver covering the full Medium Wave-
of front panel. Add 1/6 Post on each. band and Short Waveband 31-94M and also 4
tooted separate switched handspread ranges, 13M., 16M.,
Type KR -52 3 X 24in. (illustrated)
1 mA DC .... 32/6 300 V DC .. sass 32/6 19M. and 25M., with Band Spread Tuning for
5 mA DC .... 32/6 500µA 37/6 accurate Station Selection. The roil pack and
1 mA 8 Meter 39/6 tuning heart is factory assembled, and tested.
Uses 4 U2 batteries. 5 in. Ceramic 'Magnet P.M.
Type MK -38A 2in. square Type KR -65-65 35 X 3M Speaker. Telescopic and Ferrite Rod Aerial. Tone
1 mA DC 22/6 1 mA DC 36/- Circuit, wood cabinet, size 11) 6) :: 3 in. covered
5 mA DC 22/6 5 mA DC 36/- with reachable material, plastic trim and handle.
300 V DC 22/6 300 V DC 35/- Car aerial socket fitted.
500µA 27/6 5000. 42/8
1 mA S Meter 29 /8 1 inA S Meter 39/6
Can
be built for £8.19. C l'ost H.P. Terms: 60/ -deposit and
V 5/-
monthly
1

payments of 12/9. Total If .P.P. 210.0.3.

Data 2/6 extra; refunded if you purchase parcel. All parts avail. mei. Four 02 bait. :i/4
Type 1112-45A 10n. square Type MK -65A Sin. square A simple additional circuit provides cover of the 1100/1950M Long War,ban,I. All
1 mA DC 25/- 1 mA DC 38/
S mA DC 25/- 5 mA DC 35/ components with construction data. Oily 10/- extra l'ost Free.
300 V DC 25/- 300 V De 35/-
25/ 500aa 39/6
PEAK TRANSISTORISED
500/LA
1 mA S Meter 35/- 1 mA 8 dieter 37/6 SOUND SA -88
tIoingtgratodeitlamani:liatpeiedrebeodardwitwhil:oleerper strips
STEREO AMP AND PRE -AMP KIT
VEROBOARD A high quality 17 watt, 14 transistor High Fidelity Integrated Amplifier a hick
anyone can easily build 'using the revolutionary Peak Mum! " Cir-Kit" wiring (water:.
Boards Accessories Size assembled only 10 X 21 X 3 in. Complete kit with detailed construction data.
42/1503 2) X 5 in. 3/11 Terminal pins - pkt. of 50 . 3/-
LASKY'S PRICE 212.19.6 Post FREE.
43/1504 24 X 3i in. 3/3 Spot face cutter tool 7/3
45/1507 35 X 5 in. 5/6 Pin inserting tool . ..... . 9/6 POWER SUPPLY KIT for the SA -88 23.10.0 Post FREE.
46/1508 35 X 35 in 3/11 Post 6d. per item extra.
4411505 35 X 17 in. 15/6 Orders of 10/- and over post free. LASKY'S MINIATURE TRANSISTOR AMPLIFIER
MODULES
UHF AND VHF T.V. TUNERS Incorporating the very latest circuitry
Well known British makers' surplus stocks. Now available for the first to provide high senaitivity and good
time to the Home Constructor. Add 2/6 Poet and Packing on each. quality in conjunction with extreme email
size and compactness. High quality
VALVE UHF MODEL (i//..o.t./) Newmarket transistors used throughout.
In metal case size 4 X 6 X Ilin, Fully tunable -complete with PCC86 All designed to operate on 9v. miniature
and PCC88 valves. LASKY'S PRICE 29/6. Without valves 7/6 battery. Add 1/ -on each for post & packing
TYPE LRPC 1. 3 transistor. Input lens.
TRANSISTORISED VHF TUNER 50 mV., output 150 inW, output imp.
Sub -miniature turret type fitted with 12 acts of coils and 3 Mallard A F102 400, aloe!! lin
1 PRICE 27/6
translator.. In metal caw sire 3 X 11 X 21thi LASKY'S PRICE 37'6
Add 2/6 Post and Packing on each. TYPE LRPC 4. 5 transistor. Input wens. 150 mV, output 330 mV, output imp. 1511
size 21 ,.; 1 PRICE 18/6
6 transistor. Input sena. SniV, output 3W, output imp. 30, size 55
TELEVISION IF AMPLIFIERS TYPE LRPC 5,
XII x lin. PRICE 59/6
38 Mc/s. Contains a large number of components, IF High to Ion impedance matching -amp. - input imp. 1 megohni.
transformers, resistors, capacitors, etc., and the follow- TYPE LRPC 9.
ing valves: 2aPCF80, 1xEB91, ELM, REIS:: and output imp. 2 k /ohms. Sloe I @'< 11 X lin. PRICE 10/6
EF184. Overall size In' X 34' X 4' deep. Ideal for TYPE LRPC 10. Magnetic tape replay pre -amp. designed so that a 450 111H head
servicemen and experimenters. This 11, amp. when can be matched into :iny of the audio amplifier modules listed above. size
used with the Valve model UHF Tuner (above) provides 21x 11 x jin. PRICE 10/6
a suitable conversion for B.B.C.2. Circuit supplied.
TYPES LRPC 9 and 10 io ideal for use with LRPC 1, 4 amt 5 and arc available at
the reduced price of 7 6 each if bought with the LRPC 4.
LASKY'S PRICE 29/6 Post 2/6
SPECIAL PACKAGE OFFER FULLY ENCAPSULATED MODULES
Free standing table cabinet, size Special function modules - all one size 1: X 1 x 1 tin. Complete with detailed
175 X 9 X Siin., finished in function and installation instructions. Send S.A.E. for data.
medium Mahogany. Scale marked TYPE PA -1. Public address amp. for use with carbon, crystal or Dynamic micro-
21 to 68 (UHF band). Designed phones. 311 outent imp. PRICE 30/ -
to accept the above IF Amplifier
with space for a Valve UHF Tuner. TYPE' GR-1. Gramophone amplifier - provides sufficient power to Jill average room.
Cabinet only 27/6. Post 3/6. 30 output imp. PRICE 30/ -
TYPE CO -1. Morse code practice oscillator -- for use with rooree key and 311
Special Package Offer IF Amplifier, speaker. PRICE 20/ -
UHF Tuner with valves and Table
Cabinet. PACKAGE PRICE 59/6 TYPE MT -1. Metronome module - provides audible and V11311:11 beat from 30 to 240
beats per minute (for use with 30 speaker or intl. lamp PRICE 22/6

EXPORT TTC 84002 FM WIRELESS MIC. SINCLAIR SUPER MINIATURE KITS

Highly sensitive - suitable for either static or mobile use. Signal We stock the complete range. Write for details of package deal..
can be picked up by any FM radio or tuner which receives THE MICRO -6 miniature radio only 11 x 1-/4 X 11 in. £2 19 6
frequencies between 96-104 Me/a. over several hundred yards. Size
only 3 X 25 X lin. (in leather case). Operate. on one PP3 type THE MICRO -FM. (tuner/receiver)
battery. Complete with neck cord, clip -on dynamic extension mike THE MICROMATIC mini -radio Kit 22.19.6. Folly built £3'5 1919 6
(5 X 2 X t, in.) and battery. STEREO 25 pre -amp control unit fully built £9 19 6
THE Z-12 12 watt amplifier and pre -amplifier. Fully built and (est.! £4 9 6
LASKY'S EXPORT PRICE 10 Gns.;;V;e1I7i.w0Wc. PZ-3 power pack for Z-12 £3 19 6
TTC 13/500. More powerful version of above -size 7) X 12 X lin.
Operates on one PP3 type battery. LASKY'S PRICE 12 Gns.
Post Free. Anywhere in the World.
TRANSISTORS ALL BRAND NEW AND GUARANTEED
GET SI, GET 55, GET 86 2/6; 873A, 8741' 3/8; 0C45, °ell, OC81D 4/6; 00 44.
These cannot be operated in the B.N.owing to G. P.O. regulations. OC 79, 00 76, 00 SI 5/6; pair (113/13); AF 117, OC lot) 6/6; 00 42. OC 43,
00 73, Oc 5711 711, Or 201, OC 204 15/-; 00 205, OC 206 19/6; 0028 24/6;
WATER TEMPERATURE THERMOSTATS OC 75 8m-
British made-orig. for use In high quality washing machine. range adjustable between
114°F and 230°F. Rating 200/250 V.A.C., 20 amps (also D.C. up to 125 V.A.). Size TRANSFILTERS By BRUSH CRYSTAL CO. Available from stock.
21 X II X 11 with 18in. capillary tube and bin. bulb. Single hole fixing 3/16in spindle. TO -0110 465 kc/s. 2 ke/s. TO -02D 470 Ws. I kc/s. 9/6 EACH
TO -01D 470 kc/s. 2 kc/.. TF-01B 465 Itc/a. 2 he/s.
LASKY'S PRICE 15/- Poet 2/. TO -02B 465 kc/s. - 1 kcia. TI-OID 470 ke,s. 2 ke/s. Post 6d.

Branches High Fidelity Audio Centres

207 EDGWARE ROAD, LONDON, W.2 Tel.: 01-723 3271 42 TOTTENHAM CT. RD., LONDON, W.1 Tel.: 01-580 2573
33 TOTTENHAM CT. 110., LONDON, W.1 Tel.: 01-636 2605 Open all day Thursday early closing 1 p rn Saturda,,
Open all day Saturday. early closing 1 p.m. Thursday 118 EDGWARE ROAD, LONDON, W.2 Tel.: 01-723 9789
152/3 FLEET STREET, LONDON, E.C.4 Tel.: FLEet St. 2833 Open all day Saturday. early closing 1 p m. Thursda',
Open all day Thursday early closing 1 p rn Saturday
ALL MAIL ORDERS AND CORRESPONDENCE TO: 3-15 CAVELL ST., TOWER HAMLETS, LONDON, E.1 Tel.: 01-790 4821

479
 Now Ready! the Wyndsor Vanguard ...
NEW 1967 EDITION OF the most versatile
recorder at- its price'
Radio & TV Servici
Up-to-the-minute repair data offering so many
for 1966-1967 popular Tele-
visions, Radios, Rad iograms,Car
Radios & Record reproducers. AlsT
outstanding features .
4 track -3 speed,
You can't afford to be without 1010 sotIll -7 in. spools Push button controls
this goldmine of money -spinning
data for Radio and TV repair. Separate Record Recording meter and
and replay amp- Playback indicator
It's with the Circuits,
packed
lifiers
Diagrams, Alignment data and Re- Straight through amp-
pair hints you must have for the Double play lifier facility
1966-67 popular TVs and Radios. Sound -on - Bass, treble, volume
PLUS the very latest facts on Sound and record gain con-
COLOUR TV. Simply post coupon trols
below to see this time -saving Detachable lid
volume FREE for seven days fitted 8' speaker Many other features
WITHOUT OBLIGATION TO BUY. Tape Monitor
ing facility
It's a great Money -Maker! For the first time! " All British
Big 32 -page Section on and full value
Before you buy
for money at
496 PAGES
NEARLY 270 CIRCUITS
COLOUR an ordinary
tape recorder
write for full
only 59 gns.
,nc.I800 ft. LP
Over 290 printed panel diagrams, layout TV(PAL
details of the tape and Tape
diagrams and waveform graphs. System) Vanguard and manual. (less
Compiled by other models. mike).
Vital Repair hints, Circuits and W. A. Montgomery, B.Sc.
Data for all these makes. Head of Advanced Develop- WYNDSOR RECORDING CO. LTD. (Dept. PER)
Alba - Baird - Bush - Cossor Dansette ment Group, Consumer Wyndsor Works, Bellevue Road, Friern Barnet, London, NM. ENT. 2226
Defiant - Dynatron
Decca Ekco Products Division, S.T.C.
Ferguson - Farranti - Fidelity - G.E.C. This big new 32 -page
Grundig - H.M.V. Kolster-Brandes feature, packed with
Marconiphone Masteradio - Murphy vital advance information
National - Pam - Perdio - Philips on the PAL system, ex- LOW-COST FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS are now available, for im-
Pye R.G.D. Regentone - Roberts' plains the basic encoding mediate despatch, from 10;6 each.
Radio - Sanyo - Sharp - Standard and decoding processes These top quality junction field-effect transistors are now available at a
S.T.C. - Stella - Thorn - Ultra which will be in use when price comparable with that of valves, for use in AF and RF applications
Colour Television is where space and efficiency are at a premium.
You can also see on Free Trial introduced to this coun- Brief specifications of a few of the many devices held in stock, are given
try. You will find this below. For further information on these and a great many others send
RADIO & TV SERVICING new section of absorbing 2/6 P.O. for a copy of our FET "DATA SUMMARY", which will be avail-
interest - essential ref-
(1965-66 Models) erence for, every TV and
able in mid -May.
iiii si c Piot; ,,tioti Radio repair workshop.
and 'II ping WAr BV 1

advantage of this offer. There arr Strong maroon binding with Chan- Pack- GSS GSS DSS y fs iss
only a llllll doer of them gold lettering to match Type eel age (max.) (max.) min. max. min. max. 'max. Price
hie 496 -page volumes available. volumes previously published Volts nA mA
Full Servicing Data for nearly in this famous series.
:190 POPULAR MODELS. MPF 104 N TO.92 25 10 1-0 50 1000/5000 70 10/6
Over 600 Circuits, Layout
nagrams.
Tables.
Drawings and
When stocks are
oshausted there van be !III
It's yours MFE 2094
2N 3819
2N 3820
2N 3909
N
N
P
TO -72
TO -92
TO -92
50
25
20
0
2.0
20
I 0-4
2.0 20
0.3
I

15
4 350/700
2000/6500
800/5000
6.0
32
26/3
8.0 114/-
24/-
I ,print. Rant wearing Rich P TO.92 20 10 0.3 15 1000/5000 32 20/3
Maroon Binding with link!
Lettering. on 7 days We can also supp y hundreds of other semiconductors and a comprehensive
To see this cotton, on Flee selection of electronic components, some of which are listed below:
Exanrination tick
Won..
) eoupoo
FREE Trial TRANSISTORS: AF 106, 8/3; AF 139, 12/6; OC 29, 25/6; 0035, 16/6; OCP 71, 24/-:
NKT 212, 4/3; NKT 218. 3/11 ; NKT 271, 3/4; NKT 274, 3/4; NKT 676, 4/-; NKT
773,4/8:2G 302, 5/4; 2N 706, 4/6; 2N 2147, 18/-; 2N 2646, 14/-; 2N 2926 (yellow).
4/3; 2N 3563, 6/3; 2N 3638, 8/-; 2N 3640, 11/8; 2N 3646, 8/3; 2N 3702, 7/-;
Buckingham Press Ltd., Headington Hill Hall, Oxford 2N 3703, 8/, etc.
Without obligation to buy, please send DIODES AND RECTIFIERS: OA 91, 2/-; OA 95. 2/-; QA 200, 3/-; OA 202, 4/-;
RADIO & TV SERVICING D RADIO & TV SERVICING BYZ 11, 14/3; BYZ 12, 11/3; BYZ 13, 8/-; BZY 88/C6V2, 6/-, etc.
1966/6 Models VARICAP DIODES: BA 110 (8-I2pf) 5/9; BA 111 (45-65pf), 7/3; BA 112, (80-
I 3/- dep. my- monthly for 8 months,
paying arsharription price of 00,'-
bi- deposit. 10/- monthly for A 11101101,
paying a nbaeriptioa price of 80/-.
I 120pf), 12/9, etc.
rn.le prier in ri days AO'-. Cash price in fi days 80,-. RESISTORS: 1W Carbon film 5% 10 ohm -I0 Megohm. 3(d. each.
Tick Is your choice above CAPACITORS: Electrolytic from 1/5. Polyester from 9d. Polystyrene from 10d.
If both Inks kept 10/- deposit. then 10:- monthly Joa Tantalum from 3/6. Silver Mica from 9d. Send us a list of your requirements for a
I If pm
16 months paying fIS les. in all. Cosh in It days EA.
thin application
I competitive quotation.
will either send deposit in 8 days, then the
1.
TRANSFILTERS: Ceramic filters for use in transistor I.F. stages.
pat nients -or cash priee(s) in it days nr return the bookie).
under 21 lions lather must fill in coupon. (INFORMATION ON REQUEST) TF-01 D (470KH.), (Emitter Bypass), 7/-; TO -01 D
(470KHz) (Interstate Coupling), 8/9.
I Full Name I Please add 2/- postage and fonckino on all orders of CI or less.
(BLOCK LETTERS) (Mr.. Mrs., Miss)
Tick N where applicable MAIL ORDER ONLY PLEASE TERMS: C.W.O. or C.O.D.
Address M. R. Clifford & Company (Components Dept.)
- I
The address on left Is -
I My Property 209A Monument Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham, 16.
Rented unfinished
P.S.: Are you on our mailing list? If not, send 2/- P.O. and receive our current
Occupation Parents' Home I transistor price list (800/2) and amendment bulletin, and further information as it
I I becomes available.
furnished Wm.
Signature P.P.S.: We are now an ELECTRONIQUES DEALER which makes us a single supply
R67/R66/29131 Temporary Address source for almost every component need.
I
 POCKET MULTI -METER 8 -VALVE STEREO 3-4 WATTS
Size 31 x x I fin. Meter size 21 x 1/in. Sensitivity
1000 O.P.V. on both A.C. and D.C. volts. 3-15, PER CHANNEL
0-150, 0-1000. D.C. current 0-150mA. Resistance RADIOGRAM By Famous
0-100k 0. Complete with test prods, battery and full
instructions, 42/6. P. & P. 3/6. FREE GIFT for
limited period only. 30 watt Electric Soldering Iron CHASSIS Manufacturer
value 15/- to every purchaser of the Pocket Multi -Meter
Superb new 8 -valve chassis covering long medium and short waves on
AM, also VHF transmissions on FM. AM circuit's high sensitivity
CY L DO N permits internal aerial for most stations Well-known Gorier tuning
3 to 4 WATT AMPLIFIER U.H.F. TUNER heart in separate FM input': Tone and volume controls. Extra large
3-4 watt Amp- complete with illuminated dial. External AM and FM aerial -
lifier built and PC.88 and inputs. Gram. pick-up socket. Standard 3 C14. 14. 0
tested. Chassis PC.86 Valves. ohm speaker. 200/250 volts A.C.
Size 17 7 5f in. deep. P. & P. £1
size 7 x 3 x Full variable
fin. Separate tuning. New
bass, treble and unused.
and volume control. Double wound Size 41" x 5-1"
mains transformer, metal rectifier and
output transformer for 3 ohms speaker.
x If". Com- Type E MOTOR SILICON
plete with cir- Small A.C. mains motor
Valves ECC81 and 6v6. £2.5.0 plus cuit diagram. 230/250 volts complete RECTIFIERS
5/6 P. & P. The above in Kit Form, 35/- plus 3/6 with gearbox, 6 ' r.p.m.
£1.14.6 plus 5/6 P. & P. P. & P. Price 15/- plus 4/- P. & P. 250 v. P.I.V
Similar to above motor 750 milliamps.
but without gearbox. Price Six for 7/6,
NEW Transistorised SIGNAL GENERATOR 9/6 plus 3/- P. & P. Post paid.
Size 54" x 31" x For IF and RE align-
ment and AF output, 700 c/s frequency
coverage 460 Kc/s to 2 Mc/s in switched fre-
quencies. Ideal for alignment to our
TRANSISTORISED 1+ WATT AMPLIFIER
Elegant Seven and Musette. Built and
tested. 39/6. P. & P. 3/6. comprising 2AC 128, 20C 75 and 2 AAI 29
separate bass and treble volume controls.
TRANSISTOR INVERTOR Complete with Power Supply AC mains
50 v. D.C: Input. Output 240 v. A.C. 40 240 v. Size 71" 3r 2". Price 50/- plus
watts incorporating transformers, choke, 2/6 P. & P.
condensers and 2 Mullard 0C28 in solid
16 gauge Aluminium Case. Size 15" x 6" x 21"
by famous manufacturers. 19/6 plus 7/-
P. & P. POWER SUPPLY KIT
A.C. MAINS 200-250 V
40W FLUORESCENT LIGHT KIT Incorporating "C" core type mains
Incorporating GEC Choke size 81" x 11" transformer, full wave metal rectifica-
11", 2 bi-pin holders, starter and starter - tion and smoothing condenser. Smooth
holder. 11/6. P. & P. 5/6. output 250 v. 250 mA and 6.3v.4 amp.
Similar to above: 80 W. Fluorescent for Heaters. 25/-. P. & P. 9/6.
Light Kit incorporating GEC Choke size
II" x 11"x I r, 2 bi-pin holders, starter and
starter holder 17/6. P. & P. 6/6.
Twin 40 W Choke instant start for 2 2 ft. tubes 17/6. P. & P. 5/6
FIRST QUALITY P.V.C. TAPE
.4.0.111 .1.10 53" Std. 850ft. 9/- 5" L.P. 850ft. 10/6
7- Std. 1200ft. .. T.P. 600ft.
Special offer 3" L.P. 240ft...
51" L.P.1200ft.
11/6
4/-
7" L.P. 1800ft. .. 18/6 7"
3"
5"
11/6 sr T.P. 2400ft. .. 32/6
T.P. 3600ft. .. 42/6
10/6
T.P. 1800ft. .. 25/6

ELEGANT SEVEN mk Ila 51" D.P.1800ft. .. 18/6 4" T.P. 900ft. .. 15/-
P. & P. on each 1/6, 4 or more post free
SPECIAL OFFER. Power supply
kit to purchasers of 'Elegant Seven' parts,
incorporating mains transformer, rectifier AC Mains GEC DOORBELL
and smoothing condenser, A.C. mains 230/250v
200/250 volts. Output 9v. 100 mA. 7/6 complete
extra. with pull
Buy yourself an easy to build 7 transistor
switch. Complete
Size 6": with mains
radio and save at least £10.0.0. Now you 6" :: 4". transformer
can build this superb 7 transistor superhet ONLY Price 27/6 240vACand
radio for under £4.10.0. No one else can m IPM PSI
FAN bell push.
offer such a fantastic radio with so many
de luxe star features.
f4 . 4 . 0 EXTRACTOR plus
5/- P. & P. Price 12/6
Plus 7,6Post &Pockmg plus
* De luxe grey wooden cabinet size 5/6 P. & P.
121" x 8k" x 31". * Horizontal easy to read tuning scale printed 8 -WATT 4 -VALVE PUSH-PULL
grey with black letters, size 111" 2". * High 'Q' ferrite rod aerial.
* I.F. neutralisation on each separate stage. * D.C. coupled push AMPLIFIER & Metal RECTIFIER
pull output stage with separate A.G. negative feedback. * Room Size 9" 6" 1,'.A.C. Mains, 200-250 v. 4
filling output 350mW. * Ready etched and drilled printed circuit valves. For use with Std. or L.P. records,
board back printed for foolproof construction. * Fully comprehensive musical instruments. All makes of pick-ups
instructions and point to point wiring diagrams. * Car aerial socket. and mikes. Output 8 watts at 5 per cent of
* Fully tunable over medium and long wave, 168-535 metres and total distortion. Separate bass and treble
1250-2000 metres. * All components, ferrite rod and tuning assembly lift control. Two inputs, with controls for
mount on printed board. *5" P.M. Speaker. * Parts list and circuit gram. and mike. Output transformer tapped
diagram 2/6, free with parts. for 3 and 15 ohm speech coils. Built and tested. £4.4.0. P. & P. 11/-:
8 x 5" Speaker to suit. Price 14/6 plus 1/6 P. & P. Crystal Mike to
suit 12/6 plus 1/6 P. & P.
B S R Tape deck
AC 200/250 v., tape speed 3f twin
track. GEC KETTLE ELEMENT
3,000W WITH AUTOMATIC EJECTION
Special price £5.19.6 200/240 v. size of hPle required I i". List
Price 32/-. Our PRICE 15/-. P. & P. 1/6.
Post and packing 7/6
Also at
RADIO AND T.V. COMPONENTS (ACTON) LTD. 323 EDGWARE ROAD, LONDON, W.2
2ID HIGH STREET, ACTON, LONDON, W.3 Early closing Thursday
Shop hours 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. Early closing Wednesday. Goods not despatched outside U.K. PERSONAL SHOPPERS ONLY
All enquiries stamped addressed envelope. Terms C.W.O. All orders by post must be sent to our Acton Address

481
The Key to Your Success . . . HEATHKIT Manuals !
1 Helpful Guidance on Kit Building
Each Heathkit manual contains valuable tips for the
It^"vini) kit builder. Shows you .. . how to unpack and set-up
UNPACK,. YOUR KIT
PREL041/41, NOTES MO MISTRUCTION!
the kit for easy building . . . how to identify com-
ponents by size, shape and coding how to
Onv .4411. emN..... 4dcap4,t04 con ,,,,,
. .

explains and illustrates how to solder properly

.

mount parts, cut leads and position them. It even

COMPORENTS 'point-to-point' and on printed circuit boards.

2 Detailed Parts List

Inside every Heathkit manual are descriptions and
pictures of each and every part for easy identification
10

PANTS LIST while you are building your kit.

PART PARTS DESCRIPTION

0...rs Ii wet, IDS carbon,

(I) 0,0E10
H661C10
3,11(OrangeOreerI....)
3 Simple Step -by -Step Procedure
1.110IC 10
14.tagg 10
I RD (Provrts.DIsc,a,
La (R4I,R...a)
111.fl 0114,,o'l,44)
Guides you through each assembly step. Tells .you
34.4.2c
11-103C10 0 Ica (Brown.Rlark.Oragcl exactly what part to use, what to do, and how to do
1`."20;) it. Covers kit construction, alignment and installa-
II/ 1L.5.
It, 21.54 .01 ur tion . . nothing is left to chance. Written in non-
.
151
ICI
25.502
15.561
RP ICV electrotype
technical, everyday language so that everyone can
understand the instructions.

4 Large Exploded ' Diagrams

( ) Locate the .b... and 40 ,mat it es ithotv,
Large illustrations and pictorials show precisely
th the Me. where each component goes and many detailed
AT
Re... to Detkil MS and mount the lamp bracket and potentiometer
diagrams are generously sprinkled among the
(
I Lomm M..control nd Mr lamp bracket
at P.
instructions to illustrate how various assemblies go
together.
00 o0

101
thiikk 5 Operating Instructions
tIcstRIN
Cover the use of your kit under virtually any situa-
ogitni tion, and recommend appropriate accessories where
IMMIL*11111 Detail 58 necessary. Even dwell on operational theory, if
Detail SA required for use.
PICTORIAL 5

SAULT PI teDIMG. CHART

6 Fault Finding Chart and Service
DI
SOM. CALM
Information
In the unlikely event that you do run into trouble,
POWER ,OW,S, Open ctrcis. or shorted ...PM reb et.
there's an 'In Case of Difficulty' section and a
no g.
'Fault Finding Chart' that lists difficulties and
e. reale, 1.114 4,44, E.. 4 possible causes to assist you in locating your
problem. Also our staff of Technical Correspondents
is at your service to answer any question about
construction, accessories or kit selection.
WARRANTY OF PARTS
Daystrom Limited guarmtee subrect to the terms to repa, Cl regale. frm of charge any del..vs name
of this Hea. (with eh* exception 02 othode ray tubes and valves referred to hereunder, which lad owing to
faulty km.wornthip or material provided the defmtive perm are return. to Daystrom Llnuted within il
from date of Pim..
7 Circuit Description and
or otherwite. as
tit, tot , ariti et
gwen to and for the benefit al the engine, buyer only end it and Mall be in
ty or fitness for any purpose of the ettuipment, and rn no .....
of. and
there hereby see...sly excluded. all other gu ..... Ims conditions or warrant., whether ea ..... or miplied. statutory
!Nystrom Whited he
Diagrams
Loss tiaAtaei. of time or other topes
whatsoever tncurred or sustained by Ow buyer in connection with the purchase.
Ot components thereof. or operatton of Heathens If you are technically inclined or interested in
Noting
replacement will bent. mad. of parts damaged by the buyer in Me course of hand., asmonbling. letting or
oeathka
H equip learning about electronics, you'll find the Circuit
R.pera The purchaser shall comply with Om Replacements Prot laid down in the relevant Heath. elmet. Description, Circuit Diagram and block diagrams
:ast!Vreret"U'serpritl'irs.u:rteZ rhrgtsCTnt:=1tie Pconrnle''rvc:r."'"
Note The Cathode Tube. and Valves forming part of the equipment me guaranteed by the
both helpful and educational.
manufact ..... . should . MI. that their guarantee gwen only in respect of faulty workinansh, anchor respective
material
and does not cover mouse or consequental der.,

8 Heathkit Guarantee
Nny model when assembled in accordance with the
Instruction Manual must meet our published
specification for performance or the purchase price
will be cheerfully refunded.

Please direct your enquiries to DAY LTD., Dept. PE -7, Gloucester. Tel. 20217

4S2
 HEATHKIT WORLD-FAMOUS ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT
The Hi-Fi, Radio, Amateur Gear, Test Instruments anyone can build
Treat yourself to superb LW, MW entertainment with the
High -Performance Car Radio Kit, CR-I
Complete your motoring pleasure with this small, compact, high-performance car radio.
It can be fitted to any make of car having 12 volt positive or negative earth system.
Tastefully styled in neutral grey with matching black knobs and chrome trim to har-
monise with any car colour scheme.
Features include: Six -transistor, 2 -diode circuit. Completely pre -assembled and aligned tuning
unit. High sensitivity, combined with wide range automatic gain control (AGC), minimises fading
under weak reception conditions. Easy -tune dial. Push button Long, Medium and Tone selection.
The car radio is available for your convenience, in two separate units; RF Amplifier Kit CR-IT
LI 13 . 6 incl. P.T., IF/AF Amplifier Kit CR-IA L11 . 3
. 6. .

TOTAL PRICE KIT (excluding Loudspeaker) 412 17 . 0 incl. P.T.

x 5" Loudspeaker Pt. No. 401-505 LI . 16 . 1 incl. P.T.

The Transistor Amplifier you have been looking for !

Low-cost Stereo Amplifier Kit, TS -23
Breaks the price barrier in quality
Transistor Amplifier cost
Incorporates all the essential features for good quality reproduction
from gramophone records, radio and other sources.
Its many features include: 3 watts rms (I50) each channel. Good frequency
response for outstanding fidelity. Compact slim -line styling. Ganged BASS,
TREBLE and VOL. controls, 6 -position SELECTOR switch for programme
sources. Attractive perspex two-tone front panel. 16 transistor, 4 diode
circuit. Handsome fully -finished walnut veneered cabinet. Outputs for 8 or
15 ohm loudspeakers. Printed circuit boards. For free-standing or cabinet mounting.
Size 3;" x 13" x 8" deep.

PRICES: Amplifier Kit E17 . 15 . 0 Walnut Veneered Cabinet

Amplifier Kit -and Cabinet il8 . 19 . 0 separate E2 . 0 . 0

Hi-Fi performance from a "Mini" NEW ! Transistorised AM -FM Stereo Tuner

Speaker Kit In the same attractive styling as
71pwith the our well-known AA -22U Stereo

,t
- " AVO N " Amplifier. Features 18 transistor,
3 diode circuit. AM-LW/MW,
BOOKSHELF FM Stereo and Mono tuning.
Stereo indicator light. AFC, AGC.
SPEAKER Pre -assembled and aligned FM
SYSTEM unit. Separate AM and FM
circuit boards. Self -powered. Handsome,
The challenge to our acoustic engineers was to design a finished walnut veneered cabinet. (Optional extra).
speaker occupying the minimum space consistent with Comprising: Model AFM-2T RF Tuning Unit. Kit C7.17.6 including P.T. AFM-2A IF
first class reproduction. The results of our efforts was Amp. and power supply kit C24.9.6. TOTAL PRICE KIT £32 . 7 . 0
this "AVON " compact unit of exceptional quality. Cabinet C2.5.0 extra.
Features: Two special speakers 6!," BASS, 3ir HF unit and
crossover network. Good frequency response. Beautiful
fully -finished walnut veneered cabinet, size only 7r x 131"
8i" deep. Many other models in wide range.
Supplied in two units. Can be built for a total price. Prices quoted are Mail Order, Retail Prices slightly higher.
Kit L13 . 16 . 0 incl. P.T. Full specification sheets of any model available upon request.

To:-
- - - - HEATHKIT
Heathkit-,Esz
FREE! DAYSTROM LTD., Dept. P.E.7
GLOUCESTER, ENGLAND. Tel.: Glos. 20217
32 page Catalogue Please send me
SEND COUPON FOR FREE British Heathkit Catalogue
YOUR COPY NOW! further details of model(s)
Over 150 models: Hi-Fi, Audio
Speaker systems, Intercom, PA
Guitar amplifiers, Amateur Radio, Educational, Tran- NAME
sistor radios, Test and service instruments. Many
shown in full colour. ADDRESS

MOST MODELS CAN BE SEEN AND DEMONSTRATED AT THE LONDON HEATHKIT CENTRE. 233 Tottenham Court Road, W.I Tel: 01-636 7349,
Retail and Mail Order purchase can be made there.

483
 K TZ63 6- RS 8/- UF89 6/- 1B22 30/- 3Q50T 7/6 GALS 3/- 6K7GT 4/9 12AT7WA 38 41-
FULLY GUARANTEED 51114 5/- R K72 6/- UL41 7/6 IC5OT 8/- 384 4/- 6AL5W 7/- 6K8G 3/- 5/6 60CD60 27/6
ML6 8/- 811E12 10/- UL84 5/6 1D8GT 8/- 3V4 5/9 6A.M5 2/6 6K80T 8/3 12AU7 61-30160T' Bi-
INDIVIDUALLY PACKED 3134. 8/- $P2 5/6 CUB 7/- 1270 7/6 4C27 35/- 6A146 4/- 6K8M 8/6 12AV6 6/6 53A 7/8
N78 16/- SP41 1/6 8/6 IF2 3/- 4D1 4/- 13AQ6 7/- 61.60 6/.- 12AX7 6/- 57 6/-
VALVES
1.1U9
NEI7 7/- SIMI 4/- UY21 7/6 11360T 6AQ5W 9/- 6L(343A ' 7/6 12AY7 10/- 58 6/-
0A2 5/9 SP2I0 3/6 U185 5/- 11.4 2/6 3A1740 5/- 6.186 4/- 6L7G 4/- 12BA6 5/6 69 1-
OBI 6/- T41 12/6 VP23 2/6 1LA6 6/- 5B/26151 6A870 15/- 6(34 3/- 128E6 7/- 75 516
AC/HL 8/- EBC80 5/- EL34 10/-
OB3 7/- TP22 5/- VP133 9/- 1LC6 7/- 40/- 6AT6 4/- 61.1320 5/9 12887 7/- 76 5/-
ACP4 8/- EBF80 6/6 EL35 5/- 0C3 5/- TP25 15/- VR99 7/8 1LH4 4/- 613/25311 6AU6 6/- 6N70 5/9 12C8 3/- 77 6/6
AC8PEN 5/- EBF83 7/6 EL37 16/- 15/- 6AX4 8/- 6P26 12/- 1286 2/-
AL60 6/- E2F89 6/9 2(38 17/6 OD3 5/- TT15 35/- 1R105/30 1821 5/6 /8 5/-
OZ4A 5/- TTR31 45/- 5/- 182111 6/- 5B/254M 6B40 17/- 6R7 6/6 123613T 2/6 80 6/6
AR8 6/- EBL31 20/- EL4I 13/-
TZ20 DV- VR150/36 1843 4/- 40/- 6B7 6/- 68A7 7/- 12J7GT 616 81 9/-
ARP3 3/- EC52 4/- EL42 8/- P41 4/- 4/- 6B8G 2/6 631A70T 6/6 12K7GT 71- 82
ARP12 2/6 EC53 12/6 EL50 8/- PC88 9/- TZ40 40/- 6/- 1870 013/25551 8/-
2(81 8/- PC86 9/- U81 8/- VU33A 4/- 1114 5/- 35/- 6BA6 6/- 68K7GT 4/- 1228M 10/- 84 5/-
ATP4 5/5 EC70 4/- 7/6 U12/14 8/- VU39 8/- 184 5/- 5R4(11 9/- 6BA7 6/- 68C7 7/- I2Q7GT 6/- 85A2
ATP7 5/6 EC90 6/- EL83 6/3 PC97 81-
AU7 55/- EC91 3/- EL134 4/3 PC900 12/- U17 6/- VX3208 5/- 156 4/6 5TR 7/- 613E6 4/6 68C70T 5/- 128C7 4/- 307A 5/8
5/6 8236 7/6 183F50T 5/6 12807 3/- 313C 25/-
AZ3I 9/- ECC32 4/- ELBE. 7/6 PCC84 v._ 65717 5/6 12887 8/- 360B
131311 15/- ECC33 10/- EL91 4/6 PCC89 10/- 9/-
B1378
111.63
40/-
10/-
ECC8I 4/-
ECC82 5/-
EL95
EME31
6/-.
5/-
PCF80
PCF82
6/3
6/6
0C16
TRANSISTORS
20/- 0081 5/- OC201 15/- XCI41 101-
6B316
82R7
8/- .6837
9/_ 67370
68371 8/-
7/-
6/6
12837 5/- 367A 70/-
12527 5/- 368A8 80/-
1283170T5/9 399A 27/6
8/- 6B118 5/-

82134 16/-214412
B54 9/- ECC83 6/- 25180 6/- PCF84
15/- 00811) 3/8 0(202 13/- XC142 15/- 6827 5/8 125117 5/-
885 20/- ECC84 5/6 E1181 7/- PCF86 13/- 0C22 6BW6 7/- 446A 8/-
0(25 9/6 0081M 5/- 0C203 10/6 NC/55 1216 681.7GT 6/8 12Y4 2/-

PCL82 /-76160
B584 47/6 ECC85 6/6 EM84 6/2 PCF801 8/6 6BW7 10/- 6080 22/-
0C35 12/6 0082 8/- 0C204, 16/- XCI56 15/- 6C4 6/- 6887 5/6 I41.7 7/- 6146 25/-
131214 7/6 ECC91 4/- ESU74 80/- PCF8°2 9/2 6C50 68(17GT 6/- 1437 18/- 709.9
Eccig9 9/6 Egu708 oh PCF805 11/- OC-14 4/8 0C82DM 3/6 0C206 15/- 2N247 9/6 2/6 30/-
CC3L
CY3I
DI pci,53 gig214585
2/-
616
1/6
ECM 7/- 4/-15132
ECF82 7/-
EC1135 12/6
2151
2288
Elif.11
5/8
6:6
3/-
PeLEG 9/- 0(.45
0071
9/6 0083 5/- A AZI2 6/- 214502 7/6
4/6 0C122 5/- AC/28 4/6
19/6
7/6
6C5GT
6C6
6C8G
61-
3/-
6227
616(4T
2/-
6/-
7/8
19AQ5
20P4
6/-
5/-
12/8
705A
716B
717A
101-
110/-
3/-
PCL84 7/- 0072 5/- 00170 5/6 BCZ11 7/6 2311090 20/6 6C116 4/6 616M 8/- 21136 7/- 757 13/-

PEN46 3/-,..
1/41 3/3 ECH42 9/- E240 8/6 6X4 8/6 25L60T 5/6
061 8/- ECH81 6/- EZ41 6/8 PCL85 8/6 0073 8/6 00200 7/6 13138 7/8 2311091 9/6 6C1.8 9/- 803 25/6
D77 31- ECH83 7/8 EZ80 6/8 PCL86 8/- - 6CW4 12/- 6X50 5/- 2615 6/- 807 8/-
EZ81 4/6 PEN25 4/6 6136 8/- 516" 8/- 25240 6/6 808 8/._
DA.30 12/6 ECL80 IV- U18 6/- W21 5/- 1T4 8/- 51:4G 4/6 66-X30622T 85//63
0.4100120/- ECL82 6/8 F/6057 trr- 6FSG 5/3
p/6021 5/- PFL200 17/6 U25 13/- W118 8/- 2A3 5/- 514G at - 6F511T 8/- 2261650T 8/8716 28153
DAF96 6/- ECL83 10/- U26 13/- W1111 9/- 2/326 8/- 5X46 8/6 6Z4 5/- 28137 6/- 829 B
.3575//--

DD41 4/- ECL86 9/- F/6063 4/- PL36 9/- 5/- 513GT 5/- 6F6(.4 4/- 50/-
DF73 5/- EF36 3/6 FW4/500 5/6 PL38 16/- 027 3/- X66 7/6 2C26 88.7 (9_ 7B7 7/6 30C15 10/- 892 15/-
7/- U52 4/6 X8151 18/- 2C211A 71- 5I3WGT13 6F17 5/- 705 10/- 30018 11/- 832A
DF91 8/- EF37A 7/- FW4800 8/6 PL81 45/-
DF92 3/- EF40 11/- 050/20 5/- PL82 6/6 U191 11/6 X11 IV- 2C34 71- 9/- 6F80 6/6 7C6 7/- 30E5 8/6 866A
DF96 6/6 EF4I 6/- 0114 45/- PL83 6/- U801 17/- X140 8/- 2C45 . 22/6 5Z-10 8/6 61,12 4/6 7C7 6/- 30FL1 10/8 884 10/-
13296 5/6 8E50 2/6 0232 10/- PL84 6/6 UABC80 6/- IF 1/- 2040 30/- 6.4137 4/- 6FI3 5/- 7F8W 12/0 30FL12 19/- 954 4/6
PL500 13/8 UAF42 9/- 163 5/- 2C51 12/- 6AC7 3/- 6F32 4/- 787 7/3 30FL13 11/- 955 2/6
DL63 8/- EF52 8/- GZ34 10/- UBC41 6/- 165 4/- 21321 5/- 6.905 7Q7 7/- 30FLI4 13/-
DL92 4/- EF65 8/- H30 3/6 PM24A 5/- 8/- 3/- 6.907
2/6
8/- 6E33 20/- 956 2/-
1/1.93 4/- EF71 7/6 111(64 22/6. PT15 13/- UBF80 6/0 166 2X2 808(1 2/6 6./,- 301.I6 16/- 957 51-
5/- r X4 14/- UCC85 6/6 2246.411K 3.44 4/- 6Ali 6 1 /- 61160T 1/9
,7.Y,.7,
'7Z4
'." .,- 30P12 9/- 958A 4/-
DL94
DL96
5/9
71-
EF72
EF73 6/-
111.2K
HL23 0/-
2/6
P X25 12/6 1.1)2142 8/- 190/- 3B7 5/- GA.17 /- Hof 8/_ 4/6 30P19 13/- MB. Tubes
p y33 Fog 1)07181 6/- 7.8001." 20/- 31324 9/- 6AK 5 /- 8132 2/6 30pLI 15/- 09J
DL810 8/- EF74 4/- 11123DD 5/- 8/- 4/- 6AKI1 1334WA 10/- 751-
OY86 EF80 5/- 4/- py90 5/6 UCL82 28011" 10/- 3116 /- 835 61- 9D2 3/- 30PL13 15/- 101197 281-
E8OF 23/-
7/0
EF85 4/6
111.41
9/-
HVI12 30/- P181 5/6 1:(11.03 10- 143 3/- 3E29 50/- WO /- 8380 2/- 9136 2/- 36L6GT 7/- VCR51750/-
28K, 32/- 28.88 8/8 K3A 1,182 5/6 1:F41 8/6 1A5(1T 5/- 3Q4 6/- OAKS 5/9 838 3/6 101,9 9/- 35T 17/6 VCR517B55/-
E90CC 10/- EF89 5/- KT32 8/- P V83 6/- 636W 11/- 1IEZ 15/- 39W4 5/- VCR517C60/-
KT33C 6/- P1600 7/- 6370 6/- 12.96 2te 3623 10/- 3FP7 45/-

QP230 5/-'
1/- EF91 3/6 12All2 5/-
EA73 7/- EF92 2/- KT44 5/9 PZI-3.5 141- 35Z4GT 6/- 6CF1 36/-
P.C. RADIO LTD
i

EABC80 6/9 EF95 5/- KT63 4/- P%1 --i5 12/- 6K6GT 5/6 12AT6 5/- 35Z6GT 6/- 5FP7 25/-
EAC91 8/6 EF96 5/- KT66 16/- QP21 61- 6K7G 2/- 12AT7 4/- 37 4/- 89D 80/-
EAF42 8/- 8E183 6/6 KT67 25/- QP25 11/-
170 GOLDHAWK ROAD, W.12
8834 1/6 EF184 6/6 KT7I 6/- MANY OTHERS IV STOCK include Cathode Roy Tubes
EB91 3/- E 90 7/ KT76 8/6 Q895/10 6/6 Shepherds Bush 4946 and Special Valve,. U.K. Orders up to 10/, P. A P. 1/-;
EBC33 6/- EL31 15/- KT88 22/- Q81202 8/- Open 9-5.30 p.m. Thursday 9-1 p.m. 10/- to £1, P. & P.2/-; over £1, P.& P.2/- iu the E; over
EBC41 13/6 EL32 3/9 KTZ41 6/- Q104/7 8/- £1, post free. C.O.D. 4/- extra.

The safest, quick and handy connector

for electrical appliances
When you are
ready for iNgnector
Only 5 X 3 X 13ins. the
better equipment KEYNECTOR
combustible
is
MAINS
made of non-
urea -formaldehyde.
Designed in modern style and

move up to attractive two-tone colour. The unit

eliminates the need of terminating
the mains input lead of any electrical
instrument or appliance with a

LUSTRAPHONE plug. Also enables more than one

appliance to be connected in parallel
and used simultaneously. 35/- British and Foreign

quality Colour: Duo -Green. Rating: 13 amp. inc. p. & p.

CYBERNAUT CONTROLS LTD. (Ref. P.E.4), 28-30 Rivington St., London, E.C.2
Patents applied for

PARKERS SHEET

LUSTRAPHONE METAL FOLDING

MACHINES
microphones : audio equipment HEAVY VICE
accessories : components : fitments MODELS
With Bevelled Former Bars Can. free
send for illustrated information No. I. Capacity 18 gauge mild steel x 36in. wide
No. 2. Capacity 18 gauge mild steel x 24in. wide ...
LI 2.10.0
L7.5.0
No. 3. Capacity 16 gauge mild steel x 18in. wide ... ... L7.5.0
LUSTRAPHONE LTD. Also new bench models. Capacities 48in. x 18 gauge 140. 36in. x 18 gauge
L25. 24in. x 16 gauge E24. Carriage free.
End folding attachments for radio chassis. Tray and Box making for 36in.
St. George's Works, Regents Park Rood, model, 5/6 per ft. Other models 3/6. The two smaller models will form
London, N.W.1 Telephone 01-722 8844 flanges. As supplied to Government Departments, Universities, Hospitals.
One year's guarantee: Money refunded if not satisfied. Send for details.
11111111,' A. B.PARKER, Folding MachineWorks, UpperGeorge SI., Hednondwike, Yorks. Herkmonchvike 3997
 ZENER DIODES SUPERTO NE G.C.V. MAIN TRANSISTOR POWER PACK
Comprehensive range 3V to 50V in three power Saves you work- Designed to operate tranaietor acts and aniplifiere.
ratings all 5% tol. 350mW 8/0 each. 1.5W 5/ - It's partly built Adjustable output 6V, 9V. 12V for up to 500mA
each. 7W 716 each. (class B working). Takes the place of any of the
Like its predeceesols this latest Cola. following batteries: PP1, PP3, PP4, PPP, PP7, PP9,
SCR's (THYRISTORS) panion has full 0 performance-such :.nd others. Kit comprises: mains transformer rectifier,
as only a good wooden cabinet and smoothing and load resistor, 5,000 and 500mfd con-
Pit, 50V 100V 300V 400V bifiux speaker can give, and due to densers. Zener diode and instructions. Real snip at+
1 amp 6/6 7/6 12/6 151- Its being partly built you will have only 14/6, plum 3/6 postage:
3 amp 7/6 8/6 14/6 17/- it going in an evening. Note these
25 snip 80/- 95/- 47/6 60/ - features: 9 VOLT PRECISION MOTOR
SEMI -CONDUCTOR BARGAINS
Type
No. Price
Type
No. Price
Type
No. Price
All Muller,' Transistors including
3 x AF117.
Two-tone Cabinet, aim 11 8 3in
All circuit requirements --Push-pull
.
Intended for driving battery
operated tape recorders and
record players. Laminated, 6
Pole armature with Brush Gear
._/7\
'

2N1727 151- MAT101 8/6 0071 3/6 output-A.V.C. and feed back, etc. and rapid start witch. Normally
2N1728 10/- MAT120 7/9 0072 5/- Printed circuit board all wired only connections, e.g. to Volume control -- 25/-. Our Priem 9/-. plus poet an I
2N1742 25/- MAT121 8/6 0070 W.C. Switch and Tuning Condenser. issuance 1/6.
2N1747 23/- OAS 5/- 0076 51- Pre -aligned IF stages complete with full instructions. Price only
2N1748 10/- 0A10 6/- 0077 93.19.6., plus 6/6 post and insurance. HI -Fl SPEAKER BARGAIN
AC107 0/- 0A47 8/- 0078 5/- 12iu High fidelity
AC127 9/- 0A70 2/- 00781) 51- loudepeaker.High
ACY17 8/6 0A70 2/6 0081 51- DRILL CONTROLLER flux permanent
ACY18 5/6 0A81 2/6 00811) 5/- Electronically changes speed from approxi- magnet type with
ACY19 6/6 0A85 2/6 0082 5/- mately 10 revs. to MRx. Full power at all either 3 or 15 ohm
ACY20 5/6 0A90 2/6 0083 6/- speeds by fingertip control. Kit includes all speech coil. Will
ACY21 6/- 0A91 2/6 0084 6/- parts, case, everything anti full instructions. handle up to 10
ACY22 4/6 0A200 3/8 00139 8 19/6, Plus 2/6 post and insurance. watts. Brand new
AF114 7/- 0A202 4/8 00140 12/6/6 by famous maker.
AF115 6/6 0022 10/- 00170 5/- Price 29/6. With
AF116 7/- 0023 17/6 00171 6/- SMALLEST TAPE RECORDER built-in tweeter
AF117 5/- 0024 15/- 00200 9/- AVAILABLE (61 21 1:In) . 36/- plus 3/6 post
AF118 10/- 0026 7/6 00201 12/6 and insurance.
AF139 12/6 0C28 15/- 00202 18/6 Will record or play back (into earphones)
AF186 0020 00203 whilst still in your pocket. Uses standard
AFZ12
17/6
15/- 0035
17/6 12/6 tape which is re -usable indefinitely. SILICON RECTIFIERS
12/6 OCP71 16/- Complete with batteries, ready to work. 86, plus 5/- post and insurance.
ASZ21 15/- 0036 15/- ORP12 Tested and guaranteed
BC107 14/6 0042 6/6 ORP60 10/- 750mA 210000.1: 11//83 I amp 100V 3/-
BY100 0044 4/- 200V 4/-
BYZI3
4/6
7/6 0045 8/6
SB078
9B306
6/6 THIS MONTH'S SNIP 400V 3/6 400V 6/-
NATIO() 7/9 0070 4/ - 8B251 10 - Of particular importance to hospitals, labs. and other places where 8 amp 21001V 58//-6
stand-by n.e. supply is required. Also to yacht owners, caravan 10 amp 100V 9/6
See in the Dark dwellers where 50 cycle supply is required to work TV or similar. 400V 7/6 200V 12/6
INFRA -RED BINOCULARS 600V 9/6 400V 14/6
Admiralty motor alternator giving regulated 230V 50 cycle Sub.miniature glass ClICilaCii- only approx. fin long
output front 24V d.c. supply. Wonderfully mode to stringent wire ended.
specification. Rating is 80W but like other Admiralty equipment 400mA 11.52000Vv1/46/6 100V 2/6
this rating can be increased 60% with safety. In grey metal box
size 24 a 10 14in approximately. Controls arc il.e. on/off switch anti
changeover switch from mains to alternator. On the front panel MINIATURE WAFER SWITCHES
also is output volt meter, and panel with fusee protecting input:and 4 pole, 2 way -3 pole, 3 way -4 pole, 3 way -2 pole.
output. Weight approximately 1001b, unused. Price 144 each 4 way -3 pole, 4 way -2 pole, 6' way --1 pole, 12 way.
,probably one tenth of cost to Government). Carriage extra at cost. All at 3/6 each 36/- dozen, your assortment.

These infra -red binoculars when fed from a high PP3 ELIMINATOR play your pocket
voltage source will enable objects to be seen in the THE VECTRONOME This is a truly portable self-contained radio from the maine Save Ls. Complete
dark, providing the objects are in the rays of to, instrument with built-in microphone component kit comprises 4 rectifiers-mains
infra -red beam. Each eye tube contains a complete CAPSTAN DRIVEN and loudspeaker using a 5 transistor dropper resistance., mouthing condenser
optical lens "system as well is the infra -red cell. TAPE RECORDER amplifier with PP output and suit- and instructions. Only 616, plus 1/- Post.
These optical systems can be used as lenses for able for operation from Inning or by 1111
T.V. cameras-light cells. etc. (details supplied). chargeable batteries. Tape capacity is
The binoculars form part of the Army night 25 minute. on easily changed spools. SILICON PLANAR TRANSISTORS
driving (Tabby) equipment. They are unused and A tape position indicator gives quick I2N2926-general purpose type. suitable for
believed to be in good working order but sold reference to any part of dictation. AF or RE up to 200 nic,s, 3/- each or 4 for 10/-.
without a guarantee. Price 83.17.6, plus 10/- carr. Recording level is automatically pre-
and ins. Handbook 2/6. set during dictation and can lye ad-
justedto suit operator. Interlock
prevents unintentional erasures. Tape RECORD CHARGER
speed controlled by fly wheel driven ROTOR, made by Gar-
8 RANGE TEST METER capstan. Very portable in neat case rard for their best
For checking car electrics, radio, with carrying handle. overall size of changers, laboratory
which is approximately 6/ 7/ balanced, size 2f in a 21in.
TV, ignition systems, household Suitable for 1151 or
TI lighting, etc. 2M. Price with tape, nickel cadmium
Measure a.c./d.c. volts. d.c. current, 7 rechargeable batteries and mains 230/240V working by
raze battery charger 99.19.6. (rather less rearranging lead con-
Resistance. Will last a lifetime. nections. 15/- each.
than y original price). Postage and
39/6 (P."
3/6) insurance 7/6. Unused and in perfect
working order.
1'. S: P. 4/6.
PHOTO -ELECTRIC KIT
STUPENDOUS OFFER-Ell for E2 All parts to make light operated switch/burglar alarm/
TWO NEW KITS counter, etc. Kit comprises printed circuit, Laminated
Multi -purpose Audio Switch. 5 transistors and all other components to Boards and chemicals, Latching relay, Infra -red sensi-
make this Ingenious unit described in May's Practical Wireless -only tive Photocell and Hood. 2 Translators, cond., Terminal
48/6. plus 2/9 post anti ins. block. Plastic case. Essential data, circuits and P.C.
Analog Computer, all parts including centre zero galc.utnmeter, perspcx chassis plans of 10 photo -electric devices including auto.
cursors, 8in dials, to make the unit described In May's Practical car parking light, modulated light alarm. Simple in-
Wireless. Available at 39/6, plus 2/941. post and ire, visible ray switch-counter-stray light alarm-warb-
ling tone electronic alarm-projector lamp stabiliser,
etc., etc. Only 39/6, plus 2/-, post and insurance.
TRANS/CEIVERS
750mW TRANSISTOR Communicate without connecting
AMPLIFIER wires. Wonderful present for child.
4 translators including too iu push- All transistor, crystal controlled with
pull Input for crystal or magnetic telescopic aerial and push button
microphone or pick-up-feed back operation. Uses P.P.3 batteries. Pair
loops-sensitivity 5:11V. Price 19/6. of instruments, complete and ready
Only recently sold for 110.9.6. Note these Pont and insurance 2/1i. Speakers to use, 25.9.6. the two, plus 5/- post
features: Long & Medium Wave Lang ,m 12'8, bin 18/6, 6 4in 14/6. and insurance. These cannot be used
dial Pueh pull output A.V.0 and feed in U.K.
back Ferrite aerial Six transistors
Cabinet size 41in x 3M ljin with carrying SIMMERSTAT HEATER REGULATOR
strap. You get everything you need and in- SRP 12 BATTERY OPERATED
structions. 89/6 plus 3/6 P. it P. or supplied Suitable to control elements, heater, soldering irons and
with made up chassis 10/- extra. Battery RECORD DECK The FRP 12 Battery boiling rings up to 2,500W. Completely adjustable,
1/9 extra. Data separately- 2/6. Operated record deck. Made by Garrard, normal price 65/- each. Special Snip Price 12/6, plus 2: -
a unit of proved reliability-, ideal if you postage and insurance.
intend making a portable player. Operates
front PPS or similar battery, rune at 33 Where postage is not definitely stated as an
OVEN THERMOSTAT or 45 rpin. Supplied complete with
Range 20'F -550°F. Set by spindle control. Con- ceramic cartridge, suitable stereo or mono. extra then orders over 23 are poet free. Below
tact rated at 20amps 250V 10in sensing clement Limited quantity. Price 13.7.6, plus g3 add 2/9. Semi -conductors add 1/- poet. Over
poet and insurance. LI post free.
on approximately 4in copper capillary tube. 19/6
each, plus 2/6 postage and insurance

Grey
COSMOCORD PICK-UP
for 7in records
plastic arm fitted with 4:P79/5 1110110
ELECTRONICS (CROYDON) LIMITED
ceramic cartridge and replaceable stylus. Ref. (Dept. P. E.) 102 3 TAMWORTH RD., CROYDON, SURREY (Opp. W. Croydon Stn.)
879 Freq. response 50-8000cps, 250mV output.
Tracking wt 9gms. 7/6 each, plus 2/6 p. A p. a/so at 266 LONDON ROAD, CROYDON, SURREY
 have
you
.SR.550. Professional Communications Receiver

the
complete it

range of
K.I40. Professional Volt-Ohm-Millianimeter

"AS.4vCivr*.'
4J

aill"1111111111M111111111111 EAGLE
FMT. 640. High Fidelity F.M. Tuner
products
I-To EAGLE PRODUCTS, Dept. P.E.7,
The "Eagle" Brand was launched 10 years ago and it was Coptic Street, London, W.C.1.
impossible to foresee that in such a short time the range would
grow to cover over 500 items, all carrying the "Eagle" name. Please send me catalogue of the entire "Eagle"
Whether you are interested in Hi-Fi, Amateur Radio, Do -it - range.
Yourself projects or any field of Electronics, "Eagle" offer you
the widest choice of sensibly priced products and by the end of Name
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Address
If you would like to study our entire range in the leisure of your
home we will be delighted to send you our catalogue free of
charge or why not ask your local dealer (there are over 6,000
"Eagle"stock ists) to show you the latest"Eagle"Products today ! L

486
 VOL 3 No.7 PRACTICAL
JULY 1967
ELECTRONICS
SEMICONDUCTOR PROGRESS THIS MONTH
SEMICONDUCTOR devices are the key "active"
components in most electronic circuits of today.
Even in those few fields where the thermionic valve so CONSTRUCTIONAL PRO ECTS
far remains dominant, it is just a matter of time before
new solid state devices make their challenge.
But to return to the present. Developments in MODEL CONTROL
semiconductor technology over the last few years have INSTALLATIONS 495
brought about great changes. Now we find that the ENLARGEMENT
once commonplace pnp germanium transistor has EXPOSURE GUIDE 504
been to a very large extent superseded by the npn INVESTIGATOR
silicon planar transistor. Originally the latter was an
expensive component, but with large quantity pro- OSCILLOSCOPE 508
duction and simpler forms of encapsulation-such as RADIO SERVICING AID 522
used in the Epoxy Plastic type-the cost of these
transistors has fallen dramatically. Silicon transistors
have of course important technical advantages over SPECIAL SERIES
germanium, perhaps most significant is the low
leakage current feature. Variants of the silicon COMPUTER EVOLUTION -3 530
transistor have been developed and are now available,
such as the field effect transistor (f.e.t.), the metal CLASSIC COMMUNICATION
oxide silicon transistor (m.o.s.t.), and the unijunction RECEIVERS-CRIO0 526
transistor. Each of these devices has some unique
characteristic and contributes towards widening the
scope of the circuit designer. Thus with careful GENERAL FEATURES
choice of device it is possible to design fully transis-
torised circuits for such diverse requirements as low ELECTROMAGNETIC RELAYS 488
noise audio stages, and ultra high radio frequency
stages. TUNNEL DIODES 517
In discussing transistor developments we should not
overlook the semiconductor diode. Many interesting
new diode devices have appeared in recent times. The NEWS AND COMMENT
main contribution these will make to electronic
progress seems to be in the extreme high region of the EDITORIAL 487
radio frequency spectrum. Using the negative AUDIO TRENDS 502
resistance characteristic these diodes can he operated
as oscillators, amplifiers, or switches at frequencies MARKET PLACE 515
beyond 10,000MHz. ELECTRONORAMA 520
These developments are of great interest to the SPACE SCIENCE LABORATORY 525
amateur, and provide a basis for further useful NEWS BRIEFS 528
constructional projects. POINTS ARISING 528
If there has been a tendency for semiconductor
circuits to become rather stereotyped, this is certainly DETACHED PARTICLES 541
not so now. Learning how these new devices operate READOUT 542
and experimenting with practical circuits provides
further intellectual exercise for the inquisitively Our August issue will be published on
minded. Friday, July 14

All correspondence intended for the Editor should be addressed to: The Editor, PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS, George Newnes Ltd., Tower
House, Southampton Street, London, W.C.2. Advertisement Offices: PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS, George Newnes Ltd., 15/17 Long Acre,
London, W.C.2. Phone: 01-836 4363. Telegrams: Newnes London. Subscription Rates including postage for one year, to any part of
the world, 36s. re George Newnes Ltd., 1967. Copyright in all drawings, photographs and articles published in PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS
is specially reserved throughout the countries signatory to the Berne Convention and the U.S.A. Reproductions or imitations of any of
these are therefore expressly forbidden.
 4S6

I 13T

used. be can ,they which

in circuits interesting many the of
some and characteristics, limiting their
principles, operating their relay, -of
types various considers article This
constructions. amateur
many to suited ideally them make tility
versa- their all above and reliability,
their market, surplus the on ability
avail- ready their cost, low Their
used. be can relay the only where tions
applica- countless still are there semiconductors, by out carried better
now are relay the by performed once functions many indeed, While,
relays. find frequently we apparatus electronic find we WHEREVER
WHAT IS A RELAY? large current in the remote circuit, limited only by the
A relay is nothing more than an electrically operated size and construction of the contacts.
switch. In Fig. I can be seen a diagrammatic repre- Fig. 2 shows some other contact arrangements.
sentation of a simple relay. Fig. 2a shows a "break" contact, i.e. one which is
A coil of wire is wound round a soft iron core. A normally closed. but opens when the relay is energised.
moving armature, also of soft iron, is pivoted near one Fig. 2b shows a "change o'er" contact, the moving
end and held away from the core by a tension spring. contact changing from ow contact to the other when
This armature carries a moving contact which meets a energised.
fixed contact when the armature is pulled down by the Many relays have more than one contact set, several
magnetic attraction of the coil when energised. being operated by only one armature, see Fig. , 3.
When a current is passed through the coil, the core Although as more contact sets are used, the relay must
becomes an electromagnet. If the current provides a be designed to handle the increased' mechanical load
sufficiently strong magnetic field to overcome the ten- and may require a heavier current to operate efficiently.
sion of the spring, the armature is attracted to the
core, thus bringing the two contacts together and so
completing a remote circuit.
When the current is cut off, or the relay de -energised, CIRCUIT SYMBOLS
the core ceases to be magnetised and the armature, A great deal of confusion often arises over the inter-
under the influence of the spring, will return or "drop pretation of relay circuitry and the nomenclature used.
out" to its original position, so breaking the remote To obviate this. reference to British Standard BS 530
circuit. will be helpful.
This is the simplest form of relay, and the important The coil of the relay is drawn as a re:tangle with the
points to notice are: connecting wires touching the longes: sides. Inside
I. That the remote circuit is completely independent this rectangle the d.c. resistance of the coil is given (if
and isolated from the relay operating circuit, and known). (See Fig. 4.) Adjacent to the coil symbol is
2. That a comparatively small current, sufficient to the reference number of the component, the first relay
operate the relay, can be used to control an extremely being RLA, the second RLB, the third RLC, and so on.
 This code is underlined and given a number below this
line which indicates the number of sets of contacts on
the relay that are used in the circuit. Each set would
be made up from two or three contact strips, depending
on the type of switching operation which it performs.
Some variations on the coil symbol may be shown,
these being given by an extension to the rectangle (see
Fig. 5) to show an extra characteristic of special types.
Relay contacts are quite simple to interpret if a
little common sense is exercised. Fig. 6 shows a few
examples. The code number is made up from the
letters of the associated relay coil followed by the
(Keyswitch Relays) contact set number. For example, the first switch on
the first relay RLA is RLAI, the second switch RLA2,
Balanced armature relay with power contacts and so on. Similarly, the first switch on the second
relay RLB is RLB1, the second switch RLB2, and so
PIVOT SOFT IRON ARMATURE MOVING CONTACT on. All relay contacts should be shown on a circuit
diagram in the condition when the relay is not
energised. All contact sets on one relay are operated
o simultaneously.
FIXED CONTACT THE COIL
TENSION
The magnetic force appearing between the pole face
SPRING and the armature depends on the number of turns in
COIL the coil, and the current flowing through it, the product
of the two being known as the ampere -turns of the coil.
If a particular relay, for example, requires 50 ampere -
turns to attract the armature, then we could use a coil
having one turn with 50 amps flowing through it or a
coil of 500 turns with 100mA flowing to produce the
SOFT IRON FRAME SOFT IRON CORE
same Magnetic field.
Fig. 1. Balanced armature relay with make contacts Relay coils are generally designated by their d.c.
resistance, and are available from less than 1 ohm up
to 50 kilohms or more, the selection of a specific value
depending on the voltage available, and the type of
circuit in which the relay is used.
There are three current characteristics of a relay
which are fundamental to its operation and which must
be known.
(a) (b)

Fig. 2a. Break contacts Fig. 2b. Make contacts

RLA (a) Slow to release RLA1

2

(a) Break only

1\4 RLA RLA2

I 700
l-1 2
(b) Slow to operate
(b) Mbke only

Fig. 3. Three stacked change-

over sets
700
R2LA
(c) Polarised relay RLB1

RLA
700 1-7-
(c) Changeover, break
RLA before make
Fig. 4a. Circuit symbol and 2 (d) A.C. operated
annotation of a relay coil
RLB2 0

I
(d) Changeover, make
RLA
1300 I* before break
I 651 I 2 (e) High speed

Fig. 6. Circuit symbols

Fig. 4b. Circuit symbol of a relay Fig. S. Variations on the circuit symbol of contact arrange-
with two different coils for specific functions ments

490
 "PULL -IN" CURRENT CONTACTS
The magnetic force has to overcome the large air There are many different types of contact assembly,
gap between the armature and pole face, the friction the choice of which is affected by numerous factors,
of the pivot, and the tension of the contact springs, so but in general contacts are made from the following
that the number of ampere turns has to be fairly large. materials.
The current required just to operate the armature
fully, and close the contacts, is the "pull -in" current. Platinum
Completely free from oxidation, and provides an
"HOLD -ON" CURRENT extremely reliable contact even at low contact pressure.
When the armature is closed, there is no gap between Its disadvantage is its extremely high cost, and so it is
armature and pole face. As the attractive force on the generally used only in hermetically sealed devices
armature is inversely proportional to the square of the where minute currents have to be switched.
distance between it and the pole face, while the opposing
force of the contact springs is almost linear, it follows Silver
that the current required to "hold in" or keep the relay The most widely used contact material is silver,
closed is less than the "pull -in" current. which is relatively inexpensive but susceptible to
surface oxidation at low currents. It is also liable to
"DROP -OUT" CURRENT "metal transfer", i.e. when switching heavy d.c. currents,
If the current is reduced still further the tension of metal is transferred from one contact to the other
the spring overcomes the magnetic field and the arma- forming a "pip" and "crater", which may cause the
ture is released. This current is considerably less than points to lock together. An exaggerated form of this
the "pull -in" current, and the difference between the defect is shown in Fig. 8.
two is known as the "differential" of the relay. This
"differential" gives the relay some useful properties as Palladium/Silver
we shall see later. This alloy is notable for its very low oxidation and so
is widely used for light currents of less than 500mA,
CORE AND ARMATURE particularly in audio circuits where such, oxidation
It is obviously necessary that the core and armature must be avoided. It is, therefore, a good compromise
should be made of a material having low retentivity, between reliability and cost.
that is, the ability to discharge all of its magnetism when
de -energised.When the current is switched off, it Tungsten
should retain little or no magnetism, otherwise the Tungsten is usually used for bell or buzzer contacts
armature would tend to "stick" to the core. Even the and requires a high contact pressure. Its current
best soft iron has some magnetic remanence, so to carrying capacity is limited due to its high specific
avoid the risk of sticking, a copper rivet is sometimes resistance, hence it is seldom found on relays.
fixed in the armature (see Fig. 7), so that it never
actually touches the core. However, some relays Elkonite
make deliberate use of this "sticking" by having a A product of silver and cadmium oxide, this alloy is
core of highly remanent material. We shall consider very hard wearing, withstands arcing, has low metal
these later. transfer, but is unsuitable for low currents.

(Below). Post Office 3000 type relay COPPER RIVET

'CRATER'

Fig. 7. Copper rivet in

the armature to avoid
"sticking"
Fig. 8 Exaggerated
impression of a
crater and pip

(Jack Davis (Relays) Ltd.) Post Office 600 type relay

4,41
Gold For best results, the values of capacitor and resistor
Again expensive and used mainly for low current are best selected empirically, the contacts being observed
applications in sealed devices such as reed relays. with a magnifying glass while the relay is used to switch
Gold is used where extremely high reliability is neces- the required load. These values can be varied until
sary. minimum sparking occurs.
The contacts are usually riveted to strips of phosphor When relays are used to charge or discharge high
bronze or beryllium copper which form the springs. value capacitors local overheating may occur, because,
Contact rating is determined by: of the momentarily high charge/discharge current,
1. The steady current which they are required to unless the contacts are generously rated. The points
may even become welded together. For this type of
carry. Heavy currents require larger contact points to application, therefore, large area contacts are neces-
conduct the heat away from the point of contact.
2. Arcing, which may occur when the circuit is just sary. The heavy duty type mentioned earlier would
broken. The degree of arcing depends on the load suit.
being switched and whether the supply is a.c. or d.c. A point that is often overlooked is that the filaments
One of the commonest types of relay available, the of lamps, when cold, possess a much lower resistance
Post Office style relay (see Fig. 9), uses two types of than when hot. Again this can lead to an unexpectedly
contact. A light duty one which consists of two small high current at the instant of switch -on, so generously
silver rivets in a forked strip (Fig. 10a), and a heavy rated contacts are again necessary. It is as well to
duty type usually of Elkonite and having a large single remember that d.c. arcing is much more of a problem
at voltages over about 30V.
contact (Fig. 10b).
CARE OF CONTACTS TYPES OF RELAY
Grease, dust and dirt are the greatest enemies of There are many different types of relay, but we shall
relay contacts. The silver oxide which forms on the describe those easily available and most useful to the
surface of silver contacts is a conductor of electricity amateur constructor.
and does not seriously affect the operation of the
relay. However, a non-conductive film may forM on Balanced Armature
silver contacts in the presence of sulphur or sulphur A typical example of a balanced armature relay is
compounds in the air. To remove grease, and dirt, shown in Fig. 1 and is a good general purpose relay
carbon tetrachloride may be used, or in stubborn cases having reasonably fast operate and release times,
a special spatula or a polished steel blade, for example, typically 15 milliseconds. This type of relay is readily
a feeler gauge. Never use a file, however fine, par- available in a large range of coil resistances, and with
ticularly on the small contacts of a sensitive relay. up to four sets of changeover contacts.
Many relays are available with transparent plastic
covers to protect the relay from such dirt and dust.
These are recommended to be used whenever possible. GPO Types
A second source of contact contamination and There are two common Post Office types, the 600
deterioration through pitting is sparking between the and the 3000. Both are similar in appearance, but the
contacts. It is important therefore that the current 3000 type is the larger and probably the most frequently
rating of a particular contact is not exceeded, and used.
where inductive loads are to be switched spark sup- Being the most versatile of all relays, their construc-
pression components should be used. tion is such that spring sets and coils can be readily
Because of the many varying types of load which interchanged, and purchased separately, thus enabling
may require switching by relay contacts, it is difficult a relay to be rapidly "tailor made" to individual
to generalise on the values of these suppression com- requirements. The construction of the 3000 type
ponents, although typical values are shown in Fig. 11. telephone relay is shown in Fig. 9.

Fig. 9 (left). Construction of a P.O. 3000 type relay

RETAINING SCREW ARMATURE

Fig. 10 (centre).(a) Light duty contacts, (b) heavy duty contacts

CONTACT SET

Fig. I I (right). Spark supression on a pair

o; o of make contacts
INSULATED
PIN

0 (a) (b)

COIL SECURING NUT (a) ( b)

492
 This relay can be made very sensitive for a general
purpose relay (down to 15mW), can have up to nine
changeover contact sets, and has an operate/release
time in the region of 15 to 40 milliseconds. Some are
equipped with residual screws in the armature to
adjust the drop -out sensitivity.
The contacts can be readily adjusted to make before
break, or vice versa. Some of them have slugs (extra
piece of core material) at one end of the coil assembly
to provide slow release. They are readily available on
the surplus market at low cost.
Polarised Relay
The polarised type of relay can be classified as a
sensitive relay and used for such purposes as radio
control, where small currents are required to exert
reliable control. Its construction is shown in Fig. 12.
The armature is unbalanced and attracted to one
side of the pole piece by suitably adjusting the contact
screws. When a d.c. voltage of the correct polarity is
applied to the coil, the armature becomes magnetised
by the field of the coil and the armature is attracted to
the other contact. This relay can be adjusted to
respond to currents in either direction, merely by
adjusting the contact screws.
Plug-in polarised relay (S.T.C.)
Differential Relay
Another very sensitive relay, useful in bridge circuits, ADJUSTING SCREW PERMANENT MAGNET
consists basically of a moving coil movement with one
very light duty changeover set (Fig. 13). POLE PIECE 1)k,
It can be adjusted so that either no contact is made
when de -energised, or a current in one direction closes IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIPeolnIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII1III

one pair, or a current in the other direction closes the

other pair of contacts. 0
111111111h11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

Two-step Relay
These special relays close their contacts on the first POLE PIECE Aki
impulse, and open them on the second, and have many ARMATURE PIVOTED HERE
applications, for example, automatic stopping and
starting of selected lengths of tape on a tape recorder Fig. 12 (above). Section
by means of a metallic sensing tape. Available with through a polarised
one or two changeover sets. relay CENTRE
TAPPED
ARMATURE COIL
Reed Relay
A comparatively recent development, the reed relay
consists of two magnetic reeds sealed in a glass tube
which is filled with an inert gas (Fig. 14a).
Upon energising the coil each reed becomes the
opposite pole of a magnet, hence they attract each
other and make contact. Characteristics of the reed HAIR SPRING
relay are: small size, very fast operate times (2 milli- Fig. 13 (right). Section
seconds typical). The current differential is rather through a differential
large, the release current being about 50 per cent of relay
the operate current.
The basic reed unit has a normally open pair of Fig. 14a (below left). Reed relay in a glass tube inserted in
contacts, but by biasing with a suitable magnet it can a coil
be used as a normally closed relay; with a second reed
unit (unbiased) mounted in the same coil, a change- Fig. 141b (below right). Two reed switches wired as a
over contact can be arranged. See Fig. 14b. changeover

( Arts REED 2 NORMALLY OPEN

COIL
GLASS TUBE FILLED
WITH INERT GAS 11 -
COIL
C-

A 0--Ni I(

I] REED 1 BIASED CLOSED

MAGNETIC REEDS BIAS MAGNET

1`)
 one end a toothed ratchet wheel "R". A soft iron
armature "A" is attracted to the core when the coil
"C" is energised, and on de -energising, advances the
ratchet wheel by one tooth, which in turn advances
the wiper by one contact. Thus each current pulse
will rotate the selector by one contact.
A break contact is usually fitted, actuated by the
armature when fully energised, which, if wired in
series with the supply circuit will enable the uniselector
to "hunt" or run continuously until stopped by an
external switch or relay. Uniselectors are usually
available on the surplus market with coils wound for
24V d.c., but with careful adjustment they can be
made to work reliably on 12V d.c.
A typical use of a uniselector could be in an electronic
version of "snakes and ladders". Each contact
position on one bank of the uniselector lights a lamp
in the corresponding square of the playing field, when
the wiper is on that particular contact.
Four reed switche, in one coil for telephone switching The other banks of the uniselector can be used in
(Plessey Telecommunications Group) suitable circuits to advance automatically the wiper
by the requisite number of contacts if a ladder is
encountered, and similarly to retard it in the event of
Because the reed tips are gold plated and are sealed meeting a "snake".
in an inert gas, contact resistance is very low, so over a The throw of the dice can also be automatic by
long period they can be used with small currents using a uniselector wired in groups of six and operated
successfully and reliably. by a pulse whose length varies at random. In this
Coils require 50-80 ampere turns and are easy to manner the machine's moves can be made completely
wind to individual requirements. automatic, being initiated by the completion of the
human opponent's move.
Uniselector or Stepping Relay The uses to which uniselectors may be put is limited
This is a highly specialised electrical switch, used only by the imagination, and the many characteristic
commonly in telephone exchanges, and in applications circuits involved in their use are so numerous as to
where several circuits are to be switched in sequence, require a separate article to cover them!
such as certain systems of radio control, automatic Next month we shall look at some more specialised
testing of components etc. types of relay, then describe some of the circuits in
Basically, the uniselector consists of a semicircular which relays can be used.
metal frame, "F" on which are mounted up to eight
"banks" of fixed contacts "D", usually 25 of these
contacts to each bank. See Fig. 15.
These contacts are selected in sequence by wiper
arms "W" (connected by spring "brushes" to tags on
the frame) mounted on a circular boss, carrying on

WIPER
CONNECTION

PIVOT Fig. IS. Operational dia-

gram of a uniselector
stepping relay
BREAK
CONTACT

(Right), Uniselector stepping relay

(Plessey Telecommunications Group)
 Part Two ...
Relayless
Steering

MCos-aami.- CONTROL
INSTALLATIONS
By 13. BOLLEN
THE first part of this article (last month), based on the AMPLIFIER "B" FOR RELAY LESS
P. E. Miniature Model Control modules, described OUTPUTS
the conversion of a switched function to mechanical
operation of various controls in the model. Reed Certain benefits accrue from the use of a narrow band
relays were used in the designs described. selective amplifier coupled to the receiver, even with
Before leaving sequence systems, the use of relayless single channel working. Since it gives very good
operated escapements and comparable sequence servos rejection of random interference and enhanced
must be considered. It is proposed then to deal with sensitivity, plus the possibility of multi -channel work -
various forms of relayless output, as an alternative to ing, Amplifier "B" was selected as the driver for the
mechanical relays, and to suit different servo arrange- relayless circuits to be described.
ments. Merely by adding two resistors and one npn 500mA
Details of two control systems will be given, which transistor to the existing Amplifier "B" panel, in place of
are well suited to the small model without being too a miniature reed relay, the circuit is adapted to direct
complex, together with information on transmitter escapement switching, and may be powered by a single
modifications for two-tone and pulsed modes. battery of four pen -cells (see Fig. 7).

R6
2200

OUTPUT A TR 3
C

028296 -
R7
2200

OUTPUT B
O
BY I

R1 TR2
500mA
To Reamer ACY 28 ACY 28 Max
Output
4.78n
or 0081 or 0081
DI Iv D2
GPI° -7-+ IGPIO
r 0 A81 or OA 81 10 20
!kHz 58Hz
CI, C2, C3,
0.1pF 0022uF

T
C4 RS
Escapement
15
2200
F

0
Fig. 7. Modified circuit of Amp ifier "8" for relayless output
495
 The revised layout is shown in Fig. 8. If the 6V
amplifier has been previously constructed it will not be
found difficult to drill the extra holes to take new com-
TR1
2N696
TR2
AC154 1
ponents, while still leaving some space for future 11(
TO OUTPUT
OR
0031
Tj-BY1
additions, such as another transistor and a resistor or 1 FOUR HP7
PEN CELLS
two. Alternatively, the surplus part of the amplifier
1

200m A
panel could be cut away and the semiconductor switch V MAX
assembled on a separate panel.
Returning to Fig. 7, the new resistors R6 and R7 are 0
connected in place of the former relay to the collector A

of TR2, and two outputs are provided to suit different

switching configurations; these are labelled "Output
A" and "Output B" in the circuit diagrams. A choice
of values for Cl, C2, and C3 in Fig. 7, are to suit
1kHz and kHz transmitted tones, for two channel
working.
In passing, it should be mentioned that the miniature
disc ceramic capacitors specified for Amplifier "B"
tend to have a poor tolerance, and some divergence
from the predicted frequencies is to be expected. MOTOR WITH
Limited space excludes the use of any other type of GEARBOX

capacitor but, as similar capacitors can be used in both

transmitting and receiving equipment, it is usually
found that "spreads" are largely cancelled out. The
response of Amplifier "B" is not sharp enough to cause PRINTED CIRCUIT
SWITCHING DISC
difficult tuning problems.
COPPER
USING A SEQUENCE SERVO
A sequence or stepping servo needs no clockwork or
rubber motor and is more powerful than an escape-
ment. If there is some extra space available in the
model it might be worthwhile to install a servo. The
diagram in Fig. 9 illustrates the action of a self-
neutralising servo, which is similar in principle to the
two -arm escapement.
Also shown is one popular method of achieving
automatic switching, namely a printed circuit disc with
wiper contacts. A servo of this type may either be
purchased complete and ready to use or else can be HOLD RELEASE
made up using a proprietary motor with integral HOLD

reduction gearbox, the latter being the least expensive Fig. 9. Self -neutralising servo system using a single battery
method.
The switching disc and crank may be glued with "quick -blip" compound action may be introduced for
Araldite to the gearbox output shaft. Complicated propulsion motor control.
switching modes are realisable when a number of wiper
contacts are mated to a disc with an elaborate etched CENTRE -TAPPED BATTERY
pattern, to give more than four crank positions and to A servo output shaft will rotate clockwise or counter-
operate ancillary circuits. Ordinary etched circuit clockwise, depending on battery polarity and assuming
materials are quite suitable for the switching disc. a permanent magnet motor. An escapement will only
In use, the stepping servo will obey press button rotate one way and has to pass through unwanted crank
commands of the right, neutral, left, neutral type, and a positions to reach the one required.
BY1 BY1
INPUT Fig. 8. Revised layout of Ampli-
fier "B" for relayless output.
Full size drilling template below

0 0 BY1
0
0
o
o
0
00 0
0 0 0 0
0
0 0 o oo 0
0
0
0 00
OUTPUT
496 OUTPUT
 RECEIVER AND AMPLIFIERS
L.F. transistors ACY28 (S.T.C.)
R2 R4
Alternatives 0081 (Mullard)
1811
AC154 (Brimar)
NKT271 (Newmarket)
CI
01 2G38I (Texas)
RI
TR1 BTI
6-9V in R.F. transistors BSY27 (S.T.C.)
ACY 28 or Alternatives BFYI8 (S.T.C.)
Dt
D2 0081
0481 04 81 NKTI 2332 (Newmarket)
FROM
RECIEVER TRANSMITTER
OUTPUT C4 R5
15 200 L.F. transistors 0083 (Mullard)
pF
0 Alternatives GET103 (G.E.C.)
ty7kfl AC154 (Brimar)
Filter 2
R.F. transistors BSY27 (S.T.C.)
Av",,":4-7kfl Filter 3
Alternatives BFY18 (S.T.C.)
s/\!,_7!`-1 Filter 4 NKTI2332 (Newmarket)

TRANSMITTER
Lt

-18V
o-- VR1
rr n 4
TR3

0.1 0.1
S2 10811 pF pF

^V Rt R2 R3 C5 Tc3
BYI JK1
1811 4.7k.0 4180 50 25
pF pF
C1 C2
io
0-1pF 0.10F

BY2 TR1 TR2

GET103 GET103

MODULATOR AND SUPPLY FILTER R.F OSCILLATOR

Aerial is 36in telescopic The complete transmitter circuit above is made up on

LI 15mH wave wound choke the s.r.b.p. board: top view shown below left; under-
L2 8 turns 14 s.w.g. enamel copper wire, centre side wiring below right. Scale full size.
tapped. Inside dia. bin
L3 5 turns 14 s.w.g. enamel copper wire, insulated
and fitted inside L2

These drawings are reprinted from the previous series *on Miniature Model Control. The receiver, amplifier -A", and
amplifier "C" were given last month *NOTE: We regret that neither these back numbers nor reprints of the original series can be supplied.
49 7
 Four transistors in a bridge configuration are Fig. II. Alternative two -
necessary to reverse the polarity of a single battery, but wire servos for use with
only two transistors are needed with a centre -tapped the system shown in
supply, as demonstrated by the circuit in Fig. 10. If Fig. 10
TR1 is "on" the motor will revolve one way, but with
TR2 "on" it will rotate the other way.
TWO -POSITION SERVO
At first sight, applications for a servo which can only
take up one of two crank positions appear to be
restricted, but it will be seen later that the two -position
servo with limit contacts is extensively used in all non - X x

sequential control systems. The servo (Fig. 10) has

ordinary spring contacts serving as limit stops, used in
conjunction with a cam which fits on to the servo output
shaft. MOTOR WITH
On single -channel working this servo will rotate both GEARBOX

ways but can only offer the two fixed crank positions, SLIPPING
CLUTCH
corresponding to "signal on" and "signal off" con- LIMIT STOP
ditions.

TO OUTPUT 'A TR1 BY1

2N696
TWO
HP7
TO OUTPUT'S
R1
2.2 kn.

BY2
TWO
TR2 HP7
CRANK
AC154
OR 0081
T+3V
THREADED
ROD
MOTOR WITH
GEARBOX

SUPPING CLUTCH
CAM LIMIT
STOP

THREADED BUSH

The base of TR2 in Fig. 10 is routed via a 2.2 kilohm

resistor to "output B" on the Amplifier "B" panel. If
the gain of TR2 is abnormally high, or low, RI should
be adjusted accordingly to ensure that the relative
CRANK
currents and switchover points of TR1 and TR2 are
similar.
With a positive going signal on the bases of TR1 and
TR2, TR I will begin to switch on and TR2 will begin, to
switch off as the signal reaches approximately the same
potential as the battery centre -tap. The two transistors
will be alternately full on or full off depending on
whether a signal is received or not.
OTHER SERVOS
The servo of Fig. 10 has three wires leading to its
semiconductor switch. Two -wire versions are avail-
able which use the slipping clutch principle, instead of
limit contacts, with the crank limited by a mechanical
stop. Two representative types are shown in Fig. 11,
and both types can be used for steering purposes where
more than one channel is available. Note that the
screw servo has an inherently large reduction ratio and,
therefore, does not need a big reduction in the gearbox
associated with its motor.
HOLD RELEASE BETWEEN
POSITIONS
Although it is not possible to review every sort of
Fig. 10.
servo construction in the space available here, the
Two -battery, two -position servo system fundamental principles associated with motor switching
 MMilia=11=MMIMIMIIMM111111=1=IIMENII=MMINIMI=M=11111111111011
I should like a copy of the Electroniques Hobbies Manual. Enclosed is a cheque/P.O. for 10,'6.
NAME

ADDRESS

P E. 6

ME MI MO 11111

Audio is just one of the topics covered in the

Electroniques Hobbies Manual
With the new 600 -page Electroniques 2. MODULAR UNITS Featured above is DESIGNS Throughout the Hobbies
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6717MG

499
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3rd I.F. P50, 3CC 8/ - Weyrad Booklet 2/ -
Tunable channels 1 to 5. Gain 18 dB. ECC84 valve 10 watt } WIRE -WOUND RESISTORS 1/9
Kit price 82/8 or 55/- with power pack. Details 84. 15 watt 10 ohms to 8,800 ohms 2/-
Volume Controls 80 Ohm Coax 6d id. BAND III I.T.A.-same prices. Tunable channels 7 to 13.
10K. 15K, 20K, 25K, 88K, 10W. 3, -
Semi -air spaced Cable
MAINS DROPPERS. Midget. With sliders.
Long spindles. Midget Size Band I or III. Coils and circuit only, 9/8. Chassis 4/9. 0.3 a., 1 K., 0.2 a., 1.2 K., 0.15 a., 1.5 K., 6/- each.
5K. ohms to 2 Meg. LOG or 40 yd. 17/8, 60 Pd. 25/-. B.B.C. 2 SUPER BOOSTER transistor model. Ready built 75/-. LINE CORD 100 ohms ft. twin plus resistance. 1/- It.
LIN. L/8 31, D.P. 5/.. FRINGE LOW LOSS I /A
STEREO L/S 10/8, D.P. 14/6.
Ideal 825 lines / -yd. BLANK ALUMINIUM CHASSIS. 18 aw.g. 21in. sides. WIRE -WOUND 3 -WATT WIRE -WOUND 4 -WATT
x 4in., 5/8; 9 x 7in., 8/6; 11 x Sin. WO: 11 7in. 7/8; POTS. T.V. Type. Values STANDARD SIZE POTS.
COAXIAL PLUG 1/-. PANEL SOCKETS 1/-. LINE SOCK- 3 x gin. 9/8; 14 x llin. 12/8; 15 x 14in., 15/, 10 ohms to 30 K., 3/3, LONG SPINDLE VALUES
ETS 2/-. OUTLET BOXES. SURFACE OR FLUSH 4/6.
BALANCED TWIN FEEDERS 1/- yd., 80 or 800 ohms. ALUMINIUM PANELS 18 s.w.g. 12 x 12in. 5/8; 14 x 916. Carbon 30 K. to 2 meg.. 3/-. 50 OHMS to 100 K., 7/6.
TELESCOPIC CHROME AERIALS. 610. extends to 23in. /8; 12 x Sin. 3/8; 10 x 7in. 2/9; 8 x (tin. 2/-;.6 x 4in. 1/11
VALVE HOLDERS. Int. Oct. 8d. Mazda Oct. 6d.; B7G,
6/6 each. CAR AERIAL PLUGS 1/8. Sockets 1/3. BOA, BOG, B9A, Moulded 9d. Ceramic 11-. B70, BOA
ALL PURPOSE TRANSISTOR PRE -AMPLIFIER Cans 1/-. Valve base plugs B70. BOA. Int. Oct.. 2/3.
TV REMOTE CONTROL Gain 14: 1. 250v. or 9v. input. Ready built with Mu Metal
For PHILIPS 19TG111A, input transformer for Mikes, Pick -Ups, Tuners. 15/. 80 ON LY-SA NGA M 0 3 inch SCALE
121A, 122A, 123A,
Instructions and circuit supplied. Post 2/6. LABORATORY 'MOVING COIL METERS
23TG111A, 113A, 121A, Various calibrations and movements. 100 Microamp 55/-;
131A, STELLA ST1033A THE INSTANT 1 Milliamp 50/-, etc. Poet 5/- extra. Send S.A.E. for list.
39A, 43A. 53A. BULK TAPE BRAND NEW QUALITY
COSSOR CT1910A, 21A, ERASER AND ikk, EXTENSION LOUDSPEAKER
CT2310A, 21A, 31A
RECORDING HEAD In tough cream plastic) cabinet
PHILIPS Price 3 gns. with 20ft, lead and adaptors. For
Our 1,14 Post DEMAGNETISER to any transistor radio, intercom,
Price 949. 2/6 Amer.
mains radio, tape recorder, etc.
New. Includes /lit. 7 -way cable, 200/250 v. A.C. Post ZC/. 3 to 15 ohm matching
B rignd
MULLARD 0A81 2 pots. 3 switches 5 resistors Leaflet S.A.E. 1/6 Size: 7d' x 51" x 3" gi/ 30' Post
RETURN OF POST DESPATCH Post and Packing 1/6 unless otherwise stated. C.O.D. 5/ - extra. Full List 1/-. CALLERS WELCOME
RADIO COMPONENT SPECIALISTS 337 W HITEHORSE ROAD, WEST CROYDON
Written guarantee with every purchase. (Export. Send remittance and extra postage, no C.O.D.) Buses 133, 68 pass door. S.R. Stn. Selhurst, Tel.: 01-684-1665
 Fig. 12. Circuit diagram for
two-tone progressive steering

52a`
BYI

9V BY2
TR
see 3V
text Ampl fuer
UTPUT
Receiver
1kHz 2N696 500mA max

TR2
CI
Servo BY3 .1. key a "right" tone, and left
Amplifier Motor
OUTPUT
3V
a "left" tone. In the central
0.02pF 5kHz 2N696 ) switch position an un-
S2b
modulated carrier alone
will be radiated and the
servo will be stationary.
apply to almost every servo and differences are confined Obviously, if a tone is inadvertently left on, the servo
to gearing and refinements. will move to one of its limit stops and stay there until
Modern servos use low consumption motors of the opposite tone causes it to move away from the limit
around 3-6V, with stall currents of approximately stop. Rapid right and left "twitching" of the trans-
200mA and a running current under load of about mitter switch will "inch" the servo one way or the other,
100mA or less. Gearbox ratios will be found to vary thus counteracting the effects of servo motor "over-
according to individual design and purpose but will shoot".
usually lie somewhere between 3 : 1 and 60: 1. The A two -wire servo is shown in Fig. 12. For three wire
Mighty Midget motor is a popular type for home built servos, the TR2 emitter to TR1 collector connection
servos, but motors with multi -speed boxes are available should be split, as in the earlier diagram Fig. 10. If it is
offering a choice of ratios to suit every application. found that the 5kHz amplifier does not respond as well
One such is the Milliperm 1-500 mated to a six -speed as its 1kHz counterpart, the 0.1FF decoupling capacitor,
epicyclic box. Cl in the Receiver circuit, should be reduced in value to
improve h.f. response; 0.05/1F can be taken as the new
TWO-TONE PROGRESSIVE SYSTEM value for Cl.
The main disadvantage with sequence systems is that There is no need for a 100FF line decoupling capacitor
previous crank positions must be memorised if a false across the receiver supply BY1 (Fig. 12) if a PP3 battery
command is to be avoided. With the 1kHz and 5kHz is used because it has a much lower internal impedance
versions of Amplifier "B", coupled as in Fig. 12, than the smaller PP5. If a PP5 Is used, the electrolytic
independently keyed tones can be sent from the capacitor should be retained.
transmitter, one tone for a right turn and the other tone The transmitter modification for two tone modula-
for a left turn. Consequently, there is no doubt as to tion, incorporating a "centre -off" toggle switch, is
which way the steering will move under command. given in Fig. 13. Although shown to aid identification,
With no received tones, TR1 and TR2 in Fig. 12 will S2 serves no useful purpose in this circuit. The
both be off, leaving the servo isolated from its batteries sequence press button should be replaced by an on/off
with its crank stationary as last set, somewhere between switch SI, and if it is intended to retain the existing
the limit stop extremes. To arrive at any desired crank transmitter case, S2 could be rewired to serve as SI,
position, including neutral, it is only necessary to key with R1 of the modulator taken to the negative rail.
the required tone for a brief period, switching off again Larger .batteries will be needed to cope with the
when the servo crank has attained the new position. increased duty cycle demand, as a continuous unmodu-
To facilitate easy working, a "centre off" toggle lated carrier is radiated when steering switch S3 is in its
switch can be mounted on the transmitter. The central position.. It is suggested that S3, Clb, and C2b
switch is orientated so that throwing the toggle right will be mounted in the space left vacant by the original PP3
batteries.
Next month we shall
° 070 describe a pulse system
applied to steering and
VRI propulsion using one -stick
\52 10
kfl
EOM
Tcontrol.
To RF
Oscillator
RI Cla C2a
ikIl

S3 b 0.1pF

Fig. 13. Modified part of the trans-

mitter circuit for two-tone working,
using a two -pole changeover toggle
switch with centre -off position
 ctODUCING En compliance and a new damping arrangement. The
-"Li/A recommended playing weight for the Mk. 4 is If
0 16" grammes, and the price is 20 guineas. Hand-picked
0 N 45* samples are offered to professional users at a somewhat
higher price.
O Goldring, whose turntables and pick-ups are known to
so many constructors and music -lovers, are celebrating
their 60th year in the industry. A new stereo cartridge
marks the occasion: it is model 800, a magnetic
cartridge with an advanced specification. Effective
tip mass is quoted as 1 milligramme; separation is 25dB
at lkHz; and statie compliance is 20 x 10-6 cm/dyne.
Playing weight range is 1 to 3 grammes.
2 0 Relatively inexpensive moving -magnet cartridges
0 from Audio-Technica have now reached the shops.
This firm's range starts with the AT6 at only £4 19s 6d.
Then come the AT3 and the AT5 which, with conical
stylus, sells at £11 19s 6d. A version with bi-radial tip
is also available.
The Ortofon moving -coil pick-up, in its widely used
form, is a fairly massive cartridge with built-in trans-
formers. Now, however, cartridge type SL15 is
available as a lightweight unit (only 7 grammes), and
the transformers are housed in a separate small unit
REACHING a peak at the time of the Audio Fair, the which one connects between amplifier and pick-up.
spring -time introductions of new audio products This latter item is essential if a moving -coil pick-up
can always be expected to yield much of interest to both is to be used with any practical amplifier. The cartridge
amateur constructors and those who require ready- and transformer unit sell at £27 lOs complete.
made equipment. This year there was a notable variety, A new arm of advanced design, type RS212, has also
as is evidenced in the wide range of disc equipment at arrived from Ortofon. The Thorens TP13 arm,
prices to suit most pockets. A selection of cartridges, familiar as a companion to the TD150 turntable, is now
arms and turntables, some quite new and others in available separately at £12 Ils 6d; and the more costly
revised versions, heads the list this month. TP14 arm, while remaining separately available, can
now also be found as a fixture on the TD124 pro-
RECORD REPRODUCTION fessional turntable. For details of these Ortofon and
At the top of the price range, tempting those who Thorens components write to Metrosound (Sales) Ltd.,
permit no compromise in record reproduction, is the Bridge Works, Wallace Road, London, N.1.
Shure V15 Type II, designed to track securely at not Those seeking moderately priced pick-up arms should
more than 1 gramme, with a precision arm such as the note that, in addition to the Thorens TPI3, the SAU2 by
S.M.E. Unfortunately for many, "no -compromise" Connoisseur, and the Neat G30 (from Japan via

Shure VIS Type 11

pick-up cartridge Ortofon R5212 arm

qk I

_ -
Decca ffss Mk. 4
Connoisseur SAU2 stereo cartridge

performance means an uncompromising price: this Howland -West) deserve investigation. Note also that
moving -magnet stereo cartridge costs £35. Shure the Lab80 auto -transcription unit and two record
introduced at the same time their M75E which, at changers in the Garrard series have moved up to Mark 2
£22 10s, has a bi-radial stylus and tracks at not more status with -the incorporation of detail modifications.
than 1+ grammes. Some other cartridges by this A transparent plastics dust -cover is obtainable for
company are reduced in price: for instance, the M44-5 Garrard units fitted to wood bases.
with a half -thou stylus now sells at £12 10s.
Enthusiasts will already have noted the introduction SOLID-STATE UNITS
of the Decca Mk. 4, now being made in both cartridge Newly arrived in the U.K. from Japan are the
form and as a head to fit the Decca arms. Improve- Nikko transistorised units, at present comprising a
ments in design include lower tip mass, increased tuner, an amplifier, and a combined tuner -amplifier.
502
Specifications can be obtained from Howland -West
Ltd., 2 Park End, London, N.W.3. Model FAM-12
is an a.m./f.m. tuner, equipped for stereo reception and
offering such features as a meter to aid tuning, switched
a.f.c. and a local/distance control. There is medium
wave coverage in addition to the usual f.m. band. The MN

price is £58 1 ls.

Companion to this unit is the TRM-40 amplifier Nikko FAM-12 a.m./f.m. stereo tuner
which; at £39 10s, has all the usual input facilities and is
rated at 11 watts per channel into 16 ohms. Further up speaker to a transistorised amplifier of very low
the price scale, the ST701 stereo tuner -amplifier has a output impedance, such as the 4 ohms encountered in
higher power rating, employs silicon transistors some imported amplifiers. It is because of this problem
throughout, and incorporates an a.m./f.m. radio that a few British specialists, including Celestion, now
section. Howland -West have also added new "Clear - offer speaker systems in low impedance versions (4 to
view" cabinets which house popular types of player and 8 ohms) as well as 15 ohms.
have Perspex covers. However, Rectavox have produced a special trans-
Armstrong's new range of solid-state units, mentioned former of high quality which, they say, can be used to
briefly in the last Audio Trends, are described in a match speakers to solid-state amplifiers without danger
brochure available from Armstrong Audio Ltd., to the output transistors. This component has a
Warlters Road, London, N.7. In this Series 400 there power bandwidth of 20 watts, 25Hz to 20kHz.
are two tuners and two tuner -amplifiers as well as a Accessories from Rectavox are wall -fixing devices for
stereo amplifier priced at £42 15s. Type M4 stereo speaker enclosures and suction feet for resting speakers
decoder is sold at £9 10s. Enthusiasts should also note on shelves or furniture.
that certain Series 27 valve units are being continued by Constructors interested in making fairly large
this firm and that decoders are available for models speaker systems may care to note that matched speaker
marketed prior to the introduction of Series 400. sets are marketed by E.M.I. Sound Products of Hayes,
Performance standards of a very high order are Middlesex: Set 550 consists of a bass unit, crossover
achieved by System 20 equipment introduced recently filter, and two tweeters, and the leaflet setting out their
by Wharfedale. The amplifier, tuner, and transcription specifications also describes a suitable enclosure
turntable assembly are available as separate, encased measuring about 24in x 12in x 12iq. For a bigger
units for those who prefer a shelf -mounted system; system employing Set 950, an enclosure of 4 cu ft is
but the complete System 20 is also offered in either of specified. Four tweeters are mounted across an
two designs of cabinet-a lowboy and a more upright elliptical bass unit in an ingeniously designed arrange-
console. Thorens and Garrard turntable and pick-up ment claimed to provide a vertical polar characteristic
units are employed. An interesting brochure is obtain- (akin to a line -source) which minimises unwanted room
able from Rank Wharfedale Ltd., Idle, Bradford. reflections.
NEW SPEAKERS PERSONAL STEREO
A range of speaker systems introduced by Whiteley Headphones are increasingly in demand for personal
Electrical starts with the LC93, a "bookshelf" model twin channel listening. Koss headphones, made in the

F.M.1. 950 matched

loudspeaker set

Rank Wharfedale "low -boy" System 20

available in teak at 13 guineas or rosewood at 14 U.S.A., are now distributed by Tape -Music Distributors
guineas. It incorporates a 9in drive unit with and include model K0727 (£13 15s), which can be used
aluminium coil, melamine and paper cone, and in any system with 4, 8, or 16 ohms output. There are
siliconised cambric suspension. Next there is the also accessories, cheaper headphones, and a pro-
LC94 which, at £21 (for teak finish), again houses the fessional headset selling at £17 10s.
9in unit but employs acoustic labyrinth principles. Finally, Truvox Ltd. offer a reminder that their
The larger LC95 is of the reflex type, houses two drive address is now Hythe, Nr. Southampton. Since the
units and is priced at £47 lOs or more according to end of March they have been associated with
finish. Thermionic Products Ltd. at that address, but the
In the normal course of events it is not advisable to Truvox range of tape recorders and other hi-fi
experiment with a transformer to match a 15 ohm equipment continues unchanged.
 photographer's usual method for determining
T" correct exposures during enlarging is that of making
test strips; when the negatives are of differing overall
densities this method can result in wasted time and 40
materials. During recent years various enlarging aids
have appeared on the market but, while ideal in many
respects, these devices are also fairly expensive, often
bulky and mains powered, sensitive to mechanical
shock, and sometimes difficult to use in a dimly lit
darkroom since they give a visual indication of exposure.
Bearing these facts in mind, the design described here
is an audible (as opposed to visual) type exposure
indicator which has the advantages of audible indication
of correct exposure setting, robustness, and economy;
it is also small in size and is independent of mains
supplies.
FEEDBACK OSCILLATOR
The device is basically a direct coupled three
transistor amplifier feeding an earpiece. Referring to
the circuit diagram (Fig. 1), positive feedback is applied
from the collector of TR2 via capacitor Cl to the base
of TR1, so that the amplifier becomes a simple audio
oscillator with the earpiece emitting a high pitched
whistle. The pitch is determined mainly by the values
of Cl and RI.
Since the transistors are direct coupled, the current
through each is in effect controlled by the value of XI
which supplies the base bias current of the first transistor
and which is a cadmium sulphide photo -resistive cell or 15
light dependent resistor.
The overall gain of the amplifier is sufficient for
oscillation to occur only when each transistor has its 10
correct bias current, that is, when X1 has a certain
fixed value of resistance. Since the resistance of X1
depends on the intensity of the light incident on it 5
oscillation only occurs when this light has a certain
intensity.
A 1.3V mercury cell is used to power the unit but it
will work over a wide voltage range, from about 0.5V to
ENLARGEMENT
more than 9V, sensitivity and volume increasing with
increasing voltage. With some batteries it may be
necessary to connect an electrolytic capacitor across the
EXPOSURE
supply in order to avoid feedback effects due to the
battery resistance. This should not be necessary with a
medium sized mercury cell as the stability is better with
GUIDE
this type of battery. By J. E. JONES
The unit will work well for battery voltages up to 9V
with NKTI24 transistors but should not exceed 1.5V for
0C44.

122011 IMP
R3
10k11

MINIATUREI_
TR3 EARPHONE
NET124
OR
BY1
1-3V .4.

F)
(0C44

C1110.01.0

Fig.. I. Complete circuit of the oscillator

504
NEW MODEL 500. 30,000 o.p.v. With TYPE I 3A DOUBLE BEAM
overload protection, mirror scale. 0/.5/1/ OSCILLOSCOPE BARGAIN !
2.5/10/25 / 100 /950/
500 /1,000v. D.C. A high quality instru-
0 / 2.5 / 10 / 25 / ment, offered at a
100 / 260 500/ fraction of original
1,000v. A.C. cost. Timebase 2 c/s-
0 / 50µA / 5 / 60 750 kc/s. Separate -X ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
500mA. 12 amp. Y1 and Y2 amplifiers
D.C. up to 5.5 Mc/s. Built- * TEST EQUIPMENT
0 / 60K / 6 Meg. / 60. in calibrators at 100
Meg 1-1. 18/17/6 kc/s. and 1 Mc.
Post Paid. Operation for 115/ * COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT
250 v. A.C. Available
PROFESSIONAL 20,000 o.p.v. in excellent condition, * HI-FI EQUIPMENT
fully tested and
LAB. TYPE MULTITESTER checked. 822/10/-.
Carr. 30/-. We are proud to introduce our first
7E-20RF SIGNAL GENERATOR comprehensive catalogue of Electronic
Accurate wide Components and equipment. Over ISO
range signal gen- pages, fully illustrated, listing thousands
erator covering
120 kc/s-260 of items many at .bargain prices. Free
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With automatic overload protection, Directly cali- discount coupons with every catalogue.
mirror scale. Ranges: 1/10/50/250/200/ brated. Variable
1,000 volts, D.C. and A.C. 0-600 µA, Everyone in electronics should have a
10 mA, 250 mA. Current: 0/20 K, 200 K, R.F. attenuator.
Operation 200/ copy.
2 megobm. Decibels - 20 to + 22db. 240 v. A.C. Brand new with instructions
25/10/. P. le P. 2/8. 112/10/-. P. & P. 7/6. S.A.E. for details. CLEAR PLASTIC PANEL METERS
TE-900 LAFAYETTE 7E-46 RESISTANCE First grade quality, Moving Coll panel meters, available
20.0000 /VOLT S.A.E. for illustrated leaflet. Discounts for
ex -stock.
GIANT MIELTIMICTIGI8in. CAPACITY ANALYSER quantity. Available as follows: Type MR. 381'. 1 21/321n.
full view meter. 2 colour 2 P.F. - 2,000 square fronts.
scale. 0/2.5/10/250/1,000/ MFD. 2 ohms -
5,000 V. A.C. 0/25/12.5/10/ 200 megohms. 100.0-100µA . 27/6 200mA . .... 22/8 100V D.C... 22/8
50/250/1,000/5,000 V. D.C. Also checks im- 500.0.500µA 22/8 300mA.
. . 2203 150V D.C... 22/8
0/50µA/110/100/500 mA/ pedance turns 1-0-1mA 22/8 500mA..... 22/8 300V D.C... 22/6
10 amp. D.C. 02K/200K/20 ratio, insulation, _mA / 22/6 500V D.C... 22/6
Megohm. 112/19/6. P. & P. 200/250 v. A.C. 2mA 22/6 IA D.C..... 22/6 750V D.C... 22/8
Brand New 115. 5mA 22/6 2A D.C.. .. 22/6 15V A.C.... 22/8
Carr. 7/6. lOmA 22/8 5A D.C..... 22/8 50V A.C.... 22/6
50µA 32/8 20mA 22/8 3V D.C..... 22/8 150V A.C. . 22/8
MODEL 10M TRANSISTOR CHECKER TE22 SINE SQUARE WAVE 100µA 29/6 50mA 300V A.C... 2213
22/6 NV D.C. .. 22/8
It has the fullest ca- AUDIO GERERATORS 200µA 2718 100mA 22/8 20y D.C. .. 22/6
500V A.C... 22/8
pacity for checking
on A, B and Ico. Sine: 20 cps to 500µA .... . 25/- 150mA 22/8 50V D.C. ... 22/6 .,''S"MeterlinA 29/6
200 kc/s on 4 50.0-50µA .. 29/8 POST EXTRA. Larger sizes available -send for lists.
Equally adaptable
for checking diodes, bands. Square: - ---
etc. Spec.: A 0.7- 20 cps to 30 kc/s. R209 MK. II COMMUNICATION
0 -99137,B: 5-200, Ico: Output imped- RECEIVER
0-50 microamps, 0-5 ance 5,000 ohms,
init. Resistance for 200/250 v. A.C. 11 valve high grade communication receiver auitalii.
diode 200 0 - I Supplied brand
new and guaran- for tropical use. 1-20 Mcia on 4 bands. AM/CW/FM
Meg. Supplied complete with instructions, operation. Incorporates precision vernier driver, BFO.
lottery and leads. 813/19/8. P. & P. 2/6. teed with instruc- Aerial trimmer, internal speaker and 12 v. D.C. internal
tion manual and leads, 215. Carr. 7/8. power supply. Supplied in excellent condition, fully
*TRANSISTORISED FM TUNER* ARF-I00 COMBINED AF-RF tested and checked. 815. Carr. 20/-.
8 TRANSISTOR
HIGH QUA- SIGNAL GENERATOR
LITY TUNER, AF. SINE WAVE HA -63A COMMUNICATION
SIZE ONLY Sin. 20 - 200,000 cps. OUTSTANDING VALUE
41n. x 241n. Square wave 20- High class receiver covering 550 kc/s.-31 me/s on 4
3 I.F. stages. 30,000 cps. 0/P. bands. Incorporates 7 valves plus rectifier, RF stage,
Double tuned HIGH IMP. 21 v. illuminated S' meter, 1.5µV sensitivity, electrical
1 scriminator. PIP 600 0 3.8 v. bandepread on the 80/40/20/15 and 10 metre bands.
Ample output to P/P. slide rule dial, aerial trimmer, B.F.O., noise limiter.
feed most amplifiers. Operates on 9 volt TF. 100 kc/e-300 Output for phones or speaker. Operates on 115/220/
battery. Coverage 88-108 Mc/s. Ready Mc/s. 240 v. A.C. Supplied brand new and guaranteed with
built ready for use. Fantastic value for Variable R.F. attenuation Int/Ext. Modu- manual. 24 gnu. Carr. 10/-.
money. 86.17.6. P. & P.2/6. lation Incorporates dual purpose meter to
monitor AF output and % mod. on R.N.
220/240 v. A C. 127/10/, Carr. 7/6. LAFAYETTE KT -340
NOMBREX COMMUNICATION RECEIVER
TE-65 VALVE VOLTMETER SEMI -KIT`
TRANSISTORISED High quality instru- Build this wonderful receiver and save Pounds I
ment with 28 ranges. Supplied semi -completed, main components
EQUIPMENT
D.C. volts 1.5.1,500 v. ready mounted, R.F. Section already wired and
A.C. volts 1.5-1,500 v. aligned. Full and precise instructions supplied.
ALL Post Paid Resistance up to 1,000 Specification: 8 valves + rectifier, 4 bands
With Battery megohms. covering 550 Kc/s-30 Me/s. Incorporates 1 R.F.
220/249 v. A.C. opera- and 2 I.F. stages, " Q " multiplier, B.F.O., A.N.L,
tion. " meter, bandepread, aerial trimmer, etc.
Transistorised Audio Generator 10-100,000 Complete with probe Operation 115/230v. A.C. Price 25 GM. Carr. 10/-
c/s. Sine or square wave. 116/15/-. Tran- and instructions, 115.
sistorised Signal Generator 150 kc/s. 230 P.P. 8/.. HAM -I. 4 BAND
Additional Probes COMMUNICATION RECEIVER
Mc/s. 110/10/-. Transistorised resistance available R.F.85/-;
capacity bridge 10. 100 Meg. 0 1 pf- H.V. 48/6. 4 wavebands covering 535 ke/s-30 Mc/s 5 -valve
100µF. 19. euperbet circuit. Incorporates S meter, B.F.O.,
Transistorised Induction bridge 1µ11100H. BANDSPREAD TUNING, BUILT -1N Sin.
119. Maine operated Transistor power
supply unit, output 1-15 v. up to 100 mA.
P.M. WIRELESS
MICROPHONE ,,,,, SPEAKER, FERRITE AERIAL AND EX-
TERNAL TELESCOPIC AERIAL. Operation
16/10/-. 94-104 Mc/s. Transis- izeOP 220/240v. A.C. Supplied brand new with hand-
book. 218/18/0. Carr. 10/,
SILICON RECTIFIERS torised. Operates from
200 v. P.1.V. 200mA 2/8
9 v. battery. Complete
with additional secret tie - NEWLAFAYETTE MODEL HA -700 AM/CW/SSB
200 v. P.I.V. 6 amp 5/6 clip microphone. List AMATEUR COMMUNICATION RECEIVER
400 v. P.I.V. 3 amp. 7/8 212.10.0. ONLY 18.15.0. valves, 5 bands incorporating 2 MECHANICAL -
1,000 v. P.I.V. 650 mA 6/8 P. A P. 2/6. FILTERS for exceptional selectivity and sensi-
800 v. P.I.V. 500mA 5/6 tivity. Frequency coverage on 5 bands 150-
800 v. P.I.V. 5 amp 7/8 These cannot be operated
400 v. P.I.V. 500mA- 3/8 in U.K. 400 kc/e, 550.1,600 he/s, 1.6.4.0 Mc/e, 48.-
70 v. P.I.V. 1 amp. 3/8 14.5 Mc/s, 10-5-30 Mc/s. Circuit incorporates
150 iii. P.I.V. 165mA R.F. stage, aerial trimmer, noise limiter. B.F.O.,
150 v. P.I.V. 25 amp 19/6
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700 v. P.I.V. 100 amp. 49/8 tion. Perfect condition. 115. Carr. 30/-. or speaker 4 or 8 ohms. Operation 220/240 volt
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JOYSTICK AERIALS new and guaranteed with handbook 88 GEB. carr. Open 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. every day
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-s

(RADIO) LIMITED
Phone GERRARD 8204/9155
Cables SMITHEX LESQUARE
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4Wilkm.*\
 Dept. PEI

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we can list the names able as replacements for the following popular types only at present: SHE TCSLP-
BSR TCS STEREO -BSR.TCS LP/STEREO-COLLARO STUDIO "0" LP/RONETTE-
GARRARD GCS LP-ACOS GP 65/87LP-ROSETTE BF40/LP-GARRARD GCS LP.
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TELESCOPIC FLOOR STAND, HEAVY BASE. Standard thread. 49/6. Carr. &
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INTER-COMM. DE -LUXE 8 -WAY. Ideal for offices, workshops, theatres, etc. Highly
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Industrial Electronics for Automation RECORD PLAYER DESKS. GARRARD All latest models. All
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9
25 19 8
£7 10 0
8
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/5 19
£6 2
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6
l'A 15/SS3D-As above, but with low- mass p/u. arm, reducing record
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.£6 18 9

Radar 8r Servo Engineering PLINTHS to suit most record decks. In attractive simulated wood finish 17" x 14' X 4'
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City 8- Guilds of London Institute MAGNAVOX n388" TAPE DECKS. LATEST MODELS.
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Subject No. 300 With 4 track Bradmatic heads
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-6

506
MINIATURE UNIT
The construction is shown in Fig. 2. The copper COMPONENTS . . .
strips on the board having to be broken in only four
places. The earpiece is fixed in place with "Evostik" or Resistors
a similar adhesive. The mercury cell, a Mallory type RI 22E-1 R3 10kfl
640 or type 1, is held in place by a Terry clip which is R2 2.2kfl R4 1000
bolted to a small loop of stout wire soldered to the All 5% +watt carbon
board. When all soldering has been completed, the Capacitor
underside of the board is best protected with a coat of CI 0.0 1pf polyester
paint or varnish.
The complete unit can be built on a piece of Vero - Photo -cell
board of about 3in x liin or even smaller and can, if XI ORPI2 cadmium sulphide cell (Mullard) or
desired, be enclosed in a small box painted white to Proops type 4 (Proops Bros. Ltd., 52 Tottenham
show up in the darkroom. Holes are drilled in the box Court Road, London, W.C.1.)
near the earphone and photo -cell. Transistors
TR I, TR2, TR3 NKT 124 or 0C44 (3 off)
SETTING -UP
A suitable procedure when using the device is as Battery
follows: BY! 1.3V mercury cell type I (Mallory)
1. Switch on the enlarger and focus the image of the
negative on to .the baseboard with the lens iris fully Miscellaneous
Magnetic earpiece 2500
open. Veroboard 3.Iin x 1.6in. Matrix 0.15in
2. Switch on the exposure indicator unit and position Spring clip no. 80/0 (Terry)
the photo -cell on the lightest part of the negative image Plastics box
(corresponding to shadow area in print).
3. Close the iris until the device emits a whistle.
4. Switch off the enlarger, replace the exposure
indicator with printing paper, and switch on the
enlarger again, leaving it on for a fixed time depending The earpiece should be of medium impedance and
on the type of printing paper being used and previously must be magnetic, not crystal. The cadmium sulphide
determined for that paper by means of the usual test cell can be a Mullard type ORPI2 but a Proops Bros.
strip. The exact exposure time will therefore be the type 4 is preferred because of its smaller size (less than
same for every picture and will depend only on the type diameter) The circuit draws very little current
of printing paper used, and is about 30 to 40 seconds. (about 2mA) so the mercury cell lasts a very long time.
Alternatively, the circuit can be modified so that it is Sensitivity can be decreased, for shorter printing
adjustable by replacing R I with a variable resistor or times, by either:
by placing a variable resistor in series with Xl. In this (a) painting round the.edge of the photocell window
case the exposure would be read off a dial directly. with black paint in order to reduce its effective area, or
This exposure aid is intended as a simple, reliable, (b) by painting the whole of the photocell window
and cheap device for avoiding wastage of time and paper with a transparent blue paint or waterproof ink-this
during normal enlarging and would be a great help to gives the cell a better colour response, the cell normally
beginners. It is almost completely shockproof and being very sensitive to the red end of the spectrum.
accuracy can be better than plus or minus one third of a The unit has been successfully used for "through -the -
stop (measured through a camera lens). Circuit resistor lens" camera exposure metering, the shutter speed
values are fairly critical but the values of CI and RI being set according to film speed (e.g. 1/125 for 125 ASA
can be altered if desired. film).

MINIATURE EARPHONE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

A O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

B O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

C O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

E O 0 0 o) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

G O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0(0.)
O0
H 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

J O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

BATTERY SUPPLY GOES TO CIRCUIT VIA WIRE LOOP E17 E113 TO STUD (-VE)
AND WIRE LOOP 117.118 AND TERRY CLIP TO CASE (4VE).

Fig. 2a. Components are all mounted on the perforated Fig. 2b. Underside view of the board. Copper strip
board. Insert the battery in the spring clip with the breaks are shown. Soldered connections are shown with the
negative stud face down holes blacked in

507
 Part One
J

PORTABLE SIMPLE TO BUILD

Minimum Display Area 5cm 5cm

Timebase Speeds Calibrated from 10i,s to 10ms in four steps
X Expansion Five times minimum
Fine Frequency Control Increases by more than ten times upon the basic
frequency
X Shift Plus and minus 2 5 centimetres about centre
Y Sensitivity From 10mV to 30V peak -to -peak per centimetre in
eight calibrated ranges
Y Shift Plus and minus 2 5 centimetres about centre
Sync Internal: varied by trigger control
External: varied by trigger control with spare posi-
tions
Bandwidth From 20Hz to 1 MHz 2dB; to 2MHz 4dB '

Y distortion Better than 2% over 2 5 centimetre display area

Input Impedance Better than 3.3 megohms from 20Hz to 500 kHz

nossiBLY one of the more difficult problems from a unit. It is not necessary to resort to measurement of
r constructor's point of view is the inability to check a "standard" signal so that a comparison has to be
the shape of a waveform once an equipment has been made.
built. A desirable asset in the constructor's workshbp In the Y plane there are eight calibrated switched
is an oscilloscope, although the cost of purchasing one positions from 10mV per centimetre to 30V per centi-
often precludes its inclusion among the normal array of metre; the bandwidth lies between 20Hz and 1MHz
test equipment. with the amplitude variation kept within plus or
It is possible to buy either surplus units or relatively minus 2dB. The timebase, however, requires only
inexpensive display units, but the usual problem four switched positions to cover quite adequately the
encountered under these circumstances lies in the fact stipulated bandwidth. This function has been divided
that the majority of such equipments fail to provide the into multiples of ten and the coverage, as indicated, in
required input sensitivity or do not accurately treasure four ranges is from 10 millisecond to 10 microsecond.
the voltage of the waveform under test. The display tube used in this oscilloscope has a 5cm
The oscilloscope described in this article provides an screen and is available on the market as a new G.E.C.
indication of the input signal and enables the operator unit number 700A or may be located on the "surplus"
to check the frequency of the signal under measure- market as VCRI39A. This tube gives a substantial
ment by reference to the switches on the front of the display more than adequate for even complex wave-
508
 By R. Hirst
Immmir

COMPACT EASY ACCESS TO ALL COMPONENTS

forms. In order to ease the construction the whole anode resistors, R22 and R23 are of different values as
oscilloscope has been broken down into sub -sections the introduction of the Y shift control into the grid of
each of which are described in detail. V3b unbalances the gain factor of this stage to some
degree. The Y shift control merely changes the voltages
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION at the grid of V3b consequently changing the d.c.
Due to the relatively high voltages required to potential at the Y plates.
(promote the correct deflection at the X and Y plates
of the tube it was thought desirable to use inexpensive SYNC STAGE
and easily available valves rather than try to incor- The input signal is sampled at the anode of V2 and a
porate very expensive high voltage transistors. Hence portion of this is amplified by V4a and introduced into
the design based on valve circuitry. The whole circuit the timebase generator to provide locking of the time -
can be best described by breaking it down into the base to the incoming signal. The variable control VR5
various functions. Fig. 1 shows the complete circuit ensures that the locking signal can be injected into the
to which reference can be made. system in a correct proportion, consequently main-
taining stability of the timebase. V4b is not used but
Y PREAMPLIFIER can easily be adapted for the experimenter's own
The first stage VI contains two valves in one envelope, requirements.
the first Vla being directly coupled to the second VI b. text continued on page 514
The input impedance of this preamplifier is in the order
of 4.7 megohms, the input signal being applied to the
grid of VI a, a cathode follower, through a two-step
attenuator. VI b amplifies the signal in a more normal
fashion.
The variable decoupling of the emitter of this stage,
by the setting of VR3, allows the gain of this pre-
amplifier to be accurately adjusted during the setting -up
procedure. The output from VI b is fed into an eight -
step attenuator, switched by S1 b, which repeats the
attenuation characteristics twice and, in conjunction
with Sla, provides a coverage from 10mV to 30V
peak -to -peak per centimetre.
Y DRIVER AMPLIFIER
The output from the attenuator switch Sib is now
fed into V2 which provides sufficient gain to transfer
the incoming signal to a level that will adequately
drive the main Y amplifier. The small capacitor C6
offsets the slight high frequency deficiency and ensures
that the response shown on the Y plane is relatively
flat up to 2MHz.
Y MAIN AMPLIFIER
V3a and V3b take the form of a cathode -coupled
phase splitter where the balanced outputs from the
anodes are directly fed on to the Y plates. The two
509
 BRILLIINCE FOCUS 9
COMPONENTS...
Resistors
RI 4 7M S2
R2 47k0 H.S. low noise 2%
R3 1.2ki/
R4 331a2 Low Noise 5%
R5 2.2kil
R6 2 7k0
R7 3.3k0
R8 3000
R9 1.8k0
RIO 3000
`I -SHIFT R II 3005!
TRIGGER
R12 18012
High stability 2%
R13 1200
R14 150kt/
RI5 18k
R16 330k0
RI7 .560i2
R18 2.2k
R19 1 2MII
R20 1800
R21 2.7kil
R22 12k0
R23 18k0 12W wirewound
R24 120k LI
R25 4.7M
R26 4.7k }High stability 2%
R27 4700 3W wirewound
R28 150k i2
R29 100k
R30 82k0
R31 100kt/
R32 ISOkt2
R33 8 21(11
R34 3 3kil
R35 82012
R36 18k t.1 I watt
R37 12M SI

The back pcnel ros been .pored and

c.r.t. asse-nb.'y reyloved to show oack
panel detcif

5III
 Capacitors Valves
R38 27k1 }2W wirewound VI ECC8 I or 12AT7
CI 0.1iLF paper 250V
R39 18k S2
V2 EF80
2200 C2 liLF paper 250V
R40 V3 ECC82 or 12AU7
R41 1.2Mi.1 C3 3211F elect. 10V
C4 0.11J paper 250V V4 ECC81 or 12AT7
R42 2.7ki2 V5 EF80
I 20k II C5 0.22/LF paper 250V
R43 V6 ECC82 or 12AU7
R44 47k S.1 C6 0.0021iF ceramic
C7 0.2,,F paper 250V V7 700A or VCR139A cathode
R45 470i2 3W wirewound ray tube (G.E.C.)
R46 150k!.1 C8 50/LF elect. 350V
C9 0- 1pf paper 250V
R47 56k1.1
Transformer
R48 56ki). CIO 50/LF elect. 350V
501J elect. 350V TI Mains transformer (Belclere Ltd..
R49 820kil C 11
385 Cowley Road. Oxford)
R50 820k1.1 Cl2 100pF ceramic
C 13 0.2/iF paper 250V Type 053649
R5I 100i2 0-220-240V;
CI4 0.11iF paper 250V Pri:
R52 1000 Sec. 1: 240-0-240--625V;
R53 150kil CI5 0.022,F -)
0.0022ILF L 2% mica or Sec. 2: 4V IA: Sec. 3: 6.3V I.9A
R54 390k52 CI6
All 10%, IW carbon, except where CI7 220pF r polystyrene Switches
stated. C18 22pF S1 2 pole, 8 way
CI9 0.11,F paper 400V S2 Ipole, 3 way
Potentiometers C20 0. I liF paper 400V S3 2 pole on -off (switch on brilliance
VRI 10162 linear wirewound C21 11,F paper 250V control)
VR2 50k S2 linear carbon preset C22 0.0471iF 1 2 pole. 4 way
S4
VR3 5k S.1 linear carbon preset C23 0.0047/LF L 2% mica or
VR4 100161 linear carbon preset C24 470pF i polystyrene Miscellaneous
VR5 100ki1 linear wirewound C25 47pF J SKI 3 -pin mains plug
VR6 20k12 linear wirewound C26 501,F elect. 350V FS I 100mA
VR7 20k12 linear wirewound C27 0.111F paper 250V FS2 250mA
VR8 2M O. linear carbon preset C28 50/LF elect. 350V in square aluminium or steel (4 off)
VR9 2M0 linear wirewound C29 50pF elect. 350V 20 s.w.g. aluminium sheet 23in 10in
VRIO 20162 linear wirewound C30 0.221.,F paper 250V 16 s.w.g. aluminium panels 7in 8in (2 off)
VRI1 20k II linear wirewound C3I 81LF elect. 450V Capacitor clips (3 off)
C32 81,T elect. 450V Perforated s.r.b.p., 0.15 matrix, 7in 6.; in
Diodes B9A valve bases printed circuit type (6 off)
DI 0A91 BI 2B c.r.t. base
D2 0A91 10 knobs and 3 input terminals
D3 0A210 3in bore aluminium tubing 2.1,in long
D4 0A210 20 s.w.g. tinned copper wire
D5 K8/30 S.T.C. (Note: D3. D4. R51 and R52 mounted on TI)

511
 Y AMPLIFIER Y DRIVER
R18

2.2 60
R4
CB RI4 RI5
33 50 150 18
k0 pF
k0 60
C2

IpF
R6
27
60
C7
0.2
R7 VF
33
Via \sib k0 V2 7
ECC8I
C1 EFEPO
510 orI2 AT 7 4 C4
Sib
5
2 5 9
0 1pF
0.1pF
RB 6
1-3
300 70 8°
II Y Y

RI R2 R25
C3 R9
47 47 .7MO 32 1.8
MO pF 60

O R26 R3 R5 SET R10

R3 C5 616 617
INPUT 4.7 GAIN
1.2 2.2 5 300 o.72 0-002
330 560
60 60 k0 0 F
kII

TUF
R29
R II

10060 C12 3000

__NAr R12 RI3
R36
1800
100 pF CI9
1860

R30 C20 pF R33 R34 C26

82 0.1 imim 50
pF
8.2 33
k0 60 F
Di

C14 02
/\/\__.R
31
0A91W °A VR6 GAIN

100 kfl
20 4
0.1pF kn
CIS 0 022
6
I ,VF, 10F C22 _0.047
V4a
1

INTERNAL 4b CI6 V5
S2
1..0 00
EXTERNAL
54a
CW22 11
uF 9

8
2
R35
C23
1,.,. 0,3047
0 0 2pF ECU' or
12AT7 3 EF80 3
820 S4 b
)IIII470
pF
11
R54
Y Y

FINE
390
60 C25
IF 47pF
VR5 TRIGGER FREQUENCY VR9
100 4 2M0
60

R32
VR 8
150 2M0
100
EXTERNAL
SYNC.

Sia -6 1 I0mV 54a -b I 10mS

SYNC 30mV
2 2 1m5 TIMEBASE
3 100 mV 3 100 p5
4 300 mV
GENERATOR
4 10p5
5 IV
6 3V
7 106
8 30V

Fig. I. Complete circuit diagram a

 Y PHASE SPLITTER H. T. SUPPLY

FSI 03 T1
RZ7

470a 100mA OA 210

240V
0
R22 R23 R24 CIO
12 48 120 mum 50
pF
60 100 kfl

Oi
C11 VR 4 044
100
240VId
Y4
S OA 210 of
50pF

Y2
C:X
V3a 6 V3 b Oi
ECUS? SHIFT
or 12 AU7 VRI
7
20
kn
IE.H.T. SUPPLY
8
5 054
6251/4)
K8130

R20 28
150 4V
180
kQ 1A

R19

R5I
1.2 MO
R21 C9
VR2
0.1 100 0 6.3V
2.7 50
pF 4.9A
k0 1(11
R52

1000
R46 R45 R49
150 470 C31 820
k0 a 8 60
pF R50
53
820
32 U 60
240 V
R53 AC
86F
R39 R38 R43 150 MAINS
60 V7 INPUT
18 27 120
60 k0 kfl
FOCUS V1110

r 20 kfl w -Y2 SKI

7

xz X2-,--11
V6a 6 V6b C30 YI
'X' R47 R48 11

ECC 82 SHIFT 0.22

56 56
orl2AU7 V pF
kn
7
20 C29
700A or
C28
13 kfl VCRI39A
1

9 50 50
pF pF

VRI4
R 37 R40 20
BRILLIANCE
1.2 220 101
MI1 R41

Id mn
C27
R42 R44
2.7 F 4.7
k kn
0.1T
60 07
50 08
X PHASE SPLITTER DISPLAY TUBE
40

4
07

30 010
20 011
10 012
V7 base viewed from rear
the "Investigator Oscilloscope "
513
Fig. 2. Drilling details of the front panel made from 16 s.w.g. Fig. 3. Drilling details of the back panel made from 16 s.w.g.
aluminium sheet. Holes dia; holes 'B'-;in dia; aluminium sheet. Holes 'C-No. 26 drill
holes 26 drill

TIME BASE GENERATOR E.H.T. POWER SUPPLY

The time base generator is of the Miller run down The e.h.t. is taken from an auto winding of the h.t.
Transitron type giving an adequate sawtooth wave- secondary and is rectified by the half -wave rectifier
form over the range required. The frequency of this diode D5. Two 450 volt capacitors have been used as
generator is determined by, the switched capacitors the smoothing capacitors, and have been connected in
mounted on S4a and S4b. If these capacitors are kept series with each other across the supply, providing
to a reasonably close tolerance then quite accurate 800 volts d.c. for the cathode ray tube. A series
measurement of frequency of the signal under examina- resistor chain between this point and earth gives the
tion can be made. various voltages required for the brilliance and focus
A fine frequency control VR9 has been included controls and VR4 has been introduced so that the
with a preset condition (VR8) which enables the operator e.h.t. on the final anode of the tube can be adjusted
to preset the high frequency condition to a wide range for the best focusing condition. It is essential to
of predetermined frequencies. The fine frequency connect one side of the tube heater to the cathode so
control varies the frequency about ten times thus that the manufacturers' ratings of the tube in this
ensuring adequate display variation from range to respect are not exceeded.
range.
The X gain control is situated in the anode of V5 GENERAL NOTES
and the series resistor R34 ensures that the minimum The heater supply to the amplifier valves have been
condition allows for a 3cm scan. The time base may balanced by R51 and R52 so that the hum in the first
be expanded about five times by VR6 so that fine stage of the Y preamplifier is kept to a minimum.
detail in a wave form may be examined. Spare positions have been left on the sync function
switch so that further conditions may be introduced
by the constructor to suit his individual requirements.
X MAIN AMPLIFIER Use has been made of the spare set of contacts on the
The main amplifier for the X plates follows closely sync switch so that relevant h.t. points may be ter-
the configuration adopted in the Y plane where a minated here to ease the construction of the front
balanced output, this time from V6a and V6b, is fed panel. Care must be taken in ensuring that this
on to the X plates. The X shift is determined by VR9, switch is wired up correctly or h.t. will arrive at some
varying the d.c. potential on the X plates. .inconvenient point.
A spare valve V4b has also been included so that
once again the constructor may include circuitry to
assist in his particular field and from this valve there
H.T. POWER SUPPLY is easy access to h.t. points, etc.
The power supply follows the more usual techniques Construction can be started by making the front and
where the output of TI is full -wave rectified by the back panels in 16 s.w.g. aluminium (see Figs. 2 and 3).
diodes D3 and D4 and subsequently smoothed by
CIO, CI I, C28, and C29 in conjunction with R27 and Next month: Full constructional details,
R45. wiring, and setting up.

514
MARKET
PLACE
Items mentioned in this feature are usually
avai,able from electronic equipment and com-
ponent retailers advertising in this magazine. -
However, where a full address is given,
enquiries and orders should then be made direct
to the firm concerned.

411.11.111110.4.
Printed circuit connectors from Belling -Lee

LOOKING AROUND neon striking voltage is approxi- mounting as can be seen from our
During the brief lull in activities mately 50 volts a.c. Current is photograph.
between the closing of the Audio Fair quoted at 1mA normally for 25,000 The indicator is guaranteed for
and the opening of the Radio & hours life. The minimum current is 9,999 hours' operation and is available
Electrical Component Manufacturers' 0-2mA. for supply voltages ranging from
Federation Exhibition, May 23 to 26, The low striking voltage of these 6-300 volts a.c. at 50 or 60Hz, time
there have been a number of interest- indicators makes them ideal for some ranges of either 9,999 hours or 999
ing items appearing on the market. transistor circuit applications. plus tenths, both reverting to zero
Readers wanting to run a radio, Belling -Lee announced that three and recurring.
television, record player, or tape new printed circuit edge connectors A. F. Bulgin & Co. Ltd., have been
recorder in a caravan or boat may be have been added to their "slim -line" appointed the sole agents for Great
interested in a new range of Trans- range. These are L1740 a 24 -pole Britain and the Commonwealth,
verters from Valradio Ltd., Browells connector, and the L1741, a 34 -pole, Scandinavia, and Europe (excluding
Lane, Feltham, Middlesex. These both on 0.15in centres and the France, Belgium, Holland, Ger-
units have been specially designed L1486 32 -pole connector on Olin many, and Italy), covering two types
to provide power for waveform and centres. of moulded rocker switches by the
frequency sensitive equipment such These connectors are moulded in French firm Sud-Inter. These are
as sound tape recorders and video black nylon filled phenolic resin. rated at 250V 2A.
tape recorders, etc. The domed contacts are of beryllium These switches are available with
Two a.c. outputs are provided; copper, heat treated to ensure con- rear nut fixing or push -fit types, and
115V and 230V, selected by a simple sistent and minimum wear with low are moulded in modern high -insula-
switch at either 120 or 200 watts contact resistance. The contacts, tion black plastics bodies with
50Hz. The units are designed to either gold or silver plated, are screw terminal connections. There
operate from 12V car batteries removable. are eight coloured dollies: black, red,
between IIV and 15V. A 24V The current rating of the connec- yellow, green, blue, ivory, white, and
version is also available. The fre- tors is said to be 3A per contact for luminous, which are ideal for colour
quency stability is within I.;Hz. printed wiring, and 4A per contact coding.
The circuit consists of a stable for free wiring. Contact resistance There are many possible applica-
oscillator unit driving heavy duty is in the region of 2.5 milliohms and tions for a wide variety of equip-
transistors, the resultant output is operating temperatures range from ment; further details and price list
fed to a special transformer of ferro- -40 to -1-100 degrees centigrade. are available from A. F. Bulgin &
resonant type which besides produc- The miniature elapsed time Co. Ltd., Bye -Pass Road, Barking,
ing a sine wave output also achieves indicator, available from Sencom Ltd., Essex.
a high degree of voltage regulation 557 Finchley Road, London, N.W.3,
against changes of input voltage and is an electro-mechanical numerical TOOLS
load. indicator having a synchronous We have recently been testing a
The cost of these power supply motor, housed in a moulded one piece new tool from Antex Ltd., in our
units ranges from £47 2s to £69. Zamac (Tin/Aluminium/Copper) case workshop. This tool is an Anti -
A miniature indicator, believed to and is specifically designed for panel wicking Tweezer, designed for use
be one of the smallest in Great
Britain, is the latest product from
West Hyde Developments Ltd., 30
High Street, Northwood, Middlesex.
Known as Type -Q, the glass lens at
the front is only ain diameter and is
mounted in a tin diameter panel
hole. The plated bezel diameter is
in and the body length is only
0.7in, with *in soldering terminals.
The average life claimed is 25,000
hours of medium brightness, when
used with a resistor supplied for
160-260 volt connections. The
resistor is supplied separately.
although it can be soldered directly
on to the terminals if required. Other
resistors can be supplied suitable for
operation down to 75 volts a.c. The Transverter by Valradio Ltd.

515
 Road, North Watford, Hertford-
shire, these f.e.t.s, in common with
others, overcome intermodulation
and cross -modulation distortion
generated by conventional bipolar
Field Effect transistors.
Transistors The brief technical details are:
available from minimum small signal forward trans -
Livingston conductance of 4,000 p.mhos at
Components 400MHz. The common source
reverse transfer capacitance (Crss) is
a maximum of 0.8pF and the input
capacitance (Cass) is a maximum of
4.0pF for the 2N4416 and 3.5pF for
the 2N4417.
during soldering operations to prevent
fine stranded wires from fraying like
a wick and drawing up excess solder
by capillary attraction. LITERATURE
The type we have been using is the The latest edition of the Heathkit
99/45 from the Series 99 range, catalogue contains 32 pages and a
price 17s 6d. We have found this selection of over 150 kits.. Copies
tweezer excellent for protecting the are available from Daystrom Ltd.,
Type Q plastics sleeving, which invariably Gloucester or Heathkit Hi-Fi and
miniature neon indicator melts when subjected to heat from a Hobby Centre, 233 Tottenham Court
by West Hyde Developmerts soldering iron. Another very useful Road, London, W.I.
application has been to use the G. W. Smith & Co. Ltd. have just
tweezers as a heat shunt when published their first comprehensive
soldering semiconductor devices or components and equipment catalogue,
similar components liable to be price 5s plus Is postage.
damaged by excessive heat, although This 152 page catalogue is a good
Antex do not recommend this as example of how to set out equipment
there are other types available tor in an easy to understand format.
this purpose. The items listed range from peg-
For further details of the complete board, valves and transistors to
range of tweezers contact Antex Ltd., amplifiers, communications receivers,
Grosvenor House, Croydon, Surrey. and complete kits.
Finally, under this heading, Hird- G. W. Smith are agents for
Brown Ltd., Flash Street, Bolton, Lafayette and Codar equipment and
Lancs, are now producing a range of also stock a large range of Eagle
yellow self-adhesive wire -markers to Products.
supplement their existing range. One of the main troubles with
The new range has black printing purchasing any foreign equipment is:
on a yellow background and the What happens if the equipment
letters of the alphabet, the numbers breaks down or develops an inter-
Sencom elapsed time indicator 0-9 plus a range of conventional mittent fault? The problem of finding
electrical symbols are available on a service shop who will undertake to
cards of 20. All the markers are carry out any servicing on foreign
impregnated with a protective coat- goods or supply spares is extremely
ing to ensure permanent colours and rare. However, Smith's guarantee
resistance to the effects of heat, oil, an after sales service and spares on
etc. any imported item listed in their
Sud-Inter catalogue.
switch from The cost of producing the cata-
Bulgin FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR logue makes it necessary to make an
Two new u.h.f. field effect transis- initial charge but discount coupons
tors, type 2N4416 housed in a enable the cost to be recovered with
TO72 can and type 2N44I7 in the later purchases.
CC -3 package, have been developed The sixth edition of the Radio
by Union Carbide for operation in Society of Great Britain's "Service
low noise amplifier applications up Valve and Semiconductor Equiva-
to 400MHz. Available from Living- lents" has just been issued price 5s.
ston Components Ltd., Greycaine The opportunity has been taken to
correct a few errors which appeared
in previous editions and to add a
large number of new types. Readers
requiring copies should contact the
Radio Society of Great Britain at
28 Little Russell Street, London,
W.C.1.
For those readers who construct
their own wooden cabinets. the
Antex type 99/45 Group of Companies issue
Anti -wicking tweezer aa guide to the proper usage of their
adhesives. Copies can be obtained
from Henry C. Stephens Ltd., 100
Drayton Park, Highbury, London,
N.5.
11,
 By D.G.Whitehead B.Sc.

IN 1957 a Japanese physicist, Leo Esaki, revealed the DEGREE OF DOPING

results of his researches on the tunnelling effect in thin A tunnel diode differs from a normal semiconductor
semiconductor junctions. This effect has been utilised diode in the degree of doping of the material. The
in the development of the tunnel diode. impurity level in tunnel diode material is approximately
The tunnel diode takes its name from the quantum 1,000 times greater than that used for other semi-
mechanical tunnelling which characterises its unique conductor devices. In fact, the material is often referred
operation. The V// curve of a germanium tunnel diode to as a semimetal and resembles an alloy. The effect of
is shown in Fig. 1. It can be seen that the diode this heavy doping is to make the depletion layer in the
current rises steeply for small values of forward bias and diode extremely narrow.
then drops again as the forward bias is increased. Quantum mechanics shows that there is a finite
Further increase in forward bias brings the charac- probability that an electron originally at one side of a
teristics in line with a normal semiconductor diode. junction will .appear at the other side of the potential
The important fact is that between appioximately barrier by "tunnelling" through it at the speed of light,
50mV and 350mV in the forward direction, the diode provided that the barrier is sufficiently narrow and that
exhibits negative resistance; that is, for an increase in the energy levels are the same on either side of the
applied voltage, the current decreases. This property barrier.
enables the diode to be used as an oscillator, amplifier, These conditions are met at a heavily doped pn
or switching element with an operating range extending junction with slight forward bias. As the bias is
beyond I 0,000M Hz. increased, the energy levels alter and the tunnelling
current falls off. At higher bias levels normal diode
current commences. An electron energy band diagram
for tunnelling action is shown in Fig. 2.
If the. diode is reverse biased, tunnelling also occurs
and the tunnel diode conducts heavily.
It is interesting to note that the Zener effect, exploited
in Zener diodes is in fact a tunnelling phenomena,
although for diodes with so-called "Zener voltages"
above 6 volts the effect is probably caused by avalanch-
ing and not tunnelling.
The circuit shown in Fig. 3 is suitable for displaying
CH 0.2 0.3 0-4
VOLTS the characteristics of tunnel diodes with peak currents
TUNNEL DIODE from one to five milliamps. It is essential to keep
NORMAL DIODE inductance down to a minimum, therefore resistors
should be as small as possible and not wirewound.

Fig. I. Graph of voltage v. current of a germanium diode

n MATERIAL p MATERIAL

ELECTRONS TO X PLATES
CONDUCTION BAND TUNNELING ACROSS
eV DIODE
7/77/77/7777 UNDER TEST

FORBIDDEN REGION

VALENCE BAND
' SHADED AREAS
VERY NARROW SHOW ENERGY STATES
DEPLETION ZONE OCCUPIED BY ELECTRONS
Fig. 3. Method of displaying tunnel diode
Fig. 2. Electron energy band diagram characteristics on an oscilloscope
 VOLTS

Fig. 7. Load line cutting in

three places to give a two Fig. 8. Controlling a
stable state condition germanium transistor

Fig. 4. Characteristic curve of an AEY I I

-6V

5600

OUTPUT
2.5mH

INPUT

470pF

AEY 1

Fig. 6. Load line character-

Fig. 5. Negative resis- istic cuts the characteristic Fig. 9. Monostable cir-
tance oscillator in the negative region cuit using a tunnel diode
Tunnel diodes are usually catalogued according to diode is initially operating at point A. The voltage
their peak current. Fig. 4 shows the characteristic of a across the diode is 40mV.
5mA tunnel diode type AEY11 supplied by Bi-Pak If now a small current is injected into the diode it will
Semiconductors Ltd. Diodes with peak currents have the effect of shifting the load line to the right. The
greater than 5mA are extremely difficult to stabilise, diagram shows this as a dotted line. On this line there
tending to oscillate over their negative resistance is only one point where the diode curve intersects the
region if an attempt is made to display their load line so the diode rapidly switches to this point
characteristics. (point C). When the trigger current is removed the
operating point falls to B. The voltage across the
OSCILLATORS diode is now 450mV.
A device which exhibits negative resistance has an To get back to the low voltage state, either the supply
obvious use as an oscillator. All that is necessary is to voltage is removed or a negative trigger current is
bias the tunnel diode into its negative resistance region applied, momentarily shifting the load line to the left.
and then connect it in series with a tuned circuit. Computer logic circuits have been designed using the
Fig. 5 shows a typical circuit. The bias network gives a tunnel diode as a bistable element.
load line which intersects the diode characteristics only The voltage swing obtained when the tunnel diode is
in the negative resistance region, shown in Fig. 6. switched between its two stable states is sufficient to
Values are for a frequency of 8MHz. control a germanium transistor. At 40mV base to
For frequencies above 100MHz, coaxial or strip lines emitter the transistor is still virtually off. At 450mV it
can be used instead of a conventional tuned circuit. is heavily conducting. Very simple and sensitive
Tunnel diode oscillators can be made to operate up to threshold devices can be designed around this principle.
10,000MHz and higher. For these high frequencies Fig. 8 shows such a circuit. VR1 controls the sensitivity
the diodes are mounted in a coaxial encapsulation or by determining how near Ip the diode is biased.
have flat strip leads and a "pill box" construction.
Even the cheapest diodes available have cut-off fre- MONOSTABLE CIRCUIT
quencies in excess of 800MHz. However, the upper A monostable pulse forming circuit is shown in
limit is often limited by the inherent inductance of the Fig. 9. A trigger pulse momentarily switches the tunnel
diode encapsulation itself. diode to the low state. The inductance then allows the
It is interesting to note that since the oscillators need current through the diode to increase slowly towards Ip.
only around 02 volts from their power supply, they can When this current is exceeded the diode switches to the
be powqed quite easily from silicon solar cells. high voltage state and the circuit returns to its only
If biased correctly the diode can be made to have two stable operating point. The pulse width is determined
stable states. Consider Fig. 7. The load line cuts the by the inductance and the total resistance in series with
diode characteristics in three places. Suppose the it. With an inductance of 2.5mH the pulse width is 60ps.

518
 Special
for Anglers
Next Month

Fig. 10. Tunnel diode

multivibrator

-3

-2
C

VOLTS
210 15 10p 5

0.1 0.2 03 0.4 0-5

VOLTS

CONVENTIONAL
RECTIFIER
3
TUNNEL
RECTIFIER

Make this
Fig. I1. Characteristic of a tunnel rectifier TRANSISTORISED
An interesting multivibrator circuit is shown in
BITE INDICATOR
Fig. 10. Initially assume the diode to be in its low A compact self-contained unit for attach-
,voltage state. The transistor is Of. The capacitor will ment to a fishing rod. Gives audible
charge through R1 and R2. warning when a fish bites. A boon for the
As the voltage across it increases, the current through
R3 increases until it is sufficient to switch the diode into two -rod angler. Particularly valuable for
its high voltage state. When this happens the transistor night fishing. Inexpehsive to build.
is turned on and discharges the capacitor. This causes Other Outstanding Features:
the diode current to fall.
Eventually the diode reverts to its low state, turning THE CHEMOSTAT
the transistor off. The process then repeats itself. The
How -to -build details for an electronic thermostat with
values given will give a 6 volt 8kHz square wave at the remote temperature feeler for accurate thermostatic
collector. Note that the frequency is determined by control of chemical liquids. Temperature range (17 -C -
one capacitor. Increasing this to I AF lowers the 40°C) suitable for colour and monochrome photo -
frequency to 650Hz. processing. Circuit switches any type of mains appliance
up to 2 kW loading.

TUNNEL RECTIFIERS MICROELECTRONICS

Beginning a special survey of a rapidly developing field
The tunnel rectifier is really a tunnel diode with a very of electronic technology. Describes various integrated
small peak current. Fig. 11 shows a typical charac- circuit devices and how these may be applied to amateur
teristic. In conventional rectifiers, current flow is use.
substantial in the forward direction but extremely small
in the reverse direction.
In tunnel rectifiers, substantial current (tunnelling August Issue on Sale July 14
current) flows at very low voltages while the forward
current is relatively small. Consequently, tunnel
rectifiers can provide rectification at smaller signal levels
than conventional rectifiers. Because the current flows
in thd "reverse" direction they are often called "back
ICS
diodes".
Tunnel diodes are versatile economic devices and are MAKE SURE OF YOUR COPY! ORDER NOW!
readily available on the retail market.
,
 Radiation and Ionosphere Probe

THE University College of

London is currently work-
ing on a project to launch
a satellite from Woomera
later this year to
study solar
extreme ultra-
violet radiation,
ion and electron
densities, and
electron temperature in the lower iono-
sphere.
A section of the electronics workshop at
Holmbury House, near Dorking, is shown
above. The payload (right) with poly-
chromator/ionosphere probes, will be

0 launched by a Skylark rocket. On the

left we show the telemetry analogue -to -
digital converter which will convert data
received on the ground into a code for
high speed computer analysis.

2 National Information Store

THE official opening ceremony of the National Computing

0
Centre in Manchester was performed on May 5 by the Prime
Minister, the Rt. Hon. Harold Wilson, M.13
The Centre, which is being run by Professor Gordon Black, is
expected to fulfil a service to promote the potential usefulness of
computers to allcomers and to give assistance with programming
problems. The Computer Laboratory is available for all
services and projects relating to the use of computers and the
development of associated software and hardware.
Our photograph (below) shows Professor Black amid the
multiplex of tape and disc memory stores, punched card and paper
tape readers and automatic typewriter.
VFW"
 Moscow's new television tower in
Ostankino (right) will radiate to Russian r Summit
12 million people within a radius of
75 to 95 miles. Claimed to be the
highest in the world-1,772ft-it will
withstand gale force winds, swaying
at the top by about 13ft, but it is
strong enough to withstand a 46ft
oscillation. The photograph is repro-
duced here by permission of the
Novosti Press Agency.

Line Repeaters in Footway Boxes

A29 MILE small core coaxial cable
between Glasgow and Stirling-the
first small core- coaxial cable in Scot-
land-has now been equipped with
4MHz line and terminal equipment by
the Transmission Division of the
Plessey Electronic Group for the Post
Office.
Occupying a bandwidth of 4MHz on
each of two small core coaxial tubes,
one for each direction, it has a capacity
of 960 telephone circuits. The two
coaxial tubes form part of a four tube
cable, the other two tubes being used
for a 300 -circuit system.

Silicon Planar
for Audio
FOLLOWING our
report in Market
Place last month
we show (left) a
laboratory at SGS-
Fairchild where
extensive measure-
ment and evalua-
tion of performance
of silicon planar
transistors are
carried out for high
quality audio
equipment.

ONE of the top five brass ingot producers in the U.S.A. has speeded production
and improved quality control procedures through the use of a X-ray vacuum
spectrometer developed by General Electric of America.
Operating two plants in Chicago on a twenty-four hour basis, the Sipi Metals
Corporation produces brass and bronze ingots used in a wide range of casting
products including plumbing fixtures, gears, marine fittings, and bearings.
X-ray emission techniques have proved to be faster and more versatile than
classical wet chemistry methods for many of the determinations required. Using
an X-ray spectrometer elemental determinations can be accomplished in a
relatively short period of time regardless of the element under consideration.

arty Nitro' by Spectrometr

 J

by W.M. Fraser
Grad.I.E.R.E.

SERVICING AID
for TRANSISTOR RADIO'S
'VHIS instrument was designed to provide almost The mains rectifier DI is a silicon diode BY100, but
I every facility necessary for servicing transistor radio this could be replaced by a much cheaper 30 volt
receivers. It will be found almost equally useful for copper -oxide metal rectifier with only a slight loss of
checking other transistorised equipment, such as audio output voltage.
amplifiers. Meter MI, with its scale suitably multiplied by R4 to
The servicing aid will supply power, check the read 10 volts full scale, indicates whether the correct
batteries, pinpoint the faulty stage, and test the transis- voltage is being supplied to the receiver under test.
tors. It contains a mains -driven power supply with The value of R4 may be calculated, according to the
voltmeter, a reasonably accurate circuit for checking a sensitivity of the particular meter movement used, from
wide range of pnp transistors, and a free -running square
wave generator. R4(kn) - Meter resistance (kfl)
The complete circuit of the servicing aid is shown in f.sd.0 (mA)
Fig. 1. The three sub -divisions of this circuit are
dealt with in turn in the following description of
operation. BATTERY CHECKS
POWER SUPPLY With the servicing aid disconnected from. the 230
Power supplies are derived from .T1 which is a 6.3V volts a.c. supply, S2 set to 4.5 volts and S3 set to Power,
batteries can be connected to the output terminals and
IA filament transformer. With 230V applied to the their levels indicated by M I. In addition, the meter
primary, the output across the secondary is approxi- circuit can be used for voltage checks on receivers
mately 7.5V. The half -wave rectifier Dl following it supplied by their own batteries.
gives a maximum d.c. output of 10 volts. This
potential is reduced as required by the insertion of
series resistors selected by S2. It is, of course, only
reduced to the values stated when a load is connected. TRANSISTOR TESTER
The greater number of transistor radios in this A simplified circuit of the transistor tester section is
country operate from 9 volt batteries and it was found given in Fig. 4.
that the current drain to most of them at an optimum The transistor to be tested should be connected to the
volume control setting was such that the extra volts E, B and C terminals (emitter, base and collector).
would be dropped across the 28 ohm smoothing resistor S2 switched to 6 volts, and S3 to Test. The Zener diode
RI connected by S2 in the 9 volt position. For the few D2 stabilises the potential at the junction of R6 and R7
6 volt receivers an extra 22 ohms (R22) is switched in, at 51 volts allowing approximately 1 volt to be present
and for the even rarer 4.5 volt receivers (mainly at the collector terminal.
Japanese) another 18 ohms (R3) is connected into The bias control VR1 should be adjusted until the
circuit. The reservoir and smoothing capacitors are base -emitter current causes a 0.5mA collector current
sufficiently large at the values stated to reduce the mains flow, indicated by a deflection on M2 to the "0"
hum to well below the audible level, even in receivers position on the scale. Immediately this has been done
drawing the largest amount of current from the supply. the Gain button S4 should be pressed, shunting R6 and
522
 VRI with R7 and increasing the base -emitter current by
COMPONENTS . . . a precise 20,itA. The deflection on M2 that this extra
current causes, up to a maximum of 2mA (2.5mA f.s.d. -
Resistors 0.5mA bias) can be read from the scale as the current
RI 280 2W R8 39012 +W gain of the transistor. For example, if the collector
R2 2212 2W R9 1000 kW current increases by 1mA when the Gain button is
R3 180 2W RIO 150k f2 +W pressed the gain is IniA/20/(A r 50; if it is 1.5mA the
R4 Multiplier for Ml RII I Okf2 kW gain is 1.5mA/20/IA = 75.
R5 2512 +W R12 150k0 +W The linear scale of M2 can be calculated directly in
R6 500k12 aW R3 I Ok f2 +W gain (a) as shown in Fig. 5.
R7 255k12 +W
See text regarding R4 and R7 The accuracy of the transistor gain check depends on
how near the value of R7 is to 5.1 volts/20 micro -
Potentiometer amps = 255 kilohms. This particular resistor must
VRI I Mf2 carbon linear therefore be selected with care, and the exact value
obtained by using two or more resistors in series.
Capacitors
CI 500p.F elect. 15V
C2 1,000tiF elect. I5V SIGNAL INJECTOR CIRCUIT
C3 0.1fiF paper or plastic 350V The injector circuit consists of a free -running multi -
C4 0.01pf paper or plastic vibrator TRI, TR2 producing square waves at a
C.5 0.01 tiF paper or plastic fundamental frequency of approximately 150c/s. This
Transistors type of waveform is more useful than the sine wave, that
TRI, TR2 0071 or 0071 (2 off) could, for example, have been obtained from a
single stage oscillator, as the high harmonic content of
Diodes the square wave contains frequencies in the low MHz
DI BYI00, or any medium current, low forward range. It is therefore suitable for signal injection into
resistance metal rectifier r.f., if., and audio stages of a receiver. In addition it
D2 OAZ201 Zener diode can be used, if an oscilloscope is available, for checking
Meters the distortion introduced by audio amplifiers. Further,
MI, M2 Moving coil meter, 2.5mA f.s.d. (2 off) a two transistor stage is preferable to a single transistor
stage as it will oscillate more readily and at a lower
Transformer frequency.
TI Heater transformer. Tapped mains primary, 6-3V The voltage switch S2, in determining the potential
IA secondary applied to the collectors of TRI and TR2, acts as an
attenuator of the injector output and has little effect on
Switches the frequency of operation.
SI Double pole on/off toggle switch The Power and Injector positions of S3 can be
S2 Single pole, three-way wafer switch
S3 Single pole, three-way wafer switch temporarily or permanently shorted to supply power to
S4 Single pole, push button switch the output terminals and to the injector circuit simul-
taneously if also desired.
Miscellaneous
Aluminium chassis with top plate 9in 7in zi 2in CONSTRUCTION
approximately. "Unitags". Three terminals.
Two sockets. Two pointer knobs. One round All the components necessary will fit into a metal box
knob. Material for prod. measuring approximately 9in 7in x 2in. The
photographs illustrate the layout in the original model.

O Injector
S3 R5
Test 250
R3
1811 R6 R7 RIO R12
2W 500 255 150 150
k0 k fl kfl k ft

'OLTAGE
R2 C4

220 D2
IMO OAZ
2W 041oF
Set 201
Bias
CS
RI

250V TI 2811
D1
230V. i..
240V
71
a BY100
R4
See
60V text
AC
MAINS

Injector Output
Fig. 1. Circuit diagram of the servicing aid

523
 Fig. 2. Complete layout
and wiring details. Note
Mil
!_._i il
---c-.
WEIN-1 that the final components
differ from those shown
in the photograph
rp 46 , 4030
-
,...._
1111411 Pa' opposite
.il - : 1 ' 1 OV,
-Irv/ 7 A'
...
' /7 / ,---
,
--------___,1p..,0 ,

a.' v1
4
1i

Only used contacts are shown wired on Stand S3

Fig. 3. Layout of the

front panel. No drilling
dimensions are given as
this will depend on the
components used by the
constructor
O
SET PRESS TEST 6V
BIAS FOR GAIN INJECTOR POWER 4.5V 9V

000
TRANSISTOR TEST TERMINALS

SERVICING AID
s2 t
 -vt
R9

3900 SPACE
IMO
M2
Bias 2.5
mA

TRANSISTOR
a R9

loon
UNDER TEST

LABORATORY
Fig. 4. Simplified circuit of the transistor
test stage THE Mulford Space Science Laboratory, Department of
Physics, University College, London, originated with a
donation by Mullard in 1965 which enabled the College to
purchase a country minion at Hoimbury St Mary, near
Dorking, Surrey.
2 5m A
Officially opened by Dr F. E. Jones, managing director,
Mullard Ltd., on May 3, the Laboratory houses the
100 largest scientific space research group in Britain and is
c><" among the longest established and most experienced; it
Fig. 5. Linear scale of the gain meter undertakes some 25 per cent of total British University
space research. The six laboratories at Hoimbury House
Bakelite provide facilities for 23 scientists and seven research
washer
students. Other staff include 26 laboratory and workshop
Fig. 6. Make-up of the Cele- Metal technicians and 11 administrative workers. Current
"unitags" to form ver- tag annual expenditure is supported largely by a grant of about
tical tagboards £150,000 per annum from the Science Research Council.
The acquisition of the premises at Holmbury St Mary
ended a long search by the College for more spacious
laboratories to accommodate their expanding space
research activities. The choice of location was influenced
by the need to be near a major airport and other com-
munications and Holmbury House, within easy reach of
London and Gatwick, is conveniently sited.
The need to be near good communications is apparent
when it is remembered that, at any one time, scientists may
be at Kiruna, Sweden; Woomera; Boulder, Colorado;
The Western Test Range near Los Angeles; Cape
Kennedy; or in the Washington area at the NASA
Laboratories. Travel is a considerable item in the annual
budget.
The work of the Laboratory is in originating experiments
of scientific value, in detailed development of detection and
measuring systems involved in the experiments and the
scientific analysis of data obtained.
Among the scientific disciplines involved in space
research are Physics, Optics, Electronics, Precision
Engineering, Satellite Dynamics, Technology and Orbitl,
and Scientific Interpretation. The extraordinary variety.of
problems and the impossibility of correcting equipment
faults once an experiment has started has necessitated the
development of new orders of reliability and intense
concentration on preliminary work to secure success. A
single miscalculation in design can mean the loss of,
perhaps, three years of work costing, possibly, £50,000.
For historical reasons the space research activities at
U.C.L. have been directed largely towards studies of the
Particularly useful items for mounting the smaller ionosphere and these studies have latterly been extended to
components inside the box (and which deserve greater examination of X-ray and ultra -violet radiation from
popularity) are "unitags". These consist of metal celestial sources-part of what is called the "New
eyelet tags, hexagonally keyed to bakelite washers. Astronotny". All the work is purely scientific and
They can be built-up to form vertical tdgboards, as intended to extend our knowledge of natural phenomena
shown in Fig. 6. Assemblies of these unitags can be and their inter -relation. It complements visual and radio
astronomy.
seen in situ in Fig. 2. Although the work is not directed towards practical ends,
Complete wiring details are given in Fig. 2. Minor there are considerable "spin-offs" of great value in other
changes in layout and wiring may of course be necessary fields, including technology.
due to the actual components employed. The current programme involves experiments on eight
A test prod and lead should be made up and satellites and over 30 sounding rockets. Launchings
connected through a grommet hole in the front of the will be under the auspices of the domestic U.K. pro-
unit (see Fig. 3). grammes, the European Space Research Organisation
E.S.R.0.) and the U.S./U.K. co-operative programme.
525
 01111111111111111111111111111111111E
C,
=NM

"3 M
THE 11,
!MEE,

=1
=I=

11M,
CR100
nfilli1111111111111111111111111111111

Origin seeker after elusive stations. And, of course, image

Othe thousands of Marconi TR1154/1155 airborne rejection is correspondingly good.
installations remaining in service in the years
after the war, it is safe to assume that most of the Waveranges Covered
ground stations with which they communicated were Band 1: 60 to 160kHz
equipped with another equally famous Marconi Band 2: 160 to 420kHz
design, the CR100 receiver. Although today this set, Band 3: 500 to 1,400kHz
with its rows of large bulbed international octal valves, Band 4: 1,400 to 4,000kHz
wears a slight air of obsolescence, it still commands Band 5: 4,000 to 11,000kHz
respect as a solidly built piece of British workmanship Band 6: 11,000 to 30,000kHz
worthy of comparison with any of the other models
which have been described in this series of articles, COMMENT: As with many designs of the period, the
both in respect of its "well tailored" appearance and CR100 carries two "passengers", Bands 1 and 2,
performance. For these reasons-and others related which are of little interest to the short wave enthusiast,
t6 its comprehensive specification-it deservedly holds apart from providing the Light Programme Standard
its price on the secondhand market. Frequency transmission on 200kHz. But unlike many
of its contemporaries, this receiver does include the
Variants medium wave broadcast band. The extension of the
As with many other versatile equipments of the overall coverage to embrace the 28MHz amateur band
Forties the CR100 was subject to a number of varia- is an extremely useful feature that helps retain the set's
tions-most of them minor-in its specification to suit resale value, the more so as "Ten Metres" will be
particular Service needs, but these do not affect what coming into its own over the next few years of waxing
is said below, nor are likely to prove disadvantageous sunspot activity.
to the intending purchaser.
Intermediate Frequency
Basic Circuit 465kHz.
Two r.f. amplifiers, both KTW62 or 6K7G
Mixer X66 or 6K8G Power Requirements
Local oscillator KTW62 or 6K7G A built-in 200-250 volt a.c. mains power unit is
(triode connected) positioned at the rear right of the chassis, sensibly
I.F. amplifier, three KTW62 or 6K7G remote from tuned circuits. Consumption is 85 watts.
C.W. oscillator KTW62 or 6K7G By making small changes, which are described in the
Detector, a.g.c., and audio appropriate handbook, operation on external batteries
amplifier DH63 or 6Q7G or rotary generator is possible.
Output KT63 or 6V6G
Mains rectifier U50 or 5Y3G
Controls
COMMENT: In the above valve list some of the U.S. Lower row, left to right: five -position "Passband"
equivalents which short wave listeners are likely to selectivity switch gives responses of 6 and 3kHz without
have available are given. The ubiquitous KTW62 crystal filter, or 1,200 and 300Hz with crystal filter, or
does duty in several stages to the great easement of 100Hz with audio filter added; six -position "Band -
the private listener's replacement problem. Provision change" switch; "mains" switch; then the "Mod/
of two stages of amplification ahead of the mixer- in C.W." switch providing the five following facilities:
conjunction with three if. stages following it gives an ( I ) b.f.o. off and a.g.c. off, (2) b.f.o. off but a.g.c. on,
order of performance likely to satisfy the most critical (3) b.f.o. on and a.g.c. on, (4) b.f.o. on but a.g.c. off,
526
 E111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111U At the other end of the audio spectrum the 6kHz
selectivity position gives the user the opportunity to
...
=
=
We present this month the sixth and final
review in this series " Classic Communica-
-
..-
...
realise very acceptable sound quality at a level of up
to 2 watts into an external 3 ohm speaker.
... tion Receivers ", dealing this time with the ...
... Other Details
= well-known British -made Marconi CRI00. ...
...
...
...
=
= ...
...
...
Remembering that any CR100 which is purchased is
likely to be many years old, the intending buyer will
= Readers are reminded that this article- .,.
.... in his own interests ask for a demonstration before
=
=
as was the case with its predecessors-is
intended as a guide to, rather than a ....
-. acceptance, not simply to check such obvious things
=
=
detailed appraisal of, the model in question.
They should in their own interests make
..
...
as sensitivity and performance, but also to ensure that
the smoothing capacitors are still in good order, the
=
= sure that a handbook or circuit diagram, at =
= least, is provided at the time of purchase.
-
-.
...-
more important if the receiver has not been in use for
some years.
Having accepted his purchase the user will find on a
7:111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111ffE detailed mechanical and electrical inspection that it

COMMUNICATION RECEIVERS
(5) receiver muting. The fifth control in the lower row includes many worthwhile features such as a mains
is audio gain (the headphone sockets are immediately filter to help minimise the pick up of "made -made
to the right of it). static", and a three -contact mains input arrangement
Upper row, left to right: r.f. gain; tuning knob; with the mandatory "live, neutral, earth" configuration
aerial trimmer; and, finally, B.F.O. control. that ensures that the chassis of the set will be com-
Directly above the tuning knob is the double logging pletely "dead", i.e. well and truly earthed-so long as
scale. The upper scale gives arbitrary readings of a three -pin mains plug and wall socket complement it.
0-25 degrees, the lower scale sub -divisions of the And if the aforementioned electrolytic capacitors
former, both operated from the fine tuning control should prove to be a little tired, then one or other (or
concentric with the main tuning knob. both) of the fuses provided will protect the remainder
Top: the horizontal main tuning scale calibrated of the power unit; one fuse is in the transformer
-
COMMENT: Positioning the main tuning scale at tap -to -earth line.
the top of what is by other standards a tall cabinet, In the case of the Type CR100/2 model, sidetone
places it very conveniently at eye level. This, coupled facilities are provided to allow a morse operator to
with the sensible placement of all user controls, makes hear his own signals. The small circuit changes
the CR100 an ergonomic delight to operate-a feature required in this respect are described in the ever -
we have continually referred to in this series of articles. essential handbook; a special shorting plug is provided
The logging scale changes frequency by only 9kHz to disable the sidetone facilities, and the purchaser of
when the fine tuning knob is moved by as much as an the CR100/2 version should make sure that this is
eighth of an inch, representing an impressive order of available.
mechanical bandspreading. It also permits a re- Should servicing of the CR100 ever be necessary the
setting accuracy to within 5k Hz even on the wide user will find that the base plate under the chassis and
10 -metre amateur band. the cabinet itself are readily removable. But a word
Intelligent use of the tuning facilities in conjunction of warning: the receiver being built "like a battleship"
with the five -position selectivity switch permits wanted weighs something of the order of 801b, so when it is
signals-more especially weak c.w.-to be resolved being given attention on the bench it should be rested
and peaked up in conditions of heavy interference. on one or other of its sides, never on the back, other-
wise damage to the aerial and speaker terminals at the
rear may result.

RF R.F. MIXER IF I OUTPUT

F I.F.
(KTW62) (KTW62) (566) (KTW62) KTW 6c KTW 62 (KT 63)
e::::

LOCAL MAINS
B.F.O.
OSCILLATOR RECTIFIER
(KTW62) (U50) (KTW62)

Fig. I. Block diagram of the CR100

S27
 Europe's Most Advanced Resistor Factory
AN output of several million glass -tin -oxide resistors
NEWS BRIEFS flows each week from Electrosil's modern, highly
automated factory in Sunderland, County Durham. How
this vast output is achieved was revealed during a recent
"open day" at what is claimed the most advanced resistor
factory in Europe.
Glass -tin -oxide resistors have a superior performance to
carbon film resistors, which they are now largely super-
Quality and Reliability Year seding in services and professional electronic equipment.
AS PART of Quality and Reliability Year, the Council of First stage in production is the manufacture of the
Industrial Design and the British Productivity Council special tin -oxide coated glass rod or "cane" as it is called.
are staging an exhibition at the Design Centre, Haymarket, Molten glass is drawn under precise control through a
London, to show how the quality and reliability of domestic coating process during which tin oxide is "fired" on to the
and engineering products depend on attention to detail cane surface. Up to two miles of cane an hour can be
throughout the industrial cycle. produced.
The exhibition was opened on June 5 by The Right Hon. The cane is then cut into blanks, the ends of the blanks
Michael Stewart, M.P., Economics Secretary, and will are silvered, and the desired resistance value is obtained by
close on July 15. Three seminars will run concurrently on cutting a spiral into the oxide -coated surface. The blanks
June 13, 14, and 21. Full details from the British Pro- are then fitted with caps and leads, and on the long finishing
ductivity Council, Vintry House, Queen Street Place, lines solvent -resistant coating is applied and the resistors
London, E.C.4. are colour -coded. Continuous automatic testing and
measuring is maintained throughout.
Some idea of the great demand for the humble resistor
Plymouth Exhibition is given by the fact that Electrosil have had to move twice
to larger premises since starting in the area only five years
PART of the Plymouth area programme for Q. and R. ago.
Year will be an exhibition and symposium on Electronic
Instruments and Components organised jointly by the
Plymouth College of Technology and Wireless -Electric
Ltd., wholesalers of Bristol. Well known manufacturers Cybernetics and Music
are exhibiting and sponsoring lecturers; a special paper will THE Soviet cybernetics expert Rudolf Zaripov claims that
be presented on industrial process control by Mr R. D. an electronic machine can fulfil not only some elements of
Massingham of Southern Techniques (Electronics) Ltd. the creative work of a composer but also of the theory of
Full details from the Plymouth College of Technology, music. He has noted the ability of a machine to divine
Plymouth, Devon, or the Electronics Division of Wireless - intuitional operations of creative musical endeavour,
Electric Ltd., Wirelect House, St Thomas Street, Bristol, 1. often not even achieved by the composer.
A programme of automatic analysis of melodies has
already developed. Under this programme, the electronic
Reaching for the Stars machine solves problems of harmonising melodies,
searches for the composer's errors, and even indicates the
may like to make a note of a very interesting nature of the errors and their place in the composition.
meeting
READERS this month on June 17 at 10.30 a.m. It is He has "made" the electronic machine write the accom-
a joint affair between the University of Surrey Astronomi- paniment to the melodies it has composed, translating the
cal Society and the Society For Amateur 'Radio rules of the harmony textbook into the language of
Astronomers. mathematics.
To be held at the University of Surrey, Battersea Park
Road, London, S.W.11; the purpose of the meeting is to
present the broad physical foundations of radio astronomy
with regard 'to both the observational techniques and
processes involved at the source of radiation. At the same
time it is hoped that it will provide a time and place for
those who attend to discuss their common interest.

Programming Experts are Blind

FOLLOWING the success of the first courses in computer
programming for the blind held in this country last
year, The Royal National Institute for the Blind, the
0. & M. Division of the Treasury and English Electric
Computers are running a further series of courses.
POINTS ARISING
The courses represent the first major advance in pro- BASS GUITAR (May 1967)
fessional career prospects for the blind for a number of
years. The 12 people who went through the course Queries regarding a truss for the stem and neck of the
last year started work at the beginning of August at guitar have reached us. The author assures us that,
installations at the Board of Trade, Eastcote; Customs and provided well -seasoned high -quality material is used
Excise, Southend; G.P.O., Stepney; Inland Revenue, and worked as described (the grain running along the
Worthing; Shell-Mex & B.P. Ltd., Hemel Hempstead; stem) distortion, if any, will not show over a long period
and CAV Ltd., Acton.
Three months later, a joint Treasury and R.N.I.B. team (the prototype is now two years old).
visited all the installations to evaluate job performance and A truss -rod can be fitted but entails slicing the back of
reported that: "The quality and quantity of the work the stem and insertion of anchor nuts and plates at head
produced was, overall, better than the average expected of and butt with the entailed grooving, etc. After 12
sighted programmers." A well -trained, disciplined months use of the prototype, this difficult job was
memory, power of concentration and sustained application considered unnecessary.
were listed as the particular attributes which a blind person Finally, the guitar, if out of use for more than a
could bring to computer programming. Their findings
confirm experience in the U.S.A. where over 100 blind fortnight, should be detuned to release the tension on
people are known to be working as programmers. the stem.
528
 ELECTRO-MAGNETIC

RELAYS AVAILABLE FROM STOCK

OR SUPPLIED TO
SPECIFICATION

WE CAN SUPPLY
RELAYS SUITABLE FOR
NUMEROUS ELECTRONIC PROJECTS - TIMERS
ELECTRONIC ORGANS ALARM SYSTEMS, etc., etc.
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Send us details of your requirements MASTER THE THEORETICAL SIDE
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JACK DAVIS (RELAYS) LTD. you'll learn the theory of electronic engineering,

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MASTER THE PRACTICAL SIDE

2
Contractors to Govt. Departments, Services, etc. ICS show you how to develop your practical
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success. All training manuals are packed with
YUICAII\ SO PeOlerS.VIONAL 7W6 VtS.WAM easy -to -follow illustrations.
&LIZ MUM AEROSOL. WAY-
MASTER THE MATHEMATICAL SIDE
Get these AIR DRYING GREY HAMMER To many this aspect is a bitter problem. Even
or BLACK WRINKLE (CRACKLE)Finishes more so because no electronic engineer is complete
Yukan Aerosol spraykit contains 16 ozs. fine quality Other Yukon Air
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durable easy instant spray. No stove baking required. Drying Aerosols But new ICS teaching makes mathematics easier
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Open all day Saturday. Closed Thursday afternoons. CITY AND GUILDS SUPPLEMENTARY STUDIES
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PATTRICK & KINNIE, 81 Park Lane, Romford, Essex
ROMford 44473 INTERNATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE SCHOOLS

529
 COMPUTER
EVOLUTION
PART THREE By S. A. HODSON B.Sc.
D.C. AMPLIFIERS AND SETTING UP
ANALOGUE COMPUTERS
LST month's article dealt mainly with operational The first thing to decide on is the scale. In common
amplifiers and various ways of representing the forms of valve analogue computer, the "machine unit"
input and output impedances by discrete components. is 100V. This means that the amplifiers will not handle
Before going on to the d.c. amplifier let us first see how any voltage greater than 100V. In a transistor machine,
the mathematical problems are applied to a practical the machine unit may be 12V or 25V. It is even
analogue computer. possible, using transistors, to use a current as a machine
unit, rather than a voltage. Returning to a valve
MACHINE UNIT machine, if 1V is chosen to represent lft, then the
Returning now to the differential equation; it is a maximum distance that the machine can handle is
useful exercise to work out a circuit that will completely 100ft.
define the behaviour of some piece of equipment. 100 kfl
Take, for example, an aircraft wing, subjected to
vibration, or sudden displacement, the extent of which
is x. In more simple terms, if the wing is stationary,
and someone comes along and gives it a kick, it will
move. However it won't just move, and then fall back 100 kll 100 k
into place; it will vibrate, or ring for some while after
the kick has been delivered. It is the extent of this dx
33k11
3dx
100 kfl
ringing that the aircraft designer would like to know, df dt

and to help him find it out, an analogue computer can

be programmed to represent the wing.
Supposing that equation 8 represents this wing. 100 kR 100 kll
(Equation 8 is chosen purely as an example, and has not d
4d2x
necessarily any physical counterpart) d t2 25kn dt2 100 k
d3x 4d2x 3dx
dt2 dt2 dt ± 2x = 0 (8)
100 k
x represents the actual distance that the wing has
moved at any one instant in time. dx/dt is its velocity
at that instant, and d2x/dt2 is its acceleration, or the g
Li 10p F
d3x
100 kfl
force acting on it at that same instant. 1-410-->- dt3 W-41
The circuit used to simulate this equation is shown in
Fig. 3.1. This shows how equation 8 can be represented
in a very simple, but extravagant form. In fact, the
same equation can be simulated using only four 100 kll
operational amplifiers instead of the seven used in
Fig. 3.1. The reader may like to try this reduction by
using the techniques described last month. Fig. 3.1. Electronic analogue of
The whole of Fig. 3.1 depends on one input: x. The d3x 4d2x 3dx
next problem to be tackled is, how to generate x. dt3 dt2 r ifF +x=°
530
 I( I PRACTICAL!
VISUAL!

00 EXCITING1
a new 4 -way method of mastering
ELECTRONICS
by doing and seeing . . .

OWN and 2 BUILD 3 READ and

HANDLE a and USE DRAW and
complete range of present- a modern and profes- UNDERSTAND
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and COMPONENTS OSCILLOSCOPE
ate
820
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300

8A,

4 CARRY OUT OVER 40 EXPERIMENTS ON BASIC ELECTRONIC

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VALVE EXPERIMENTS PHOTO ELECTRIC CIRCUIT A.C. EXPERIMENTS

TRANSISTOR EXPERIMENTS COMPUTER CIRCUIT D.C. EXPERIMENTS
AMPLIFIERS BASIC RADIO RECEIVER SIMPLE COUNTER
OSCILLATORS ELECTRONIC SWITCH TIME DELAY CIRCUIT
SIGNAL TRACER SIMPLE TRANSMITTER SERVICING PROCEDURES
This new style course will enable anyone to really understand electronics by a modern, practical and visual method-
no maths, and a minimum of theory-no previous knowledge:required. It will also enable anyone to understand how
to test, service and maintain all types of Electronic equipment, Radio and TV receivers, etc.

I---- To: BRITISH NATIONAL RADIO SCHOOL, READING, BERKS. Please

POST NOW I send your free Brochure, without obligation, to: we do not employ representatives
for
fR[E BROCHURE II
NAME BLOCK CAPS I

I or write if you prefer not to cut page I ADDRESS PLEASE PE 7

L- -L -
 BRAND NEW T.V. U.H.F. TUNER AND QUALITY RECORD PLAYER AMPLIFIER Mk II
A top-quality record player amplifier employing 3 -VALVE AUDIO AMPLIFIER
SOUND AND VISION 1.F. PANEL MODEL HA34
By world famous maker. Suitable for use in con- heavy duty double wound mains transformer, ECC83,
EL84, EZ80 valves. Separate Bass, Treble and Designed for Hi-Fi repro-
version of T.V sets to B.B.C.2 (625 line reception). Volume controls. Complete with output trans- duction of records. A.C.
OFFERED (less valves) AT THE BARGAIN PRICE former matched for 3 ohm speaker. Size 7in. w. Mains operation. Ready
OF ONLY 27/6. Post Paid. (The components are x Sin. d. x 6in. h. Ready built and tested. PRICE built on plated heavy gauge
worth far more than our price for the complete unit 69/6. P. & P. 6/-. metal chassis, size 74in. w.
and due to the very high value we regret that no ALSO AVAILABLE mounted on board with out- x 4in. d. x 4fin. h. Incor-
correspondence can be entered into regarding this put transformer and speaker ready to fit into porates ECC83, EL84, EZ80
item.) cabinet below. valves. Heavy duty, double
PRICE 89/6. P. & P. 7/6.
wound mains transformer
HIGH GAIN 4 TRANSISTOR DE LUXE QUALITY PORTABLE R/P CABINET and output transformer matched for 3 ohm speaker.
PRINTED CIRCUIT Uncut motor board size 14;in. x I 2in. clearance 2in.
separate Bass, Treble and volume controls.
AMPLIFIER KIT below, 5;in. above. Will take above amplifier and Negative feedback line. Output 44 watts. Front
Type TAI any B.S.R. or GARRARD Autochanger or Single panel can be detached and leads extended for
Player Unit (except AT60 and 5P25). Size 18in. x remote mounting of controls.
Peak
output in
15/n. x Bin. PRICE 13/9/6. P. & P. 9/6. The HA34 has been specially designed for us and
our quantity order enables us to offer E4.5.0
excess or 4 -SPEED PLAYER UNIT BARGAINS them complete with knobs, valves.
If watts. All brand new in maker's original packing. etc., wired and tested for only P. & P. 6/-.
All stan-
dard British B.S.R.TU/12
SINGLE PLAYERS
13/9/6. Carr. 5/6.
HSL 'FOUR' AMPLIFIER KIT
components. GARRARD SP25 De Luxe... 112/0/0. Carr. 5/6. A.C. Mains 2.00/250v., 4 watt. using ECC83,
Built on B.S.R. GU7 with unit mounted pickup arm. ELM, EZ80 valves
printed circuit panel, size 6 x Sin. 14/18/8. Carr. 5/6. * Heavy duty double -
Generous size Driver and Output Transformers. AUTO. CHANGERS wound mains transformer
Output transformer capped for 3 ohm and 15 Latest B.S.R. UA25 Super slim (6 1 6 with electrostatic screen.
ohm speakers. Transistors (GET 114 or SI GARRARD 1000 with special Hi-Fi cart £6 19 6 * Sep Bass, Treble
and volume controls, giving
9
Mullard 0081 D and matched pair cf 0081 o/p).
volt operation. Everything supplied,
wire, battery clips, solder, etc. Comprehen-
GARRARD 2000
GARRARD 3000
GARRARD AT60 (10.10.0.
10 0
18 IS 0
Carr. 6/6 on each.
fully variable boost and cut
with minimum insertion
sive easy to follow instructions and circuit diagram All the above units are complete with c/o mono head loss. * Heavy negative
2/6 (Free with Kit). All parts sold separately. and sapphire styli or can be supplied with compatible feedback loop over 2 stages
SPECIAL PRICE 45/- P. & P. 3/.. Also ready, stereo head for 12/6 extra. ensures high output at
built and tested, 52/6. P. & P. 3!.. A pair of excellent quality with very low distortion factor.
TAIs are ideal for stereo. B RAND NEW CARTRIDGE BARGAIN ! * Suitable for use with guitar, microphone or
ACOS GP69-I MONO CARTRIDGE. For E.P. record player. * Provision for remote mounting
of controls or direct on chassis. * Chassis
and L.P. Complete with stylus. ONLY 12/6. P. & size only 74 in. wide x 4 in. deep. Overall height
STEREO AMPLIFIER P. 1/-. 4; in. * All components and valves are brand
Incorporating 2 ECL86s and EZ80, heavy duty
I
B RAND NEW. ir 15w. H/D Speakers, 3 or 15 new. * Very clear and concise instructions enable
double wound mains transformer. Output 4 watts ohm. Current production by well-known British even the inexperienced amateur to construct
per channel into 3 ohm speakers. Full tone and vol- maker. Offered below list price at 89/6. P. & P. 5/-. with 100!;, success. * Supplied complete with
ume controls. Absolutely Guitar models 25w. 15.5.0 ; 35w. 18.8.0. valves, output transformer (3 ohms only), screened
complete. BRAND NEW 3 OHM LOUDSPEAKERS lead, wire, nuts, bolts, solder, etc. (No extras to
5 in., 12/6; 6; in., 15/-; 8 in., 22/6; 10 in., 27/6; buy.) PRICE 79/6. P. & P. 6/-.
ONLY 7 in. x 4 in., 16/-; 10 in. x 6in., 27/6. Comprehensive circuit diagram, practical layout
and parts lists 2/6 (free with kit).
£4.19.6 E.M.I. 8 in. x 5 in. with high flux magnet VI-.
E.M.I. 13) x 8 in. with high flux ceramic magnet, This kit although similar in appearance to HA34
P. & P. 8/ - 42/-. (15 ohm. 45/-). P. & P. 4' & 5' 2/-, & 8' 2/6, employs entirely different and advanced circuitry.
Super De- 10" & Ir 3/6 per speaker.
luxe version E.M.I. PLASTIC CONED TWEETER. 10/14 WATT HI -Fl AMPLIFIER KIT
with ECL86 24'. 3 ohm. Limited number: 12/6 each, P. & P. 1/6.
valves, sep.
bass, treble and balance con- VYNAIR AND REXINE SPEAKER AND A stylishly fin-
trols, full feed back. 4 watts CABINET FABRICS app. 54 in. wide. Usually 35/ - ished monaural
per channel into 3 ohm speakers. 8 gns. P. & P. 13/.. yd., our price 13/6 per yd. length (min. I yd.) amplifier with an
P. & P.2/6. S.A.E. for samples. outputof14watts
from 2 EL84s in
SPECIAL PURCHASE! TURRET TUNERS 7-10 watt OUTPUT TRANSFORMERS to push-pull. Super
By famous maker. Brand new and unused. Complete match pair of ECL 86's in push-pull to 3 ohm out- reproduction of
with PCC84 and PCFBO valves 34-3B McIs IF. Biscuits put. ONLY II/-. P. & P. 2/6. both music and
for Channel I to 5 and 8 and 9. Circuit diagram MAINS TRANSFORMER for transistor power speech, with neg-
supplied. ONLY 25/. each. P. & P. 3/9. supplies. Tapped pri 200-250v. Sec. 40-0-40 at I
ligible hum. Sep-
amp (with electrostatic screen) and 6.3v. at 5 amp for arate inputs for
GoRLER F.M. TUNER HEAD dial lamps etc. Drop thro mounting. Stack size I 5" mike and gram
x 31" x 31" 27/6. P. & P. 4/6. allow records and
88-100 McIs 10.7 Mc/s. I.F., 15'-, plus 2'- P. Si P.
MATCHED PAIR OF W TTTTRANSISTOR announcements to follow each other. Fully shrouded
(ECCBS valve, 84 extra). section wound output transformer to match
DRIVER AND OUTPUT TRANSFORMERS.
Stack size x 11 x f in. Output trans. tapped for 3
I 3-15;2 speaker and 2 independent volume controls,
LATEST COLLARO MAGNAVOX 363 TAPE ohm and 15 ohm output. 10/- pair plus 2!- P. & P. and separate bass and treble controls are provided
DECK DE LUXE. Three'speeds, 2 track, takes up giving good lift and cut. Valve line-up 2 EL134s,
to 7 in. spools. 10 gns. Plus 7/6 carr. and ins. on SPECIAL OFFER! FM/AM TUNER HEAD ECC83, EF86. and EZ80 rectifier. Simple
each. (Tapes extra.) Beautifully designed and instruction booklet 2/6. (Free with parts.) All
precision engineered by parts sold sap ly. ONLY /7/9!6. P. & P. 8/6.
QUALITY PORTABLE TAPE RECORDER Dormer and Wadsworth Also available ready built and tested complete
CASE. Brand new. Beautifully made. Few only at Ltd. Supplied ready fitted VIII with std. input sockets, i9/5/.. P. 84 P. 8/6.
49)6. P. & P. 8'6. with twin .0005 tuning con- wl
Carrying Case for above 28/6. P. & P. 716.
denser for AM connection.
Prealigned FM section MATCHED PAIR AM/FM I.F.'s. Comprising
ACOS CRYSTAL MIKES. High imp. For desk covers 86- 102 Mc/s. I.F. 1st I.F. and 2nd I.F. discriminator. (465 Kc/s/10.7
or hand use. High sensitivity, 18/6. P. & P. 116. output 10.7 Mc/s. Complete Mc/s). Size If' x 21" H. Will match FM/AM
with ECC85 (6LI 2) valveand
111111111111111111
Tuner head on left. Ili- pair. P. & P. 2/-.
ACOS HIGH IMPEDANCE CRYSTAL STICK full circuit diagram of tuner
MIKES. Listed at 42!.. Our price, 21/, P. & P. 1/6. head. Another special bulk
purchase enables us to offer HARVERSON SURPLUS CO. LTD.
these at 27/6 each . P. & P.
TWIN TELESCOPIC AERIAL. Two 3 -section
heavily chromed rods. Closed 12 -in. each extending 3/-. Order quickly ! 170 HIGH ST., MERTON, S.W.I9 CHErrywood 3985
to 32 in. Completely adjustable. Universal mounting Limited number also avail- Open all day Saturday Early closing Wed., I p.m.
bracket, coax lead and plug. Ideal for F.M. or T.V. able with precision geared
3: I reduction drive. A few minutes from South Wimbledon Tube Station. (Please write clearly)
12/6. P. & P. 216. 30/-. P. & P. 3/.. OVERSEAS P. & P. CHARGED EXTRA. S.A.E. with all enquiries

-7-;;1 ELECTRONIC ORGAN KITS

NOW ALSO AVAILABLE vi n5
074447"ff,illiatt IN PARTLY BOILT FORM e"' u
c..28118144111
aisuraw 53551
ieregfo-er_ .
So easy to build, so delightful to play
Suited to all types of music
The Solette. Precision made, pre-tu ned units come to you ready to assemble in only 20 hours. Self-
contained amplifier and speakers; p erfect tone and generous volume, full 5 -octave organ keyboard. Five
pitches plus solo and melodic bass. Transistorised, portable. Price £118 complete (terms if needed).
Details from:
DEPT. P.E.4, CLARION WORKS, NAPIER ROAD, * Also Iwo -manual
BROMLEY, KENT.
and pedal organ
(Bromley) Ltd
RAVensbourne 2122 kits up to £395.
532
 Obviously, the number of different input signal
shapes that can be invented is infinite. Any reasonably
shaped curve can be broken down into lots of small
straight lines, as in Fig. 3.2. The more lines used to
represent the curve, the more accurate is the representa-
tion. The name for this method is "piecewise linear
representation".
A straight line of any fixed slope is fairly easy to
generate. If a step waveform is applied to an integra-
tor, a ramp waveform will result. The points where
two straight lines meet are known as "break points",
and it is in the generating of these that the dodge is used.
If a Zener diode is connected into an operational
amplifier, as in Fig. 3.3, the second resistor, in series
with the diode, has no effect until the diode starts to
conduct. This does not happen until the striking
voltage of the diode is reached by the output. Space
does not permit of a fuller description of this method,
suffice it to say that by suitable juggling of the striking
points of the diodes, and by putting them in parallel
with both Z0 and Z1 almost any wave shape can be
generated.
Ship's maximum safe load computer developed by Elliott
Marine Automation enables the ship's master to know,
COMPUTER FUNCTIONS almost instantly, the stresses placed on a ship's hull during
The term "real time" has already been explained. It loading and unloading of cargo. The computer allows
is now possible to see how "fractional time" working the master to achieve maximum payload thereby improving
can be achieved. If the waveform being generated is a the overall earning capacity of the vessel. The same task
long slow one, taking perhaps minutes or even hours, it takes several hours when performed unaided.
can very easily be speeded up by changing the component
values of the integrator that is generating the initial
ramp function. This causes the whole process to be
speeded up, thus giving a designer a very quick method
of finding the answers to what may be a very slow
problem.
There are several other ways of generating specific
functions. Some are highly sophisticated, like the
plotting table, which has a line drawn on a table to BREAK POINTS
represent the function being generated. A follower
then slides over the table and follows the line, generating
the appropriate voltage as it goes. Others are more Any reasonably shaped curve can be
mundane but almost equally effective. Fig. 3.2.
broken down into lots of small straight lines
One such use is a cathode ray tube, in which the spot is
made to fly vertically up and down, and to progress Rp ZENER 0100E
across the screen at the same time. A piece of card is
then cut to the shape of the desired function and held in
front of the screen. Each time the spot emerges from RI
behind the card, a note is made, electronically, of its o%
height up the screen. This electronic "mental note"
can then be used to generate the function.
The physical layout of an analogue computer follows Po
a fairly strict pattern. To be a general purpose
machine, it is necessary that it can be easily connected Fig. 3.3a. A Zener diode is connected in series
up, and then broken down to be built up again in a with the second resistor to simulate the slope
To this end, the computer consists of a change
different way.
bank of high gain d.c. amplifiers, with their inputs and
outputs connected to a matrix of sockets. Above the
bank of amplifiers comes a bank of variable resistors.
These also have their terminals brought out to the
matrix.
The manner in which the machine is programmed, is
simply to build up a layout such as that in Fig. 3.1, by
using wire links with plugs on the ends that fit into the
sockets on the "patch -board" as it is called.
To use the computer's time more efficiently, it is
general practice to supply several patch -boards with one
machine. Each board can plug into the computer, but vt
the great advantage is that a programmer can take a
board away from the computer and set up his circuit Fig. 3.3b. The graphical effect of using the
with the link wires, and then, when the machine is free, Zener diode and resistor RD
 he can go and plug in his patch -board and start com- The bandwidth of the amplifier must be sufficient to
puting almost immediately. handle the complete range of frequencies involved,
otherwise false results may occur. This is particularly
D.C. AMPLIFIER important in fractional time working, since, in this
Up to this point in this series, a great deal of theorymode, all frequencies are increased.
has been given on analogue computing, the whole of Space does not permit a complete "exposé" of 'lc.
which revolves about one piece of hardware-the d.c. amplifiers, so only a brief discussion of some of the
amplifier. more salient points will be given.
It is so vital to the operation of an analogue com- Consider, first of all, the output stage of a d.c.
puter, that it is intended to devote several paragraphs amplifier. The requirement that affects this most is
to the various types that are in common use. Before the low output impedance of the amplifier. The
describing the actual hardware involved in such an simple way of achieving this is to use an emitter
amplifier, it is useful to consider the attributes required follower (see Fig. 3.4.).
of it. Two of these have already been mentioned in Assuming that the "machine unit" is from -I5V
previous articles. For analysing the operational to + 15V, and that the maximum drive required of the
amplifier, the gain of the d.c. amplifier used has been output is 10mA, it is possible to calculate the emitter
assumed to be infinite, and as a result of this, the input load.
current taken as zero. In view of the 10mA that is likely to be required, it is
The properties required do not end there; for in- good policy to allow at _least 15mA to flow in the
stance, an amplifier may have a vast gain and draw transistor on no load. This current should flow when
minute current at its input, but may drift as it warms up, the stage is giving its minimum output voltage, namely
or it may become unstable when feedback is applied. -15V, thus fixing the load resistor RL to the nearest
Again, it might have a certain amount of "zero -error" preferred value, at 680 ohms. Consider now what
(i.e. an output may be obtained when there is no happens when the output voltage reaches its maximum
input). of + 15V. To achieve this voltage the transistor must
Some of the most important features required of a conduct approximately 60mA. Apart from being
d.c. amplifier, if it is to be of any use in an analogue hard on the transistor, this drastic change of current
computer, are will move the operating point of the transistor to a
1. High gain (this may be 10' to 108 at d.c. falling to different point on its characteristic curves. This does
10' to 105 at 20Hz). not help where the linearity of the amplifier is con-
2. Low input current. cerned.
3. No drift. A more useful technique is to use a constant current
4. No zero error. source as the emitter load (see Fig. 3.5).
5. Adequate bandwidth (d.c. to 50 or 100Hz is With the emitter resistor shown, the transistor TR2
typical). conducts a virtually constant current of just over 18mA.
6. 180 degrees overall phase shift (i.e. negative gain). As the output voltage rises, the collector current of
7. Low output impedance (so that heavy loads may TR2 only varies slightly. This means that TR1 has a
be driven). stable operating point, and can therefore be run at a
The low output impedance is required in cases where higher rating throughout its range of output.
the amplifier has to drive a pen recorder or some such
piece of equipment, or even when several further
amplifiers are to be driven simultaneously. This last PREVENTING DRIFT
case is described, in computer circles, by saying that One of the most annoying problems that arises in a
the amplifier has a large "fan -out". d.c. amplifier is that of "drift". By definition, the

Part of the Solartron

analogue computer complex
installed recently at Sperry's
new Research and Develop-
ment Centre at Bracknell,
Berkshire. The computer
was purchased by the
Ministry of Technology for
work in support of guided
weapons projects, notably
Sea Dart

534
For the man of precision
Seiko World Time Watch
Now made available to readers of PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS for £21 . 9 . 6d.
WITH A 100'!, MONEY -BACK GUARANTEE I -USE THIS 100% MONEY -BACK GUARANTEE FORM
IF NOT COMPLETELY SATISFIED Please send me a SEIKO WORLD TIME
SEIKO watches are WATCH. My remittance is enclosed and
precision time- understand it will be refunded if I am
keeping instruments
I

produced with not completely satisfied.

painstaking care under a strict quality
control system. NAME
The SEIKO WORLD TIME AUTOMATIC ADDRESS
gives you at any time of day or night, the
exact time in 24 of the world's leading
capitals, as well as Greenwich Mean
Time and the date of the Month. This
17 -jewel watch has a built-in antimagnetic (E)
hairspring, unbreakable mainspring and
full rotor finely poised over six ball I Cheques and postal orders must be
bearings, and is shockproof. It is fully I crossed and made payable to Watch
guaranteed to give you accuracy, Division, WSR Limited, Dept. E, 30,32
pleasure and absolute dependability. I Southampton Street, London, W.C.99.
Cheques should have name and address
The World-wide reputation of Seiko won them the on the reverse. This offer is available
honour of producing all the high -precision timing to U.K. readers.
equipment for the 1964 Olympic Games. LnlY
VARIABLE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS BASIC TELEVISION
INPUT 230 240v. A.C. 50,60 -
LIGHT SENSITIVE SWIT H
OUTPUT VARIABLE 0-260v Kit of parts, including ORPI2 Cad - New Model Illustrated Course of
BRAN D NEW Carriage Paid. mium Sulphide Photocell, Relay, Elementary Technician Training.
Buy direct from the importer. Transistor and Circuit, etc., 6-12
keenest prices in the country. volt D.C. op. price 25/- plus 2/6 A Common Core Book
PORTABLE TYPE
All Types (and Spares) from P. & P. ORP 12 including circuit,
to 50 amp. from stock. 10/6 each, plus 1/- P. & P. Pt. I. 21,- Tech. P. Postage 1/ -
£8, 10. O. OPEN TYPE (Panel Mounting) A.G. MAINS MODEL Incorporates
amp, Ll. 3. 0. I amp, 14. 10, 0. Mains Transformer, Rectifier and special
2.', amps, E5. 12. 6. relay with 3, 5 amp mains 00 contacts.
SHROUDED TYPE
I amp, £4. 10.
ES. 17. 0.
0.
4 amps, E8. 7.
2.5 amps,_ - - - --
Price inc. circuit 47/6 plus 2/6 P. & P.
6. LIGHT SOURCE AND PHOTO
SELECTED PAPERS, I I, PAL. Variant
of NTSC Colour Television System, by
Dr. W. Bruch. 12/6. postage 1/6.
5 amps, [9. 0. 0. 8 amps, CELL MOUNTING THE RADIO AMATUER HAND-
Ell. 10. 0. 10 amps. L17. 0. 0.1 Precision engineered BOOK, 1967 ed., by A.R.R.L. 40 -.
12 amps, E19. 10. 0. 15 amps. light source with focusible Postage 4/-.
£22. 0. 0. 20 amps, 132. 10. 0. lens assembly and ventilated
37.5 amps, £65. 0. 0, 50 amps, lamp housing, to take MBC bulb:'Separate COLOUR TELEVISION EXPLAINED,
I photo cell mounting assembly for ORP.;12 by W. A. Holm. 21/-. Postage I'-.

..,,.
L85. 0. 0.
1.5 amp. portable fitted metal case or similar cell. Both units are single hole WORLD RADIO, T.V. HANDBOOK,
voltmeter, lamp.. switch, etc.L8.10.0 fixing. Price per pair 12.10.0. P. & P.3/6. 1967, 32/, Postage 1/-.
P. & C. 10'.. Similar to above 2.5 ...., ,

amp. £9.17.6. P. & C. 10;-. COMPUTERS FOR THE AMATEUR

MINIATURE UNISELECTOR SWITCH
3 banks of 11 positions plus homing bank. CONSTRUCTOR, by R. H. Warring.
100 WATT POWER RHEOSTATS (NEW) 20/... Postage If-.
40 ohm coil. 24-36 v..
AVAILABLE IN THE FOLLOWING VALUES operation. Carefully re- ,;',.- RAPID SERVICING OF TRANSISTOR
. I moved from equipment 7
#4% . EQUIPMENT, by G. J. King. 30 -.
I ohm, 10 a.; 5 ohm, 4.7 a.; 10 ohm, 3 a.; and tested, 22/6, plus 2/6 Postage I'',
25 ohm. 2 a.; 50 ohm, 1.4 a.; 100 ohm, I a.; P. & P.
250 ohm. .7 a.; 500 ohm. .45 a.; 1,000 ohm. ... ...
TRANSISTOR SPECIFICATIONS &
280 mA; 1,500 ohm. 230 mA; 2,500 ohm..2 a. Diameter UNISELECTOR SWITCHES SUBSTITUTION HANDBOOK, Tech.
P. 21,-. Postage 1,-.
3fin. Shaft length sin- dia. RM. All at 27/6 each. 75 ohm coil 24v. D.C.
P. & P. 1/6. 6 Bank 25 position, 5 non -bridging I RADIO VALVE DATA 8th ed. Compiled
25 WATT POWER RHEOSTATS I Bridging Wiper by "WW", 9/6. Postage 1/3.
10 ohm, 1.5 a.; 25 ohm, I a.; 50 ohm, .75a.; 100 ohm..5 a.; 6 Bank arranged to give3 bank,50 positions.
250 ohm, .3a; 500 ohm, .2 a; 1,000 ohm, .15 a; 1,500 ohm,1 Carefully removed from equipment.
.12a.; 2.500 ohm, .1 a; all at 14/6. P. & P. 1/6. All at 35/- each. P. & P. 2/6.
OBI IMIP. =11, 11 MEW 1M. il JIIMM .1 MN ,. 1m r1=IIIIIIS I

NICKEL CADMIUM BATTERY !SCOOP ! ! DIGITAL VOLTMETERS THE MODERN BOOK CO.
Sintered Cadmium Type 1.2 v. 7AH.
Size: height r in.. width 2I I at a fraction of makers price ! ! ! BRITAIN'S LARGEST STOCKISTS
in. Weight: approx. 13 oz. Ex-R.A.F. FOUR DIGIT DISPLAY WITH of British and American Technical Books
Tested, 12/6. P. & P.2/6. AUTOMATIC DECIMAL POINT 19-21 PRAED STREET
Manufactured by Dawe Instruments s.. MOWN/
INSULATED ILtd. Type 652A Voltmeter and LONDON, W.2
TERMINALS Type 653A A.C. Input Unit. These Phone: PADdington 4185
Available in black, two units are new in makers pack- Closed Saturday p.m. I

red, white, yellow, ing. Volts D.C. 2 millivolt to 1,000 v.

blue and green. New 0.2% accuracy in four f.s.d. ranges
15/- per doz. P. & of lv, 10v, 100v, and 1,000v. Volts A.C.
P. 2/-. millivolt to 500v. SO c/s to 25 kcs.
I

0.3% accuracy in four ranges.

34R SILICON SOLAR A.C. Mains operation, 110 v and 200-
CELL 4 .5 v. unit series 1250 v. 50-60c/s.
connected, output up These fully transistorised portable
to 2 v. at 20 mA, in sun- units, weighing together only 15Ibs.
light. 30 times the Iare offered complete with hand-

i
efficiency of selenium. book, for only (47.10.0 per set. incl.
As used in power Earth Postage (U.K. only). Leaflets available on request.
Satellites, 37/6. P. & P.
DRY REED SWITCH. I amp. contact, size 11," x r. 4 for
'-'- -
1/ .
10 -. Post paid.
" SOLAR CELL AND PHOTO-
THYRISTOR
CELL EXPERIMENTERS'
GUIDE"
Teaches the principles of light sensi-
tive devices and their application. I
26/, post paid.
---
1.-.. .- ,...400 vv. 3 amp. 9,6 post paid.
THYRISTOR 400 tiv. 8 amp. 28'6 post paid.
230 VOLT A.C. GEARED MOTORS
r.p.m. 1.7 lb. inch £2.9.6. P. & P. 2/6. 13 r.p.m. 1.45 lb.
£6/9/6
Solve your emmmuica-
tim, probicros with this
4 -Station Transistor Intercom system (1 master and
3 Sabo, in de -lure plastic cabinets for Iles!: or wall
mounting. Call/talk/listen from Master to Subs and
inch (2.17.6. P. & P. 2 6. 80 r.p.m. -26 lb. inch 12.2.0. Subs to Master. Ideally suitable for Business, Sur
IP. & P. 2/6. gery, .4chools, Hospital, Office and H Operates
MM
36 VOLT 30 AMP AC or DC IMMO .11111 =NM,

DOUBLE WOUND VARIABLE LT

OHone IIV battery. On/of switch. Volume control.
Complete with ;l connecting uirea each finft. and
other accessories. P. P.
VARIABLE LT SUPPLY UNIT
Input 220 240 volts A.C. TRANSFORMERS Fully isolated low tension
INTERCOM/BABY ALARM
Low voltage supply. Fully iso- secondary winding. Input 230 v. A.C. Output con-
lated. Fitted in robust metal case tinuously variable 0-36 v. A.C.
with Voltmeter, Ammeter, Panel 0-36 Volt at 5 Amp. (8.10.0. P. & P. 8/6.
Indicator and Chrome Handles. 0-36 Volt at 20 Amp. (19.10.0. P. & C. 15/,
Input and Output fully fused. These fully shrouded Transformers designed, to our
Ideally suited for Lab. or Indus- specifications are ideally suited for Educational and
trial use. 155 40 - CP. Industrial Laboratory use.
Ns.
__ __ ___ Modernize business or home with this new two-way
Portable Transistor Intercom, consisting of Master
SUPER POWER MAGNET and Sub, in strong plastic cabinets for desk 1w
Fantastic ex-W.D. magnets, wall. Designed as a two-way instant communica-
CONSTANT VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER weighing only 4 lb. will lift well tion system. tall/talk/listen from Master to Sub and
over 100 lb. Swivelled handle and Hub to Master. Operates on one tiV battery.
t Complete with fin ft. wire. Battery 2/4i. P. Sr P. 3/6.
Input 185-250 v. A.C. Output 230
v. A.G. Capacity 250 watt. Attrac- - Ikeeper. Size 4 in. 32 in.
in. Packed in two's. Price 30/ -
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12

TELEPHONE AMPLIFIER
55/ -
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tive metal case. Fitted red signal
lamp. Rubber feet. Weight 17 I MOVING COIL HEADPHONE AND MIKE 444,
boost bus -
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lbs. Price £11.10.0. P. & P. 15/-. Soft rubber ear -pieces with M/C Mike fitted 5 -way a, cieney
I plug as on No. 19 set. New in makers packing, with this
I 16/6 plus 3/6 C. & P. incredible
.11111. MEI - imMs MK .M11 Mint .. AMMO. De -luxe
Telephone Amplifier. Take down long telephone
messages or converse without holding the handset.

SERVICE, TRADING CO A status symbol? Yes, but very useful one. 0o/ott
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536
Fig. 3.4. Basic emitter Fig. 3.5.Constant current Fig. 3.6. Complete amplifier using long-tailed pairs to
follower output stage source as the emitter load reduce drift

Fig. 3.7. Accumulation of d.c. levels through a three -stage Fig. 3.8. Using complementary transistors to eliminate
amplifier accumulation of d.c. voltage

amplifier must be d.c. coupled; this means that any It is possible to build a d.c. amplifier, using both
slight change in the current conducted in the first stage, long-tailed pairs and complementary transistors, which
and this can very easily be caused by a change in tem- is virtually free from drift, and has no change in d.c.
perature, will be amplified right through the amplifier level between its input and its output.
and appear as a fairly substantial output. One of the
most common methods of dealing with drift is to use a Elliott analogue computer for automatic alignment of the
long-tailed pair. A complete amplifier can be built steerable landing gear on the Lockheed C5A giant transport
using these elements, as in Fig. 3.6. aircraft when landing crosswind
When an amplifier of this type is built with tran-
sistors it is possible to use two transistors in one
encapsulation. This means that their temperatures
will be identical, and hence, any drift that occurs in
one transistor will also occur in the other. By making
use of a circuit such as that in Fig. 3.6, these two drifts
can be made to cancel each other out, thus producing a
virtually drift -free amplifier.
Another problem that arises in a d.c. amplifier is
that of the accumulation of d.c. levels through the
amplifier. The very nature of the transistor is such
that if it is to be operated in its linear mode, it must
support a comparatively large voltage across itself.
This means that the input to the second stage starts off
with a d.c. bias before any signal arrives at all. This
principle is illustrated in Fig. 3.7. D.C. voltsges are
given at strategic points of the circuit.
If complementary (pnp and npn) transistors are used
alternately in the amplifier, the accumulation of
voltage can be completely eliminated (see Fig. 3.8).
 Fig. 3.9. Basic principle of a multiplier

Fig. 3.10. Driving the multiplier poten-

tiometer by using a comparison voltage
from "y" input and the "reset"
potentiometer
Servo
Motor

Multiplier Reset
Potentiometer Potentiometer

INPUTS

COMPUTE
+25V
SI S3 OUTPUT

SET
-25V I C and
ZERO
SET
INITIAL
INITIAL CONDITION
MO.
CONDITION
CONTROL
S2
SET
ZERO
Fig. 3.11 (left). Setting up the initial condition on an
intregrator prior to actual computation
OV

SERVO -MULTIPLIER When k0 - -y the output Vo will be zero and the

motor will stop turning. By suitable choice of com-
In the theory of analogue computers that has been ponents, the minus sign and the constant k can be
presented so far, use has been made of the summing made to disappear, leaving the "null" point to occur
amplifier as a multiplier that can multiply a variable by when 0 = y.
any fixed constant. This unit cannot multiply two This indicates the basic method of multiplying two
variables together. There is, however, a unit that can variables together, and leaves only one further topic to
perform this function, and its description has been be covered in the analogue section of this series.
deliberately left until now because it forms a field
on its own-that of the servo -multiplier. SETTING -UP
Unfortunately, the technology -of electronics at the Returning to the aircraft wing that was mentioned
present time does not allow for two variables to be earlier, it was always assumed that at the start of any
multiplied together without resorting to a mechanical computation, the wing was in an unstrained position.
"swindle". This swindle forms the basis of a servo - This need not always be the case, and a special tech-
multiplier.
The aim of this device is to accept two variables x nique for dealing with this sort of situation must be
and y, and, by fair means or foul, produce their pro- developed.
duct z. Suppose that x is to be represented by a Supposing that a brick was resting on the wing tip
voltage applied to the ends of a potentiometer, and when it received its kick. This would mean that the
that y is to be represented by the angle at which the initial value of x was not zero. This initial value can
shaft of the potentiometer rests, then the voltage be very easily represented by a voltage set up on a
appearing on the wiper of the potentiometer would be capacitor before beginning a computation. A typical
proportional to the product of x and y, i.e. z (see Fig. circuit in which such an "initial condition" is set up
3.9). on an integrator, is shown in Fig. 3.11.
This is the "multiplier" part of a servo -multiplier; The potentiometer used to set up the initial condition
the "servo" part arises from the manner in which y is is usually a highly accurate, calibrated instrument, or
converted from a voltage into an angular position. else it is coupled to a digital voltmeter. All the
Suppose that a second potentiometer were to be initial conditions would then be set up using the same
ganged to the shaft of the multiplier potentiometer; instrument. This is the cheapest and most accurate
and suppose also that the ends of the track are con- way of setting up the initial conditions, since it obviates
nected to a constant voltage supply. Then the voltage the need for a large number of accurate potentiometers,
on the wiper of this second potentiometer will be directly with precision power supplies.
proportional to the angle of its shaft, If now this The "set zero" switch position is a refinement that
voltage is compared in a summing amplifier with the allows the amplifier to be checked for zero error. The
voltage representing y, then a voltage can be derived input can be connected to zero voltage, and a check
to drive a small servo motor that can in turn drive the made that the output is also zero.
two potentiometers. This can be seen more clearly in Once all the pre -computation setting -up has been
completed, the "compute" switch S3 makes the final
The output of the summing amplifier will be connection that allows computation to proceed.
In the next article it is intended to start on a discus-
=Ro-y - Rok0 sion of the digital computer. It is this machine that is
the true "brain" of modern times.
538
 HOME RADIO LTD. 187 London Rd., Mitcham, Surrey, CR4 2YQ Phone: MIT 3282

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EE or AC?
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Professor, Electronics Engineer or
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find life much easier with a Home Radio
Catalogue to track down all the components
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come by return of post. I NAME
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catalogue you also get a Bookmark, an Order Form and-
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I HOME RADIO LTD., Dept. PE, 187 London Road, Mitcham, Surrey. CR4 2TQ
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539
 ARE YOU A PRO
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FREE YOUR OWN

AND CATALOGUE OF ALL OUR
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:"`
 SPURIOUS EMISSIONS provide a carte blanche for any future
head of the Post Office to close down CHECK ON CAR QUACKS
Is Mephistopheles now a more all ham activities if he so desired. In Electronic diagnostic checks for
befitting symbolic figure for the my view, this is a preposterous cars seem to be catching on. One of
General Post Office than the attitude to take; there are plenty of the large petrol firms is planning
traditional Mercury? One gets the safeguards in a democracy. To read drive-in test sites using such equip-
impression that horns must have now anything so sinister into the new ment in various parts of the country.
indeed supplanted the wings of the regulations is being rather melo- The attraction of this method is that
messenger of the gods, judging by the dramatic. it is not necessary to strip down the
sinister motives frequently attributed Seems to me the RSGB must make engine to trace its faults. Attach a
to the Postmaster -General by hostile up its mind; it can't run with the few probes and the condition of the
critics. hare and hunt with the hounds. engine is rapidly revealed by instru-
I am not alluding to pirate stations The chaps who are really going to ments ire the diagnostic equipment.
especially, although we know the have a right old moan over this are The trouble is discovered in minutes
P.M.G. does not rate particularly the hundreds of users (and would-be instead of hours, as with the con-
high in their pop charts. As a users) of walkie-talkies. Poor ventional method.
matter of fact these buccaneers of the deluded folk, they supposed that if a An additional function for this
air waves don't actually excite any piece of equipment was openly equipment, I suggest, would be a
great sympathy from me-not that offered for sale they would be post -overhaul check of the car-and
this will cause them the slightest perfectly entitled to buy it and use it witnessed by the owner prior to
despondency as they study their for the purpose it was intended. acceptance of the repaired vehicle.
healthy bank balances. That's just Oh no, not at all! They have been Practically without exception, all
by the way. illegitimate all along. Now under my motoring friends and acquaint-
The latest attack on the P.M.G. the new regulations, the makers and ances have tales of woe to recount
comes from a quite different and vendors of such equipment will concerning their experiences with
unexpected quarter. The Radio likewise find themselves beyond the garage service departments. Unless
Society of Great Britain has always pale. one is reasonably knowledgeable on
been unequivocal in its stand for the Finally for the sake of young automobile engineering-and further-
rights of the officially licensed innocents, let me explode a myth: more is prepared to take the trouble
amateur. In jealously guarding the there is no Citizens' Band in the of making the appropriate detailed
"ham", the Society has made it its U.K. For a law abiding citizen, examinations-much must be taken
business to give publicity to the there is only one way out-swot on trust. Unfortunately, there is
apprehension of unlicensed amateurs up and take the Radio Amateurs' much evidence that confidence
found transmitting. Examination. reposed -in car service establishments
Now due to the large scale import is often misplaced. And that's no
of walkie-talkies, the problem of joke where a potentially lethal
interference arising from unauthor- machine is concerned.
ised users is very serious. Model Perhaps the arrival of the electronic
control enthusiasts will agree on this diagnostic equipment will mark a
without a doubt. Very late in the considerable step forward in main-
day, if I may venture an opinion, taining car performance and safety.
the P.M.G. has formulated a number If also used as I have suggested, the
of new regulations. These are to be equipment could reveal any slip -shod
incorporated in the Wireless Tele- workmanship. The motorist would
graphy Act 1949, which gives the then be able to administer the remedy
Government power to control all for this couldn't -care -less type of
forms of communication using disease by avoiding such offenders
electromagnetic waves. like the plague in future.
The particular clause which has Garage proprietors may look
excited the attention of the ham askance at this idea of a final check in
fraternity appears pretty innocuous, full view of the car owner. The
to me at any rate. Under clause reputable ones should welcome this
seven, the P.M.G. can forbid the electronic confirmation of the high
manufacture or the importation of standard of their work. Only the
any apparatus that has been specified inefficient and unreliable will fight
as likely to cause interference with shy of submitting their work to the
wireless telegraphy. Critics claim analytical mind of the electronic
that this is too ambiguous, and could examiner.
541
 Amateur Radio Club of
Nottingham
0 Sir-The above club are forming
(within the club) an electronics
group, and if any of your readers
A SELECTION FROM OUR POSTBAG would like to join this section they
are welcome to come along to one
of our meetings or contact the
fundamental, required notes; har- undersigned for further details of
Music box ? monics above and below the funda- our activities.
Sir-As a regular reader of your mental which may or may not be a The group is open to all who are
magazine I wish to compliment you pure octave; "thirds" and "fifths" interested in the field of electronics
on the consistent quality of your harmonically related to the funda- and meetings are held at Wood-
mental. It is this complexity of thorpe House, Mansfield Road,
articles. They are always a notes which give "richness" to the
pleasure to read and I constantly tone of a guitar (and the better the
Nottingham, on the fourth Tuesday
look forward to receiving next guitar can produce these incidentals,
in every month. We hope to have
month's issue. the more valuable and desirable it demonstrations, talks, contests,
However, writing to you is in fact becomes). etc.; also, if sufficient interest is
occasioned by a disappointment. (3) A transistorised, polyphonic "instru- shown, we have been promised
In the April 1967 issue you ment" will contain not less than 13 workshop facilities.
announced the May article on how separate oscillators, with dividers and Norman E. Down, G3SRX,
to make a multipliers to obtain the range above Hon. Sec.,
bass guitar and I and below the fundamental frequency
expected to find a fully electronic 23 Lady Bay Road,
of any one oscillator, in order to West Bridgford,
design. Instead I am now faced simulate the range of the guitar.
With an instruction that deals with This division/multiplication process
Nottingham.
quite a bit of carpentry, so I wish will produce harmonics at octave
to ask you: is this really necessary? intervals but, unless the transistors
Wouldn't it be more reasonable to are made to produce an impure
find-in an electronics magazine- fundamental, thirds and fifths will be
absent. This is the first basic
a design based on a monophonic failure to simulate the guitar; you A retailer replys
bass organ circuit? either have a clear, fundamental
I have often wondered why note with octave harmonics or you Sir-One can sympathise with your
people go through all this trouble have a rough fundamental which may correspondents H. M. Sherry
a bass these days produce undesirable interaction (March issue) and C. G. Thorne
when the same sounds can be between harmonics and the overall (May issue) since retailers as well as
created through, for instance, a effect then becomes "distortion". readers have difficulty in ensuring
multivibrator with some sort of (4) The electronic guitar (or "acoustic" rapid deliveries and response to
filter hooked up behind it. It is guitar, there is no difference in the their inquiries. There is, of course,
following respect) has a very sharp no excuse for indifference or lack of
much easier to finger some keys "attack" (i.e. the "rise time" between
than to find one's own way up and striking the string and the production
courtesy and I can only suggest that
down the fingerploard in great of full amplitude by the string your readers build up from
speed. is very short) but it rises in experience a knowledge of those
In other words, don't you think volume from nothing to a maximum, firms to avoid. There are, however,
that there would be a market for a i.e. it "develops" during rise time. several good retailers who do not
bass in a small box with, say, 20 keys A transistor oscillator has a rise mete out such treatment.
time dependent upon components The problem of prices is difficult,
to cover one -and -a -half octaves? used: it could he made very short,
I fully realise', that the bassist but if short it does not develop; it is
and your comment in the March
would be less spectacular to watch all or nothing in a split second. issue (see Readout, Post-haste,
than the present musician, but in Again considering the guitar; please) goes most of the way in
the long run don't you think -that having struck the string and explaining the position. No doubt
people will tend to produce the maximum amplitude has been some firms expect excessive profits
tones the easy way? developed, its "decay", or die -away and these are to be avoided.
Anyhow, i f you could come up ensues. In the transistor instru- However, it is generally true that
with a suitable design, at least / ments there is no decay, again it is the customer gets what he pays for,
"all or nothing". and whilst many components are
would be most grateful. In short, the guitar produces a
C. Hagen, rounded tone, with a definite maxi-
nominally the same not all are of
Glostrup, mum amplitude point; the. transistor the same quality. First line
Denmark. produces a "piping" tone (or in guaranteed components are bound
electronic terms, something to cost more. The reader must
approaching a square -wave whose judge for himself the likely value
As a "gimmick" this idea could be quite vertical sides are very steep and and quality of components and kits
interesting, but as a serious competitor whose "roof" is flat).
to the normal electronic guitar I think it sold for a suspiciously low figure.
(5) Considering showmanship: the Where is the economy in buying an
would fail for the following reasons: guitar is itself invaluable to the
(I) An electronic guitar is polyphonic, artiste; he would be at a loss if inferior kit for a low price if the
therefore this "instrument" must also asked to play a box (or any other life of the assembled circuit is
be polyphonic. And this involves shape) fitted with buttons or keys. short?
complexity, plus cost and size. (So also would the pop group audience G. H. Olsen,
(2) When one string of a guitar is if asked to regard this "box" as a Neslo Electronics,
plucked, the listener hears the "guitar".)-S. Simpson Newcastle upon Tyne, 2.
542