Practical Electro

ANUARY1965 PR C 26

TD

BUPRNIS BUILD

HIGH IMPEDANCE
VOLTMETER
DARKROOM TIMER

ELECTRONIC
GUITAR

mm

, j

■;

I£HO
-HSI/
?0

1.

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GROUP-MASTER 30 WATT
"THIRTY" HI-FI AMPLIFIER
Cddemir
GUITAR AMPLIFIER
A high quality 30-watt amplifier developed for use in large
A VERSATILE halls and clubs, etc. Ideal for bass, lead or rhythm guitars,
schools, dance halls, theatres and public
UNIT FOR address. Suitable for any type of mike
or pickup. Valve line-up: two EF86: one
INSTRUMENTALISTS ECC83; EL34.
one GZ34: two
AND Four separate inputs are
provided with two volume
VOCAL GROUPS controls. Bass and Treble
controls are incorporated.
Amplifier operates on
being suitable for * standard 50c/s mains. 3 ohm
and IS ohm speakers may
clubs and public address • be used. Full 12 month
guarantee. Factory built and tested.
Ideal for bass, lead or rhythm guitar, and all other musical Perforated cover with carrying handles
instruments. y can be provided if required, price 21/-.
•fc The two 12-inch 2S-watt heavy duty loudspeakers are or deposit of £1.16,0 and twelve monthly payments
specially designed for this type of amplifier, and give out- of £1.9.2. Carriage 15,'- to be sent with deposit.
standing reproduction.
Robust attractive two-tone finished cabinet of compact 5 WATT AMPLIFIER1
size, 28" x 20" x I0|" fitted with carrying handles. THE fJdtjMr r
-fc For standard AC mains 50c/s operation. IDEAL FOR HOME USE. Suitable for guitars,
•fa Four inputs provided can be used simultaneously with record decks and microphones. Cabinet size approx,
instrument pickups or mikes. 13x18x7 in. The cabinet is well made and attractively mm
■fa Separate Bass and Treble controls are incorporated. finished. Volume bass and treble controls incorporated.
Price 9 gns. post paid. Send S.A.E. for leaflet.
or deposit of £4.12.0 and twelve monthly
payments of £3.12.5. Carriage and insurance THE GRAMETTE
25/- to be sent with deposit.
A compact 3-4 watt gram- amplifier that can be used with all types of record
players. Fitted with volume and tone controls. Incorporating mains
GOLDENAIR isolating transformer, thus making the unit completely safe. A tnode
TRANS. RADIO TUBULAR SPEAKER pentode valve and modern silicon rectifier arc utilised. Price 3 gns. r. «
Booster Speaker. Plugs 50 WATT MODEL P. 5;-. Ready built and tested £3.19.6. P. & P. 5/-.
into earpiece socket of
most radios and tape NOW AVAILABLE
recorders. Gives double
the volume and a hi fi PRICE 49 GUINEAS THE THREE
stereo effect that will
amaze you, size approx. A uniquely designed 2 valve 3 watt gram, amplifier,
9 x 2| in, Price 25 P. & P. 1,9. OR TERMS. SEND fully enclosed in a compact well ventilated metal case, _ Tr,
size 7 x 5y x 2| in. Three controls provided. Volume. Treble and Ba".
FOR DETAILS A completely safe unit incorporating mains isolating transformer. Price |
TRANS/RECEIVER No, 46 4 gns. P. & P. 5.'-,
Compactly carried by
one man. This has a range H.R.O. INSTRUCTION HANDBOOK
of approx. 10 miles, and TYPE 19 SHORT 3,6 each. P. & P. 6d,
being crystal controlled
tuning is avoided, and WAVE RECEIVING SET No, 19 SET INSTRUCTION
operation is as accurate Works straight off the HANDBOOK
as a telephone. Frequency mains. An excellent short 3/6 each. P. & P. 6d.
3.6-9.1 Mc/s. Complete , wave receiver, requires
stations comprising re- only phones for immediate operation. Price 1155 INSTRUCTION HANDBOOK
ceiver transmitter rod £5.19.6. P. & P. 10/-. Suitable phones 15/- per pair. 3 6 each. P. & P. 6d.
aerial, one set of head- P. & P. 2/6. . „ i'
phones and mike in canvas During an evening's testing of this excellent f
carrying bag. The crystal coil receiver, we obtained clear reception from f MICRO ALLOY TRANSISTORS
units can be supplied'for 35/- per scores of stations, many of them thousands of miles i Mac 100 . . 7/9 Mat '20 . . 7/9
set, post free. Brand new in distant. including_ ship stations, government i Mac 101 . . 8/6 Mat 121 . . 8/6
maker's sealed cartons. transmissions, maritime broadcasts, etc. and also \ VHF Transistor ADT140 'V
Price per station £4.t0.0. P. & P. 10/- each- the short wave Radio Luxembourg broadcasts. \ Above MATs postage paid
Two stations for £9.10.0. Post Free. Fertile Slab Aetrals suitable lor Uansistoi sels 3/-. P. 6 P- 64.
NEW WALK-ROUND ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT STORE AT NO. 4 LAMBERTS ARCADE, LOWER BRIGGATE, LEEDS I
(NEXT TO HALFORDS CYCLE SHOP). OPEN ALL DAY WEEKDAYS AND ALL DAT SATURDAY. ^ ^ ^ v„ ^.
C.O.D. 5/- EXTRA FOREIGN & TRADE ORDERS
NO C.O.D. UNDER 30/- WELCOMED. S.A.E. WITH
ALL ENQUIRIES
48hr. DESPATCH SERVICE
PLEASE
POSTAGE RATES APPLY IN
U.K. ONLY PHONE LEEDS 34703
AIL MAIL ORDERS TO:—
—SONA ELECTRONIC CO. (DEPT. P.E. 3) BRIGGATE HSE., 13 ALBION PLACE, LEEDS 1
 SURBITON PARK RADIO LTD.

ALL ORDERS DESPATCHED SAME DAY * WE PAY POSTAGE AND INSURANCE

SATISFACTION OR MONEY REFUND GUARANTEE • DEPENDABLE SERVICE
LEADING STOCKISTS OF MARTIN RECORDAKITS AND AUDIOKITS
MARTIN RECORDAKITS Dep. Mthly. MARTIN AUDIOKITS Mthly.
HALF TRACK & ptnts.
of Dep. pmt».
VTAFF v AMPLIFIER FOR STUDIO DECK, with kit! represent excellent
kits *!! Transistor
value forTon WattEach
money. Amplifier
unit it of
Iff- * "red Pr"ited circuit, control and input panels, complete, requiring
0 l the only to be connected to the next.
' FFflA5 o j ^sfarmert,
■e5 and knobs,
2 Et 8 4,plans,
- ' 3 Wattsscrews etc.;
output.
" , ?. 7 popular units here. Others
1!VT».The following would make up
nS monitor- controls.
and .1C" 'S?" 1
Can *.bee*'-used
tpeaker
a$ ansocket, tone
amplifier TRANSISTORISED
N, F,VE
AMPLIFIER IS ohim MODEL
R0 ST D 0 D CK v 1 471- 8 25/6 ^ I, !-^Crrstal. >NPUT
f't-PU- PU, Radio.SELECTOR. Site 3± X£2.7.6
Mit, Tape Head 3in.
E?,^ m .0 t H7, n' , ool,* - "y '««' nfodel. '? i{N
« XIT2iio.
4—ME-AM
Volume Pen/off,
LI FI ERbass
A N DandCONTROL. Siie
treble control.
eA?c'(L 1 '' ' with
CASE for above . : 6f X i.5m. speaker, two tone grey 44/-
£10.19.4 a 24/6
COMPLETE KIT with tape and microphone EZvflllt 120/- UNIT 7—MAIN AMPLIFIER. 10 watts 4 transistor,
12 44/- transformerless
L.5. imp. 15 ohmsPush Pull output. Mounted on heat£6sink.
12 4
TAPE AHPLIFIERU|^R STUofo'dECK, as above. UNIT 8—POWER SUPPLY. Gives 10 A 40 volts.
52/- a 27/6 CONTROL PANEL for Units I and 4 and smooching £2,15.0
jo.4
gOUAg STUWO eecic, ^
E V
56/- 12 20/6 ALL ABOVE FOUR UNITS WITH PANEL. ISohms
^®^ "^TE Kl^withtapVand rnVe'rophonaJ!,' £33^;6 136/- 12 49/10 42/. 22/6
ui, _ _Jr,APl£RE-AMP, -IF,ERS 7.^.5 S ,S
UNIT S, MAIN I9R,SED AMPLIFIER
AMPLIFIER, 3 ohms
as Unit 7 butMODEL
3 ohms
OUARTCR TRACK,
«UARTER TB Ar K as above ? dockSELF
ii?<Lm'^POWERED
out £8 B
- - -® 34/- 6 25/8
39/- 6 28/4 UNIT 6 POWER SUPPLY, as Unit 8 but IB-l^Vo"
TAPE HEADS.
and Erase on place Bradmatk Half-Traek Record/Rep'^
£1.19,4 eei^0FOR
SEND iifl,A T
LEAFLET'' tJ OFPANEL "i'.I.O 57/-
3 ohms RANGE
COMPLETE 20/10
ARMSTRONG AMPLIFIERS ANDTUNERS
GRAMOPHONE UNITS
B.S.R, UA25,
Garrard SRPtO Very latestplayer.
Single modelMono
with cartridge
cart £6.6.0 — — —
Garrard Autoslim, 4 Speed changer Mono ... £5.10.0
Garrard AT/5/P Improved Autoslim.Stereo £7.17.0 £9.0.0 33/.
36/. 64 24/-
27/4
Garrard A.T.fi Autoslim de Luxe, mono
Garrard AT/S/3W0LM as ATS, but with slir i arm.£11.9.0 stereo 47/- 8 25/3
; t;. Garrard 4H/F, Transcription unit Mono £17.0.0 46/4 8 2S/9
Garrard "Deccadek" Single Player with Decca "Deram" 48/- 12 24/11
cartridge
Garrard LAS. f'A", Transcription changer£15.15.0 Mono 63/. 12 23/1
MODEL 222 MODEL 223 79/-
•A TUNERS
STEREO AMP 222, t0 + low £27.10.0 Garrard 301 Strobe, Transcription unit £22.o!o 88/- 11 28/11
SELF.POWERED "t.iu.u 10/. 40/4 Philips AG 1016, Stereo cartridge, rill change 7in. 12 32/3
5T1 AM/rri.. £22.10.0 32/2 records
Cold ringwith adaptor
GL58, with 10/.
armextra
but less cartridge!!! £12.12.0 50/6 12 18/4
fTfl ir/i 42/2 Goldrlng £17.1.0 69/. 12 24 .M
. TUNER/AMPLIFIERS,
W!t
MONO
amp
"8.15.0 Goldnng GL70, with arm but less
"SS11, Transcription lesscarer
armidee £17.9.4
£18.18 J 11/4
74/5 12
12 27/8
lir/M AM/FM WI thh 10 w. amp
*?7/M £24,10.0
£36,15.0 38/10 LEAFLETS ON REQUEST
■ TUNER/AMPLIFIERS. 53/10
Wt + 5 v STEREO
,amp
nnaif A wi :h
!!?n ^
" . "> +• 110 £37.10.0 55/. Hi Fi LOUDSPEAKERS
Shaif ast'I£ri
324/Smounting
22715 with
TeakMag,
W. amp £52.15.0
CaseP.Ufor any of above £3.10,0
£61.0.0 77/4
09/- Goodmans Axiette, 8 in. £5,5.7
Goodmans Axiom, 10 in. !!!'!!! £6.5.|| — —
Goodmans SK/20/XL, Tweeter and Crossover £7.7.0
Goodmans 201, llin.unit Full range IS watt..,. £10.17.6 43/6
MONO AMPLIFIERS
Linear L 45/A, 3 valve, 3 watt £6.6.0 Goodmans 301, I2in. unit Full range 20 watt... £15.4.6 61/.
Goodmans X05000.3.75.
£2,0.11. 12 24/3
22/4
Dulci GAS,
Tripletc.no Integrated,
Hi Fi Major,5 watts EC L06
10 watts £13.2.4
2 EL84 ... £15.18.9 52/4 19/3 W.B. HF8I2.8in.. 7.S and ISX0950
ohms £5.10.11
£3.16,4
-6 4
J *} 71.12, ii) watt Main Amplifier only ... £15.15.0
£20.0.0 44/9 23/3 NFlpil, I2tn., 3.75,
Wharfedale Super 3, Tweeter 7.5 and ISohms... £4.12.0
£5.16.8
Leak 80/- 29/4
Dulci Varixlope
DPAI5, Mono,
15 wattPre-amplifier
with 2 valve prc-aroplifier 63/- 23/1 Wharledale Super 85.RS/DD,
Wharfedale Super TweeterFull range unit... £5 19.7
£6.14.1
£24.5.0 105/- 30/6 Wharfedale Super 10 RS/DD, Full range 10 unit £10.18.0 44/- "a 24/3
Wharfedale Super 12 HS/OD £17.10.0 70/. 12 25/8
STEREO AMPLIFIERS TL.. £feda'eAVAILABLE
LEAFLETS RS/ll/DO, tlin.ON unitREQUEST
Foil range.,. £11,10,0 44/- 8 23/6
Leak Stereo 20, Pre-amplifier and Main amplifier
compretc £55 9 O
Rogen Cadet Mk2 with Pre-amplifier 4 ECLB6 valves 229/- 80/8
107/. GUITAR SPEAKERS
Loak Tr r 39/2 Fane, 12m. Heavy duty unit 20 watt £5.5.6 ,—. ...
amplifier »n*'»to Stereo 30, Pre-amplifier and'main
£49.10.0 198/- 72/7 Goodmans Audiom 51, I2in, IS watt Bass
Goodmans Audiom 61. I2in. 20 watt Bass or Lead
£9 2 8 36/8 6 27/8
Goodmans Audiom 57/8 12 21/1
P.M. TUNERS
TrJpletone, F.M, Tuner Less power £13.19 6 Goodmans Audiom 81,
91, ISIn £25 0 0
l8io. 50 watt Bass £27.|o!o 100/.
110/. 128 34/8
40/4
Tnpletone. 54/- 12 20/4 Wharfedale W 12/66, I2in, IS watt Lead ... £10,10.0 41/- 12 23/6
Jason 3TV/2, F.M, andWith
F.M. Toner T.V,power £15.1416
sound. Switched, self 63/- 23/1 Wharfedale
WRITE FORW GOODMANS
IS/EG, ISin, IS watt Bass ... GUITAR
ELECTRIC £17,10.0 70/-
LEAFLET 25/8
powered £21,5.0 89/- 12 32/7
GUITAR AMPLIFIERS
SURBITON PARK RADIO LTD. Linear Diatonic
Linear Conch or d1230watt
watt22inputs
inputs with Cover £11.2.6 52/4
£19.4.6 77/-
TL 25
Leak TL 50 25
50 watts
watts amp
amp and
and pre-amp
pre-amp £42.5,0 169/.
£51,5,0
48A SURBITON ROAD, KINGSTON-UPON-THAMES 205/-
Phone; KIN 5S49 SURREY
i ORDERS FOR CASH. C O D OR TERMS MICROPHONES
RM>fn D n U IV Ribbon
DlUl. CJ: AND
_ I. *Impedance
. FLOOR STANDS ^24/0
^
Reslo R0H/T, High £11.2.6 44/4
Reslo R8H/TS,
Roslo Heavy Ribbon
Doty Floorwith
Stand on/off switch £13.10,0 54/. 19/9
< HOURS 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. {I p.m. Wednesday) £7.0.0
Teisco DM304, Dual Impedance with switch.. £4.10.0
Easily reached by frequent trains Water/oe to Surblton PieioBM3,
Jap, Crystal with switch, desk stand .. £2.10.0
Floor Stand £3.3.0
VLB.—A 157
SINCLAIR X

The only amplifier of its kind in th

USES PULSE-WIDTH MODULATION

AND UNIQUE OUTPUT STAGE IN A 10 WAT!

OUTPUT
CIRCUIT OF GREAT ORIGINALITY

FANTASTIC STANDARDS OF PERFORMANCE NO

HEAT SINK
This high fidelity integrated power amplifier and pre-amp uses
11 transistors and has a transformerless output of up to 10 watts for
feeding into a 15 ohm loudspeaker system. It requires only the
addition of tone and volume controls and a 12 volt D.C. power
supply to make it a complete mono high fidelity assembly of
exceptional quality. Stereo is achieved by using two X-10 1mV INPUT
amplifiers and ganged or separate controls. Input sensitivity is SENSITIVITY
sufficient for all crystal ceramic or magnetic pick-ups. The manual
supplied with the X-10 gives detailed instructions for connecting
the controls and for using the amplifier in a wide variety of
applications.
As well as the countless
private constructors send- This radically new transistor amplifier (patents That is why no heat sink Is required for the
ing for the X-10, it has applied for) is the first to be marketed output stage, why small high frequency tran-
also been ordered by well anywhere in the world using the pulse width sistors can be used in place of the conventional
over fifty large industrial modulation principle (P.W.M.), a technique low frequency power transistors and why the
organisations, by national which permits an enormous reduction in the X-IO will operate from two A}- batteries
utilities, by universities power dissipation in the output transistors.
and by museums in Britain In the case of the Sinclair X-IO, the output with normal use for about three months.
alone. Next month we efficiency is about 95% as compared with A mains operated power supply unit design
look forward to letting about 60% for conventional class B output specially for the X-IO is available which can
you know what con- stages. Thus the dissipation is only gth or be used to operate one or two amplifiers as
structors tell us about less of that occurring in all other amplifiers. required.
this amplifier. nrL M HPN/tNP
Philatelists might well <omp{«m»niWry
envy our mail, for con- SQUMIWAVI | | n»tMK [ i potr
structors are sending to us OfNHMO* INHOItMOR
from all parts of the NPN/fN^
world for the X-iO and we
are thinking of buying a 1 pair
larger stamp album, . TWO STAGS BLOCK DIAGRAM shows in simplified form the
Already 3 nationally stages of function of this remarkable amplifier. Such
design with its very much bettor standards of
famous audio equipment performance is made possible by use of the very
manufacturers in this latest in transistors and high quality components.
country have expressed in-
terest in the X-10 and it is Easiest of all to assemble AU parts including 11 transistors
most likely that the X-10 and X-IO Manual come to
will radically influence all Not least among the many important features of the. X-IO
future amplifier design. is the elegant component layout. This together with the £5 . 19 . 6
Others who have ordered X-IO Manual and assembly instructions make building Reody built and tested, with
the X-JO include public exceptionally easy. When assembled the amplifier, which X-10 Manual
address specialists, pro- measures only 6" x 3" x f", can be placed in any convenient
fessional guitarists, position with leads brought out to controls, input, output £6. 19.6
musicians, government and power supply. (
departments, factories and If you are not completely satisfied with your purchase X-!0 Power Supply Unit (ready
laboratories—and, if we immediately on arrival (we are confident you will be built) for A.C. Mains 200-240Y.
GUARANTEE delighted) your full purchase price will be refunded Will power up to two X-10's
may say it, we hope you, ...... '"Itantly without question if you return the goods as
too. STNTUA.RCIJ^TO^ FAC,UT,ES ALWAyS AVA.LABLe TO ALU £2 . 14 . 0

The most revolutionary design yet from SINCLA

 UUmBINED 10 WATT HI-FI

AMPLIFIER AND PRE-AMP

jnf/re world! .
100% BRITISH
- ELEVEN M
DESIGN
TRANSISTORS
i
m
m

i.

FOR 12 VOLT
OPERATION
*■
m TRANSFORMER-
LESS 15-0HM
OUTPUT

CHOOSE YOUR
BUILT-IN TONE CONTROL
WILL RUN SYSTEM
PRE-
FROM TWO
AMPLIFIER
4/- BATTERIES
-^5- Number of transistors—11'
★ Overall size—6" x 3" x f"
SIZE -jlflnput sensitivity—ImV into IK.ohms
6'x 3 Total harmonic distortion—less than 0'1%
Frequency response—5-20,000 els —
±0-5dB
^ Speaker impedance—IS ohms
Damping factor—greater than 100
P.W1 THE ANSWER Quiescent consumption—7SmA
With P.W.M. the audio signal modulates a high frequency Supply voltage—J2Volts D.C.
square wave "carrier" by varying the mark-space ratio.
These variations are converted to energy in the output SINCLAIR X-10 MANUAL
stage. Being independent of the transfer characteristics
of the output transistors, the output is an exact replica of Explains how the amplifier functions, how to add volume
the input signal. The improvement in the quality of and tone controls to suit your precise requirements, and
reproduction from the loudspeaker is instantly apparent. how to use the X-10 for stereo. A variety of systems are
Transient response is greatly improved, there is no failing shown, none of which will add more than a few shillings to
off in the higher audio frequencies, no intermodulation the original cost of your X-10. The Manual which is included
distortion and the response curve is so flat that you could with every X-10 is available separately for I/-.
draw it with a ruler! A new type of output stage and
P.W.M. plus many other refinements result in an amplifier
which is compact, rugged, stable, requires no heat sink—
and costs so little. The X-10 may be used with low-put
pick ups such as Decca Deram, Ortofon, etc., as well as ORDER FORM AND MORE
with microphones, tape play-back heads, etc. Used in
pairs the X-10 brings new depths to stereo listening. SINCLAIR DESIGNS ON
I
PAGES FOLLOWING
►
ADIONICS LTD., COMBERTON. CAMBRIDGE
 The smallest most exciting

NOW IS THE TIME TO BUILD IT

With the days so short, the performance from this
amazing fi-stage radio is proving sensational.
Stations simply pour in from the Continent with
outstanding quality and again and again the Micro-6
is reported to be giving excellent results where other
sets cannot be used at all. As the illustration shows, m
the set is smaller than a matchbox, yet everything micr®
including batteries and ferrite rod aerial is con- m
tained in the tiny white, black and gold case. The Ukrfi
Micro-6 has vernier-type tuning and is switched on m
by inserting the micro-plug of the earpiece into m
the socket at the side. This remarkable British
receiver cannot be too highly recommended both
as an intriguing design to build and a most practical m
radio to use. It's a set you will be delighted to m
build and use. IT PLAYS ANYWHERE.

SINCLAIR MICRO-

BRITISH-DESIGNED 6-STAGE RECEIVER

0 Size—1 X X V A.G.C. The Micro-6 uses three special Micro-Alloy
transistors in a new and original circuit. Two
0 Weight—Under I oz. 1»t R.F. 2nd R.F. stages of R.F. amplification are followed by an
Amp. Detector efficient double diode detector which drives a
Tunes over medium wave Amp.
high-gain 3-stage A.F. amplifier. Powerful
band A.G.C. applied to the first R.F. stage ensures
Bandspread for easy D 1st A.F* 2nd A.F. 3rd A.F. fade-free reception from 'the most distant
reception of Luxembourg Amp, Amp. Amp. stations tuned in.

Trace that fault with a

SINCLAIR;-TRTSO AMPLIFIER
SINCLAIR
Designed specially for Micro-6 and
MICRO-INJECTOR
Slimline users 'I This ingeniously designed
device generates and in-
This amplifier makes a powerful jects a test signal into
car, portable or domestic radio
used with the Micro-6 or any part of audio or radio
Slimline receivers and a plug is equipment at any fre-
included for connecting to these quency from Ikc/s to 30
sets. With its own built-in Mc/s by means of which it
volume control and on-off becomes easy to locate
switch, the TR7S0 has a full faults rapidly and accu-
750 milliwatt transformerless output JP' rately. Measures IJXlss
for lOmV into 10K ohms and a frequency All parts with Ports and
response from 30 to 20,000 c/s i IdB. K itn, excluding probe. instructions
instructions come to With full instructions. come to
It will also make an efficient hi-fi record
reproducer used singly or paired for 39/6 No constructor should be 27/6
stereo and there are many other uses for without a Micro-Injector
the TR750 which is available for building —it's a wonderful aid at Ready buitt
or ready built. Ready bui/t and tested 45/- all times.
32/6

SINCLAIR RADIONICS LTD., G0MBERT0N, CAMBRIDGE

Telephone: C0MBERT0N 682
160
 OVER 10,000 BUILT
AND IN USE
radio set in the world
THROUGHOUT THE WORLD

CAPACITORS
This is what the
unique Sinclair
TRANSISTORS Guarantee means
RESISTORS
Every purchase you make from Sinclair
Radionics Ltd. is covered by the followine
guarantee:
m If you are not completely satisfied
DIODES PRINTED with your purchase (we are confident
CIRCUIT you will be delighted) your
J purchase price will be refunded
-essB- in full instantly and without Question.
BATTERIES FULL SERVICE FACILITIES ARE
<£> ALWAYS AVAILABLE TO
SINCLAIR CUSTOMERS.
AERIAL S
SIHCLAIR SlimiNE
THE MICR0-6
The extra-easy-to-fouild
INCLUDES THE SMALLEST COMPONENTS EVER 4-stage pocket receiver
We show here some of the components (apart from Ml ports required to build the Micro-6
case dial and earpiece) required for building the including lightweight earpiece, case
nicro-6, drawn to actual size. They include the
smallest components ever to be made available to and instructions come to
domestic set constructors. Being of the kind used
m space and computer electronics, they have to be
reliable. The tuning system has ingenious vernier 59/6
control for easy station separation. The batteries
(Obtainable anywhere) are each smaller than an "Tronsmta" nylon Strap for wearing • Wide range A k
V
aspirin tablet and give upwards of 70 hours working the,Micro-6 like o wrist watch 7/6 Small
lue. The 8-page fully illustrated instruction manual MAILORY MERCURY CELL TYPE
shows very clearly how to assemble the Micro-6 2M3I2 (2 required) each l/l I aopcaunte M
step by step, making it easy for anyone to build. Pack of 6 |o/6 KOR
• tasily built P1
# What they say about the Micro-6 in 2 or 3
A.F.N., Munich; Holland; France; Germany noun 1
SINCLAIR and many more stations came in without any • fxicllcnt f
trouble at alf (on Micro-6). At 7.30 a.m. f lone and
MICRO-AMPLIFIER tuned in Caroline. Kendal is not an ideal
reception area. volume
Makes an P.M. ^May I, congratulate
, you(Signed)
on aJ.A.M.. Kendal.
truly splendid IDEAL FOR
Transmitter design. Keep up the good work. NEWCOMERS TO
. (4780)
I am highly satisfied with(Signed)
results. B.T.. Bath.
Receives TRANSISTOR SET
Makes an Audio most stations oh medium wave band with BUILDING
or Broad Band remarkable volume in a bad signal area. Here's a fine performing set which is ideal (or
R.F. Amplifier (SdJS) (Signed) M.A., Sheffield 6. newcomers to transistor building. It has self-
contained aerial and takes standard PPS batteries.
Smaller than a 3d. piece? Frequency response 30 to Measures only 2 li" x I it" x i". Tunes • over
SO.OOOc/si IdB. Power gain 60dB (1,000,000 medium waveband by means of vernier type control.
times). Instructions show you how to make a The Slimline has great power and quality and will
bring in B.B.C. and European programmes. All
broadband R.F. ampltfier, F.M. transmitter or a
sub-miniature hi-fi amplifier with an outputsuit-
SINCLAIR X-IO parts including royal blue and programmes-

able for any earpiece or even loudspeaker. A gold case, earpiece and easy 49/6
fascinating design for experimenters, modellers, 10 WATT AMPLIFIER to follow instructions come to
etc.
Parts and instructions com See preceding pages
ff yotr do not wish to cut coupon from page,
28/6 please mention Practical Electronics, January,
when writing.
r T
To SINCLAIR RADIONICS LTD., COMBERTON, CAMBRIDGE
i Please send items detailed belowi—
£ s. d. I
K NAME., I
i
ADDRESS.. I
I
I
I TOTAL
I
j^For which I enclose CASHICHEQUBIMONEYORDBR . Pre. 12 j
161
 I ^ItRYTHING you NEED...

The DTV Group hold the largest stocks from

of the widest range of rectifiers, valves,
test equipment, transformers, com-
ponents and accessories of all kinds. t&lTD
Send LARGE s.a.e. for free lists. Dept. P.E., 126 Hamilton Road, West Norwood, London, S.E.27
Terms of Business; C.W.O. or C.O.D, Telephone: GlPsy Hill 6166 (PBX)
TRANSDUCERS TRANSISTOR TESTER
As specified for use The Unique
in the Ultrasonic
Control System D.909
featured in this
'ssue. Tests Alpha Gain
Gulcon Transducers mm ( A. C. Gain] and
can be used for simple fit: Beta Gain ( D, C .
remote control with- MICRO-MOTORS Gain) with transis-
out cables or elec- , - tors in place-
tronic links, two units This new Sleyride Motor is precision Faciii ties also
only being required. The made and prototype tested by RAE provided for
Transducers are suitable Farnborough. Only I in. dia., 2 in. testing leakage
for both transmitting and long and weighs only 1.3 or. Rated between Collec-
receiving. Ideally suited for tor and Emitter
the experimenter and de- 1
1/1,000 h.p., normal running speed and Collector
signer for remote control systems .Site .A S.QOO r.p.m. Spindle dia. 3/32 in,, Base. Exclusive Variable Voltage Smoothed D.C.
CP/ or two of all kinds. Free TX.'RX length If/32 in. For l^, 6 or 12 v. Power Supply, continuously variable from 0/25
for £S circuit with each order, Reversible. v. up to 25mA. Output voltage can be used as
each Components for use with the Transducers: centre-tapped voltage supply enabling modern
QHF9 Transformer 4/- each transistorised receivers /• 1 rj
Set
Lowofcurrent
7 transistors
reed relay and coil ..atJS/6 5/- each 25/- each to be tested. E. 1 U each
1 Plugs ... each
at I/& each plus 1/6 p. & p. Send large S.A.E. for detailed leaflet
^lIlIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIItlllillllllllllllllllllllKDIlDilIliiiiiliiinilllllllllllllltl

EAGLE PRODUCTS AT NEW PRICES

\ FS3 Microphone Floor Stand £1.2,4
GTS0
TD79 RadioHead
Tape Jack Demagnetizer £1.7.0 BM36R
£1.12.0 MCI Laoel Microphone,
Microphone CrystalMagnetic
Cartridge 9.3
4.9
ALPHA MM4 Microphone Mixer £2.13.6 TP26GCM 16 Zf ^ Speaker
Guitar Pick-up 9.J
13.6
PS35
rS25 3,5 mm Plug and Socket
2.5 mm Plug and Socket 2.8
2.8 GM35 Guitar Microphone £3.4.6
P3' Standard Jack PlugJack Plug 2.8 EP50K 50,000 O.P.V. Multimeter £10.16.0
SP3I Standard Shielded 3.9 EP30K.
EP20K 30,000 O.P.V,
20,000 O.P.V. Multimeter
Multimeter £7.11.0
£S.7.6
OC34
SS327I Standard Socket
Sub-min. Slide Switch DPOT 2.3
2.3 EPI0K 10,000 O.P.V.Multimeter
Multimeter £4.6.0
EAGLE STOCKISTS • SS2I9 Miniature Slide Switch DPDT 2.3 TK20A 1,000 O.P.V. £2.13.6
The following are available: MR4 Earphone, low res. 3.1 L.20 Leather Case for EP30K £1.1.0
TP703
TI206 Transistor Tape Recorder
Transistor .Intercom
£18.7.6 MR60
£4.6.0 CR5 Earphone, crystal
Earphone, with ear hanger 4.4 MR2P
4.4 MR2P SO microamp Panel Meter
SOO microamp Panel Meter £2.3.0
£1.12.0
TA790 Telephone Amplifier £3.4,6 JSOI Vernier Dial 13.8 MR2P
MR2P 1 m/a Panel Meter £1.12.0
730 5 m/a Panel Meter £1.12.0
SA80
100c 8Zephyr 7 Transistor
watt Stereo Radio
Amplifier £4.16.0 T502
£10,5.6 TSM
Vernier Dial
Vernier Dial
IS.O
|7.3 MR2PSR2P 300 volt Panel Meter
"S" Panel Meter £1.12.0
DM17S Microphone £1.15.3 TC80I Turnover Cartridge 11.0 MR3P 1 m/a Panel Meter £1.19.0
£2.13.6
MC70 Microphone £2.2.10 K4/I6 Volume Control 3.3 I TIM Signal Injector £1.18.0
DM (7HL Microphone £2.(7.0 PVCI0S Variable Condenser 3.3 RF40 Field Indicator £3.15.6
DMI6HL Microphone
Microphone £4.9.5 l:T44/700 Transistor Transformers
£4.f7.0 (pair] 10.3
8.9 ARI3 Test Lead Kit 10.3
DS2 Microphone Desk Stand] £1.12.0 TP 5F20100 Telephone Pick-up
High Resistance Coil
Headphone 13.0 Trade Enquiries Invited.
AC113 TRANSISTORS
ACI15 .... .. S/6 4/- OA~9 ... 3/- 0074 . .. 8/- RECORD PLAYER AKD TAPE DECS tlWTS MAINS TRANSFORMERS Trlinurles 2ilO/28(l/SSOV
AC155 .. ..■ ■ 4/- OASl
OA85 ...
... 2/- OCTo
Sl- 0076 . .. 6/8 BSR Monarch UAH
. .. 8/8 BSR Monarch UAI5 £6.6.0 •JSO-O-SoOv 80mA 0-4-U.Sv 4A 0.4-Bv 2A 21/9
A0156 .. 5:8 0A86 ... OC78 .. .. 8,'- £6.19.8 aifl-O-SOOv eOlBA 0-G.Sv 4A O-G.Sv 1A 22/8
AC154 . -. 5 8 OA90 ... 3/-
Ada? .. - • 7;'- OA9I ... 3,'- 0081 .. .. 5-9 OC79 .. ,, 8'- The new BSR Motmrch UA1BS3 fitted 030-0-3501- SdrnA U-4.6.3 4A 0.4-3v 2A 2X/B
Aintii... .. 25/- OA9S ... with
3/8 OC82 .. .. 10/- TD2 Tape Deck, half track Cl ceramic alrreo cartridge £10.18.11 OaO-O-YjOv IflOinA 0-6.3V 4A 0-5V 2A 27/8
AFIUli .. •- 27/8 OOIOW . 35/- OC83 . . 4.' - £8.18.0 350-O-35OV lOUmA IWi.iiv 4 A 0-0V 227/8
AK1I4 .. .. 11/- OOIU ... 25/- 0084 .. . B/- T01O Tape Deck half track £10,5.0
API 16 .. ... 10 8 OC2C ... 25/- 00139 .. 8'- BSR Monarch TLT2
AFIlti £3.10.0 35U-8-33UV aoyiiiA 0-ti.3v 4A (l-Sv 3A 55/-
AF117
API 18 .. -.. 20/- 8 8 0035
- 6/- OC36 ... 12/- OCI40 . .. 19/- BSR Monarch GUI
21/9 OC141 . .. 31.-' - £3.17.8 CATALOGDE
AF12J ..... 11/- OC41 OC42 ...
... 8,-
8,'- OOI69
OC170 .. .. 10/- Garmrd Autostim £7.15.0
AFI26 .. 10,8 0043 ... 12/8 0C17I . . 8/6 Gatrurd ATC
6/- £11.5.0 Out latest 1964 65 Catalogue is now availatile. Copies bavo
AF126 Garratd SRPI0 £6.0.11 been sent to many of our xegtJaj customers. II you have not
AFI27 ... ... 10/-
ISYlOft 9/9 OC44
0045 ...
... 5/- 5/- 00200 . . 10/6 Ail
00201 ., . 28/- the above are alan available with stereo received your copy ple&se tiros us a line. Please send 3/-
.. 7/9 0C7I) ...
BY114.... .. 8- O07V ... 4/3 OC2Q3 . . 13/-6/8 00202 . 24/8 in (tamps.
6ET113
OETI11 . - - 8 9 0<172 ... 6.8 00204 . . 19/- SINCLAIR KITS
GET115 .. ..88 . 9 8 OCH3 ... 8/- MATIOO - 7/9
: Sinclair Micro 8 £2.19.8
OETU6 . 17.'- 2*0C72
matched . JIATJOl . 8 6 TR750 Power Ansplifler 39.8 tekMS 1 Cash with Order or C.O.D. Postage and Packing
OA70
0.473 ....
., , . 3'- pair 0073 ,., 10/-18.'- MATXQO
MAT121 . 7/9 S-' S Sinclair Micro Injector 27.8 Charges extra. Single valves 9d, Minimum Parcel Post
charges 2/-, Please include sufficient postage with your
AI1T140 . 15/- SiuBlnlr Micro Amplifier gg.g
SETS 0? TRANSISTORS Sinclair XW Kit Jt5.19,6 order. Minimum O.O.D. lees and postage 3/8. These
Setpair
Ho.OC81
i; comprising
20/-. OC44, 2 x OC45, OC8I. matched Sinclair XIO Ready Built Postal Rates
£8.19.8 aee Inside covet apply to U.K. only. Tot lull terms of business
Set No. 2: comprising OCdl, matched pair OC8112;t . Jfains Unit for above £2.14.6 5 p.m. Moo. to Friday, ol cetalogue. Personal shoppers 8 a.m. to
Saturday 10 a.m. to 1 p.m.
ALPHA RADIO SUPPLY CO., 103 Leeds Terrace, Wintoun Street, LEEDS 7
262
 THE

WHARFEDALE

Super Range

Each loudspeaker in this range is fitted with roll

surround for low resonance and double diaphragm
assembly for extended HF response.

SUPER 10/RS/DD
Impedance 10/15 ohms.
Flux density 16,000 oersteds.
Max. input 10 watts rms
or 20 watts peak.
Frequency range 30-20,000 c/s.
Aluminium Voice Coil.
Bass resonance 38/43 c/s.
Price; 218'8 inc. P.T.

SUPER 8/RS'DD
Impedance 10/15 ohms.
Ceramic Magnet. SUPER 12/RS/DD
Flux density 14,500 oersteds.
Total flux 60,000 maxwells. Impedance 12/15 ohms.
Aluminium Voice Coil. Flux density 17,000 oersteds.
Max. input 6 watts rms Total flux 190,000 maxwells.
or 12 watts peak. Aluminium Voice Coil.
Frequency range 40-20,000 c/s Max. input 20 watts rms
Bass resonance 50/60 c/s. or 40 watts peak.
Price: 134/2 inc. P.T. Frequency range 25-20,000 c/s.
Bass resonance 26/32 c/s.
Price; 350/- (no tax). i
0m

lliiii'/nr informalWe and fully l/lnsiralcil 12 page booklet

M m m
1 m WHARFEDALE WIRELESS WORK'S LTD
IDLE BRADFORD YORKSHIRE
Telephone: Idle 1235/6
m Telegrams : 4 Wharfdel Bradford.

163
 FRANCIS

RST OF STREATHAM
'include among their customers many who call
personally from all over the country, because
Cordially invite of the stocks and service in TAPE AND HI-FI
EQUIPMENT to be found there. With so many
shops to choose from, there must be excellent
reasons why people prefer to buy from Francis. -
Practical Electronics Perhaps you would care to find out by calling
or writing to us about your requirements,
readers ★ VERY LARGE STOCKS OF TAPE AND HI-FI
EQUIPMENT
To try our unsurpassed
★ NO EXTRA FOR CREDIT UP TO 18 MONTHS
VALVE MAIL ORDER ★ OWN SERVICE DEPARTMENT
★ FREE SERVICE DURING GUARANTEE PERIOD
SERVICE
FRANCIS OF STREATHAM
Vast quantities of modern and obsolete 169-173 STREATHAM HIGH ROAD, LONDON, S.W.16
fully guaranteed valves available from Between St. Leonards ^ Open all day ^ Phone ST ft
stock at very moderate prices. Send Church and Streatham Sfn. Saturday 0192'Q466
S.A.E. for Full lists
SPECIAL 24 HOUR EXPRESS MAIL ORDER SERVICE
Callers welcome
SAVBIT ALLOY
AN EXAMPLE OF THE VALUE YOU GET saves wear on
from RST
BRAND NEW TRANSISTORS soldering iron bits
OC3S 10/- OC72 «/- OC8ID 5/-
OC42 61- OC74 SI- OC8lm/pr 12/4 SAVBIT SIZE 1 CARTON
OC44 5/. OC75 8/- ocea SI- The world-famous copper
OC45 SI- OC77 si- OC82D «/- loaded alloy containing 5 Contains approximately 30
OC7I 51- OCBi 5/- OC170 il-
SILICON RECTIFIERS cores of non-corrosive feet of 18 s.w.g. SAVBIT.
400 volts 350 mA 7/< each flux, that saves the solder- It is also sup-
METAL RECTIFIERS ing iron bit. Ersin Multicore plied In 14 s.w.g.
RMI 7/6 I4A86 23/- I6RD 2-2-8-1 12/- (FCI42) Sotder is also available in and 16 s.w.g. Ob-
RM2 SI- I4A97
RN3 10/- I4AI00
26/-
28/-
I6RE 2-1-8-1 10/-(FCI50)
IflRA 1-1-8-1 5/-{FCIiei! high tin quality alloys. 60/40 tainable from ra- Ss rtJf
RM4 17/6 I4RA 1-2-3-2 21/-(FC30I) I8RA 1-1-16-1 7/.(FCII6) dio and electrical
RMS 19/6 14RA 1-2-8-3 25/- (FC3I) I8RD 2-2-8-1 16/- (FC124) in 22 s.w.g. for printed stores.
SETS OF VALVES circuits, transistors, etc. 5/- each
IRS, ISS, IT4, 3S4. 3V4 Set of 4, 17/-
DAF9I, DF9I. DK9I, DL92, DL94 Set of 4. 17/- THE HANDY DISPENSER
DAF96, DF96, DK96, D196 Set of 4. 25/. BIB WIRE STRIPPER
rfk Easy to find tn the
nSn tool box—simple to AND CUTTER
TERMS OP BUSINESS G.W.O. or C.O.D. use. Virtualty a third
4/2 PACKING CHARGE ON ALL C.O.D* hand for tricky sold- Strips insulation
ering jobs. 12 feet without nicking
ORDERS. POSTAGE 6d. per VALVE S core 18 s.w.g. wire, cuts wire
ERSIN MULTICORE cleanly, adjust-
SAVBIT alloy In a able to most
RST VALVE MAIL ORDER CO. continuous coll used thicknesses.
direct from free- Splits extruded
2113, STREATHAM ROAD, MITCHAM, SURREY standing dispenser. plastic twin flex.
2/6 each 3/6 each
Telephone: MITcham 6202 & 6771
Mon. - Sat- 9 a.m. — 5.45 p.m. MULTICORE SOLDERS LTD.
Wednesday 9 a.m. — 1 p.m. MULTICORE WORKS ♦ HEMEL HEMPSTEAD ■ HERTS. <80XMO0R 363#)
Lunch 1.30 - 2.30
164
 THE WORLD-FAMOUS KIT —SETS ANYONE CAN fiUILD WITHOUT PREVIOUS EXPERIENCE

Better Performance and Value . .

with Heathkit Equipment
A WIDE RANGE OF WELL DESIGNED KIT-SETS TO CHOOSE FROM
YOU CAN SAVE £££s BY BUILDING ANY HEATHKIT MODEL
5 in. FLAT-FACE GENERAL PURPOSE
OSCILLOSCOPE. Model IO-(2U. An out-
standing 'scope. "Y" sensitivity, 10 mV rms per
cm at I kc/s; Bandwidth 3 c/s to 4.S Mc/s, T/B
10 c/s to S09 kc/s in 5 steps. Kit £32.12.6. Assembled
£41.10.0.
2J SERVICE 'SCOPE. Model OS-i Light (wt. 10^
lb.), compact, S" x 8* x 14^". The ideal portable
for servicemen. Kit £22.18,0. Assembled £30.8,0.
MALVERN COTSWOLD ELECTRONIC SWITCH, Model SOU. Convert 1M-I3U
your 'scope to dual trace. Kit £12,18,0. Assembled HFW-I
£18.10.0.
■ MALVERN" Ml-Ft EQUIPMENT CABINET. 6 In. DE LUXE VALVE VOLTMETER. Model
Will house all your Hi-fi equipment. Left •• in the' IM*(3U. Measures acanddc volts^O-I.S to I.SQOV in
white." Size: 39r x 32 x 2f| in. Kic £18.1.0 7 ranges. Res. to 1,000 in 7 ranges. Modern
A wide range of other cabineu. styling, with gimbal mount. Kit £18.18.0. Assembled
"COTSWOLD" HI-FI SPEAKER SYSTEMS. £26.18.0.
Acoustically designed enclosures, complete with ** *
12 In. bass speaker, elliptical mid-range speaker, VALVE VOLTMETER, Model V.7A. DC volts
and tweeter to cover full frequency range of 30- * ! to 1,500, AC to 1.500 rms and 4,000 V pk. to pic.
20,000 c/s. Cross-over unit, level control, etc. Res. O.M.OOO MD. Kic £13.16.6. Assembled
Lefc"io the wh(Ce.,• Standard "Cotswold", Size: iO-|2-U S-3U £(9.18.6. RF Probe 309-CU £1.13.6 kit. HT Probe
24 X 23 x 14 in. Kit £23.4.0 HV.336 £2.19.6 kit. Will extend range of models
HPS "Cotswold" for the smaller room. Size; HI-FI FM TUNER, Range 88-103 Mc/s. Avail, V-7A or IM-I3U.
36 x 16^ x 14 In, Kit £23.4.0 able in two units, sold separately. TUNER (FMT-
SSU-I SPEAKER SYSTEM. A practical solution 4U) 10.7 Mc/s IF £2.15.0 (inc. P.T.), IF AMPLIFIER TV ALIGNMENT GENERATOR, Model
HFW-I. 3.6 to 220 Mc/s on fundamentals. Unique
to the problem of a low-price speaker system. Two (FMA-4U) power supply and Valves £13.3.0. Tota' electronic sweep oscillator. Built-in fixed and
speakers. Without legs £10.17.6 Kit Kit £15.18.0.
With legs £||,|2.0 Kir 9 4- 9W HI-FI STEREO AMPLIFIER, Model variable £34.18.0.
marker generators (S Mc/t crystal). Kit
Assembled £44.10.0.
A wide range of speakers available. Send for details. S-99- Ganged^ controls. Stereo/Mono Gram,,
Radio, Tape inputs. P.O. board construction.
Attractive presentation. Kit £27.19.6. Assembled
£37.19.6.
"OXFORD" LUXURY TRANSISTOR PORT-
ABLE. Model UXR-2. Beautiful solid leather case.
Kit £14.18,6
GENERAL COVERAGE RECEIVER, Model B mmm
RG-I, Freq. coverage 600 kc/s-I.S Mc/s, 1.7-32
FH TUNER Mc/s in 6 switched bands. Many features ind.
S-99 $£53.0.0,
lattice crystal filter. Kit £39.16.0 Assembled
UXR-2 G-1
Send for FREE British Catalogue of Heathkit Range of Models
Deferred Terms over £10 in U.K. Prices quoted include postage U.K.
AM/FM TUNER Covers FM 88-103 Mc/s. AM SOW PUBLIC ADDRESS AMPLIFIER, Model
16-50, 200-550, 900-2,000 M. Tuning heart (£4,13.6 PA-I. A multi-purpose unit, suitabie for vocal
inc. PT) and IF Amp. Case. Total £26.10.0 Kit and instrumental groups. 4 inputs for guitars,
6W STEREO AMPLIFIER. Model S.33H. An mics. etc. 2 heavy duty speakers, vol. indicator,
inexpensive stereo/mono amplifier. Ideal for use variable tremolo, modern cabinet. Kit £54.15.0,
with the Decca Dcram lighcweighc pickup. Modern Assembled £74,0.0.
attractive styling. Kit £15.17,6 SOW POWER AMPLIFIER, Model MA-SO.
Assembled £21.7.6 Ideal for sound reinforcing systems, etc. Kit
"OARRARD" AUTO RECORD PLAYER. £19.18.0. Assembled £27,18,0.
Model AT.6. A four-speed stereo/mono unit with PA- AT-6 "MOHICAN" TRANSISTOR GENERAL
auto, record selection. Fitted with R.105 crystal
pickup £13.12.1. With Dacca Doram pickup R.F. SIGNAL GENERATOR. Model RF-1U. COVERAGE RECEIVER, Model GC-IU. Freq.
coverage 580 kc/s to 30 Mc/s in 5 bands. Electrical
£14.6.1. Freq. coverage from 100 fcc/s-tOO Mc/s or six bands, band spread on 5 additional bands covers "amateur"
5W MONO AMPLIFIER. Model MA-S. A on fundameotali and up to 200 Mc/s on calibrated freq. from 80-10 M. S.F.O. Tuning and Zcner
general purpose amplifier based en model 5-33. harmonics. Kit £13.8.0. Assembled £19.(8.0. diode. Send for details. Kit £37.17.6. Assembled
Separate bass and treble controls, gram and radio DECADE RESISTANCE, Model DR-lU. Range
inputs. Printed circuit. Kit £10.19,6. Assembled t-99,999£2 in I [2 steps. Kit £10.8.0, Assembled SO-IOm AMATEUR TRANSMITTER, Model
£15.10.0. £14.8.0. DX-40U. Crystal controlled. Power input 75w. c-w.
JUNIOR ELECTRONIC WORKSHOP. Model DECADE IOOumP to
CAPACITOR. Model DC-IU range. 60w. peak controlled carrier phone, Output 40w.
O.IHmF in IOOmmF steps. Kit £7,5.0. Kit £33.19.0, Assembled £45.17.6.
EW-1. 20 exciting experiments can be made. Assembled £10.8,0.
Special sotdertcss connections. Kit only £7.13,6. TRANSISTOR INTERCOM, Models XI-IU and
INTERNATIONAL XIR-iU, Ideal for home or business. Bach master
MULTIMETER. Model MM-IU. Ranges O-I.Sv to covering
I.SOOv A.C, and D.C. 150mA to ISA D.C.i 0.2 to models. Illustrated the AmericanMAIL ORDER
Heathkit rangeSCHEME
of 250 (XI-IU) will operate up to S remote stations,
20 MD. 4J:"SOjiA meter. Kit £12.18.6. Assembled details American catalogue and
can be obtained from us for 1/. post paid tutl 9v. battery operation. XI-IU (Master) kit £10.19.6.
£18.11.6, Assembled £16.19.6. XIR-IU (Remote) kit £4.7.6,
Assembled £5.16.0.
Please send me FREE BRITISH CATALOGUE (Yes/No)
DAYSTROM LTD. Full details of model(s}_

Dept. P.M. 1, GLOUCESTER, ENGLAND t NAME I

I (BLOCK CAPITALS) 1•
WORLD'S LARGEST SELLING ELECTRONIC KITSETS | ADDRESS ...
PM-1 I
" ~ 165
 NOT BUILD ONE OFOUR
PORTABLE TRANSISTOR
RADIOS...

BACKED BY OUR SUPER AFTER SALES SERVICE

ROAMER SEVEN 1111

S WAVEBAND PORTABLE OR CAR RADIO
Amazing performance and specification Wovy with PHILCO % 9MICRO-ALLOY R.F. TRANSISTORS
ttages—7 transistors and 2 diodes
Covers Medium and Lone Waves, Trawler Band and two Short Waves to apPrr0X-'? 'T®
Push-pull output for room filling volume from _ rich toned heavy duty ■_ acrfai for
ganged tuning condenser. Fcrrite rod aerial for M & L Waves and telescopic aerial f
S Waves. Real leather-look case with gilt trim and shoulder and hand straps. S ze 9 X 7 x i .
approx. The perfectTotalportable and the ideal car radio.
cost of pans now only /C IO A *®, ■(Uses PP7p battery
p available anywncr ).
Ports Price! List and easy build 3,-
buifd plans 3, ' ' 5,6 "... amazed at volume and performance^
FRANSONA MELODY has really come up to my expectations .
S.G., Slockion-on-Tees.
Home, Light, A.f.N-, Lux. 0 8 stages—6 transistors and 2 diodes
FIVE all at good voltnm'. SIX
G.P. Durham Our latest completely portable transistor
07 stages—5 transistors and J diodes radio covering Medium and Long Waves.
Fully tunable over Medium and Long Incorporates pre-tagged circuit board. 3in.
Waves and Trawler Band. Incorporates heavy duty speaker, top grade transistors,
Ferrite rod aerial, tuning condenser, volume control, tuning condenser, wave
volume control, new type fine tonec change slide switch, sensitive 6tn. Ferrite
super dynamic 2iin- speaker, *l - rod aerial. Push-pull output. Wonderful
Attractive case. Si?-e 6-i x 4i x Ijtn. reception of B.B.C. Home acd Light.
with red speaker grille. (Uses 1289 battery available anywhere.) 208 and many Continental stations.
Total cost of all 4^/6 P.3.6 & P. Parts Price List and easy build Handsome leather-look pocket size case,
parts now only plans 2,- ——only 6J x 3i x Uin. approx. with gut
ALL POST FREE speaker grille and supplied with hand and shoulder straps.
COMPONENT BARGAINS Parts Price List end Total cost of all £3.9.6 ,
BELLPHONES easy build plans 2/. parts now only ->/•
TRANSISTORS Ex-G P.O. Suitable as sound
PHILCO MADT Type 2N1727 powered telephones. Resistance
Maximum frequency of oscula- of coil 60 ohms approx. 3in. TRANSONA SIX
tion 150 Mc;s .. S/o- U-shapedHEADPHONES
magnet ,. 5/9
PHILCO MADT Type 2NI728 08 stages—6 transistors and 2 diodes
Maximum frequency of oscilla- High fidelity miniature magnetic
tion 150 Mc/s ... ... 9/6. earpieces (2) on slim band with This is a top performance receiver cover-
PHILCO MADT (Micro Alloy lead and plug. Easily converted ing full Medium and Long Waves and
Diffused) Type 2N503 Maxi- to stereo. American manu- Trawler Bund. High-grade approx. 3m.
mum frequency of oscilJauon facture .. .. 15/6 speaker makes listening a pleasure.
over 500 Mc/s .. • • 15/- Miniature crystal earpiece with Ferrite rod aerial. Many stations
Diodes .. .. ■- 'I" lead plug and socket 6/6 listed in one evening including Luxem-
Standard interleaved output DIALS AND KNOBS bourg loud and clear. Attractive cose
transformers for valve output 3 3in. dial with polished brass in grey with red grille. Size 6)- x 4+ X
stages /" insert and M/L calibrated disc 6/6 liio. (Uses PP4 battery available any-
SWITCHES where.) —
lin. cream knobs with
Slide, single pole, heavy springs brass insert and rim 1 /3 each polished Total cost Of all CO/A P-& P- Parts Price List and easy faui/d
CASES parts now only 3,6 plans 2,-
Yaxley 6-way, 2 pole .. 4,'9 Real leather-look cases in chest-
TUNING CONDENSERS nut shade with holes punched ROAMER SIX new!.'
Air spaced fine quality German for tuning, volume control and
switch. Also holes punched for NOW WITH PHILCO MICRO-ALLOY R.F. TRANSISTORS
manufacture with slow motion car aerial socket and tone 0 6 WAVEBAND I!
drive. 0 0005 with oscillator control.9} x x 7Jin. approx.
section .. .. •• 9/6 Complete with carrying straps ' 0 8 stages—S transistors
Subminiature similar 00 with 35/" and 2 diodes
tuning and oscillator sections 7/6 Plastic cases in grey polystyrene
Subminiature mica, dielectric with red ornamental grille, Listen to stations half a world away
with trimmers. Tuning 200 pi. 6J- x 4i x 1 Jin. approx. 6/9 with this 6 waveband portable. Tunable
Oscillator 50 pf - - 5,6 on Medium and Long Waves. Trawler
Mica dietccinc 0-0003 mfcL Telescopic socket ..
aerials with fixing
■ 6/6 band and three Short Waves. Sensitive
Ferrite rod aerial and telescopic aerial
for short waves. Top grade transistors,
3-inch speaker, handsome case with
SUPER SEVEN gilt fittings. Size 7) X 5!: X IJm,
0 9 stages—7 transistors and 2 diodes ■jc Extra band for easier tuning of
Covers Medium and Long.Waves and LUX., etc.
Trawler Band. The ideal radio for home, Ports Price List and Total cost of ail £3196
car, or can be filled with carrying strap cosy build plans 2, • parts now only 3,6
for outdoor use. Completely portable- (Carrying Strao 2,'6 extra.)
has built-in Ferrite rod tteriiil for wonderful
reception. Special circuit incorporating AU components used in our receivers may be purchased
2 RF Stages, push-pull output.3in.speaker separateiy if desired. Parts price lists and easy build plans
(will drive large speaker), Size 71 x 5i x I'in. (Uses 9v battery. supplied free with sets of parts or available separateiy at
available anywhere.) fixed prices stated.
Total cost of all /T' [OA P.3/6 & P. Parts Price List and easy build
parts now only *" • plans 21-
Callers tide entrance
RADIO EXCHANGE Ltd. ^ Borrotts Shoe Shop
Open 9—S p-m.
Sati. (0—f J.30 p.m.
61a,HIGH STREET, BEDFORD. Phone:2367 J 1

166
 L. K. ELECTIt ONICS

The Cheapest—The Best—Quickest Service

0 Famoui Autochanger or Single Player Units supplied with
brand new, two-tone. de-lu*e portable cabinets. 17 a (5 8iin. Strong
carrying handle, gilt finish clips and hinges are used by famous make for THE SIOUX 60 WATT GUITAR AMPLIFIER
22 gn. model. Ready cut out motor board. 14x 13m. Front baffle
7x 4in. High flux.loudspeaker and 3 watt amplifier. Amplifier ready
built on metal chassis with output transformer, volume and tone
controls. All items fit together perfectly. Assembly in 30 minutes.
Only 5 wires to join. 12 months' written guarantee. Available
separately or package deals as below.
Our NEW MK II Superb Kits are now being dispatched.
L K PRICES FOR COMPLETE KITS;
Autochanger Kits as above
B.S.R. U.A. (4. T.C. 8 Mono £10.17.6 P.P. S'6
Garrard Autoslim. Mono £11.7.4 P.P. 5 6
Single Player Kits as above
Garrard S.R,P. 10. Mono £10.12.6 P.P. 5'6
E.M.I. Autostop. Mono £10-17.6 P.P. 5 6
Individual Prices for those who wish to purchase separately.
Record Player Cabinet with Cot-out Board £2.15.0 P.P. 3'6
Amplifier with 7 x 4in, speaker £3.10.0 p!p[ 2 6
0 SCOOP! B.S.R. U.A. 25 Autochangers. T.C. 8 Mono P.U.
Brand new and boxed. Wired for stereo. Note OUR price £5.7.6.
P.P. 5/-. The very, very latest model. Incorporating Ten High Duty Speakers in two columns of five
• SCOOP! B.S.R. U.A. M Autochangers. T.C. 8 Mono P.U. designed to handle efficiently the full output of Amplifier at
Brand new and boxed. Wired for stereo. Note OUR price £5.7,6. frequences down to 25 c.p.s. Heavily made Cabinet in two-
P.P. 5/-. Latest model. tone Vynair. For 200-250 v. to 50 c.p.s, A.C. Mains operation,
• SCOOP! Garrard Autoslim. Mono P.U. Brand new and hour jack socket inputs and two independent volume controls
boxed. Wired for stereo. Latest model. Note OUR price £6.0.0 for simultaneous connection of up to fourr instrument
instrument pick-ups
pick-ups
only. P.P. 5/-. lr ^l',C:r2Range.
Audible
P
Ji,.}^L! r e ency
. .V. PRICE
OUR INCLUSiVE >ose
response
FOR throughout the 4
• SCOOP! Garrard A.T.S. Wired for stereo, inclusive of AMPLIFIER, MIKE, STAND. SPEAKERS ':FOR -xw I
head and mono cartridge (A.T.S is an auto transeriptor). The finest LEADS, ETC., Ql)N LY J 3 G N S. iI
KERS, ^ C
changer of them all. OUR price, brand new and boxed, £7.10.0 only.
AUTOCHANGERS
Single Players • SCOOP! Cartridges — Ceramic Diamond Stytii — Stereo—
E.M.I. Autostop, Mono £5.7.6 P.P. 4/6 I-P p ?f* w^T4stocks
N n, >er
" 'last.""'r** one i of original price-ID/- onfy'
Garrard S.R.P. 10. Mono £5,5.0 p.p! 4,'6 i-P.P. J/-. While
E.H.J. Separate Pick-up * £3,o!o P.p[ 3/6 Speakers ex Equipment. Sin. S/-. 7in.x4In. 6/-, 6in. 6/6, Sin, 7/-. '
Transcription Units—Stereo Head—Mono r.r. I/O each. '
Garrard 4 H.F. Stereo £14.10.0 P.P Si-
Philips A.G. 10/16, Stereo £12.0.0 p!p1 5/- SC0
Garrard A.T.6, Stereo £9[9 4p p"«;'. ifo 5V/L Microphones,
New, OUR price S/-only. P.P. 1/6. Complete Lead Coax. Plug.
8 Brand
"i-iiu
Garrard 3oi ;;;;;;; £ 14; 10;0 p'p; sjm
• SCOOP!
wich RecordThese
cut-ouc board. Player Cabinets,
are brand new andTwo-tone,
produce ofde-luxe finish
very famous • SCOOP! A limited Number Only. Tape Decks bv R SR RR
national manufacturer, OUR price £2.IS.O only. P.P. 3/6. Latest model A.C./200/240V. Brand new and boxed * ' '^
O UR price £6.10,0 only. P.P. 4/6.
• SCOOP! S-watt Gramophone Amplifier. Complete with Sin. • SCOOP! 1964 Radiogram Chassis. Stereo 3-wave bands, lone,
Speaker, 49,6. P.P. S/-.
The amplifier is complete, on a fabric-covered baffle board. Output ,U ft
c w"c$ aeml.
pe cha el
transformer included. Tone and volume controls and on/off switch. ?£■ 3fioncn ^1 Fewe
AC r 1 Glass
"" - dial.
6 valves. Latest wording.
Horizontal Mullard
Ready to switch on and play. Terrific volume. Size I2^m,x6in.x
Jim. back to front. For 200-250 v. A.C. Output 3 watts. i. •" ' Size I3)in. x9in.
Isolated chassis. . ea,'hrated.
high x Sin.Concentric controls.
deep. Product of
•fipOP! Diodes-over 1,000,000 in stock-ideal substitute
O.A.SI vision detector. guarantee*''0 manufacturer. Brand new and boxed. Maker's
Note OUR price £1.0.0 per 500. P.P. 2/-. (In 500 lots Only). OUR price £13.10,0. List price £19.8.0. P.P. 5/6. Our Chassis List
quotes prices—the keenest in the Trade. We are Main Agents for the
• SCOOP! Transistor Tape Recorder. The best obtainable Br t tam er Ch
by very lamous manufacturer. Brand new, boxed, guaranteed. maTe^fM
makers / . . to the
of Radiogram Chassis "sis
Topand Amplifiers.
Names in Radio. "Brittamer"—
Reduced from 12 gns, OUR price £7.10.0. P.P. 3/6. Complete
with microphone, tape, batteries and operational booklet. Features For £25.0.0 only, A fabulous offer. Garrard A.T S
push-pull amplifier, two motors, single switch operation, pause, speed, Transeriptor, plus 2 I2in. 15 watt Hi-Fidelicy speakers, plus the very
wind, rewind, record, play back. Can be used in any position, indoor If, S5 <F 0n tmen
i Sc watts
Push-button chassis
or outdoor. band. 6 valves. per channel. Thebyfinest
Brittamer.
chassis ofStereo,
its type3-wave
in the -
• SCOOP! Hi-Fidelity Speakers, IS-watt. Very famous national world. You will be amazed at performance and quality. We unhesi-
manulacturer—we cannot mention name. 45-13.000 c.p.s., 3 or tatingly recommend this chassis, ' "nnesi
IS ohm voice coils, response 45-13,000 c.p.s. Magnet 15,000 lines. In
carton—unopened and unused. OUR price £4,4.0 only. TRANSISTOR SECTION
• SCOOP! A Stereophonic Amplifier wich the following features. • SCOOP! A first-class 2 wave-band 3 transistor superhet chassis
A twin gauged tone control in a special negative feedback circuit,
giving a wide range of tone correction, A balance control enabling the 0
Fnir, / , US man, (act , er
i " :um. F""F built, aligned, tested, guaranteed.
ampJiflers to be equalized in oucpuc to compensate for pick-up, lead, Cm I u speaker 10/6, mA®dfew
Suitable ; cabinets
vvayes. can
NotebeOUR priceat £5.4.0
supplied only.
22/6 each,
speakers, recording differences. A speaker switch, hi. single OUR price for the package deal £6.10.0 only. Ideal for Caroline.
ampJiDer. M2, dual amplifiers for increased Monaural output, S.3,
two speakers ac S watts per channel Twin gauged volume con- S.A.E. enquiries please. Our Complete Lists I/-only-credited
trols and all four controls placed equidistant along the front of the against your order ' '•r':u,sea
chassis. Designed, made and guaranteed by Brittamer Ltd. Brand new
and at a fraccion of original cost. OUR price £7.10.0 only. • IF NOT ADVERTISED IT IS STILL IN STOCK

LK. ELECTRONICS (Victoria) LTD.

★ 17 GILLINGHAM ROW, WILTON ROAD, LONDON, S.W.I. +

167
 The NEW Stern-Clyne
ELECTRONIC CONCERT ORGAN sa 5B32
TO BUILD YOURSELF
DESIGNED -
— For the Electronic amateur seeking the most fascinating
project.
— For the discriminating organist seeking an instrument
which DOES sound tike a pipe organ.
NEW -
— Constructional methods introducing sectional corn-
plete instrument" building.
— Extended range of tone colours. Without unrealistic
" Gimmick" effects.
THE MOST COMPREHENSIVE KIT OF
PARTS AVAILABLE IN THIS COUNTRY
START BUILDING FOR AS LITTLE AS VISIT OUR SHOWROOM AT
£68.10.0 approx. (H.P. Terms Available)
18 TOTTENHAM COURT RD., LONDON. W.I
Write today for brochure (enclosing 6d. stamp) to: Electronic and hear this fabulous new Electronic Concert
Organ Dept., 18 TOTTENHAM COURT ROAD, Organ demonstrated.
LONDON, W.C.I, or call at your nearest branch.

STERiN-CLYNE

GREAT BRITAIN'S GREATEST ELECTRONIC HOBBIES ORGANISATION

HERE'S WHY THOUSANDS OF

ELECTRONICS ENTHUSIASTS
BUY WITH CONFIDENCE
FROM STERN-CLYNE -
0 A wide range of exclusive equipment
available including our own speciality
— MULLARD DESIGNS — for the home LONDON
constructor or ready assembled. 18 Tottenham Court Rd-.W.l. MUSeum 5929-0095. Half Day Sat.
23 Tottenham Court Rd., W-l. M USeum 34S1-T. Half Day Thurs.
0 The finest selection of Hi-Fi and Audio 309 Edgware Rd., W,2. PADdington 6963. Half Day Thurs.
equipment by all leading manufacturers. 109 Fleet St., E.C.4. FLEet St. 5812-3. Half Doy Sot.
162 Holloway Road. N.7. NORth 7941. Half Day fhurs,
0 A comprehensive range of electronic 9 Camberwell Church St., S.E.S. RODney 2875. Half Day Than.
components for the build it yourself BRISTOL
enthusiast available at all branches. 26 Merchant Street, Bristol L Bristol 2026U
0 Retail shops, showrooms and demonstra- Now open 6 days a week.
tion rooms throughout London and the CROYDON
provinces all carry extensive stocks. 12 Suffolk House, George St. MUNicipal 3250. Half Day Wed.
0 Finest Mail Order Service-geared to give
prompt and efficient attention. 52 Lord Street, Liverpool. Royal 7450.
0 Hire Purchase facilities available on MANCHESTER
orders of £11 10. 0 and over. 20-22 Withy7 Grove, Manchester 4. BLAckfriarsOpen
5379-5246.
6 days a week.
0 Hi-Fi advisory service to help, you in SHEFFIELD
choosing the right equipment. 125 The Moor, Sheffield. Sheffield 29993.
0 After sales service — complete satisfac-
tion guaranteed. Dept. P.E., 3-5 Eden Grove, Holloway, London, N.7. NORth 8161-5.

168
 FOR - IMMEDIATE - DESPATCH - PHONE - US - TODAY
BUILD YOUR OWN Fomooi Adonufocturers' Surplus Bargoin
RECORD PLAYER Ferguson Quality Amplifier 4 Watts
Size 65 x 5 x 4in, 200-250 AC* double wound BAKERS
4 Speei Antochanfio mains transformer. Volume and tone con- 'Selhurst'
JMooe
16 'Sitn.Cabioels
HiBii 17fltuc<
r
i20,000
°i'r„ cps.
Sensitivity
loudspoaket sud 3ready
watt Price 200 /IQI/L my. eoeA. Response 2S to
Complete 25 WATT 5 GN5
TaJte amplifier with voives. etc. *+7/0 Brood new. 12" GUITAR
built. Quality output. 2 units matched for stereo etc., 89 6. HEAVY DUTY
Volume and Tone con- BLAffK ALUMINIUM CHASSIS. 18 s.w.g. 4 sides, U OHM VOICE COIt.
trol*. Ail itemj fit nveted corners, lattice Bring holes. 2;ln. sides, 7 ;< 4in., RESPONSE 20-10,000
together _ perlectly. 5/6; 8x7in., <ps
Special instructions
enable assembly in 30 13 x sm.. 9/6; 6/8; II x Sin..
14 » llin., 12/0; 6156;X Win..llx7in.,
15,-. 7/6; BASS RESONANCE 80 tpi
ralnutea, only S wires ALUMINIUM PANELS. 18 s.w.g. 12 <12in., 4.'6j GENUINE MUSICM
to join. 12 months' 14 x9m.
2/-; 4/-!1/6.12x8in.,
6 x 410.. . 3/-; 10 \7io., 2.-; 8:/Bin,,' INSTSUMENT
written guarantee. lOUOSPEAKER
ADXOCHANCE KITS
Complete—as above. MAINS TRANSFORMERS 12in. STALWART HEAVY DUTY I5w. 3C
E.S.S. 3or 15 ehnt voice coils. Unlimited Applications. X'' ci"
OarrardMonarch
AnlosUm. £10-19-6
£11*19-6 P.P. P.P. 5/.
5'- 200/250 AC Pos' 2/- each
STANDARD 250-0-250, 80 mA. 6.3 v, 3.5 a., lapped Response 45-13,000 cps. Magnet 12,000 lines.
4Diita
y. 4 3-50-0-350
a. Rectifier 6.3 v. 1 a. tapped 5 v. or 4 v. 2a.22/8 12in. STANDARD HEAVY DOTY 20w. 7
OWAY CUTTER
UMAA ^-^ASSIS 29/8 More powerful
n«C!Bl suspension. magnel
40-14.50014,000cpr.line! Recommended
' gnS.
MINIATURE 200 v. 20 mA.. 6.3 v, I r, 10/6 wnereveta high standard ot reproduction is desired.
The culler
screw and key.consists o! tour parts; a die. a punch, an Allen MIDGET
SMALL, 220 v.
250-O-250 45 mA.,
v. 45 6,3
mA., ». 2
6.3a ». 2 a 15/6
17 8 1
STANDARD 250-9-250 65 mA,. 6.3 V, 3.5 a. .... 17/8 12in.
New 1964BASShighHEAVY DUTY25w.
cower model. Alnminiuin 'l ^^ gtlS.
___
iin. 14 6 I gin. 18'- 2tn.
fin, 14 6 IJin. 18,6 2;?2in. 34'3 37 9
HEATER TRANS. 146.3 v.zIS 3 a.4 s 6
r-
7'6 coil former with magnetic
Ideal for al|_ eleclric guitars. damping 25-16,000 cps.
Jin. IS 6 Ii'iin. 20- 2iin. 44 9 HEATER TRAka. 6.3 v, 4- "a- . . -3 v. li amp. IQ'B 8/6
15in. AUDITORIUM MODEL 35w. " i n
|in. IS 19 I gin. 20 - i in.sq, 316 GENERAL PURPOSE LOW VOLTAGE.
?■ 5.6,8 9 10 12.15, 18, 24 and 30 v. at 2 a. 22/8 Ontpnls
Jin. IS - iyin. 20 6 {Jin.sq.' 28 - improved magnet alcomax with heavy ' " 21®-
(8/- ijin. 22 6 AUTO TRASS,
AUTO TRANS. 150 500 w.. w, 0,115
0, 115,V,200. 200,230,
230,250250 v.v. 22'6
82.6 plated assembly, weight 16 Us., 17,000 lines, 20-13,000
M^bLARD„"8I0" MAINS TRANS. TO SPEC. 33/6 Gu'itau ltPr',0fel> C0il Weal .for all Elecfrtc
CRYSTAL MIKE INSERTS. High output. 300-0-300 120 raA., 6,3 r. CT 4a.. 0. 5,6.3 y. 2 a Pff ly/.r.af 1
"'M/irf/i/r,/.
W'' 'f'rtee.
Miniature siac, l.lin. dfa. x 2in
ACOS MIKE INSERT IJ x Jin.
6'6
8/6 MAINS POWER PACKS. Ready built wvter. OMcr Jtcro,,^,Speelah mate lo
Re-eHergitta.
ACOS STICK MIKE 39-1 3$ - with Mains Transformers, Rectifiers and WAVE-CHANGE SWITCHES
T.S.L. DE LUXE STICK MIKE. .... 25 - Condensers etc., providing H,T. and L.T, 38 p.p. 4-way.
2-way. or or 21 p.p. B-way,
12-way.long
longspindle
spindle ! . 3-6
TELEPHONE CONTACT MIKE,.. 10/6 200 v. 20 mA. D.C. | wave 6.3 v. I a. A.C. 2S/6 48 p.
GUITAR XTAL MIKE is/fi 220 v. SO mA. D.C. i wave 6,3 v. 2 a. A.C. 35/6 p. 2-w»y,
4-way. or 4 p. 3-way,
2 water. long spindle ...
long spindle o'.r
* 2',2
PROFESSIONAL MAGNETIC GUITAR
MIKE with Vol. & Tone Controls 59 6
250 v. 80 mA. D.C. Full wave 6.3 v. 4 a. A.C. 45/6 Wnvechanga " MAKITS ■' Waters available; 1 p." 'l^way.
P 3
Moving Coil Mike 90/-, Floor Stand 57/- "THE POWER MITE" 45'- ino^d^k% i„^r4d1n?,-ab l7s!;p!,Pf &
TANNQY CARBON MIKE 5/6 1»3I9 Mains Unit 9 volt for Trnnsjstop ?o ai
M 6
«s. 1
^
also Miniature Same
Jtadins. Size as P.P.9 (20O-2SOV.> Rotary Toggles, s.p,. 3/6; d.p. Va. Mm.'siide d p: S/e.'
s
WAVE BRIDGE SELENIUM REGTtFIER: PP3 modeL jg/s
2.6"
CHAEGER 12 v..TRANSFORMERS.
1| amp,,a:9; 2a, 11/3; 4a.,input
Tapped 17/8, 200;'250 7
lor charging at 2, B or 12 v.. 1} amps., 18/6; 2 amps., 17/6' 4 TRANSISTOR PUSH-PULL BOOKS (List S.A.E.)
44amos.,
AMP 22/6,CAR Circuit
BATTERY included.
CHARGER With ammeter Sxijx'in. AUDIO amplifier RadioSpeaker
High Fidelity Valve Data Enclosures..! 7/6 5/-
Leads, Fuse Casa, etc., for 6 v. or 12 v.. 59/6. ADriverreadyandbailioutput
minlatare push-pull ampUBer with Valve* Transistors, CRT Equivalents 9/6
MINIATURE PANEL METERS tdeal lor use with translormers, record players,4 transistors,
intercoms, At a Glance Valves, CRT Equivalents 3/6
TV Fault Finding s/_
Size Irlin.sq. Precision jewelled bearings, BABY ALARMS, eto,. Complete with full Milliard Audio Amplifier Manuai... 8/S
2% accuracy, silvered dials, fine pointers, Price 47'6 - - insh-notions_and_
8 v, Batt, 2,3, 2;in. Speaker circuit.
15/^ Radio Valve Guide, Books I, 2,3 or 4 ea SI-
0-1 mA. 27/6; 0-5 mA. 27/6; 0-300 V. 27/6: Practical Radio Inside Out .... 3/*
0-SO^A 39/6:0-500 /<A 32/6. "S" meter 35/- NEW MULLARD TRANSISTORS Master Colour Code
MOVIKO COIL MULTIMETER ?«CI1 AF114I';-,®"? 11.'-7/8. 0C8ID
8.'-, 7/6,
OC4S0C8I S.'-, 7'6.
0G171AFllS Cori Design and Construction Manual 51-
ohms. 0-100ii, etc., 0-150 mATK20A. 0-1800
Pocket site Sin. v.scale.
A.C 49 Ce' 10'6, , OC44
8* AP117 9;6. OC2B0.1Trarmslor Holders
9'..
1 si
Kadio, TV and Electronics Data Book 3/6
International Radio Stations List ... 2/6
VALVE HOLDERS. EA50 8d. BI2A, CRT.
Amer. 4. a, 6 and 7-pio 1/-. Printed circuit B9A B70 1/3. Eng. and SubMimalureCondensers.
5.8,16,25,30,50,100 mFd.. IS volt 2,8 each. mPd.,30v., 1;3 l.'g.d. Boys Book of Crystal Sets 21$
Int.0 VOct.ED1/-, MORSE KEY 4 6; BUZZER 4 6. ■ Stroboscopic Disc 33,45, 78 r.p.tm
How to Receive Foreign T.V
|/-
5/-
^Q . ^P BOjL Masda Oct. 6d.j B7Q. B8A. B8G. with TRANSISTOR 4 CHANNEL MIXER
BF50, B7G. B9A, Int. . Oct, 18.1/-.B9A
B70,withB9Acancans.
1/9. II-Ceramic
each. 4 separate input-output controls, 59.6
Valve base plugs B7G. B9A. Int. Oct. 2/3. Standard apen-circnit
5
2/0, closed-circuit 4 6.
Volume Controls PtaKt
tISS L' life!*'v ^Plups Lead 1/-.
Type Sockets
3 6. Phono
1.'-
1965 RADIOGRAM CHASSIS Long spindles. Midget Site 80 cake Coax SNON-REVERSIBLE
STANDARD Screened 3/-. Orundig S-pin a e"
or Semi-air soaced PLUGS end socket!;
6K
L.'S ohms
3/-. toP.P.2 Meg.
4, 8. LOGLIN. 40 yd. 17,6. 80 yd.84.25/-.
yd. 4;6: P194 0 p5n 6 6: P466
12 a, FSflO 3-pio /4,-; Majlis
• seloctoc
, pane]" willi plug 1/-.
Stereo L.'S 10;8, D.P. 14 U. Low at 600 loss
mc 5dB pet 100ft.
s.
Linear or Log Traoks. Ideal 625 lines 1/6 yd.
TRIPLETONE HI-FI MAJOR
THE "INSTANT" BULK TAPE
ERASER AND RECORDING HEAD £15.18.9
OEMAGNETIZER

Three Wavebands Fi-a Valves

f'W. 200 ra,-500 m. . laiMtEF89. EBC81.
ECHUl,
L.W.0800b m.-2.000 m, EL84 EZ90 200/250 v.
cw Fa& n 6B A C
t M J- ? ' A ' - Ferrite
Saort-Mediam-Long-Gram, 200-250Aerial.
v. 4-w8y switch.
A.V.C. and A.C. Leaflet
Negahye Feedback. 5 wattsGlass
3 ohm. Chassis IS'.in. 'S.A.E.
aorlzonto! wording. Two Pilot Lamps. Four xKnobs.
.m. high s< Sin. deep. dial sira 13in. 4inX, 12 watts IS co 20.000 c.p.s. 5 valves A.C. mains
isolated. I2in. x SJin. x 6in. high, Built-in
Aligned and calibrated. Cfaasris isolated from mains. pre-amp. and mixer. Two inputs and volume
controls. Sensitivity mic. 10 mV.j Gram 250
BRAND NEW £9.15.6 cam 4/e. B.T.H. TAPE MOTORS IIS v A.C mV. 3 tone controls, Bass, Treble and Middle.
Matched Speakers Sin. 17/6; lOin. 25'-; Win. 30/- 28 w. 12/6 pair, for 200,250 v. (in series) Auxiliary power supply. Ideal for all Electric
Guitars. Cabinet with handle, 30/- extra
DTmnST rniinAUpm"* chP«P«ALLREADE * ' NO ORDER T
°°^
RADIO COMPONENT SPECIALISTS wYsr™0^--0'
Written guarantee with every purchase. ■ n,,,., tvv 68
Buses 133, ao passj.—
door, S.R. Sen, Salhurst. »»C3I
Post U; LKUlUUN THO2/. 1665
Full List I/■, C.O.D. extra.
(Export welcome. Send reminanceondextra postage, no C.O.O.)
169
 Shop hours."
9-5.30; Including Sal,
Horn Mm ud. Friday, 9-6,30.
Cosed oil Wednesday
187 LONDON ROAD, MITCHAM, SURREY (MIT. 3282)

ay

<j

11
We trust that your
I
Home Radio Catalogue
'<&Z0
is not among those giving
tv- J?
Santa the slip ! But just in case you
haven't yet ordered one (dreadful
thought) here is a gentle reminder.
Fill in the Coupon and send it
off today with cheque or P.O. for 6/-.
¥
HOME RADIO LTD. WISHES V.
EVERYONE A MERRY XMAS
AND A HAPPY NEW YEAR!
/V "V
o
BLOCK Enclose P.O. for 6/- -1
capitals please

NAME
For every complete £l's worth of ADDRESS
Components you order from us
you can enclose one of the Coupons
from our Catalogue and deduct a
shilling from your remittance.
HOME RADIO LTD., Dept. PEf 187 London Rd., Mitcham, Surrey
Jkmmmm
170
 JANUARY m Practical Electronics

The Tliermionic Valve THIS MONTH

Sixty years ago occurred an event that laid the foundation
lor the future electronics industry. In November 3904,
sir John Ambrose Fleming took out a patent for his escalation CONSTRUCTIONAL PROIECTS
valve—a device making use of the Edison Effect for the
rect'ficanon of radio and audio frequencies. Thus was bom HIGH IMPEDANCE VOLTMETER 176
the diode, the first of what was to become a large family of 5 WATT INTEGRATED
thermionic devices utilisiog the phenomenon of electron AMPLIFIER 178
emission.
COMPACT LOUDSPEAKER
ENCLOSURE 183
From the earliest days the radio industry adopted the DARKROOM TIMER 187
thermionic valve as its own, but there were also other applica-
tions such as electrical measuring instruments where this device PRINT RECORDER 204
soon proved its worth. With these increasing and diversified PRECISION DECIMAL STEP
uses tor the valve, a new industry began to evolve—Electronics PRE-AMPLIF1ER 208
was coming into being.
New knowledge and techniques acquired particularly ELECTRONIC GUITAR 217
during the war years 1939-tf led to the development of com-
puters and other electronically operated devices quite outside
the conventional radio communications field. Ironically, SPECIAL SERIES
these developments also resulted in research into the properties
of semiconductor materials and led in turn to the discovery BEGINNERS START HERE—3 200
that would end the reign of the thermionic valve in many
nelds—but this is another story. SOUND ON TAPE—3 202

^ andi11?m 1Sparticular
' of. C0Ursehow
' histor y- Whatis of GENERAL FEATURES
today important thethe position
thermionic
vajve to the amateur constructor of electronic equipment? ELECTRONIC POWER 172
Those who have taken up electronics as a hobby in the last FLEMING AND THE DIODE 186
tew years and those just starting will probably have little
interest in working with valves. But we imagine the valve will VALVE ON/OFF CIRCUITS 193
continue for some time yet to have its devotees among the
older hands who became involved with electronics in the pre-
transistor era. A spares box well stocked with "bottles" NEWS AND COMMENT
accumulated over the years is one possible assurance against
sudden and total loss of interest in the valve; the plentiful EDITORIAL 171
supply of replacements at low prices is another.
Bearing all this in mind, it will be our policy to include a LORD BOWDEN OPENS
number of vaive operated devices amongst our constructional EXHIBITION 180
projects, although current trends demand that the major READOUT |9|
emphasis be given to designs based on semiconductors.
NEWS BRIEFS 197
★ ★ ★
ELECTRONORAMA 198
So. sixty years after its discovery we find the thermionic
valve superseded in many fields, but by no means completely DETACHED PARTICLES 210
eclipsed. What of the future? At least so far as high power P. E. DATA BOOKLETS 211
work is concerned, it seems likely that modern vers:ons of NEW PRODUCTS 212
Fleming s diode and other valves using the cathodic emission
principle will continue to play a vital role in electronic
engineering for manymore years to come. Our February issue will be published on
Thursday, January 14

George Newaes Ltd.. Tower

Tower House. Southampton Street, Londo^ wS phS ELECTRONICS, George NewnU Ltd.,
Including postage for one year, to any part of the world, 35s © Gwrde Newfe* ULondon.
drawingsSubscription Rates
ertlch* published In PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS is s^aDy rtie ^ * ' Photographs and
the U.S.A. Reproducttons or imitations of any of these ^therefore expr^ fwbWtten signatory to the Berne Convention and
Energy from nothing—perhaps a scientist's dream. but as it turned out this principle was the first step
toward the development of the thermionic valve.
All the laws of science are against It. Scientists During his experiments Edison connected ammeters
are looking for new, efficient and cheaper ways of in the two separate circuits, as will be seen from the
converting heat energy to electricity. diagram. When filament 1 was energised a small
Thermionic, thermoelectric, magnetohydrodynarmc current was registered on ammeter A2 while the switch
and thermo-photovoltaic principles, the four most was still open. Some electrons had moved from the
significant heat to electricity conversion methods, are hot filament to the cold one. This phenomenon
reviewed and compared in this article. _ , • - became known as the "Edison Effect", the principle of
Fig. 1 summarises a number of possible^ electricity thermionic emission. , j.
producing energy conversion methods. It is a funda- Later developments of Edison's discovery led to the
mental principle that, although it may be changed diode valve. In the simplest type of valve the filament
from one form to another, energy is indestructible. acts as the cathode. Other types have separate
One common example is the conversion of energy from cathodes which are heated by the filaments. Fig, 3a
heated petrol to motion in a motor car. shows a simple diode valve circuit.
In a closed thermodynamic system, energy is neither When the cathode is heated the disturbance of mns
created nor destroyed. There is a limiting factor in
the conversion of heat to other forms of energy, known due to the high temperature produces a "cloud' of
as the Carnot efficiency factor. The greater the electrons in the vicinity of the cathode. This is known
temperature change of a heat to electricity converter, as a space charge. , ,
the higher will be its conversion efficiency. So far, battery B2 is isolated from the valve by SI.
In this condition a state of random activity exists
THERMIONIC CONVERSION around the cathode with no control over the electrons.
Now. if SI is closed, battery B2 supplies a potential
One of the most common forms of thermionic con- to the anode, positive with respect to the cathode.
verter is Edison's "double-life" incandescent lamp. Here we have a new condition whereby the negatively
Instead of enclosing a single filament in one envelope charged electrons are attracted to the positively
he used two filaments. Filament 1 was connected charged anode, causing an electron flow in the direction
directly to the power source, and filament 2 was- con- shown in Fig. 3b. If the supply voltage from B2 is
nected to the source via an open switch (see Fig. 2). increased the anode, having now a greater positive
When filament 1 broke down, the switch automatically potential, will attract more electrons towards it and so
closed bringing filament 2 into use. Edison s idea increase the current through the valve. However,
amounted to Uttle more than a domestic gimxrucK, this rise in current is not directly
proportional to the rise in anode
RAOI01S0T0FES NUCLEAR REACTORS THERMAE
ENERGY $0U* CQNCEHmiORS ABSORBERS voltage due to the retarding
effect of the space charge, and
HEAT ENGINES] COMBUSTION therefore does not follow Ohm's
THERMOELECTRIC Law (Fig. 3c). When the anode
Itherhionic [ voltage is increased to a state
{haonetohyorooyhamici I THERMO-PHOTOVOLTAIC whereby the maximum possible
current is obtained, the diode is
-jpYROELECTRliP phase-transition potentiai said to be saturated.
SOLAR
ENERGY One other method of increasing
NUCLEAR
ENERGY 4 PIEZOELECTRIC the current is to raise the tem-
perature of the cathode by
HAGNETOSTRICTIVE increasing the filament voltage
BATTERIES FUEL CaiS CHEMICAL
ENERGY but this can only be done within
ELECTROSTATIC the limits of the current carrying
MECHANICAL
ENERGY ELECTROKINETIC POTENTIAL capacity of the filament. The
effect of this method is shown in
ELECTROMAGNETIC DYNAMOS PHOTOVOLTAIC, SOLAR CELLS Fig. 3c.
BETA EMITTERS Fig. !♦ Chart of energy conversion
ELECTRICAL ENERGY methods

172
 FIG 2 FIG3A FIBSB FIG3C
FILAMENT 1 FILAMENT 2
(ENERGISEO)>| FILAMENT AT HIGH TEMP.
ANODE
J—SPACE r,
"fl CHARGE I 82
CATHODE
k
r «
1 FILAMENT AT
LOAD LOW TEMP.
T W—i
0 ANODE VOLTAGE
Fig. 2. Edison's "doi/ble-Ufe" lamp Fig. 3. Simple diode valve circuit and characteristics
REDUCING THE SPACE CHARGE electric refrigerator, if an electric current is passed
The retarding effect of the space charge can be through a solid the temperature of the solid will change.
considerably reduced by filling the valve tube with an Thermoelectric effects are reversible physical
ionised gas. Let us consider the path of a single phenomena.
electron passing through a certain amount of ratified In 1822, Thomas Seebeck discovered that when the
gas or vapour (Fig. 4). During motion the electron junction of two different metals was heated an electric
will eventually collide with a gas atom (Fig. 4a), current was produced. He verified this theory by
producing a new electron and positively charged ion observing the deflection of a magnetic needle when
(Figs. 4b and c). These two electrons'are attracted held close to the junction.
towards the anode but on the way they collide with Twelve years later, a Frenchman, John Peltier,
neutral atoms. If collision is great enough to cause discovered that if an electric current was passed
ionisation there will be four electrons and three ions through the junction of two different metals, the
(Fig. 4c). This increase of electrons is called an temperature of the junction increased or decreased
electron avalanche. depending on the direction of current flow.
The three main classes of thermionic energy con- Later, in 1857, Thomson (who later became Lord
verter are illustrated in Fig, 5. The typical diode Kelvin) observed that if an electric current is passed
shown in Fig. 5a is filled with caesium plasma, in through a single solid of homogeneous material, the
which the positive ions neutralise to a great extent the temperature gradient was in fact matched by a new
negative electron space charge and permit a free flow reversible temperature gradient created and dependent
of electrons to the anode. on the direction of current flow.
To operate gas filled diodes efficiently the operating
temperature should exceed 2,000oC. When filled Fig. 4. Electron bombardment In Ionised gas
with caesium vapour, ionisation is achieved more
readily, but the high temperature necessary to provide
this^ condition may impair the life of the cathode.
Fig. 5b shows a section of a vacuum dose-spaced
diode. In this type of energy converter the cathode
and anode are very close together—for effective
operation they should be about 0-01 mm apart.
The third method of reducing the space charge
effect is by using crossed electric and magnetic fields ■o i-. -W
(Fig. 5c). Here the heated cathode and the cold anode □
are in the same plane, and separated by a space less □
than one-eighth of the width of the electrodes. An
auxiliary anode, called the accelerator, is placed □ □
parallel to the cathode and anode a short distance
away. A magnetic field Is placed in such a position o o
that the electrons, after being attracted towards the '
positively charged accelerator, will be diverted to the i tel :» (
true anode. Theoretically, the magnetic triode would
seem to be much more efficient than the close-spaced • +, i
diode—22 per cent compared with 12 per cent under
similar operating conditions. n
A number of factors determine the efficiency of the i. Q
i?:
system: the scattering of electrons by gas molecules; a n
the reflection of electrons at the anode surface; general
electron scattering; non-uniformity of electric and
magnetic fields,
y
THERMOELECTRIC CONVERSION
The principle of thermoelectric conversion is that an □
electric current is produced by a change of temperature □
in a solid substance. Conversely, as in a thermo-
rnmim
CAESIUM VAPOUR All these discoveries led to the development of the
RESERVlOuR semiconductor device. Fig. 6 illustrates the theoretical
principles of the «-type (6a) and p-type <6b) semi-
conductor material. In Fig. 6a the w-type material is
i'V» negatively charged at ambient temperature with
electrons moving at random. The circuit is completed
by an ammeter and load resistance. If heat is applied
ANODE to one end of .the material the electrons move towards
LOAD the cooler part charging it more negatively. The meter
would show a deflection indicating the direction of
CERAMIC SEAL- current flow. Similarly the p-type material shown in
ELECTRON FLOW Fig. 6b is positively charged. When heat is applied
CEAS1UM PLASMA HEAT positively charged particles (holes) are attracted towards
CATHODE the cooler end of the material, but the direction of
current flow is reversed.
Fig. 5a. Diode filled caesium plasma The effects of combiningp- and «-type semiconductor
materials are shown in Fig. 6c, where the combined
current produced is theoretically doubled for the same
LOAD amount of heat applied. .
Whilst thermoelectric conversion is very reliable .the
ANODE efficiency is relatively low, from 3 to 16 per cent depend-
ing on the material.
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC CONVERSION
CLOSE SPACE (<0-01*00
Faraday's principle of electric induction is illustrated
in Fig. 7. If an electric conductor is moved in a
CATHODE magnetic field an electric current is induced in the
HEAT conductor. A practical example can be set up by con-
Fig, Sb. Vacuum close-spaced diode necting a coil directly to an ammeter. A bar magnet,
capable of being inserted in the coil, is held above and
in the same plane (see Fig. 7a). While the magnet is
BATTERY held stationary there will be no deflection _ of the
meter needle. If the magnet is now rapidly inserted
in the coil as shown in Fig. 7b the meter will register
CCEIERATOR a current in one direction. While the magnet is held
inside the coil, no current will flow (Fig. 7c), if the
magnet is moved in the reverse direction a current will
/ / / s NN DIRECTION Of flow in the reverse direction as shown in Fig. 7d. _
/ i ELECTRONS A new concept of this principle is used in
MAGNETIC FIELD magnetohydrodynamic conversion, but instead of a
LOAD wire conductor, ionised gas is used. In the conven-
HEAT tional power generator, a gas-driven turbine engine
, CATHODE NODE causes the armature to rotate cutting the magnetic
Fig, Sc. Electron flow Jnftoenced by crossed electric and lines of force and inducing a current in the armature
magnetic fields wire (see Fig. 8a). In the m.h.d. generator ionised
gas flows directly through the magnetic field inducing
a current through the probe wires (see Fig. 8b).
In the practical m.h.d. converter the gas is heated
to a very high temperature and pressure in the super-
LOAD LOAD heater. The gas molecules partly ionise forming a
plasma of negative electrons and positive ions. This
©Q© ionised gas then passes through a nozzle into the
conversion chamber (see Fig. 9). The gas is at a very
3^e \ high pressure in the chamber so cutting the lines oi
Q@@ HEAT Fig. 6. Thermoelectric conversion using semiconductor
materials
■A/SA
LOAD
d"
LOAD LOAD 000
©0 ®©
®©®
+>®® @®S>
u u
©
HEAT
HEAT HEAT
(c>
174
 MMETER

MAGNETIC LINES
OF FOH£E__

COIL*

force at a very rapid rate. Two electrodes are placed

one on each side of the gas stream so that the anode
picks up electrons deflected by the magnetic field. Fig. 7. Faraday's principle of electric Induction
The voltage developed between the anode and
cathode is dependant on the magnetic field strength,
gas velocity, and electrode spadng. The conductivity
of the plasma greatly influences the characteristics of Wi
the converter. Many gases do not ionise appreciably 6AS DRIVEN
at temperatures between 2,000 and 3,000 degrees TURBINE
centigrade unless the gas Is charged with caesium
vapour or potassium.
Magnetohydrodynamic converters have one great
advantage over other types described in this article: SLIP
they can be constructed to produce large quantities of RINGS POWER
electrical energy for mains distribution. Efficiencies OUT
of about 60 per cent are envisaged while the con- ARMATURE
ventional turbogenerator rarely exceeds 40 per cent.
THERMO-PHOTOVOLTAIC CONVERSION
In 1961, Pierre Aigrain delivered a lecture proposing
an interesting concept for heat to electricity con-
version using an incandescent heat source to excite Fig. 8a. Electromagnetic generator principle
electrons in a pn structure. This system is particularly
suitable in environments where there is little sunshine.
Fig. 10 shows the theoretical drcuit. The photons
from an incandescent source are heated to a tempera-
ture of more than l,800oC and are directed towards the POWER
OUTPUT
convener surface by a parabolic reflector.
Its theoretical efficiency is about 70 per cent, but ANODE-^^
m practice this may be reduced to about 35 per cent. VJONISED
PROBE ELECTROOES GAS
These figures are based on a system using mono-
chromatic light.
The author is grateful to the American Raytheon
Company, the Thermo Electron Engineering Corporation, THODE
Avco-Everett Research Laboratory, and Professor H. H. III
Woodson of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Zlt
for their co-operation in the preparation of this article.
5fa. Alognetoftydrodynom/c conversion using ionised
Fig. 9. Complete system for mJi.d. conversion ^ gas

W\A
TEMPERATURE ANOOE LOAD
Fig. 10. . Theory of thermo- >?m0c NOZZLE MAGNETIC FIELD AT RIGHT
photovoftalc conversion ANGLES TO GAS FLOW COOLING
COOUNG HOT: IONISED •
LOAD caypLASMA-: • CONDENSER
VELOCITY). ISOOnv
^VW-
LOW CATHODE
P -ROOM ELECTRONS
TEMPERATURE

INCANDESCENT HIGH HEAtlft PUMP

HEAT SOURCE TEMPERATURE
175
 CURRENT TAKEN
If the meter concerned were fully deflected when
taking 500//.A, it would have a sensitivity of 2 kilohms
per volt; the meter described here has a sensitivity of
some 50 times this figure—100 kilohms per volt. The
current taken (on any range) from the circuit under
test in order to secure f.s.d. is thus only 10/iA and, of
BB course, if readings are taken below the half-way point
on the scale of the meter, then the current from the
circuit under test will be 5/4A or less.
This design can therefore be used to take readings in
circuits where very high resistances are involved with-
out unduly reducing the potentials concerned.
There are available moving-coil multimeters with,
sensitivities of 100 kilohms/V, and while they give more'
accurate results than the unit described here, they are
considerably more expensive.
HIGH In designing this meter, the aim was to produce a
unit of high sensitivity which would be comparatively
cheap to construct and it was decided that a high order
IMPEDANCE of accuracy was not needed, or practicable, if the cost
were to be kept down to a reasonable figure. Generally,
where a high impedance meter is required, high accuracy
in readings is secondary to the need for the meter to
VOLTMETER disturb the circuit under test as little as possible.
CIRCUIT
The circuit of the instrument is given in Fig. la oh the
blueprint. Some readers may recognise a degree of
similarity to a MuIJard circuit which was in fact used as
a basis for this design. One transistor is used—an
OC75—in a current amplifying circuit.
The indicator Is a 500/4A meter (Ml) which is used
in a bridge circuit. When S2 is operated, current
flows through TRl and also through RIl and VR2.
VR2 is adjusted so that the potentials at A and B
become equal and thus M reads zero. If now a poten-
tial is applied to the test terminals, a current flows in
the base circuit of TR! and the collector current
iw" increases, unbalancing the bridge and giving a reading
on the meter Ml.
ACCURACY
The reading on Ml does not increase by equal
increments for equal increases in the potential applied
to the test terminals, as will be obvious if the circuit is
studied. However, the non-linearity is not thought
to be serious since the instrument is intended to act
as an indicator rather than to give readings of high
accuracy.
By B. E. F. STREET
METER MOVEMENT
The suggested movement is a 2in 500/4 A type. There
Most readers will probably be aware of the danger is no real point in obtaining an expensive larger meter
of obtaining misleading results when using most since the accuracy of the circuit does not really justify
ordinary multimeters to measure potentials in high the use of such a meter. If a physically larger meter is
resistance circuits. For example, if one measured the used, then the layout, and perhaps the mounting box,
anode potential of the triode a.f. amplifier in a com- may have to be changed.
mercial a.m. superhet, the meter might read 20V instead Meters of higher sensitivity can be used, but will be
of the 60V to 80V which one might expect. more expensive, though increasing the sensitivity of the
The reason for this occurrence is that the meter complete mstrument. Naturally, the values of Rt to
draws sufficient current through the anode load (which R9 will need modifying by experiment if a more sensi-
may perhaps be 220 kilohms) that the anode voltage is tive movement is employed.
reduced by the voltage drop across the load. Thus, if
the meter took .a current of 500/tA, the extra voltage INTERNAL STANDARD
drop would be 50 with a 100 kilohm load. Therefore, The "Calibrate" position of SI needs some explana-
if the anode potential were 60V, connecting the meter tion. Before using the instrument, it is necessary to
would reduce it to about 10V which would be the calibrate it; R9 and the dry cell BY1 provide a suitable
reading obtained. internal reference potential to enable this to be done.
176
 RANGE SWITCHING Ltd., and the list number is 5120; it can be obtained
A single switch SI is used for range selection. It from electrical suppliers either "off the shelf" or to
should have very good insulation and a ceramic type order. The use of the box gives a professional finish
may be used if available. In the prototype, a Radio- to the meter, as can be seen from the photographs.
spares "Maka-Switch" was employed. A one-pole, . The drilling diagram for the panel of the meter is
12-way wafer was arranged, by means of the given in Fig. 4 on the blueprint.
movable "stop", to give a choice of nine ways, as
shown in Fig. 3 on the blueprint.
Eight ranges are shown in Fig. 1:1V, 5V, 10V, 50V, BATTERIES ,
100V, 250V, 500V, and IkV. Securing a range of a So that the instrument can be entirely self-contained,
given f.s.d. (xV, for example) is merely a matter the batteries are housed in the case and can be seen in
of interposing a resistor of (100,000a:) ohms in the Fig. 3, the wiring diagram, and in the illustration on
negative test lead, between the base of TR1 and the this page. Five 1 -SV cells will be required and the type
negative test terminal. Thus, if the constructor wished suggested is the Ever Ready D23 or equivalent. The
to add more ranges, or to use ranges with differing Ever Ready UI6 cells are also sufficiently small.
f.s.d.'s, the modification would be easy to carry out. Four of the cells are wired in series as shown in
Note that the Key to SI Positions on the blueprint shows Fig. 2. The method is to place the four cells side by
position 7 as 150V; this should) of course, read 250 V. side, alternate cells being inverted as shown, and bind
There are also two ways of wiring up the switch SI. them together with transparent sticky tape. Short
In the first, shown in Fig. 1 a, and used in the prototype, pieces of stiff insulated wire are then soldered to the
the multiplier resistors are arranged in a chain around cells to connect them in series. The brass caps must
the "ways" of SI. In the second method, shown in first be cleaned and so must a small area of the zinc
Fig. lb, the resistors are arranged one for each way of at the base of each cell so that the solder will "take"
SI, and one end of each is joined to the negative test well A hot iron is essential so that joints may be made
terminal. very quickly to avoid damage to the cells.
The first method has the advantage that the maximum No clips are used to keep the cells in position on the
value of resistor required is lower and, consequently, rear of the front panel. Instead, stiff insulated wire is
the resistors will, in many areas, be easier to obtain. used for all the connections to the cells (except the one
The second method is perhaps really to be preferred to Ml and VR1) and provides enough support, parti-
since the multiplier of each range can easily be adjusted cularly if the wires are kept as short as possible.
to give optimum accuracy, without affecting the values
0
C other multipliers. However, more will be said WIRING
of this in the section on the wiring of SI.
Wiring of the unit is not at all difficult and plastics-
CONSTRUCTION covered wire should be used for all leads. All the
The prototype was built to fit inside a metal box wiring shown in Fig. 3 should be carried out except
intended for flush-mounting of a control unit for an that associated with the multiplier resistors.
electric cooker. This box is made by MK Electric continued on page 211

a
i 11'
i

Photograph (left) shows details of wiring and

component layout. Photograph (above) shows the
cabinet with the front panel and components
removed. A piece of felt measuring 5|Jn x4|/n
fs stock to the bock of this box. This felt serves
two purposes: it seals the unwanted holes and it
prevents any marking of surfaces on which the
voltmeter may be placed
177
 TRANSI

AMRLIF

THIS FINAL ARTICLE DESCRIBES THE POWER SUPPLY

AND GIVES DETAILS OF STEREO ARRANGEMENTS

The d.c. low voltage power supply for the 5 watt circuit, this necessitates a centre-tapped secondary
integrated amplifier can be obtained from a single winding. The secondary voltage is chosen so that for
type PP9 battery if a low power, high quality output an r.ift.s, voltage of 20V in each half of ihe secondary
of some 250-300 milliwatts coupled with complete with respect to the centre tap, the rectified output will
portability is the main consideration as already equal the peak voltage which is obtained by multiplying
explained. " j • • the r.m.s. value by sjl. In this instance this equals
However, where high power quality reproduction is 28 volts. ,.
required, the d.c. low voltage source of power is It is extremely difficult to centre-tap accurately this
obtained with the aid of silicon rectifiers and a suitable winding, and any imperfection of centre tap reflects
step down transformer, the primary of which is an unbalance of the current distribution either side
connected to the normal 200-240V domestic 50c/s of the required neutral point or zero.
mains supply. It must be clear that there will thus be a small floating
Before describing in detail the power supply unit potential that is never returned at any instant to true
designed for this amplifier, it will be useful to explain zero. This unbalance is therefore reflected upon the
the reasons which lead to the choice of a full wave silicon diodes which are effectively in series across the
bridge rectification circuit. secondary with respect to a.c. and in parallel with
respect to the d.c. line. This voltage never is tied
VOLTAGE REGULATION exactly to a finite neutral point and varies continuously
according to the power load requirements.
It is essential that the regulation of the available
d.c. voltage should be very stable if distortionless ADVANTAGE OF BRIDGE CIRCUIT
reproduction Is to be achieved when using a class B
amplifier. With zero signal input the quiescent The full wave bridge on the other hand consists of
current is only some 50mA for the combined pre- four silicon rectifiers used in a self-balancing circuit
amplifier and power amplifier; but when the input and supplied by a simple untapped winding of heavier
signal reaches a level of full drive the power output gauge copper wire (with a correspondingly lower d.c.
requirements may reach 500mA (of 1 amp if two copper resistance) and the difficulties associated with
amplifiers are used for stereo). The load current is a centre tap are entirely eliminated.
drawn through the internal resistance of the power This system Is therefore totally adequate In its ability
supply. This internal resistance is partly due to the to provide the instantaneous varying demand of the
resistance of the silicon rectifiers in the forward class B output amplifier. Its regulation is inherently
direction of current flow (which is fortunately very good and it is self-balancing with respect to earth.
small) and to a greater extent due to the resistance of The ripple after rectification is very low and there is,
the copper wire used in secondary winding of the therefore, less chance of electrolytic capacitor failure.^
mains transformer. The complete circuit of the power supply unit is
Dealing first with the case of the bi-phase full wave shown in Fig. 10. The 20V secondary winding of T1
supplies the bridge circuit composed of four silicon
250 T1

20V F52
(SEE TEXT) 3A3WATT zev-
FSt .250
Fig. 10. Circuit dia-
2 AMP
gram of the power
200 4000uE supply unit

.0V ZBv

178
 rectifiers D1-D4, and the pulsatory d.c. output is
filtered by Cl and HI. Protection against over-load
is provided by FS1 in the primary side of the mains
transformer, and by FS2 in the negative d.c. line, FS2
should be I amp for monaural and 2 amp for stereo
applications.
The mains transformer may appear to be of somewhat
generous proportions, but it should be explained that 1
this has been selected with the object of meeting the
requirements of a pair of 5W integrated amplifier units
—such as would be used in a stereo set-up. Further-
more this is a standard type of component and is
readily available.
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
All components are assembled on a piece of fin
plywood measuring 7|in x 4in. Output connections
are made via a pair of sockets on a panel situated at
one end of the unit. At the opposite end is another Photograph of the author's stereo arrangement. The two
panel carrying the two fuses and the mains transformer pre-amp/ifiers and power amplifiers are mounted on the
voltage adjustment. front and two sides of the cabinet respectively
Each pair of silicon rectifiers is mounted on an angle
bracket fashioned from 16s.w.g, aluminium,see Fig. ] I. COMPONENTS ...
The rectifiers have threaded bushes and are secured by
means of the washers and nuts provided. Resistor
Rl 3Q 3W wire-wound
STEREO REPRODUCTION Capacitor
The integrated quality amplifier has not been de- CI 4,000/tF elect. 40V (Muflard C431 series)
signed solely for stereophonic reproduction as it is felt
that a great number of music lovers have decided Rectifiers
views regarding the restriction imposed by the position- DI-4 BYZ[3 silicon (Mul(ard) 4 off
ing of loudspeakers in relation to the listener and the Transformer
difficulty in obtaining good stereophonic reproduction Tl Mains transformer. Secondary 0-20V (Douglas)
in the average lounge or living room.
There rs also the sad medical fact (hat a large Fuses
FSI Mains fuse 2 amp
number of music lovers .do not possess identical FS2 H.T. fuse 1 amp (2 amp for stereo)
hearing in both ears, and it was the latter fact that
influenced the choice of the single-ended monaural Miscellaneous
amplifier. This presents two entirely separate ampli- Paxolin mains panel incorporating fuse hoidersr
fiers to the stereophonic user, each channel being pair PK8A red and black plugs and sockets; capacitor
individually adjustable for tone and volume and so clip; piece of paxolin 4in x I^in; baseboard 7|in x
4l.n plywood; connecting wire and sleeving; brass wood
enabling the most satisfactory balance to be obtained. screws

/ \
o
Cl BEND
%DIA- yHERE
X, O O
05 P
04
TO MAINS
SWITCH . (A (B)

Fig. // (above). Drilling details of

FS2 the 16 s.w.g. aluminium angle
'0 brackets for mounting the silicon
rectifiers. Df and D2 are mounted
02 on bracket A and D3 and D4 are
mounted on two brackets to the
dimensions of B
!!.
Fig. 12 (left). Layout of components
and wiring on plywood baseboard
179
 To obtain stereophonic reproduction, assign one
amplifier unit to the right-hand channel, and another Lijpd Bowden Opens Milliard Exhibition
to the left-hand channel. The output from each
power amplifier is then fed to the correctly positioned All the current plans for a new technological revo-
right-hand and left-hand loudspeakers. The two i lution will come to nought without an accompany-
outputs from the stereo pick-up head are fed to the ing revolution in the field of education. For this to be
correct right-hand and left-hand pre-amplifier inputs. brought about automation must not be confined to
The volume from each loudspeaker can be indi- industry and the factory floor, but must be applied
vidually adjusted to suit the listener's comfort and the in the classroom, with teaching machines, tape
desired tonal balance obtained by varying the setting recorders, closed circuit television and other visual
of the bass and treble controls. aids replacing more and more the teacher.
At least there is no doubt that this is the trend of
A COMPACT INSTALLATION education in the future as seen by the new minister for
It is not proposed to discuss in detail arrangements Education and Science, Lord Bowden.
for housing these units. No real problem exists here, Performing his first public function since his appoint-
for the very compactness of the equipment simplifies ment as a minister in the new government, Lord
this matter, and readers will have their own ideas Bowden opened the Mullard Educational Service 10th
concerning the type of installation they prefer. Anniversary Exhibition in London on 11 November
It does, however, seem of general interest to include 1964. The minister.stressed the vital importance of
an illustration of one particular stereo set-up which increasing the efficiency of education'—in terras one
has proved highly satisfactory. As can be seen (on page would apply to industry—-by obtaining a higher output
179), all the electronic equipment is installed inside the of students per teacher. For this to be achieved,
table top cabinet which houses the record player. "programmed learning" must be employed far more
extensively than before.
TABLE I Lord Bowden speaks as an authority on techno-
5W OUTPUT logical and electronic matters. Prior to entering
Parliament he was Principal of Manchester College of
TRI Ve I-5V TR6 Ve IV Science and Technology; Dean of the Faculty of
•TR2 Vc 4V TR7 Ve !4V Technology Manchester University; Chairman of the
TR3 Vc I -SV TR8 Vc 0-5V Electronics Research Council of the Ministry of Avia-
TR4 Vc 3V TR9 Vc —28V tion ; and President of the Science Masters Association.
TR5 Ve I SV TRIO Vc —14V
D.C. Supply 28V The exhibition set out to show how the Mullard
Total current—quiescent 50mA: max. drive 500mA Educational Service assists the school, the technical
Measured on 20,000^/7 meter. Volume control at minimum college, the university and the industrial training school
to teach physics and electronic engineering. One
The two pre-amplifier sub-assemblies are separately section of the exhibition featured more than seventy
mounted 'on the front side of this cabinet, and the demonstrations and experiments.
power amplifiers one on either side of the cabinet. A Each piece of equipment has been specifically
modified form of construction has been employed for designed for use in .schools and technical colleges.
the power supply unit. The mains transformer is Some idea of the extent of the subjects covered may be
mounted in the left-hand rear comer, while the re- gained from the following short selection of working
maining parts are grouped in the opposite comer. models:
Determination of elm, using magnetron effect;
TABLE 2 Light controlled oscillator, energy conversion;
300mW OUTPUT Velocity of sound, echo technique method;
Van de Graaf generator, a source of very high voltage;
TRI Ve 0 5V TR6 Ve 0-3V Hysteresis loop displays, using an oscilloscope and coils;
TR2 Vc I-3V TR7 Ve 9V Slow running multivibrator operating down to ic/s;
TR3 Vc 0-5V TR8 Vc 0-2V Geiger-Mulier probe, detection of /? and y radiation;
TR4 Vc 0 8V TR9 Vc —9V Binary adder I subtract or—adds or subtracts digits and
TR5 Ve 0-5V TRIO Vc -4-5V
D.C. Supply 9V numbers up to a maximum of 127.
Total current—quiescent 4mA; ma*, drive 50mA Lord Bowden (left) talking to Mr. S. R. Mullard at the
Measured on 20,000CljV meter. Volume control at minimum Mullard Educational Service Exhibition

SCREENED LEAD
From the above account, it will be apparent that it ■r
is not essential to fix the pre-amplifier and the power
amplifier assemblies together to form a single unit.
But if they are separated, it is most important to use a
screened lead between the pre-amplifier output terminal
and the power amplifier input.
One final point concerning the combined assembly:
check carefully that components or connection points
on the facing surfaces of the two plastics panels do
not come into contact with one another. There
should be no risk of this happening if the specified
types of components are used. If larger components m
are employed, it may be necessary to increase the
separation between the two panels. -1-
180 ' i
 SOLDIiK WITH
PRIMAX and PRIM AX A' fOCCf C LOUR
SUPER EFFICIENT SPOTLIGHT
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SOLDERING GINS

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112.8 BRITAIN'S LARGEST TAPE
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mm you.
Distributors: S. KEMPNER LTD., LONDON, W.i Full details of recorders we par-
29 PADDINGTON STREET, Tel.: HUNter 0755 ticularly recommend, and a com-
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.I.Y. with travelling expenses to and from any of our showrooms.
Send for your FREE copy today, or call into any of our
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5 STAR FEATURES
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^ FREE TRAVEL TO AND FROM OUR SHOWROOMS
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OOODM A. ★ OVER 300 MODELS FROM 15-243 GNS.
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ffloH noamf A Practical Guide to ^ FREE TECHNICAL ADVICE
full listening enjoyment. t Please send me your FREE BROCHURE (R.E.3)
The Manual is much more than a catalogue of Goodmans High
Fidelity Loudspeakers —it contains practical and informative | Name
articles. Those of particular interest to the D.I.Y, enthusiast
include special beginners page, advice on slereo, stage-built Address.
systems and full cabinet drawings. Whether building or improving
your own audio set-up or choosing a complete speaker system,
"you'll find it useful and interesting as well as informative. Ask or T ES EX PE
Write for your FREE copy, I?
I Headyr.«.
Office: i
Citex T^
House, recorder centres
191 Plashet Rd., London,ltd.'
E.13 |

|FElffrf ™
S nd , G
Fidelity ManualV a ,ree copy of the M
Goodmans HigfTl
•
Name TAPE RECORDER CEN J
■ Address I ~2A2I4
- - _B .Pentonvillc
,IS — Rd.,N.1 !1 SO yds, from Kings
--.p- Cross-.a.
Station) TER 8200
I LI\ OiUU
I —1- - hopsgate, E.C.2 [Opposife Liverpool Sr. Stationi bij
2M3fylgn^Poinr Station. Stratford.T-lS [Adj. Stalion! MaT~5879
L- ——'zr'rrrr-rz:"- p-gjj 205 High St. North, S.6 {Oppositelast Ham Station] GRA 5978
6543
GOODMANS INDUSTRIES LIMITED 232 E. India Dock Rd.. Poplar, E.14 {Adj. Blackwail Tunnel! £AS
GOODMANS* Axiom Works, Wembley, Middlesex Sh v m
° "°° * fPl" Mon.-Fd. 9 a.m.—6 p.m. Sunday
Telephone: WEMbley 1200 oy a.m.—6 tk Cl0iadto 5at
^1'"'p.m. Thursday ' OYhsr Showrooms open Mon.-Sat.
1 p.m.
A Member of the Rentaset Group
A** 181
 OXLEY
TYPE 062
SUB-MINIATURE
^WWPE? 'BARB" INSULATORS
A new OXLEY Patented sub miniature
Insulator which is speedy to assemble and
with outstanding physical characteristics:
Brenell The P.T.F.E. bosh, which is supplied with
the heavily silver Plated brass "barb" pa rlly
insetted. Is localod in an ordinary .062" dia.
hole and the barbed spill Is pressed firmly
through the assembly, thus expanding
the P.T.F.E. bush on the iar side of the I
If you're thinking in terms of tape recording, then chassis and locking the complete
assembly firmly In the chassis.
the Brenell deck and complete recorders should be
uppermost in your mind. The reliability, the Working voltage 500 V.OC: Capacity loss
then J pF; Temperature range • 55°C to
versatility and the quality of manufacture are 200°C; Resistance to pull in either
seldom equalled in other tape recorders (even in direction 3 lbs; Chassis thickness = 22 24;
SW& = .0227,028' - 0,56 0.72 m m;
those costing much more). Mounting hole dia, .062" ■ 1/i6" »t.58m/ni.
100 of these insulators mounted, occupy
How many can equal or better il' only one square inch o( chassis space.
this specification ?
OXLEY
DEVELOPMENTS CO., LTD.
4 record/playback speeds l|, 3|. and 15 ips • 3 motors
(capstan motor-hysteresis synchronous) • low ' wow and UlVfSSTBH : UMfilSHIRE.
Ithphonc : UIVERSIOK 256f
flutter' content (0.05% at 15 ips, 0.1% at 7j ips, 0.15% at
Sf ips and 0.25% at If ips) • doubie-gapped ferrite erase
head to minimise erase noise • narrow-gapped record/play-
back head to give extended frequency response • pause
control • superimpose control • 8y' dia. reels (to take HOUSING
IOj" dia. N.A.B, reels at extra cost) • fast rewind • digital
rev. counter.
Mark 5 HI-FI?
Series 2
The LowfJex is the world's most flexible hi-fi
Deck
unit. Its three compartments are fully adjustable
to take a complete hi-fi set up including tape
recorder and records. For full details of this
and other cabinets in the Record Housing
range write for free catalogue and name of
local stockist (U.K. oply).
For full details
of the specially
designed amplifier
for use with the above Walnut or
deck and the range of mono Mahogany
and stereo recorders, write or telephone the sole mflnwfocturers: 27 gns.
Teak
PLEASE NOTE 30 gns.
OUR NEW
Brenell ADDRESS:
RECORD
BRENELL ENGINEERING CO.' LTD. iSDIIISa
231-5 LIVERPOOL ROAD, LONDON. N.I (Dept PH1), Brook Road, London, N.22
Telephone: NORth 8271 (5 lines) CD840 Telephone; BOWes Park 7487/8
Those of us who have enjoyed high quality
sound reproduction over the last decade or
so have sometimes been embarrassed by the size
of the enclosures housing our loudspeakers. In
addition to the understandable reaction of the mwm"..w *
ladies to large and sometimes ungainly pieces of
furniture, we have also been subjected to a number
of entertaining articles, with references to "con- mounted. The positive and negative pressure
crete ovens" and "Beethoven stalking you in the' waves produced instantaneously at the front and
linen cupboard". There are, of course, very
good reasons for using concrete and for building rear of the cone will cancel one another if the
enclosures of large volume, but most of us have path length from front to rear is appreciably less
to live in small rooms where two large loudspeaker than half the wave length at the frequency being
enclosures could not be accommodated, and we produced. Frequencies in the 50c/s region would
have to make sure that we are getting the best require a path length of the order of lift, and
possible results from the size of cabinet we choose. baffles with dimensions less than this will produce
partial cancellation at low frequencies. Because
IMPORTANCE OF ENCLOSURE SIZE of the large size of baffle required to obtain
efficient bass performance, it is more usual to en-
Generally speaking, the volume of the enclosure close the rear of the loudspeaker to prevent the
affects only the low frequency performance of the front radiation from interfering with the radia-
loudspeaker. This can be seen quite clearly from tion from the back of the cone, and to improve
Fig. 1, which shows the response curves of an Sin the efficiency of coupling the loudspeaker to the
loudspeaker in cabinets of H cu ft and 9 cu ft air load at low frequencies- There are three basic
respectively, at A and B. In both cases the methods of treating the enclosure, all of which
performance remains substantially constant at have their advantages and disadvantages, and
the treble end up to 20kc/s, but at the bass end these will be briefly considered.
the 9 cu ft cabinet adds a whole octave to the
performance of the loudspeaker compared with
the H cu ft cabinet. The main object of enclosure TOTAL ENCLOSURE
design is to maintain the frequency response of . If the enclosure is completely sealed apart from
the system as flat as possible from the centre of the loudspeaker opening, there is no air path
the spectrum (say Ikc/s) down to the lowest between the front and rear of the loudspeaker,
audible frequency, and from the response curve and by suitably treating the interior of the
it will be obvious that the size of enclosure is of cabinet with absorbent material, it is possible to
great importance. eliminate substantially all the rear radiation.
If we use a full-range cone loudspeaker with- With this type of enclosure, the volume enclosed
out a cabinet,- the lowest note it will produce is determines the lowest frequency produced by
dependent on the size of the baffle on which it is the system. This is because the smaller
fig. I. Response curves of a full range Bin loudspeaker In a 1% cu ft enclosure and o 9 cu ft enclosure
 /
>
\

too 200 200

Fig. 2. Impedance curves of a full range unit In a I cu ft enclosure. A—open back; B—total enclosure;
C—reflex tuning; D—acoustic resistance small area; and E—-acoustic resistance optimum area
the volume of the enclosure, the harder it is for the frequency of the enclosure is matched to that of the
cone to move against the pressure built up inside it. loudspeaker, the system becomes very efficient at that
Total enclosures of 12 cu ft or more are very good frequency. This is beneficial when the resonant fre-
indeed, and. the bass performance remains quite quency is low because it is always difficult to generate
acceptable in total enclosures down to about 4 cu ft. enough power at the lowest frequencies of audibility.
Below this, the low frequency roll-off point rapidly At the resonant frequency, the output from the vent
rises from around the 50c/s mark to lOOc/s, and with and the front of the cone are in phase, which further
enclosures of i cu ft or less the efficiency is very poor adds to the efficiency at this frequency, even though
below I50c/s or so. at other frequencies the two are out of phase and some
The effect of the enclosure on the low frequency cancellation can take place.
performance can be seen from Fig. 2, which shows . The disadvantage of the tuned reflex cabinet is that,
impedance/frequency curves of an Sin loudspeaker in like the untreated total enclosure, the resonance point
enclosures of 1 cu ft capacity. Curve A shows the is rather pronounced, and is often audible. Again,
rise In impedance at the resonance point of the loud- internal treatment of the cabinet can largely overcome
speaker mounted in such a cabinet, without a back this defect. It will be seen by referring to curve C of
panel fitted. This is therefore equivalent to the open Fig. 2 that, by appropriate design of the vent in the
baflle resonant frequency of the unit, and is in the reflex version of the enclosure, the resonance of the
region of 63c/s. Putting the rear panel in position system has been lowered from 63c/s to less than 50c/s.
and sealing the enclosure immediately raises the Audibly this means that lower frequencies can be repro-
resonant frequency of the system to 84c/s, as seen from duced and that there is less distortion in the low
curve B, and the Q of the system is also increased frequency range. Fig. 3 shows the waveform of the
slightly. The new resonant frequency of 84c/s repre- vent output from a I cu ft tuned reflex enclosure fitted
sents the point at which the low frequency output of with an 8in unit, and it can be seen that even at 30c/s,
the system begins to disappear. Because of the steep- the waveform is reasonably clean.
ness of the resonance peak, the system sounds objec- There is a second resonance peak in the impedance
tionable unless a considerable amount of sound curve of a reflex system, which is clearly shown in
absorbent material is inserted in the enclosure. This curve C of Fig. 2. In this case the secondary peak
has the effect of lowering the impedance of the loud- appears at a little over lOOc/s, and causes a slight rise
speaker at the resonance point, and it also spreads the in output from the system at that frequency. A second
hump in the impedance curve over a wider range of peak can be rather annoying audibly, and sometimes
frequencies. The result is more pleasant to listen to, is quite difficult to remove.
but the efficiency of the system is reduced.
ACOUSTIC RESISTANCE
REFLEX ENCLOSURES The use of an acoustic resistance in a resonant
Apart from horn loading, reflex cabinets tuned enclosure is analogous to the use of electrical resistance
correctly give the best reinforcement to the low fre- in an electrically resonant circuit. The resistance
quency output of loudspeakers. Any sized loudspeaker usually takes the form of a piece of cloth which covers
enclosure can be tuned to resonate after the manner of a an opening in the enclosure—in some cases the tuning
Helmholtz resonator by providing an opening, some- vent itself. One effect is to lower the 0 of the tuned
times in the form of a tunnel or pipe, of the appropriate system. The resistance also controls the phase shift
dimensions, and the result is called a "reflex" or "bass at the vent, spreading the vent output over a wider
reflex" enclosure. range of frequencies and at the same time suppressing
The elastic nature of the air inside the enclosure the upper resonance peak which appears on curve C
produces a resonating system with the mass of the air in Fig. 2.
in the vent, and the frequency of resonance is entirely With a small area of acoustic resistance, the tuned
determined by the dimensions. If the resonant frequency of the system is similar to that of a total
!84
 enclosure, but the Q is rather lower. This is seen at
curve p m Fig. 2. With a larger resistance area, it is
possible to reduce the tuned frequency of the system
until it approaches the resonant frequency of the loud-
speaker itself, and at the same time to maintain a
reasonably sized hump in the impedance curve. The vw WW
optimum acoustic resistance treatment for the I cu ft WWV
acv 40^, SO'V
cabinet fitted with the Sin unit under test is shown as
curve Em Fig. 2. The peak of the curve is in the
region of 75c/s, but the curve itself is comparatively Fig. 3. Waveform of vent output in a 1 cu ft reflex
shallow, resulting in a useful reinforcement of output enclosure fitted with an Bin unit and an input of 1 watt
over a fairly wide band of frequencies. The upper
resonance peak of the reflex enclosure has been
eliminated.
The acoustic resistance in this case was provided by a
number of fairly narrow slots cut in the back of the
cabinet, and covered on the inside with a soft woollen aaa/V\
1m
cloth. In the case of curve D, four slots were used, and M'V. 40'\^
m the case of curve £, 12 slots. The low frequency M'v
output of this cabinet is satisfactorily clean, and effici-
ency is maintained below 50c/s. Low frequency wave- -o- wlc uuip t of an am unit in c
forms are shown in Fig. 4, and show little distonion enclosure with slotted back and an input of I watt
even at 30c/s with an input of 1 watt.
1 cu ft design using the acoustic resistance
type of loading has been chosen as the subject of the
remainder of the article, being the most suitable com-
promise providing adequate low frequency per-
formance, good sensiu'vity and compact dimensions,
m keeping with the 5 watt integrated transistor ampli-
fier described in this and the two previous issues of A
Practical Electronics.
Having ensured, that the enclosure is capable of a U
smooth and efficient performance at the low frequency
end of the spectrum, the next important thing is to
choose a loudspeaker unit with suitable characteristics.
CHOICE OF LOUDSPEAKER F/g. S. A full range Bin loudspeaker showing (A) usual
To maintain a good output at low frequencies, it is appearance and (B) cut away view of the edge suspension
necessary to move a large amount of air, and this and ceramic magnet
requirement can be most easily met by a unit with a
fairly large cone area. In the case of the 1 cu ft enclosure Efficiency, too, is related to flux density, so that all in
mentioned above, a speaker unit of not less than an, a large magnet is of the greatest importance in a
Sin in diameter is desirable. It Is important to high performance unit. This does not mean a slug
choose a unit with a free suspension, so that the magnet with a large decorative cover over it. Slug
lundamental mechanical resonance is reasonably low magnets represent a fairly cheap way of providing
in frequency. The free suspension is, however, more
important in that it will allow a large excursion of the flmc densities up to. about 10,000 gauss with high
cone at low frequencies, enabling the unit to move a efficiency^ but flux densities in excess of this usually
demand nng magnets of considerable size and weight.
good volume of air and so maintain its efficiency in the The best units with a diameter of Sin or so are
low frequency range.
Most well designed units with free cone suspensions fitted with either Alcomax or ceramic ring magnets
also employ long speech coils, which are designed to providing flux densities in the gap of 14,000 to 16,000
gauss. '
maintain a constant number of turns in the magnetic A typical high performance Sin unit is shown in
gap, even with the longest cone movement. This
makes sure that the drive to the cone is in linear t. The.mmagnet is of the ceramic type, which is
relationship with the applied signal. It is also impor- 3 5
. dePlh» and produces a flux density of
111
tam that the loudspeaker is fitted with a rigid chassis, at7 the
.u edge
f " by
® an aruiulusgap- ofThe conematerial
flexible is suspended
with a
which will not vibrate on its own account, nor easily U-shaped cross section. The main cone generates
distort to throw the speech coil and cone out of align- frequencies up to 10,000c/s, where the small cone
ment. Usually die-cast chassis are better in this takes over. The small cone is directly coupled to the
respect, but if a pressed steel chassis is employed, it speech coil and carries the response of the unit to above
must be of adequate gauge. ZOkc/s, which is generally regarded as the limit of audi-
The efficiency and overall performance of a loud- pil'ty. ^ The speech coil is wound with aluminium wire
speaker are decided to a very large extent by the magnet. in the interests of lightness in the moving parts. The
A magnet providing high flux density In the speech coil performance of this loudspeaker, as seen from the
gap is essential to good high frequency response and response curves of Fig. I, shows quite clearly the effec-
clean transients. Similarly, a high flux density controls tiveness of the free suspension and the powerful magnet
the movement of the coil more efficiently at low at the two ends of the audible frequency scale.
frequencies, with the result that the low frequency Next month's article will deal with the construction of
performance tends to be cleaner. a I cu ft design using acoustic resistance loading
185
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Zl'"t U*^ eCtviO*- , A*£r

^LC^AU^' S

AND THE DIODE

60th Anniversary of the Invention of He Thermionic Valve

by Sir Ambrose Fleming, F.R.S.

THE "Fleming Oscillation Valve", the forerunner of nlsed by the Marconi Company and the "valve" was
today's vast range of specialised valves, was dis- soon put into full production.
covered by Sir Ambrose Fleming just 60 years ago, The immediate effect of Fleming's diode was to
in November 1904. Perhaps one of the most important improve the sensitivity of the early wireless telegraphy
electronic discoveries of the century, this invention receiving apparatus which previously had been
heralded the birth of the electronics industry. dependent upon coherers or crystal detectors. But the
At the time of his discovery, Sir Ambrose was Pro- subsequent developments were even more momentous.
fessor of Electrical Engineering at University College, One man's discovery frequently inspires other
London, and since 1899 had been Scientific Adviser to workers in a similar field. This was so in the case of
The Marconi Company, He was very closely associ- the thermionic valve. Following on the success of
ated with Marconi himself and had played a leading Fleming's invention, three years later Lee de Forest
part in the design of the powerful transmitting equip- of America patented a thermionic valve with a third
ment at Poldhu in Cornwall, with which Marconi made electrode. The invention of the triode (Lee de Forest
his first successful wireless transmission across the originally called it the "audion") made possible both
Atlantic in 1901. the generation and the amplification of alternating
In his search for better methods of detecting electro- currents; It.brought to an end the era of the spark
magnetic or wireless waves, Sir Ambrose, recalling the transmitter, and ushered in the wireless telephone.
results of earlier research involving the passage of Soon many further potentialities of the valve were
electric currents through rarefied gases, conducted a perceived .. .
series of experiments utilising some of his original
apparatus. This new work led him to the discovery of Sir Ambrose died in his 96th year on 18 April, 1945,
the "Fleming Oscillation Valve", the first thermionic at Sidmouth, where he had spent the last few years of
valve produced in the world. This was quickly recog- his intensely active life in retirement.
(Left) T/iree eor/y Fleming diodes
(Right) Two early Morconi production models of the
Fleming diode
At the top of the page appears a reproduction of the end
of a letter from Fleming to Alorconi informing him of this
discovery which "may become very useful"
(Photographs kindly supplied by the Mareonl Co. Ltd.)
 By G. ]. FLANAGAN

In ^ photographic enlarging it is necessary to

switch the mains powered enlarger on for a
known length of time and to do this reasonably
accurately.

The timer unit described has been tested during

long periods of photographic work and has the
advantages of being completely self-contained
and, as usual with transistor apparatus, quite
small.

The design of the time circuit gives time delays

of up to 45 seconds, which Is longer than normal
exposure times usually required during enlarging.

darkroom timor

Perhaps the easiest way of considering the working of Referring now to the circuit diagram of the complete
this circuit is to split it into three distinct parts, the
CR time constant circuit, the transistor amplifier which umt-—see Fig. 1 on blueprint—with the variable resistoj
VR 1 at minimum and the switch S2 in position 1, w<
operates the relay, and the actual switching of the have
mains to the apparatus required.
1,000/tF x 1/1,000 megohm (1 kilohm) = I sec
THE CR TIMING CIRCUIT and, with the variable resistor at maximum
If a capacitor is charged from a battery, and then 1,000/tF x 26/1,000 megohm (26 kilohm) = 26 sec
connected to a resistor, the time taken for the charge In position 2 by similar multiplication, the times are
to decay is a simple function of the original charge
stored in the capacitor and the value of the associated i- l60 a;nc
slightly ^ 53 sec.
reduced In practice
because of the these
currentvalues
takenare
byvery
the
resistor. As may be expected, the larger the charge circuit.
stored m the capacitor the longer the time it will take
to decay; and also the larger the value of the resistor
the less current that can flow, and the longer the time TRANSISTOR RELAY DRIVE
taken for the charge to decay. The amount of charge One essential consideration in designing the relay
stored in a capacitor is proportional to the value of the dnve is that the time constant obtained from the CR
capacitance and the voltage to which it is charged. network should be changed as little as possible, that is
The timing circuit uses a constant charging potential, to say that the current drawn by the base of the first
that of the battery supply, applied across a large transistor should be much smaller than that passing
in the CR circuit. Now the input impedance of the
capacitor C using a variable resistor VR to obtain d.c. amplifier circuit (TR1 and TR2) is;
the variable delays. The time constant of the circuit
can be obtained by the product of C x i? where C is Zfn = jRft fiiRe
expressed in farads and R in ohms. This gives the Where Rb is the physical resistance of the base-emitter
approximate delay in seconds. For transistor circuitry,
or circuits using large time constants, it is more con- ® transistor. Re is the emitter resistance
venient to think in terms of 1/rF x 1 megohm = 1 sec. '25//e ohms, Ie in milliamps), /?, being the current
gam of the first transistor.
187
 CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
Thus, for high input impedance we must use a large
emitter resistance between the silicon emitter follower As can be seen from the photographs, the original
transistor TR1 and the germanium output transistor unit was constructed on a plywood baseboard and
TR2. In the latter stage the transistor is used in the this was fitted with a perspex top. The mounting of
grounded emitter configuration so that voltage gain is the resistors and transistors on the miniature tagstnp
obtained. is shown in Fig. 5. A 2-pin socket was attached to the
A silicon transistor is used for TR1 because ot tne original, and also a mains lead, so that the unit when
low leakage current characteristic of this type. The needed could be simply inserted between the mains
variable 5 kilohm resistor VR2 across the base emitter supply and the enlarger, as would be a piece of exten-
junction of TR2 enables adjustment to be made to sion flex. . . ,
compensate for the differences in the current gains of The reason for fixing the time range switch and
transistors used in the circuit. VR2 is set to maximum variable resistor to the top of the box, was to enable
and then reduced till the maximum time on range 1 is a long pointer to be used so as to obtain more accurate
25 seconds. , positioning of the variable resistor, and hence of the
The diode D1 across the relay RLA prevents the chosen time. The second range was expected, from the
reverse voltages, developed when the output stage is values chosen, to be 25 seconds greater than the first
switched off, from damaging TR2. range which was timed with a stop watch. Spot checks
showed this to be correct at the lower end of the scale,
SWITCHING CIRCUITS but to be about 2 seconds less than this at the longest
time. All wiring was cableformed to make a much
This section deals with the circuit required to switch neater finished unit.
a photographic enlarger but, as stated previously, the The timer may be powered by a 9V battery, or me
timer could be used with almost any apparatus requiring mains operated supply unit depicted in Fig.- 2 could
to be timed, by suitable changes to this section to suit be employed.
individual requirements.
In enlarging, the basic course of events are: SAFETY PRECAUTIONS
(1) Switch on and focus the enlarger, adjust iris for Any switch controlling the mains supply to apparatus
exposure. should be fitted in the line side of the mains, so that
(2) Switch off enlarger. when the switch is in the off position, the appliance m
(3) Insert photographic paper and expose. question is not live. This should be adhered to with
This cycle is then repeated for each enlargement. this circuit. Since this means that the switch contacts
The timer in this circuit is only capable of a maximum on the timer will always be line while the timer is
time of 45 seconds, so that it is clear that for the plugged in, some form of complete cover for the unit
focusing of the enlarger we must be able to switch on the is essential. That is to say the circuit should not be
enlarger independently of the timer. This is most buill up and left on an open chassis. A cover like the
simply done by putting a second switch S3 in parallel original is ideal but a metal box could also be used,
with the timer switch. If this is a double-pole double- though this should be adeauately earthed. This is
throw switch it can also be used to switch off the timer important as the equipment will be used m near
supplies when focusing or when the unit is not m use. darkness with damp hands.
The arrangement of the relay switching contacts to do The timer should give long trouble free service,
this and to charge the capacitor are shown in Fig, 1. and save hours of clock watching.

Photograph of the
timer showing com-
ponents mounted
on the perspex
front panel and
i layout inside the
cabinet.
:
III M

I
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Transistor Experiments Morse Code Oscillator
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Signal Tracer Basic transistorised radio
Simple Counter receiver using printed circuit
Time Delay Circuits A.C. Experiments
CATHODE RAY OSCILLOSCOPE D.C. Experiments

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189
r

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190

L
 Moms stabiliser
& Sir—Congratulations on a publica-
I 1 tion which seems very likely to be
the much needed bridge between
the other "Practicals". I am much
impressed by the start, and hope
that the continuation will be as
A SELECTION FROM OUR PDSIBAG good or better.
May I make a suggestion for
early inclusion in "Constructional
Projects"? Many readers would,
I know, be glad to be able to build
"lust what I have been Our own Society is dedicated to a mains voltage stabiliser suitable
spreading science, electronics and for use with electronic equipment,
seeking" similar activities for boys, as we using components in relatively
Sir-—I feel certain that you will think such things are sadly neg- cheap supply. The following is
receive many letters praising your lected in the Youth Programme the probable spec: Input 200-
excellent new magazine, and of this country. However, many 250y, 50c/s; Output 230-240V,
wonder whether mine will be other things of great interest to 50c/s; Loading 0-25W. This type
noticed among them, but I would lads are pursued . . . camping, of unit would be of such great use
like to say, all the same, how much expeditions, visits, etc. with very many types of electronic
I appreciate it. There may be many of your new gear that it may be worth an early
I am thinking of taking up readership who would be very pnprity in the series.—Yours faith-
electronics as a career, and this interested _ in the work of our fully,
publication is just what I have been Society, either as keen lads who C. A. Harling,
seeking, from which to find general might like to join in, or as patrons Cheltenham.
information, practical projects and who feel like helping to spread this We can a/most certainly promise you
the like. I am sure that it will be movement. We hope you think a mams voltage stabiliser of this kind
widely read and appreciated by our activities worth mentioning bejore long.
electronics enthusiasts everywhere. in the pages of "P.E."—Yours
Thank you again for a fine sincerely, (signed)
D. Moere, R. Phtpps, Electronic ignition
magazine.—Yours faithfully, Sir I should like to congratulate
David Jones, R. Marchant, A. Jones
(members) and you on your new magazine. What
Pwllheli, Caems. a boon it will be to enthusiasts who
K, L. Smith, B.Sc.,
G3J1X, Leader R.B.S. are interested in electronics other
than radio and television, subjects
Aid to nomework which are already well catered for
Sir—I wish to congratulate you on by your sister magazines.
your new publication and wish it Beginners... I was very interested in your
well for the future. I found the Sir—I have just read the first issue article Semiconductor Devices for
subject matter worthwhile and the of your magazine and I must say I Automobiles" especially the section
booklet and resistance colour card am impressed by your approach dealing with transistor assisted
worth the money. Even the Greek to beginners in radio and elec- ignition. If it is possible could
alphabet helped me with my son's tronics—this I may say has been you please let me know the value
homework. I hope you will con- long awaited by many youngsters of the individual components in
tinue along transistor lines, since I know.—Yours faithfully, this circuit as I should like to
the field is wide open to you H. S. Yorke, A.I.P.R.E., attempt constructing one. Thank
relative to other publications. you very much for some very
Dunfermline, Fife. interesting reading.—Yours truly,
I would privately welcome an
attempt to list transistor equiva- J. R. Fenn,
lents—even if only approximate— Stratford, London, E.15.
and to give relative characteristics, ... Start here This was essentially an introductory
i.e. type with type. Even if you Sir—First of all may I congratulate article. It is our intention to publish
don't get down to this I shall more detailed design Information on
you on a first rate magazine. transistor ignition systems in the future.
continue to take your publication. However, may I plead as a technical
I wish you well.—Yours sincerely, man myself that the magazine (or a
G. T. C. Morris, portion of it) will not "talk" to us Garage door control
Carshalton. as though we were about fourteen Sir—With reference to your
years old. remarks about garage door control
1 would appreciate the inclusion you may be interested to hear that
floding Boys' Society of articles dealing with radio I have constructed a mechanism
Sir—May we be so bold as to offer control.—Yours faithfully, operated by simple low frequency
our congratulations regarding your R. F. Potter, magnetic induction. A ferrite rod
new Journal. It should be just Middleton, Kings Lynn. is mounted behind the wall and
the thing for modem youth, and Conflicting points of view! Maybe some has its coil connected to a two
for that matter anyone with an newcomers to electronics would like to stage d.c. transistor amplifier. This
express their opinions of the manner in operates a relay when a signal is
up-to-the-minute mind. which this series is presented? received.
191
 -T oscillator and amplifier. Ail'these follow-up with some basic experi-
must be circuits using transistors ments. I am also rather sur-
of course. prised, but very pleased to find
Perhaps a more ambitious series the inclusion of such articles as
A SELECTION FROM OUR POSTBAG of articles on making an oscillo- "Beginners Start Here" and "New
scope using transistors could be look at the Electron". These and
continued considered, as also an electronic the comments of "Detached Par-
organ. A photo-electric light meter ticles" and the other news and
using light sensitive transistors comment articles give, in my view,
A simple oscillator comprising would not come amiss either. an excellent balance to the con-
another ferrite rod, power tran- Enough for the moment on structional projects.
sistor, capacitor, and battery is suggestions for future subjects. For the future, I would like to
housed in a plastics torch case and I am sure this magazine will be a see a series dealing with binary
this is carried in the glove box of great success.—Yours faithfully, counters and simple computing
the car. To operate, the "torch" H. R. Dubash, elements.
is pointed through the windscreen London, S.E.4. In this type of magazine I
at the brick wall. Our thanks to all those readers who have think the adverts are an essential
I wish to take this opportunity offered suggestions for future con- part of the reading material. You
of wishing you and Practical structional articles. We have a busy are probably as well aware of this
Electronics every success,—Yours and exciting time ahead! as 1 am, but I think it does bear
faithfully, repeating that the adverts form an
T. J. Kelly, important consumer service—par-
Worcester Park, Surrey. Simple geiger-muller ticularly in the electronics field
Alognetfc induction systems ore often which Is ever expanding and where
rotemeter we often require components that
used for control ond communicotions
purposes, but it must be noted that such Sir—I like the first copy of Prac- we, in the provinces, cannot
systems are subject to the Wireless tical Electronics and have placed expect to obtain locally and which
Teiegropfiy Act, and require a G.P.O. a regular order. Will you kindly could be extremely expensive if we
licence.—j. Valence. ask Mr. Rowles whether an equiva- were not able to obtain surplus or
lent to the HC4 may be used for second-hand items.—Yours faith-
his ratemeter? May the MX! 68 fully,
be used instead. Perhaps Mr. R. Mitchell, B.Sc.,
Rowles would compare these two Science Dept.,
Future projects tubes for me.—Yours faithfully, Buckhaven High School,
Sir—Congratulations! Practical H. S. King, Buckhaven, Fife.
Electronics is a really fine maga- Head of Science Dept.;
zine, well presented, well illustrated Saint Ivo School,
and readable 1 St. Ives, Huntingdon.
Can I dare hope for a readers' The ratemeter described was designed -'Mathematical
letters page, in the near future, and for use with halogen quenched type snobbery"
please, plenty of articles on inex- Gelger tubes. As the MX 168 is of this
pensive electronic apparatus for the type it is quite in order to use this tube. Sir—I have just read through the
constructor, test-gear, receivers, The working voltage of this and other first number of Practical Elec-
amplifiers, etc., both valve and Mullard MX tubes is 420V, hence no tronics and must write to con-
transistor, in each issue. alteration to the circuit as published is gratulate you on this production.
required. (But please note the correction There are only one or two small
Yes, a grand magazine, worthy to tbe values of Rl and R2 given on page
of every enthusiast's support—my 129 of fast month's issue). The author points I would criticise:
regular order has already been has tried the MXI68. MXIIS, MXI08 (1) The unnecessary introduction
placed.—Yours sincerely, and a surplus type tube PET 40 in the of somewhat advanced
H. E. Chamberlain, rotemeter, all giving satisfactory results. mathematical formulae into
Newark-on-Trent, Notts. F. Rowfes. the midst of an otherwise
useful practical article by
Sir—Congratulations on your very J. F. Rowles. There is a
forward-looking journal. I am School's report kind of mathematical snob-
very pleased that you will be con- Sir—Having had a chance to look bery which demands a
centrating on the solid-state physics over the first issue of Practical mathematical appendix to
of tomorrow. Electronics since yesterday, I am scientific articles in more
I would like you to consider sure that you will be pleased to theoretical papers but it is
giving us constructional articles know that I approve very much its out of place in the present
on the following: Electronic Flash- content and general layout and will context.
gun (transistorised circuit) and a have no hesitation in bringing it to
battery portable tape recorder the attention of pupils and (2) I do not follow the transistor
based on the Garrard battery- colleagues. biasing arrangements in the
operated tape deck. Other articles I am especially pleased with the same article—However I was
which I would personally find very article on the simple Geiger- brought up on valves.—
Interesting would be a continuation Muller ratemeter (possibly because Yours faithfully,
of your "Electronic Didjeridoo" we have just made one ourselves R. W. Sawyer, B.Sc.,
to include a square wave tone which might stand a little modifi- Head of Science Dept.,
generator, attack and decay con- cation) and I was surprised and The Grammar School,
trol, and a vibrator or tremolo delighted to find tbe promise of a ITminster, Somerset.
lf)7
KUiM -Off CIBCIIITS

By G. D. Howat
There are three electronic circuits, all based on a
common symmetrical configuration, which can be
applied to a very wide range of problems. They form,
in effect, three variations on a theme, and comprise
the multivibrator, the monostabie switch or flip-flop THEME:
and the bistable switch. It is the purpose of this
article to discuss briefly the properties of the first and
last of these circuits, and to investigate the flip-flop in
more detail. Also it will be explained how these
principles were applied to a particular design problem.
The theme and variations are set out in Fig. I. It is
seen that the first and last variations are symmetrical
but the flip-flop is not.
MULTIVIBRATOR
The multivibrator, probably the best known of the
three, is a free-running oscillator which produces a
square wave output at each anode. It is very useful
as a signal generator and signal tracer because of the MUlTlVie«AT08
high harmonic content of the square wave output. VI
It also finds uses in timebases, audio frequency equip-
ment (tone generators, organs) and in various specialised
applications including pulse radar techniques.
The multivibrator action consists of the alternation
of two complementary astable states. In case there is
any confusion about the meaning of the term "astable
state', a mechanical model may help to clarify the
problem. A sphere resting anywhere on a sloping
surface as in Fig. 2a Is an astable system since it will
not remain in this condition but will roll down the
slope. If two such systems are arranged as in Fig. 2b
we have the mechanical analogy of a multivibrator
with the sphere continually changing over from one
astable state to the other. MONO-STABLE
At any instant one of the valves (VI in multivibrator) SWITCH OR
FLIP-FLOP
conducts and its anode is at a potential below the
n.t. The grid of V2 is negative, making the
valve non-conducting. C2 charges up via R2 and R3
to almost the full h.t. voltage. At the same time C1 is
slowly discharging and the voltage on its lower end is
rising towards earth. At a certain point on this rise V2
starts to conduct and the potential on the top end of C2
begins to fall. Since this capacitor has most of the
across 11 the fa,,in
endj of C2 pushes the voltage on 8 Potential
the grid at
of the
VI anode
below
earth. This results in an "avalanche process": the
anode end of CI rises in potential as VI cuts off and the
gnd of V2 becomes even more positive. More
voltage appears across R3 and, via C2, the grid of Vt is
pushed more negative still until finally the valve is cut BISTABLE SWITCH
off. The second half-cycle is now in progress and is a
miiTor, image of the first, Le. V2 is now conducting
and will continue, via C2, to hold VI cut off until a
sufficient amount of the charge on C2 has leaked away
through R2. When this has happened another change-
over occurs, identical with the first, and returns the
circuit to its original state. Since each anode alternates
between being cut off and conducting at constant
current, the output waveform at the anodes will be the
familiar square shape. Fig. I. Basic conf
 MECHANICAL ANALOGY conducting, then a voltage exists across Rl. The
Before going on to discuss the remaining two circuits, potential divider action of R2, R3 results in a negative
it is necessary to explain the meaning of some more of voltage being applied to the grid of V2 keeping it cut
the terms used, especially monostable, bistable, and off. Because of this there is no equivalent voltage
quasi-stable states. These are demonstrated by the across R4 and the other potential divider, formed by
models drawn in Fig. 3, Fig. 3a shows a cone resting R5 R6, cannot bias VI to cut off as the top of R5 is
on a sloping surface—this being an example of a mono- nearly at h.t. voltage. VI, therefore, continues to pass
stable system: if the cone is pushed it will always roll current. This represents one stable state—one valve
back to the same position. That is, it only has one conducting and the other one held cut off by it. Unlike
position where it will remain stationary although, unlike the similar situation in the multivibrator, however, it
the astable system, it will remain on the slope. If this will remain in this state indefinitely. The other stable
model is modified as in Fig. 3b then the result is rather configuration is the mirror image of the above one with
different. There are now two independent stable V2 conducting and the voltage across its anode load
positions which the cone can take up—one on each keeping VI cut off. In order to make the switch
side of the model. If the cone is pushed uphill it will change over a suitable triggering pulse must be applied
change over from one stable state to the other, by to the grid of the conducting valve. A negative pulse is
simply rolling over the top. A second push will cause required and it momentarily cuts the valve off, allowing
it to move back again. This is then a system with two the other one to take over the conducting state.
stable states and is thus called a bistable system as Since the bistable switch will remain in either of its
distinct from a monostable one. stable states indefinitely it has the "property of being

^ 2 liiiT-
<3^

FI6.2 FfS.3
Figs. 2 and 3. Mechanical analogy of the circuit principles
If the top of the wedge in Fig. 3a is almost, but not able to "remember" one single bit of information. As
quite, flattened as in Fig. 3c then we have a situation such it is used sometimes in the memory units of
part way between the above two. If the cone is pushed computers. Digital computers work on binary arith-
it will roll up; the plain area of 3c onto the dotted area. metical methods, that is mathematics based on only
It will remain here for a short time, moving very slowly, two numbers. One bistable switch can therefore
but" since the dotted area is slightly tilted it wlll remember tfae_ entire numerical system of binary arith-
ultimately roll back down to its initial position on the metic, by letting one stable condition represent one
front (unmarked) section. This shows the action of a digit and the other stable state the other one. In
system with one stable and one quasi-stable state. When binary then one switch can remember 0 and I, two
the cone is pushed it moves from the stable condition switches can remember 0,1,2 and 3, three can remember
(blank front region) to the quasi-stable condition (on 0 to 5 and so on. Any number can thus be stored in a
the dotted area) and stays here for a short time. Unlike sufficient number of bistable switches in binary
the bistable system, however, it then reverts to the arithmetic.
initial condition without the
action of any external agent. BISTABLE SWITCHES
BISTABLE SWITCH
The bistable model de-
scribed above has an SWITCHES OUTPUT LINE
analogy in electronics in TRIGGERED OPERATING
the form of the bistable 0 1
switch. The basic circuit 1 ONLY 5
of this is shown in Fig. 1.
The mode of operation of 2 ONLY 3
OUTt
a bistable switch is quite INPUT 3 ONLY 2
simple and in some ways OUT 2
resembles that of a multi- 1 AND 2 7
vibrator. At any time one 1 AND 3 6
of the valves in Fig. 1 is TRIG 1 2 AND 3 A
conducting so there is a • L2.3 8
voltage across its anode
load. Suppose VI is
TRIG 2
fig. 4. An example of how a combination of
switch settings connects the single Input to one
of eight different outputs
194 TRIG *
 S'
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 of one switch can be connected to the input of another,
very complex switching networks can be produced.
j£ 250 Fig. 4 is an example, each combination of switch
o ZOO settings connects the single input to a different one of
the eight outputs.
Clearly, the. bistable switch is a very useful circuit
element. Unfortunately, in order to build a computer
very large numbers of them are required and for this
reason it is usually impractical for amateurs to attempt
the construction of a digital computer. Even if the
units are transistorised the cost of building several
"S '00 hundred or even thousand switches makes the idea
impracticable. Modern digital computers are transis-
torised and at the present time a considerable amount of
research is going on to try to build bistable units
zso capable of operating in the shortest possible time; certain
solid state circuits now switch over in much less than
200 lO-8 second.

FLIP-FLOP
100 _ The final variation on the theme is the flip-flop, the
circuit diagram of which is shown in Fig. I. The
+50 circuit is seen to be "half-way" between a multivibrator
and a bistable switch, with one grid-anode coupling
via an RC network and the other via a resistor to a
negative bias line.
In the stable condition VI is conducting and a
-100 voltage exists across the anode load Rl; the potential
divider action of R2, R5 maintains the grid of V2
negative, keeping the valve cut off. Its anode is then
at h.t. potential and, since VI grid is at earth potential,
CI charges up to the full h.t. voltage. Suppose a
negative-going pulse is now applied to the grid of VI. "
Its anode will rise towards h.t. as the valve cuts off,
and the voltages at all points on the resistor chain
TRIGGERED INTO FLOPS BACK TO (Rl, R2, R5) rise. Because of this V2 grid now goes
QUASI-STABLE STATE STABLE STATE positive, the valve passes a heavy current and the
anode potential falls sharply. Since Cl is charged to
h.t. voltage, the sudden fail in potential of its upper
Fig. 5. Graphs of a flip-flop which took 30 seconds to plate causes the other plate to fall the same amount
revert to the stable state after being triggered below earth. This results in V2 remaining cut off
It is possible to "gate" two amplifiers with a bistable although the original triggering pulse has passed.
switch, i.e. arrange for two amplifiers to operate The flip-flop is now in the quasi-stable state: VI is
alternately, one in each stable condition of the switch. cut off and V2 is conducting. Unlike the bistable
By connecting the inputs of the two gated amplifiers switch, however, this is not a second stable state
together, we have a two-way electronic switch where an because something is happening—Cl is discharging.
input to the system will be passed to one of the two The upper end of Cl is held at the anode potential of V2,
outputs when the switch is set one way, but will appear which is more or less constant, but at the lower end the
at the other output when the switch changes over. In potential is rising towards earth. At a certain point,
this respect it operates just like an ordinary mechanical when VI grid is about 12 volts negative, the valve
change-over switch, but differs in being able to switch begins to conduct and an "avalanche process" takes
over in a millionth of a second or less. As the output place, as in the multivibrator. As VI conducts to an
increasing extent the voltage across Rl increases due
Fig. 6, Two complete cycles required for a flashing display to anode current, so all the points on the Rl, R2, R5
A—Unit switched on. Via conducting. Neon I switched on chain fall in potential, causing V2 to pass less current.
B—Via cut off. Flip-flop triggered into quasi-stable state. The voltage at the upper end of Cl, connected to V2
Both neons off anode, rises pulling up with it the potential at its lower
C—Flip-flop changes over. Neon 2 switched on end, causing VI grid to go even less negative. The
D—Multivibrator changes back to original state. Flip-flop whole system is now in effect an amplifier with positive
triggered again. Both neons off
iB feedback. The end result of all this is that V2 cuts off
completely, its grid being driven very negative. VI
grid, on the other hand, is now positive, Cl having
"dpagged" the voltage up. It is the heavy anode
current passing through RI which keeps V2 cut off via
X"" R2, Finally, as Cl recharges to hx, VI grid returns
BOTH NEONS
OFF to earth potential.
This shows how a flip-flop, when triggered, tem-
porarily changes from a stable to a quasi-stable state,
TIME but always reverts to the stable state of its own accord
195
 H.T.+ self-resetting memory unit. Where a production line
is in operation, such a circuit can stop one article from
R1 following another too closely by holding back the
10k A 10kA second for a pre-determined time after the first has
passed.
PRACTICAL CIRCUIT
R7 So far, mainly theoretical aspects of these three
12k A 12kA circuits have been discussed. To conclude this article
it will be explained how a particular design problem
h was solved by the use of the principles outlined above.
AuF 4uF VB What was required was a display unit illuminated at
each end by a lamp. The two lamps were required to
flash on and off alternately with a time delay between
one extinguishing and the other one lighting. This is
R4 easily seen by looking at Fig. 6. Both the overall
R5 cycle time and the delay time had to be infinitely and
470KA 470kA
independently variable. The lamps used were neon,
bulbs since these can be worked directly from the
circuits. As high speeds were required relays could
Fig. 7. A multivibrator with two alternately flashing not be used.
neons connected in the anode circuits The basic circuit used was a multivibrator with the
neons connected in the anode circuits (see Fig. 7).
after a definite time. This time is determined mainly Each neon struck at 80 volts which was present across
by C1 and R3, and to a certain extent by R2 and R5. R1 and R6 in the anode loads. R3 and R6 are
In order to test the validity of this explanation, the ballast or safety resistors. Using this arrangement the
author constructed a flip-flop which took 30 seconds to lights just flashed alternately and further circuitry
revert to the stable state after being triggered. By con- was needed to interrupt the neon voltage supply briefly
necting a voltmeter to various points on this prototype. each time the multivibrator changed over.
►+250 H.T.
Fig. 8b. Complete triggering circuit for
switching a flip-flop ■R9 ■ ft12
V2A V2B
(T} €2r
TTLT <> !00pF n UlT Hl-
INPUT FROM C3 JITL
C4 FROM
DIFFERENTIATED FROM ANODE ANODE
MULTIVIBRATOR ■58 k A OUTPUT OF VIA ■RIO R11 iC6 ■RI3 OF VIB

TR160ER
(a) (b) OUTPUT
0V-
~YYY
Fig. 8a. B isic differentiating circuit

the graphs shown in Fig. 5 were obtained. An

examination of these shows that the expected wave-
forms are actually observed in practice. t250V
For some reason flip-flops are unpopular but the TO
R1,R2 ^-AAA-^ # 0-
author believes that they can provide the answer to a
number of problems. Possibly their main use lies in —a^VRi R16
their property of possessing a time delay factor which TO
can be anything from microseconds to minutes. They R6
find uses in the production of very short pulses, in R5
simple timing machines, for example photographic
timers or even egg timers I It is possible to obtain from
one flip-flop a pulse capable of triggering a chain of V3A V3B
subsequent flip-flops, each unit being triggered as the
previous one flops back from the quasi-stable state.
In this way a sequence of events can be controlled, each
separate step being Independently controllable from R4 R7
one flip-flop. This circuit can be used to switch in a
number of operations during the manufacture of a
particular product. Like the bistable switch the flip- Fig. 9. Flip-flop used
flop can store one "bit" of information, but only for a to bias the neons 'VYY
limited time. It can therefore be used as a short-term —50 V
196
 + Z50V
lOkfl > 2-2MIV
2-2MXI
iOkA 22kA
w—tTB— 22kA
25 k 11
22kA
w—to;
2kA
lOOpF 2uF
6uF 5uF Hi
100pF
K V2A V2B 470kn
VJA V3B
VA V1B

SOOkft Z>500kfl 68h, lOOkft 2 50k A

0-002uF DELAY
lOkA 68k A TIME
CYCLE
TIME
-50V
ECC81 EB9t ECC81
Fig. 10. The complete circuit for the display unit with added refinements to control the cycle time and delay time
A triggered flip-flop is suitable to control the flashing, on the anodes of the neons of, say, h.t. minus 40 volts
the triggering device being fed by two square waves, (i.e. 210 volts).
180 degrees out of phase, from the anodes of the In this condition one anode of the multivibrator is
multivibrator (see Fig. 8b). In order to provide a sharp not conducting and is held at h.t. The voltage across
pulse to trigger the flip-flop the square wave has to be the relevant neon will be only 40 volts which is
differentiated by a simple RC circuit such as that shown insufficient to cause it to strike.
in Fig. 8a. C3, R10 and C4, R13 are the differentiating However, the anode voltage of the other multi-
components in Fig. 8b, their outputs being fed to the vibrator valve will be at h.t. minus 80 volts (i.e.
diodes which are arranged to pass only negative pulses. 170 volts). The other neon, therefore, will also have
The pulses trigger the valve which is conducting in the only 40 volts across it, and will fail to strike. Only
stable condition of the flip-flop. when the flip-flop returns to the stable condition will
Referring now to Fig. 9, the anode of V3a is held at the second neon strike, when the relevant multivibrator
h.t.; the valve is not conducting. A negative pulse valve and V3a are not conducting. The entire cycle of
ted into the grid of V3b causes the voltage on the anode operation is depicted in Fig. 6.
to rise and biases V3a to conduct. V3a anode voltage The final circuit used is shown in Fig. 10 with some
falls producing a current through the anode load, VRl, added refinements to control the cycle time and delay
which can be adjusted to provide a common voltage time. ^

In the limited time available after the lecture a

demonstration of hi fi reproduction was given. The
equipment consisted of a Garrard transcription 301
player unit with a Warden articulated tone arm and
NEWS BRIEFS Acos Sl/1 ceramic cartridge, the amplifier chosen
being the 5W integrated amplifier recently featured in
Practical Electronics. The system was completed
P.E. Amplifier at Tape and Hi Fi (M by two Tannoy Chatsworth 15 ohm loudspeakers.
A meeting of the North London Tape and Hi Fi Club
took place at Bush Hill Park School on 21 October Transistorised Hi Fi
1964, with some 30 members in attendance. The Chair- Ameettng of the newly formed Society of Electronic
man, Mr. J. Wilson, extended a warm welcome to the and Radio Technicians will be held on Thursday
guest speakers, Mr. Denis Homer and Mr. Alan Nash of 14 January 1965 at 7.15 p.m. when Mr. D. M. Chave
Cosmocord Ltd., who gave a most interesting and of the Lowther Manufacturing Company will talk
enlightening lecture on the growth of Rochelle salt about "Transistorised Hi Fi". The meeting will be
crystals from seeds, describing the technological process held at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical
involved up to the completed crystal wafer as used in Medicine, Keppel Street, Gower Street, London, W.C.I.
the manufacture of the Acos crystal cartridge pick-up Further details may be obtained from the Society at
and the crystal microphone. 9 Bedford Square, London, W.C.I.
197
 lb

HIGHLIGHTS FROM THE CONTEMPORARY SCENE

Time Without Ticks - i

The long admired ingenuity and skill of the watch-
maker in working with minute parts appears to have
been equalled by the electronic engineer, at any rate the
expertise of these previously unassociated technologies
have been successfully combined by a Swiss company to
produce the world's first electronic wristwatch. This is
the Bulova Accutron—an instrument which has been
described as the first significant advance in time keeping
in 300 years.
Instead of the traditional balance wheel, hairspring and
escapement mechanism, the Accutron incorporates a
precision tuning fork as its basis of time measurement.
An accuracy of within 2 seconds a day (99'9977 per
cent) is guaranteed.
The electronic heart of the watch is a transistor oscillator
which converts the d.c. energy from a tiny power cell into
pulses of current. These pulses energise coils which
actuate the tuning fork 360 times per second. One tine
of the fork is linked by a ratchet-and-pawl indexing
mechanism to a conventional gear train, which drives the
hands.
The transistor, resistor and capacitor can be seen in their
plastics compartment in the right hand part of the watch
case; the drive and phase sensing coils are visible at the
top of the case. These coils are wound from copper wire
0 0006 in diameter (one-fifth the diameter of an average
human hair). Each watch uses 700 feet of this wire.
Current consumption is 6/*A. The miniature cell will
power the watch for a minimum period of one year, and is
easy to replace.
In addition to its appeal as a personal timepiece,
Accutron mechanisms have found a role in a variety of
special applications. In a special case and with extra gears
and switcnes added this watch has been used as a signal
cut-off timer or "satellite-silencer" within four families of
satellites—Explorer, Tiros, Telstar and Syncom.
It is currently being evaluated for use on Nimbus, the
meteorological satellite, the Orbiting Astronomical Obser-
vatory scientific satellite, and several others.

Stable Pictures
Anew material known as blcon
has been developed which gives
prolonged life to image orthicon
camera tubes. The elcon target
introduces electronic conduction in
transferring the charge pattern from
the image side to the beam side.
Ion migration is therefore virtually
eliminated. This means that sensi-
tivity and stability of contrast
reproduction remains constant and
m there is complete freedom from
"sticking".
This picture shows the new English
Electric elcon target beside a
3 in image orthicon television
camera tube.
198
 Remote Power
Here is one example of electronic energy conversion
which is being developed in the Raytheon Spencer
Laboratory, America. Microwave energy, similar to that
used in radar, is beamed from a parabolic antenna on the
ground upward to a small helicopter. The rectifying
antenna, mounted under the helicopter, is actually an array
of thousands of tiny diodes, each less than half an inch long.
When the microwave energy strikes the diodes, an t. • 8
immediate flow of direct current takes place to drive the
motor for the rotor blades.
The "helicopter" hovers within the guy ropes, keeping it
positioned over the microwave beam.

Keeping in Touoh
Scientists in Russia have been working on an
artificial hand which imitates the principle of the
human hand and can "feel" with the fingers. The human
sense of touch is detected in the brain by impulses from
the nerves and sensory cells.
Transducers made of electro-conductive rubber or thin
wire and sensitive to pressure are fixed on the tips of the
fingers. Under influence of the pressure on the trans-
ducers, based on the grasping effort of the fingers, signals
from them modulate the output from a vibrator fitted on
the hand near a nerve going direct to the brain.
The new hand overcomes a shortcoming of prosthetic
appliances controlled by electric signals from the muscles
when the hand carries out grasping motions, but so far it
cannot be used freely without the user looking at what his
fingers are doing.
The tread on a rubber road tyre is designed to withstand a multitude'of
driving conditions. It is essential, therefore, that the manufacturing
process should be controlled to fine limits. To prevent distortion of the
tread Lancashire Dynamo Electronic Products has installed thyristor controlled
Automatic Tyre Tread Control plant at the Pirelli factory to control the calendar and conveyor systems.
Silicon controlled rectifier units are used to supply the calender and conveyor
drive motors. Here the rubber tread strip is seen travelling from the
extruder through the calender shaping process.

ELECTRONORAMA ELECTRONORAMA ELECTRONORANA

 BEGINNERS sfart here... 3

An Instructional Series for the Newcomer to Electronics

A GALVANOMETER
Our simple meter, which is in fact more accurately
described as a galvanometer, is illustrated in Fig. 3.1.
It is very easy to make and costs very little for the
component parts. The items you will need are a
sewing needle, an elastic band, a wooden baseboard
measuring approximately 4in x 2^in x ^in, some
S sealing wax or glue, four -Jin brass wood screws and a
short length of 15 amp fuse wire.
The cylindrical former on which the coil is wound
can be made of cardboard, and it should be about 2iin
in diameter and I^in wide. This former can be made
MOVING COIL METERS by winding a piece of cardboard round a milk bottle,
glueing it and tying until the glue is set. Alternatively,
Shown here are typical examples of a left-to-right you could cut a piece from a postal tube, cut up an
reading meter, and a centre-zero meter empty plastics liquid container, or an Ajax or Vim
carton.
'Hie pointer is an ordinary sewing needle around
which is tightly wrapped a short piece of 15 amp fuse
wire. If you have a soldering iron (and the necessary
(2) CIRCUIT SYMBOLS skill!) you can improve the pointer by soldering the
This is the general symbol for a meter or needle and wire together—but this is by no means
galvanometer. Sometimes the function of a meter essential. The ends of the wire are then twisted
is indicated as in the two symbols given above? around the centre of a piece of elastic so that the
A = ammeter (current) needle does not slip down. The ends of the elastic
V = voltmeter (voltage, potential difference) are pushed through holes in the cardboard former and
fastened to it with sealing wax or glue. It may be
OUR experimental section this month deals with necessary to experiment a little so as to get the position
the construction of a very simple device which of the needle and the tension of the elastic just right.
will give an indication of current flowing in a circuit. Insert a pair of the wood screws through the former
Meters are usually delicate and expensive items of (from the inside), one on either side of the elastic
equipment, their prices ranging from £1 to £3 or even anchor point. These two screws should be lin apart.
more. There are a number of retailers who stock a
wide selection of meters with various ranges and WINDING THE COIL
different degrees of accuracy; it will be instructive to The only item which it is likely you will need to buy
look &t the advertisements on other pages. One should is a quantity of 36 gauge double silk covered wire.
certainly not rush into purchasing an instrument of A 202 reel will be more than adequate for the present
this nature without having first acquired some basic purpose. Make a note that such wire is generally
knowledge of the subject. referred to in the following abbreviated form: 36 s.w.g.
(standard wire gauge) d.s.c.
If any difficulty is experienced in obtaining double
-mrm. ■tel.. EUSTiC
BAND-*" silk covered wire, enamelled wire will suit equally
well, although it is a rather tricky operation to remove
the enamel covering.
. Bare the end of the wire by removing the silk cover-
ing or scraping off the enamel coating until the copper
is exposed. Wrap the end of the wire tightly around
SEWING one woodscrew.
NEEDLE
Wind on a single layer of wire to cover about lin
5 A, FUSE width of the former. Bring the wire back to the start
WIRE and wind a second layer immediately over the first
winding. Continue in this manner with consecutive
layers until the required number of turns is reached.
Terminate the wire by wrapping tightly around the
second screw, having first bared the wire of insulating
material as before.
Fig, 3. t. The simple home-made galvanometer
Fig. 3.2 (right). An enlarged view of the galvanometer
"movement". This shows how the needle is attached to the
elastic band
200
 If a soldering iron is available, you can make secure needle. As a magnetic field is produced regardless of
and permanent terminations by soldering the wire the direction in which the current flows, the needle
to these screws. The iron should be of the small deflection can be in either direction—depending upon
instrument type, with a or ^in bit. Use Multicore which way round the battery is connected,
solder-—-this contains flux which assists the soldering
operation. Ensure that the iron is fully heated and the USING THE METER
bit well tinned, then place this on the joint and apply Those of you who have constructed the simple
the solder. Remove the iron immediately the solder resistance apparatus described in the first article of this
has flowed into the joint. Avoid an excess of solder, series can use it in conjunction with the meter to show
a thin coating is all that is necessary. the change in current as the slider is moved along the
Now to return to the meter. The wood screws serve wire. Initially, you will recall, we used a bulb to
a double purpose by acting as terminals and as a means indicate a change in current; now you can repeat those
of fixing the coil former to the baseboard. If small experiments, replacing the bulb by the meter. This is
holes are first pierced in the baseboard, the two screws shown diagrammatically in Fig. 3.3 which you should
can then be gently tapped into the board- Do not, of compare with Fig. 2.1 in last month's article.
course, attempt to turn these screws for this will result We realise that this meter is limited in the number of
in broken connections. uses to which it can be put and for the beginner, who
In the photograph you will see that we have mounted hopes no doubt to make electronics his hobby for many
a second pair of screws on the baseboard and soldered years to come, it will be simply an indicating device
two short wires between these and the first pair. This and not a measuring device. We are sure that those of
arrangement is not absolutely essential, but it finishes you who are really keen will eventually invest in a good
off the instrument neatly, and makes for ease of use meter which, with careful use, will last many years.
afterwards.

magneO' scale
3 JX BX A

POINTER
BY BYl SPRING
POU A POLE
PIECE ■ KPiece

Fig. 3.3. Simple experiments can be performed using the NUUMIN1UM FORMER WITH
galvanometer in conjunction with the res/stance element SOFT IRON COIL WOUND ON IT
and a small battery CORE
Fig. 3.4. The essential parts of a moving-coil type of
THE SCALE current measuring Instrument
Next cut out a small piece of cardboard and from THE MOVING COIL METER
this fashion the scale. If you look closely at Fig. 3.1 It may be useful at this point to mention briefly the
the required shape will be clear. Attach the scale basic types of meter available on the market. By far
temporarily to the coil former by means of a piece of the most common meter is of the "moving coil" type.
thread. As its name suggests, this is basically a coil of wire
You can calibrate the scale by connecting a number (wound on a former) which is free to rotate in a mag-
of batteries of different value to the terminals and netic field, see Fig. 3.4. A current flows through the
making a mark in line with the pointer setting obtained. coil and sets up a magnetic field of its own. This field
You will notice probably that the resulting scale Is not reacts with the magnetic field produced by the horseshoe
linear. This means, if you mark the point indicated permanent magnet and causes the coil to move.
for a 4iV battery then add another 44V battery in Attached to the coil is a pointer, the amount of move-
series to give 9V, the position indicated by the needle ment of the pointer being governed by the current
is not twice the distance from the zero position. flowing in the coil.
You will also see that by changing round the battery Notice that the pointer normally rests at the left-hand
connections, the needle will deflect in the opposite end of the_ scale—this is the zero position. It is held
direction. Thus the meter can be used to indicate in this position by a pair of hair springs which have a
positive or negative values. When calibration is dual function, for they also provide the eiectrical
completed the scale can be glued to the inside of the connection between the meter terminals and the coil
former, or may remain simply tied to it with a piece of winding.
thread. When current flows the coil rotates in opposition
The amount of needle deflection obtained is decided to the action of the springs, and the needle is thus
by the voltage applied to the meter. An increase in deflected towards the right-hand end of the scale.
voltage causes more electrons to flow round the circuit, This type of meter is very widely used. There are also
more current in the coil produces an increase in the centre-zero meters which respond to either negative- or
magnetic field due to the coil, and this field in turn positive-going currents, as in fact does our simple
causes a corresponding increase in deflection of the home-made device.
201
 PART THREE
t is now proposed to discuss recording level indicators. can respond to peaks which are as short as 5 msec,
Most tape recorders incorporate some device for the circuit being arranged so that the needle falls away
indicating the signal level during recording. Where at,a rate of 8dB per second, which still allows adequate
there is no such device, the reason may be twofold: measurement of the average modulation level. A fall-
first, automatic recording control may be applied, and rate of about HdB per second is about the limit to a
second, the simplicity of the machine may not warrant useful indicating device, and a figure of about 3dB per
an indicator. second should be obtainable with meters of modern
We need not consider the second case here, and as "constructors" quality.
for the first, this is a special subject which the author FITTING A METER
hopes to return to later. Recording level indicators Adding a meter to the normal tape recorder is not a
fitted to most machines are intended both as warning difficult job, and may interest some readers as a useful
devices, to prevent overloading, and adjustment aids, experiment.
to enable us to obtain the best signal-to-noise ratio First, it is necessary to consider what voltages and
under varying conditions. Two methods are used:
the magic (electronic) eye, and the meter. currents are available to drive the meter, how they
The magic eye, as shown in Fig. 3.1, may take a may be obtained, and from which points in the circuit.
number of forms, and the display portion can be of One obvious source is the high level output or
almost any shape, provided it gives a clear indication monitor socket of the tape recorder. But as the moving
of the peak condition, i.e. the highest modulation level, coil meter we may expect to use is a current consuming
or loudest sound. For this reason, the magic eye may device, any attempt to use it directly will load the signal
be referred to as a "peak-reading device". Its one circuits of the tape recorder. A valve voltmeter is the
great advantage is the speed of reaction; an electron answer to the problem.
beam has no inertia, whereas a meter movement must Fortunately, we do not need to dip deeply into the
have some damping, and, however quickly it reaches purse for a convenient source of signal and a means of
the peak indication, it must take an appreciable time making a valve voltmeter based on our moving coil
to fall away again. unit is already available. A meter of 0-1 mA f.s.d.,
In practice, the meter measures a varying d.c., which or even 0-5 mA, should be readily procurable from
is the amplified and rectified signal. This charges a several of the advertisers in Practical Electronics.
capacitor, the circuit constants being chosen in such a But before we decide how to utilise the meter, let us take
way that the meter indicates the peak slightly after it a look at the existing circuits of the magic eye.
occurs, as the discharge of the capacitor begins. MAGIC EYE CIRCUIT
Successive peaks then restore the charge and the meter Referring to Fig. 3.2, VI is a magic eye of a type
indicates an average level. widely used in modem tape recorders. The audio
Without going too deeply into a.c. theory, it is signal is derived from the same point which feeds
necessary to explain this business of "average values". recording current to the recording head, the anode
It it was only needed to measure pure sine waves, a. of the head amplifier, and applied via a blocking
form of meter could be used quite safely. This is capacitor Cl to the magic eye circuit.
because the average value of a sinusoidal waveform is In series with this capacitor is a limiting resistor Rl,
always the same, being 0-707 of the peak value, and whose function is to prevent the heavy loading of the
known as the root-mean-square, or r.m.s. value. signal circuits that would otherwise be offered by the
But the audio signals with which we are concerned rectifier Dl. This resistor is also used to regulate the
in tape recording are far from being pure sine waves. signal voltage, in conjunction with C2, which acts as a
A meter which responded to average values would high frequency bypass capacitor.
give little indication of true peaks. A meter which was The audio signal is'then rectified by Dl and a
incorporated in a circuit that allowed it to respond to varying d.c. appears across the load R2, the capacitor
peaks of short duration would not give a true indication C3 charging up to the r.m.s. level, and thus maintaining
of the average signal level. -A compromise must be a changing bias in proportion to the signal level, which
found, is applied to the control grid of VI.
The construction of the magic eye includes an ampli-
METER RISE-TIME fier triode so that a negative voltage of between 15 and
The validity of this compromise will depend on the 25 volts at the grid produces the zero shadow angle, or
rise-time of the meter, that is, how fast it can respond maximum indication, as when the columns meet on a
to peaks. The meters used by broadcasting stations display such as the EM84.
202
 DIODE TRIODE FLUORESCENT SCREEN GLASS ENVELOPE
We can use the existing valve base and dispense with =
the rectifier by fitting a diode triode, or, more con-
veniently, a double triode, with grid and anode of one
half strapped to operate as diode. Our signal is then
applied as shown In Fig. 3.3. Again, CI feeds the
signal, via R1 to the diode. But now the diode EM 87
is a strapped triode, and the feed to its cathode is via
a variable resistor, VR1, to enable us to set the record-
ing level. Note the difference in the values of the load
components C3, R2. This is to increase the time TRIODE
constant and allow for the meter inertia discussed ANODE
above. TRIODE GRID \ \ SPRING
The rectified signal is now applied to the grid of the SPACE CHARGE GRID CATHODE \
second half of the valve V2 and the amplified anode COtCUCTIVE COATING
current produces a measurable voltage across the BEAM PLATE
cathode bias resistor. This is made variable to allow f/g. 3.1. Cross-section of Muliard EM87 magic-eye
meter "zero-ing." An alternative method would have valve. The column-type beam closes with a peak
been to insert the meter in the anode of the valve and Input voltage of 10 volts and a l^mm overlap; a
feed the cathode from a potentiometer across the h.t. clear bright fine is produced with a IS volt peak
input
SCREENED LEADS
When experimenting in this way, remember to keep
the leads from the existing circuit to the new circuit as ±HJ.
short as possible, or unwanted audio feedback can
occur. If any wiring is altered, it is important to avoid
hum loops by keeping the screening commoned to a
single point. For example, if the meter unit is more con-
veniently situated outside the meter, use twin-screened
wire for the signal leads, and earth the screening at the
tape recorder end. Take a separate lead for the h.t. MAGIC EYE
negative line, and Join it directly to the negative line
of the, head amplifier stage—not to some other, more M
physically convenient place. EM 37
For further experiments, it may be possible to pro-
gress at a later date to the more accurate Peak Pro-
gramme Meter, which gives a better indication of peaks,
while stilly retaining average modulation indication, as
described In the earlier discussion of this subject.
The volume unit meter circuit described here
measures loudness rather than peaks, and if any pro-
fessional work is to be done, it is the rapid peaks that
are most needful of watching. They are the signals
that do the damage, overloading the tape and causing
distortion. Fig. 3.2. Circuit for magic-eye recording level
Indicator
_ A further refinement would be a transistorised meter
circuit, allowing modification to some of the portable
recorders which have no indicating devices. As a
matter of interest, the reason that a meter is used on a ±ai
portable rather than the popular magic eye, is simply
the power demands of the latter which would quickly
overtax the battery.
ka
PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS BINDERS ir
EASI-BINDERS specially designed to hold 12 V2
issues of Practical Electronics are now available. Pi
These binders are finished in maroon waterproof ECC85
and greaseproof cloth and are embossed with gold R<
lettering on the spine.
Order your binder from: 330kA VRt
Binding Department, 22 M 0
250K Jfc/> 0-i|mA
George Newnes Ltd., W* \ F.sa
220
Tower House,
Southampton Street, I I
London, W.C.2.
The price, per binder, is 13s. 6d., inclusive of Fig. 3.3. Meter-type recording level indicator, using
postage. valve detector and amplifier
203
The machine may be called, in simple terms, a print The signal produced when the transistor is illumi-
recorder but can reproduce drawings. The drum, nated is used to modulate an a.c. signal from half
on which the printed matter is placed, is rotated' and the secondary winding of transformer Tl.
moved along so tracing a helical path. The circuit shown in Fig. 1 uses any a.f. npn
A minute spot of light is focused on to the print transistor. The signal from TRI is applied to the
and reflected from the print on to a photosensitive base of the transistor TR2. The a.c. signal to be
device. The output from the photo device is used to modulated is taken from half of the centre-tapped 6-3V
modulate a.c. for recording on magnetic tape. secondary of Tl via VRI and Ct, and is applied to
When a copy of the recording is required a piece of the emitter of the transistor TR2. The modulated
photosensitive paper is placed on the drum, the drum signal appears across R3 and is fed to the mic input of a
is again revolved, and the recorded signal is applied tape recorder via C2.
to the light beam which is focused on to the paper. VRI controls the a.c. being applied to the circuit.
The picture is built up on the paper, line by line, and Too much ax. will saturate the signal and too little
the paper is then developed in the normal_ way. The a.c. will cause shallow modulation so causing a very
finished print is a negative copy of the original. contrasting image. It may take time to obtain a
reasonable setting for this control as it is very critical.
CIRCUIT R5 was put into the circuit to provide a load across
The photoelectric pick-up, which is placed by the Tl when the wiper of VRI is set electrically close to
drum, is an OC71 transistor with the black paint the centre-tap end of Tl.
coating scraped off. This provides an adequate pick-up The switch SI is used to control the beam and
which is sensitive to light. The emitter and collector modulation circuits. In the "record" position the
only of the transistor are used, the base being left beam lamp LP1 is lit continuously by half of the
unconnected. secondary winding of Tl, Modulation takes place in
the record position. In the "play" position the
modulation circuit is not used and the signal from the
TR1 - recorder is applied direct to the beam lamp.
ill >R2 When the tag board is wired as shown in Fig. 2, it
SW1 >68: 5pP can be screwed to the wooden base. Tl is also screwed
n
T
rosifr to the baseboard. The battery can be held in position
on the baseboard by adhesive tape. S1 can be mounted
2ka VRI on a piece of aluminium sheet 2iui square, which is
500
TR2 screwed to the baseboard (see photograph).
Before actually fitting the pick-up to the angled strip
33 Wl its most sensitive surface must be found. This can be
done by switching on the modulation network and
monitoring the signal on a tape recorder. The pick-up
is rotated in a beam of light (from a torch) until the
3-15V output from the modulation network reaches its
^ RECORDER highest level. The side of the pick-up facing the beam
MiC,SOCKET source when the signal output is at its greatest is the
Sao Play ^•L/S TERMINALS most sensitive area. This surface should face the drum.
Ug)-
LP | T Record MECHANICAL CONSTRUCTION
I 0P|9,
TO BATTERY-f The recorder is* built on a wooden base about 2ft
Sib long, 4in wide and iin thick. The mechanical system
is mainly built up from Meccano parts.
AC, MAINS The picture drum can be made to individual require-
Fig. I. Modulator circuit ments. The model shown in the photograph employs
204
 TO MOTOR
AND MA NS
SWITCH

a
VR1
[O
TO MIC INPUT qzd
OF TAPE Fig. 2.
RECORDER
a~D A1oc#u/otor layout
I TO PHOTOCELL
—n fy TR2
a - 9* BATTERY +

la—nrn—rrni(
LAMP
Kj—n r>
a ci_j—n i>

a drum made from a thick cardboard tube, but a lever This clamp is then placed centrally on the wooden
top can will serve just as well. A reasonable size base about 6in from one end and screwed down through
would be about 24- to Sjin long and 1^ to 2in diameter. the holes in the bent up section of the perforated strio.
An eight-hole Meccano bush is fitted centrally on one (See Fig. 5.)
end so that the tin will revolve truly concentric (see An angled trunnion (Meccano) is then placed
Fig. 3). centrally at the opposite end of the base from this
A hole is made in the centre of the opposite end of clamp and screwed firmly home with two screws.
the drum and a long screw or a piece of studding Another angled trunnion is placed about 9ia away
about 4in long is threaded through the hole and from the one at the end and aligned parallel to it and
fixed on both sides of the end disc (or lid of the in the centre of the baseboard, then screwed down
can) with two locking nuts (see Fig. 4). This can (Fig. 3).
now be fitted on to the drum. A nut, which will Next, a 3in perforated strip is bent to the shape
fit the long screw, is clamped firmly between two shown in Fig. 3, part C. This strip is then bolted to
Meccano perforated strips bolted together. One strip the bottom hole of the second trunnion and the vacant
is slightly longer than the other and bent at right holes aligned to take axle B.
angles so that two holes can be used to screw it down The screw on the picture drum must now be threaded
to the baseboard (see Figs. 4 and 5). into the scanning nut which is mounted in its clamp.

MECCANO PULLEY
WHEEL AND TYRE MOTOR
PICTURE SPINDLE
DRUM
\
AXLES
Fig. 3. Drive details X

RUBBER
BUSH WHEEL ANGLED TRUNNIONS COUPLING

NUT FOR ^ SCANNING SCREW

SCAN SCREW cT
i
o END VIEW OF
Figs. 4 and 5. PICTURE SCANNING NUT
Lead screw construction DRUM CLAMPv

as
205
 A PRINT RECORDER continued

LAMPHOUSE CARDBOARD LENS

SHIELD ASSEMBLY PHOTO PICKUP

•MAm PIN HOLE INSULATED '////>.

TAGSTRIP
PICTURE
DRUM
\
■ o o o o o o o o

FIXING NUTS
AND BOLT PERFORATED METAL
ANGLED STRIP
ANGLED
NOT TO SCALE TRUNNION B
WOODEN BASE
f/g. 6. Optical assembly

While holding the drum horizontally thread a 6Jin second hole from the end of the angled strip as In
Meccano axle A through the fourth hole from the Fig. 6.
bottom of strip C. Next, thread it into the bush wheel In the author's model the lens was removed from
on the closed end of the picture drum and clamp it an old film-strip projector and was the twin type with
with the fixing screw provided. two lenses mounted in a small cylinder lin long and
Now attach a Meccano pulley with rubber tyre to ■fin diameter. The whole lens assembly is mounted
the end of axle A. Loosen the clamp at the other in the lid of another film can. A large hole made in
end of the base and move the bolt up and down in the the centre of the lid accommodates the lens barrel
clamp until axles A and B are parallel. Tighten the and a smaller hole made in the threaded side takes the
clamp again. An lliin Meccano axle B is threaded fixing nut and bolt. The lens should fit tightly in the
through the top holes of the two angled trunnions. holder. The whole lens unit was fixed with a Meccano
On the prototype a small spring D (removed from nut and bolt half way between the lamp and the drum.
a gramophone brake system) was hooked into an The distance of the lens from the lamp housing
upper hole of perforated strip C (Fig. 3) and the other depends on its focal length and has to be found by
end was screwed to the base. This assisted to provide experiment. Fine focusing may be achieved by
good frictional contact between the wheel and sliding the lens back and forth in its mount. A
axle B. cardboard shield was fitted to the lens mounting on
The electric motor used to drive the prototype was the side nearest the lamp to prevent unwanted light by-
an old Collaro AC34 with a working speed of 78 r.p.m. passing the lens and upsetting the light image reflected
(Reduction gears inside case.) The motor was attached from the drum. The shield is about 3in square with
to drive axle B by means of a small piece of rubber a hole out in the middle to take the lens barrel. A
sleeving H. This was slipped over the end of axle B slot should be cut in the bottom of the shield to accom-
and the motor spindle providing an efficient flexible modate the angled strip.
coupling. The angled strip containing the optical assembly was
attached to the top hole of the trunnion using a Meccano
OPTICAL ASSEMBLY nut and bolt (Fig. 6). One bolt was used so that the
The beam lamp, spot lens and pick-up are all mounted arm could be hinged up and down to obtain the best
on a 12iin Meccano angled perforated strip. The results from the pick-up. An angled trunnion is
beam lamp LP1 is mounted in a tin (such as that used screwed to the baseboard attached in position X on
for storing 35mm film, see Fig. 6). the base (Fig. 6) so that it is in line with one end of
One hole, as small as possible, is drilled in the centre the drum when the drum is at the end of its travel.
of the screw-on lid. Another hole, big enough to A piece of tagstrlp with two tags should be bolted
accommodate a Meccano screw, is drilled in the side to the angled strip close to the drum so that the tags
and a third hole in the bottom of the tin is made are insulated from the metal strip.
adequately large, say fin, to accommodate two thin TR1 is soldered to the two tags with the sensitive
wires. The bulb is mounted in a standard round side facing the drum. The wires of TR1 should be
paxolin lampholder, which is then wired and fitted held with a pair of pliers to act as a heat shunt while
inside the tin and firmly fixed with adhesive. The lead soldering. Two wires are connected between the tags
wires are taken through the hole in the bottom of and the modulation unit.
the tin. TR1 should be repainted matt black on the surface
The lamp housing is attached to the angled strip which is not facing the drum, so that it will pick up
with a Meccano nut and bolt threaded through the light reflected from the drum and not from the optical
206
assembly. The light beam from the optical system Cut a strip of bromide enlarging paper (hard) the
should strike the drum just above TRI. On no same size as the original printed matter. Wrap it
account should the beam fall directly on TRI or the tightly round the drum and fix with adhesive tape.
performance will be severely upset. Switch the recorder and SI to the "play" position and
attach the appropriate wires from the machine to the
external loudspeaker terminals of the recorder.
RECORDING A PRINT Start the machine first, then start the tape recorder
A piece of printed paper such as newspaper can be and turn up the volume control until a reasonable
wrapped round the drum and fixed with adhesive tape. degree of light is obtained from the lamp when the
Plug the output of the modulation network into the recorded signal is applied. Leave the machine until it
mic socket of the tape recorder. Turn SI to the has scanned the whole paper and then stop the recorder
"record" position, likewise the tape recorder should before stopping the machine.
be switched on and set to "record". Now adjust VR1 Remove the bromide paper from the drum and
so that when the pick-up is darkened no signal reaches immerse It in a developer solution specified for the
the recording indicator, and when it is lit a good signal paper. After the desired image has been obtained
appears at the indicator. The room should be dark so wash the paper in water and immerse it in a fixing
that spurious light does not interfere with the solution (sodium thiosulphate) for 10 minutes. After
instrument "fixing" the print it may be examined in the light..

COMPONENTS...

MODULATOR COMPONENTS MACHINE PARTS

Resistors Meccano List
Rl . 5k R4 2k No. 2a ^in perforated strips (2)
R2 680 RS Ik iW 4 3in perforated strip
R3 3-3k
All 10%, carbon unless otherwise stated 8 I2^in angle girder
• 13 M^in axle rod
Potentiometer 14 6|in axle rod
VRI 500k tog or linear
20a 2in diam pulley with boss
Capacitors 24 Ifrn diam bush wheel
Cl 5mF 50V elect.\w , „ 126 Angled trunnions (4)
C2 3^F 50V elect. / HenT s Radio 142a Motor tyre (for 2in pulley)
Transistors 37 Nuts and bolts ^in (pkt of 24)
TRI OC7I (see text)
TR2 Any npn trinsistor for working voltage above 9V Miscellaneous
Miscellaneous 4in of 4 BA studding and 4 BA nuts
Tl 6'3V centre-tapped heater transformer Wooden baseboard (see text)
LP1 3-SV m.e.s. bulb 35mm film can and two screw lids
SI 2-poIe, 2-way rotary switch Lever or screw top can (see text)
iO-way tag board 78 r.p.m. motor (e.g. Collaro AC34)
Plugs to suit tape recorder microphone and loudspeaker
sockets fin round head wood screws
9V battery: connecting wire; knob; solder Rubber tubing to fit axle and motor spindle
Batten lampholder (m.e.s.) Small spring

A switch, connected in the mains line to the motor Wash the print well in running water for about 5
and Tl, should be used to control the motor and minutes. The finished print will be a negative re-
electronics. Start the tape recorder and then start the production of the original.
print recorder drive motor. When the scan is com-
pleted stop the tape recorder and switch off the drive
motor. VARIATIONS
Many readers who intend constructing this simple
REPRINT THE RECORDED COPY device will probably wish to improve its performance
Wind the tape back to where the signal started and or modify it to their own requirements. Obviously, the
return the drum to its starting position. This may be finer the thread of the scanning screw, the more
done by disengaging the coupling (E in Fig. 3), and spin- detailed will be the final reproduction. A larger drum
ning the drum by hand. If a reversible motor is used it may also be used provided allowance is made for
can be arranged to be switched to a reversing condition adequate clearance between the drum and other nearby
to return the drum. parts. If the drum is made larger in diameter a larger
The next process must be done in RED light as it driving wheel is required. If the drum is made longer,
involves the use of photosensitive paper. the axles and screw should be longer.
207
Precision Decimal Step

PREAMPLIFIER

Continued from page 115 of last month's issue by M. L. MXCHAELIS, M.A.

The factors determining the input impedance are three parallel impedances on the one hand and R1 on
somewhat involved, yet their understanding is the other hand is the ultimate input Impedance pre-
essential for making correct adjustments to the unit. sented to PL1. As already mentioned in last month's
If the decimal step pre-amplifier is to be used for article, this is equal to 135 kilohms in the prototype,
metric purposes between the probe and the input socket to match the Y-amplifier input of the author's
of an oscilloscope or valve voltmeter, the input im- oscilloscope.
pedance must be equal to that at the input socket of If the pre-amplifier is to be used with any other
the oscilloscope or voltmeter, and the output impedance oscilloscope, the resistors on VB1 and, if necessary,
must be very much less; the latter condition is auto- TR3 must be suitably modified to match the input
matically satisfied by TR7 and therefore requires no impedance to that of the oscilloscope Y-amplifier.
further consideration. As a typical example, we will discuss the modifica-
If the input impedance differs from that of the tions for ! megohm Input impedance, a quite common
oscilloscope Y-amplifier input, then the attenuation figure for many commercial oscilloscopes. Modifica-
factor of the probe is correspondingly abnormal and it tion to any other impedance figure will be along similar
delivers a different signal voltage to the pre-amplifier lines, though it will be difficult to get above 1 megohm
than it would, under exactly the same conditions, deliver (which should not normally be required anyway).
to the oscilloscope Y-amplifier input. Although, of Since the ratio of R9 to VR2 determines the ultimate
course, the decimal step gain of the pre-amplifier with gain, it is not possible to increase the value of R9
respect to the signal input voltage it actually receives indiscriminately in order to reflect correspondingly
is not affected, the oscilloscope voltage calibration is higher impedances back to PL1, without having to
then, nevertheless, disturbed if the probe is Incorrectly increase VR2 correspondingly in order to maintain
matched to the pre-amplifier input. gain. But increase of VR2 increases the high-frequency
The primary determinative component for the input shunting effects of stray capacities at SI and associated
impedance at PL1 is R9 (470 ohms). This reflects an wiring to VB2, Another method of increasing
impedance fi times as great in parallel with R8, where ft impedance is to replace TR3 with a different type of
(approximately 20) is the current gain of TR3. The transistor having higher current gain. Yet two further
combined impedance at the emitter of TR2 is thus methods of increasing impedance are to increase the
about 3 kilohms. This reflects in the same way, ratios of R3 and R6 in relation to the respective
multiplied by the current gain of TR2 (again about 20) parallel reflected impedances.
in parallel with R6, i.e. about 60 kilohms reflect in We thus have a total of four ways of increasing
parallel with R6 as emitter Impedance of TRi, which impedance and it can be shown that optimum results
is equivalent to about 20 kilohms. This 20 kilohm net are obtained if the required change of Impedance is
impedance at TRI emitter reflects once again in the distributed equally between all four.
same manner at about 20 times this value, i.e. about With respect to TRI base, we require an impedance
800 kilohms, in parallel with R3. increase of about 10 times in our example, to reach an
As far as a.c. signals are concerned, the series com- impedance of I megohm at PL1. Each of the four
bination R4 and VRI also acts in parallel with R3 methods of impedance increase must therefore be
(via C2). Finally, the series combination of these applied, ideally, to a factor equal to the fourth root of
6-3V 10, i.e. about I'8. Accordingly, increase R9 by a
factor of l-S, making it 820
toon 100A toon. 10 OA. lOOA 100 A ohms (nearest preferred value).
MAINS Increase VR2 by the same
factor, i.e. replace by a 20
kilohm linear preset potentio-
ion IDA 10A OA 10A 100A meter. Replace TR3 by a
HEATER different transistor with nomi-
TRANSFORMER 10A nally I -8 times the current
1/
/100 gain of the OC303; this is,
EARTH near enough, the OC304,
100A By the same calculation as
10A
previously, these changes now
F(g. II. Circuit diagram of the lead to about 30 kilohm
calibration resistors for setting up 10A
circuit card VBI reflected impedance in parallel
100A with R8, The simplest way
of calculating the necessary
10A modification to R8 is to con-
OA sider that the new net emitter
208
 impedance for TR2 must be greater by three factors with which the pre-amplifier is to be used and adjust
of 1-8 compared to the former value (3 kilohms), the height of the c.r.t. display to a convenient size.
i.e. it must now be about 17 kilohms. The new Having previously adjusted the Input impedance .of
value required for R8 must thus be such as to give VBI to near the required value (equal to the oscilloscope
17 kilohms when taken in parallel with the reflected input impedance) as described above, connect the
virtual 30 kilohms. The nearest preferred value is input of VBI across only one of the 10 ohm calibration
33 kilohms, for satisfying this condition. Accordingly, resistors. Connect the output from PL2, with the pre-
replace R8 by a 33 kilohm resistor. amplifier set to gain 10, to the oscilloscope Y-amplifier
The resulting 17 kilohm net impedance at TR2 input, having disconnected the latter from the ten
emitter reflects some 20 times as large, i.e. about 10 ohm calibration resistors without disturbing the
340 kilohms, in parallel with R6. These reflected settings of the oscilloscope controls. Now adjust VR2
340 kilohms, in parallel with the required new value with a screwdriver until exactly the same height of
for R6, must now lead to 10 times the former emitter trace as previously is obtained. The gain of VBI
impedance for TR1, because all four changes have there- between connections 16 and 8 is then exactly 10.
with been completed. The former impedance at TR1 Now connect the probe of the particular oscilloscope
emitter was 20 kilohms, so that R6 must now be chosen (so far not used in these adjustments) to the Y-amplifier
to make it 200 kilohms. In other words, R6 in parallel input, and the prod of the probe to the full 4 volts
with 340 kilohms is to be equal to 200 kilohms, making applied to the calibration resistor chain. Again adjust
the nearest preferred value for R6 equal to 470 kilohms. the trace to a convenient height. Then move the probe
The 200 kilohm net impedance at TRI emitter now connection to the input PL1 of the pre-ampllfier set
reflects as usual some 20 times as large (current gain to gain 10, taking the output from PL2 to the oscillo-
factor of TRI) to the base of TRJ, in parallel with R3. scope Y-input directly. Connect the prod of the probe
's now
R4 fay a 1-5 megohm
re ace<
P^ resistor
i by and
a 3-3
VRImegohm resistor,
by a 1 megohm
and the earth clip across all ten 10 ohm calibration
resistors. Adjust the value of R6 until the display on
linear preset potentiometer, the combined parallel the c.r.t. is of the same height as previously.
impedance will be just about the required 1 megohm. Now return right back to the beginning of this
Any slight final correction can be made subsequently by sequence of adjustments, re-adjusting VRI to obtain
altering the value of R6 alone, after adjusting VRI for the stipulated d.c. reading across RIO, followed .by
correct d.c. operating point (350mV d.c. voltage drop repeating all subsequent adjustments in the same order.
across R10 in this case). Repeat the entire sequence until mutually correct
SETTING UP CIRCUIT CARD VBI settings are observed to have been achieved, i.e. until
nothing needs altering any more on an entire run-
The first step is to set the d.c. operating point. through. VBI is therefore properly adjusted to have a
Connect across R10 a high impedance multimeter or gain of exactly 10 between connections 16 and 8, and
valve voltmeter (sensitivity at least 20 kilohms per volt) its input impedance exactly matches that of the oscil-
set to a range of about I or 2 volts d.c. f.s.d. Adjust loscope Y-amplifier input..
VR) until the meter reading is 600mV (for the given
case with component values as in Fig. I (of last month's
blueprint) and 135 kilohm input impedance at PL1* ADJUSTMENTS TO CIRCUIT CARD VB2
otherwise reading to be less by the same factor as' * It is absolutely essential to have completed adjust-
used m each of the four steps to change to a different ments to VBI before proceeding to adjust VB2.
input impedance as described). The actual adjustment of VB2 is very much simpler
Now connect ten 10 ohm resistors and nine 100 ohm than that of VBI, because this can be built with the
resistors all in series across a 4 volt heater winding on component values as shown in Fig. 1 under all circum-
a mains transformer (Fig. 11), earthing the end of the stances, whatever the input impedance actually required
winding at which the 10 ohm resistors are situated. at PL1. The exact values of input and output
Connect the voltage across all ten 10 ohm resistors impedance of VB2 are relatively unimportant.
straight to the Y-amplifier Input of the oscilloscope
continued on page 214

Photograph of V8/
showing component
layout and posi-
tioning of VRI and
VR2

Photograph of VB2
showing component
layout and posi-
tioning of YR3 and
VR4
 By J o hi n V a N e n c e

POWER WITHOUT WIRES even the super grid cannot pre- and the culprit stands exposed
dominate over nature. However, (blushing furiously, 1 hope) and the
"THE other day I was enjoying a when these networks reach the driver is thus alerted to repeil this
' quiet interlude strolling around the flatter (and more heavily populated) particular boarder.
National Gallery in central London. parts of the country the gargantuan Electronic means for ejecting pas-
Coming face to face again with the towers and the aerial fence strung sengers who try to stay on beyond
works of those great landscape between them overwhelm the sur- their proper fare stage have yet to be
artists Constable and Turner, I was rounding scene for miles. invented. In the meanwhile, this
reminded of the fierce controversy The national grid system is the part of the operation remains exclu-
that arises whenever the Electricity country's life-line and demands for sively in human hands (well, let's be
Board proposes to build a generating electrical power are ever increasing. quite fair about this—inspectors are
station or wishes to run a new high But is there no real alternative? human you know).
voltage grid line over some part of We are told that the cost per mile In case Mancunians think this is
the countryside. of an underground cable is very one more example of what Man-
Why should modern structures nearly -15 times that of an over- chester Does Today etc., may I
such as these be considered an intoler- bead system. It is apparent that mention that in the greatest conur-
able intrusion upon the natural overhead cables there must be— bation of all, London Transport
scene, when Constable was happy to at any rate until the transmission of has been trying out a number of
paint man-made structures such as power by radio or light waves electronic devices all with the intent
mills and lock-gates. Indeed, build- becomes a practical proposition. of speeding the flow of its million
ings like these are prominent features Power by "wireless" has been per day commuters.
of some of his most admired land- talked about for years past. I
scapes. Why does an old broken- believe many of the early pioneers
down mill have charm to our eyes, considered this the next logical CONTROLLED ENTRY
and why does a contemporary development following successful • IN fact, an electronic ticket inspector
engineering work offend ? attempts to communicate over long 'has been on duly at one of London's
Consider the nuclear power distances by radio waves. Underground Railway Stations for
stations. Each of these shows Will this remain just a pipe dream several months now—but he is still
thought and consideration for the for another -50 years or more? only on probation.
local amenities. Well designed out- Or will visitors to the National The passenger places his ticket
lines and the use of local stone Gallery in 2064 stand enthralled in into a slot by the entrance gate, the
wherever possible for cladding the front of landscapes painted by their ticket is scanned by an electronic
outer surfaces have produced quite contemporaries that owe much of device and, if in order, the gate is
aesthetically pleasing results. their "old world" charm to the long released and the passenger picks up
But it is mainly the transmission disused pylons standing sentinel on his ticket as it emerges from another
system that offends. It is a question the distant hill tops? slot adjacent to a second gate which
of scale. In the vas.t mountainous admits him lo the plaiform.
regions of North Wales or Scotland What exactly happens should one
NON-CONDUCTOR attempt to pass off an out-of-date or
IS the familiar cry "all fares please" phoney ticket, 1 have not had the
'soon to become extinct—soon to be courage to find out I The thought of
numbered among the street cries of being trapped between locked gates
bygone days? to the possible accompaniment of
I started musing on this subject ringing bells and flashing lights is a
after reading reports of electronic sufficient deterrent to yours truly!
I ticket reading machines now being This ticket barrier heralds the
-x V Uiv, brought into service on conductor- arrival of automation on the London
m Icss buses in Manchester. Underground Railway System. Let
n The scheme operates apparently us hope no-fuses are blown during
like this. The intending passenger rush hour.
AM If60. r buys a special ticket with a metallic Incidentally, further applications
inset from a vending machine at the of this kind of device intrigue me.
bus stop. When boarding the vehicle How about an electronically operated
the ticket is pushed into a slot and is letter box for the home? This
examined by the ticket reading could be programmed so that bills,
machine which then cuts off the soap powder vouchers and other
metal portion, thus preventing its undesirable communications are
further use. If a phoney ticket is promptly rejected from the front
Actually , , . it's an abstract offered to the machine a bell rings door. Well, it's a thought anyhow.
210
 HIGH IMPEDANCE VOLTMETER . If the scheme in Fig. 1 b is being used, each multiplier
continued from page 177 is adjusted individually and it is not essential to pro-
SI AND THE MULTIPLIERS ceed from position 2 of SI to position 9 in that order.
Reference potentials for ranges over, say, 50V can
First wire Into circuit R9 and BY I. The latter should normally be found in the h.t. circuits of amplifiers and
preferably be a slighily used D23 battery (use one to radio receivers. Calibration should be carried out by
feed a torch bulb for a minute or two) so that the open- measuring the potentials with an ordinary multimeter
circuit voltage is near to I -5—a new cell will have an connected in parallel with this instrument.
open-circuit voltage greater than 1*5. R9 should be
quite accurate, say 5 per cent or closer, and can be a 10 USING THE INSTRUMENT
per cent type with a suitable series or parallel resistor First, the unit is switched on with S2 and set to one
to bring the value closer to 15 kilohms. of its eight ranges. The meter will probably not read
Resistor RI can be wired into circuit and should be zero, so VR2 should be adjusted until zero reading is
a 5 per cent or 10 per cent type suitably adjusted with obtained (it may be necessary to open or close S3
other resistors. The meter is then switched on with S2, which is used to compensate for the variations in
brought to zero with VR2 (S3 may need opening or standing current through TRI due to alterations in
closing), and then switched with St to "Cal.". VR1 the ambient temperature). Having obtained a zero
should then be adjusted to obtain f.s.d. on the meter. reading, SI is now switched to •'Cal." and VRl turned
If the scheme In Fig. la Is being used, SI is turned to to obtain f.s.d. on the meter. The instrument is now
position 2 (IV) and the resistor to be used for R2 is then set up ready for use, but the adjustments may need to be
temporarily connected in series with the negative test repeated if it is used for long periods, particularly if the
lead. The lest leads are then connected to a source of ambient temperature changes.
which the potential is known (a used, but not exhausted, The meter will be found particularly useful for
dry battery, for example) and the value of R2 adjusted, measuring a.g.c. potentials, limiter-grid potentials in
with the aid of series or parallel resistors, to give the f.m. receivers, and anode voltages where anode loads
correct deflection on the meter M. This procedure Is are high in value. If instability results from connec-
then used to determine the other multipliers, each being tion of the unit to the circuit under test, a 4-7 kilohm
soldered into position when the correct value has to or (0 kilohm resistor can be used in series with the
be obtained. Note that the resistors must be deter- "live" test lead, right at the end, and will give rise in
mined in the order R2 to R8. most cases to negligible error.

P.E. DATA BOOKLETS page 5

The pull-out supplement in the centre of this issue Second formula should read:
forms the middle section of Data Booklet 2, pages or using j notation Z ohms = R — j/wC
5 to 12 inclusive. The outer section was included in
last month's Practical Electronics. Third formula should read:
Remove these supplements by pulling smartly from if
the magazine. Fold each supplement in half and = cos- | = COS-1
cut along the top edges of the pages.
V-r!+
Data Booklet I
page 6
Attention Is drawn to certain amendments that
should be made to Data Booklet 1 presented with our Basic Magnetic Formula. Equation (1) should read:
first issue. $ . l.N
This booklet contains formulae of fundamental
importance and it is much regretted that a few inac-
curacies crept in during its compilation and printing. Note: I not figure 1
In order to avoid any confusion arising from its use and po should read /t0
at a later date, it is suggested that the following points page 10
be recorded immediately on the appropriate pages of
your copy of Data Booklet 1, First formula should read:
page 2
power factor^ = cos- | = cos - ^^^5,
Resistance is inversely proportional to area -
a
page 11
thus H oc - x / and R ~ p~
r Geometrical Progression. Add under formula:
a a
for r = < I multiply top and bottom of right-
Note: ^ (figure 1 not I in first two cases) hand side of equation only by —1.
Also add note: r — common ratio
page 3 page 12
Multi-plate Capacitor formula should read: Trigonometrical Identities. Last line but one should
„ £o£>(n — Da , read:
C= — — Farads
cos 1A = cos2 A — sin2 A
n = number of plates Sine and Cosine Laws (for any triangle). Second line
pages 4 and 5 should read:
w should read oj a* h* -[■ c* — 2bc cos A Cosine Law
211
 NEW »

PRODUCTS
Visor Miniboxes

Alfred Imhof Ltd., Ashley Works, Cowley Mill Road,

Uxbridge, Middx,
One of the blueprints in last month's issue
contains details of a home or office Intercom.
Readers desirous of obtaining a truly professional
finish will be glad to learn that a suitable cabinet
finished In stove enamel either blue, silver or dark
grey hammer tone on all internal and external
surfaces is available from Imhofs.
The cabinet is made from 20 s.w.g. aluminium and
is of two-piece design allowing maximum space for
installing components. Our photograph shows
type VM 4060 which costs £1 2s 6d.

Idea! for tape enthusiasts are two recently

announced products by Vidor Ltd., and manu-
factured by M.S.S, Recording Ltd. These are a
"Mastertape Splicer Kit" and a low cost triple play
tape called "Mastertape."
The kit contains five different coloured rolls of
leader tape and one roll of metallic strip and jointing
tape—-as well as a newly designed splicer. The
complete kit which retails at 21s is shown on the left.
The new tape is available on standard spools
containing 600ft to 3,600ft, price ranging from
Good Recording £1 Is Od to £4 19s Od. A polyester film 0 0005in
thick is used for the base material and is covered by
Vldor Ltd., West Street, Erith, Kent a new oxide with low friction finish which reduces
recording head wear.

Contact Cleaner
Electrolube Ltd., Oxford Avenue, Slough, Bucks.
The efficient functioning of electrical and electronic equipment is
often impaired by the effects of corrosion and tarnish on contacts.
Electrolube Ltd, produce a range of solvents especially to deal
with the above mentioned problems. The most commonly used is
Electrolube Nos. I and 2, which are available in handy 2oz sv
"snorkel" bottles or pen dispensers.
Electrolube No. I is recommended for dirty or worn contacts on
potentiometers (wire or carbon track), valve or plug pins and
sockets, and push-button or wafer switches. Since the solvent does
not evaporate quickly it may carbonise if used on contacts where
sparking can occur. For treating and lubricating all clean arcing
and non-arcing contacts, surfaces and mechanisms free from
mineral or other lubricants and grease. No. 2 is recommended.
Our photograph shows the solvent being applied to valve pins
to improve sensitivity and signal to noise ratio.

212
 NOW ANYONE CAN
AFFORD TO TRAIN TO
BE AN EXPERT IN RADIO*
TV, AND ELECTRONICS
Anyone can sffoni thegc nmiUlnpf onnrsee—anyone cm nnderstnnd this nracUcal IintninK—
J.o complieotcd
*o inwimie j'oulmathematics to hold you back—No old taobiooed, obscure espianaliOBs
The lessons are CSYSTAI, CLEAR. PEACXICAL. EASY TO KASTEE AND USE—Enrtr X lOOOVhOOOV Is,
lessons mate fundamentals clear even to the beginner, while other lesaorm will give yon (he 2S0V • * 250V
practical know-how " ol an expert! ^
Compares favourably
market through large with
volume some
salescourses costing veryIndividual
and cBmlnnting much morelletter By creating
writing a mass
6 we are able
to pass on these savings directly to youl c'? ionv with the' ,oov X
" o
!?• '"''ded
wiopllt.vr hnndhrisc on extra large quarto size theeta and hound into one manual to
and distribution.
rieasc beC0 course most stilInbie for your requirements from the lollowingr 25V 25V
w ai }J,RSE' Yundamcntnt f.-wta—Electrons—Conductors ami •Insulators—
*7" «gn<!,ifiJn—0hro'a Law—Resistor
I use—-Elcelro-MagnctlBm—Electromagoellc Colour Code—Chert—
Induction—Self Imluellon— D
Jtadio Frequency ladaelanocs—Capaelly Coupling—I.F. Tnmsformers—Kadio Colls—
P! 0r8— 8
o .Filters—Rene
^i. r* I once—^Dlcleclrie—Capacitor
and Resistance—Cherts Colour
to Code—Alternating
calculate Capacity Current
Frequency 10V- 10V
and Inductance—Handy Rjullo Formuiue—X'ructicnl Aspects of Radio Servicing—Radio
T?aMh^Tn,Action—IM-.Stnhihziilion—Tmnslstor
^?™.r ™
Gc anlum
—RBiasTypeAdjustment—R.F.
Oeimaniuta—DiodeAmpllllca-
Action—
A-V.C. Power Supplies-Meiers—Multifestcrs and 2-5V
an O r o" t ? Signal
VWemv Tm . ° S-Jrvlctng—Ahgnnicnt—Amplificra and P.A. Boulpment—High Oeneratore and Signal Tracem-CV.ng
Obtainn Radio Jobs.t a Pttce o - Liverse
lot theFeedback—Speakers—Frequcnor
complete course. ONLY 36/-. Modulation—Kow
Flos postage 1/6. to
?; LFECTEOHIQS^ r e!OCOURSE.
nn0 Includes men0n mostBch:l
of the
r o above
r at lessons plus la-O. and E,
xi performance ia
Wmfc v u r na
>o'tmeter—Ohm , ometer
~ ' ' " Resonance—How
Connections—Valves—Electron Meters
Behavlout— O
n g_ ~r<:ri^der, SuPPliea—Audio Amplidcrs—Microphonce— ^xio6/ , 1 ibmA
Cimdt R„aS. ? . B.'®'—Rush
A!n|,!i,ier, Pull and Parallel—Phase Inverter
Receiver Ch^.M"Tu '~I;F' •'""I MuHibanrt Colls-llelectlon-
"t-R.e>ud'a of Frequency .Mixing—A.V.C.—Electronic Oscillators— '^4 - ArlmA ImA f-.
O
?^h - ra B T .. Transmitter Circmfs—Modulation and Tuning—Bines. Antennas P
Phntirtlu P . *l"'»P"ent Using Meters—Electronic Test Equipment—Thvrattoas
TilreOon^flrS2lS^ruXurf0B?0?Pn?.',—H"F' Rl^tronlc Shaping Ci'reuils—
Fries0 for th. completsr coutso. ONLY 89/6. Fins postage 1/6.
No2 TFTF^Iin«
'JThn — ? COWESE. n r?.roC?v0aMeet
,'oe Jlls-adjuated ® "rtiflcate-as lallsaent oi with each order.
Bervtce adiitstmenls—Cdrcnit Faults ofIruiicated by ftcontrols—Pictures
Poor Fiiltcm—Finding vartous
JiRdfaiills—
Tftlvea
0 lt9 1
XetSitri mt Weu' ^!r■Inlerferetnm—Antenna
f"" —Sep""-® ® Channel I.F. Syalem—Interonrricr I.P. Transmis-
System—
-^ taPrinciples
He, ou and Fractioes—tJJI.p.
Beramtnrt T^v lutertcrcnce
Separators—^. rt^'i Aids—All about , Cathode
P„> Sendee
Ray Work—Synchroolrtng
Tubes—Explanation of
Oaln
cin-nitl^i^i ^!?,?TrrnCdVHl«P Amplifier-p.C.
C'"''11• 0"—O^lllnlors—Urllec'ion E
Restorer Frequencv
Coils—Automatio arcult-Automalio
Control
re^l qTj n .i sli v"1 r,Q . ". n I'
t )en,5c,in - «olver—Analysis
Circuit—The Horizontal ofEeBeclioa
ThreeInterdii'rrlerTvpe
Clradt—WaVe-
milV
Test tv^"- ® "s sections of aofT.V.—u.H.F,
Equipment. andS Alignment—Analysis Converters and Xunere—T.V.
Various Problems.
Fries for the complete course. QHLY 38/-. Flos postage 1/8.
racoromosAixT
You mustbocQn raced gtjarahteeo
thas I 70U
this is the beetto give complete
value you hnveeverseensatisfactioh
in Electronic. Radio
««f order) niterhcrT S cxnmmed It In(htyour
you' have > vonmeown(or
homehaveloryour
a lullmoney
seven rcfundedlf
«hiye,
CASH
I'clc on the cotiivon onewn? book for ORDER WE WILL
each course orderedIKCLTOB
with full Acash,
FREE 70-PAGE BOOE.
LOSCOPI^OOK™8 FAULr Fnn3nfs B00K* TELEVISION FAULT BOOK. OSCIL-
,
Kf
'which^.irf?.
^/nvv,
b K ! s nre n,, l ,r fl lvc
.a^'1 'wel . separately—by
" ; " J sending. «h'l'loaded
cash you withreduce
informnllon.
book-keepingWould andcost
otheratcosts,
least
savings pass back to you! •

— — — —FREE TRIAL OFFER- — —. MULTIMINOR#//

Fay only 5/- per week If yott wish nip coupon right now- for thia special offer The newly improved model of this famous AVO
To: Sim-Tech Book Company, Dept. EL3,, Qalet'a Mid, West End, Sonihampfoa, Hants. pocket size multi-range instrument has been enthusiastic-
Please send the following courses lor iv full seven days' (rial. ally acclaimed in all parts of the world.for its high
□ No. 1. RADIO COURSE. □ Ho. S, ELECTSOHICS COUBSE. standards of accuracy and dependability as well as for its
37/6, fncl. postage. 41/-. inol, postsge. modern styling, its highly efficient internal assemblies and
□ Ho. 3. TELEVISION COURSE. its resistance to extremes of climatic conditions.
37/6, Incl. postage.
(Free (rial cuolomera lick one only please). It is simple to use, one rotary switch for instant range selection,
only one pair of sockets for all measurements, and a 2Mnth clearly
Mrt0t mlhfh!-d.' tJ-'nlK, 'he cm,rw post-paid wllhoul further obligation on my marked scalc-ptate. It is supplied in an
STige has been paidl ^ ^ 0R ' lrae,<ly ,m,U P^h®96 Friee plus 2/6 sen-Ice attractive black carrying case complete with
Q Tick here if enclosing fully purchase price. interchangeable test prods and clips, and a
Please send ma □ FREE. RADIO FAULT FINDINO BOOK, multi-lingual instruction booklet.
o FREE T.V, FAULT FDfDIHQ BOOK. O FREE OSCILLOSCOPE BOOK.
Amount cnclDaed £. RESISTANCE; O-lMJl in 2 ranges, using I.SV celi
'hotsend
coslometB please YOU will
full refund
oiuountthis money InIreland).
(including full If I am not 100%' satlsfletL Orerseoa . SEHSmvmr: lO.OOOSi/V ,on d.c. voltage ranges
1,000ft/V on a.c. voltage ranges to send you a full
SAME - specification of this
great little instru-
ment. It measures only
7i x 4 x /} ins. one
.^sycD xtid weighs only 24 ozs.
AVOCET HOUSE • 92-96 VAUXHALL BRIDGE ROAD - LONDON S.W.I
aty.. Telephone: Victoria 3404 (12 lines) b *
Oounly..
213
NEW PRODVCTS—comnueu PRECISION DECIMAL STEP
PRE-AMPLIFIER—continued from page 209
The factors governing internal impedance relation-
ships within VB2 are the same as for VBl.
Having completed adjustments to VBl, switch the
1 ? m pre-amplifier to "gain 100" with SI. Connect the
oscilloscope probe directly to the oscilloscope and the
prod and earth clip thereof across the entire chain of
calibration resistors in the same arrangement as pre-
viously. Adjust for convenient height of display on
the c.r.t. (Y-amplifier gain). Disconnect probe from
the oscilloscope and connect to input PL1 of the pre-
amplifier, having first adjusted VR3 for 600mV reading
on a high impedance voltmeter across R20. Connect
prod and earth clip of probe across one single 10 ohm
calibration resistor at the extreme earth end of the
chain. Adjust VR4 to bring the height of the trace
on the c.r.t. to the same value as previously.
Adjustment of VB2 Is now complete, as is that
of the entire pre-amplifier.

SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RELATIONSHIP
With the oscilloscope probe connected to the input
of the pre-amplifier, conditions are virtually those of
Tool Pack an open circuit. In the author's set-up about 25 micro-
volts of noise were observed to be developed at the
W. K. & C. Peace Ltd., Templeborougb Works, base of TR1, leading to 2,5 millivolts of noise at the
Sheffield 9.
output terminal PL2. The resulting "grass" on
A new kit of small hand tools, suitable for the trace of the c.r.t. when everything is set to full
electronic enthusiasts, model makers, radio gain is well under one millimetre wide..
repairers etc., is now being marketed by the If the pre-amplifier is connected to the Y-jnput,
above firm. again with Y-gain full up and pre-amplifier gain set to
The kit consists of three of the most 100, and input signals to the pre-amplifier are fed in
commonly used pliers (combination, radio directly without a probe, then the noise level will be
and multi-grip), two screwdrivers (one con- less than the normal trace width on the c.r.t. as long
ventional and one Phillips recessed head as the input signal source impedance is less than
type), and a card of 5,10 and 15 amp fuse wire 10 kilohms. In other words, noise will be quite im-
completes the pack. The kit is housed in a noticeable on the c.r.t. under these conditions.
roll-pack wallet and retails at 28s 6d. If the signal source impedance is even less still, as
This new kit should prove to be a handy will mostly be the case for electroacoustic applications
addition to the tool box, but we feel we must where the effects of residual hiss would be most
point out that the pliers do not have insulated serious, it is advisable to remove Rl, connecting PL1
handles and should never be used in "live" straight through to Cl. The impedance presented to
circuits. the base of TR1 by most gramophone pick-ups or
microphone arrangements, with or without trans-
formers, is then so small that the hiss level Is hardly
audible in the final loudspeakers following a sub-
sequent main amplifier of any normal design. It is,
however, essential to retain RI if there is any danger of
d.c. surges being applied to PLI under any working
Transformer Design Kits conditions, though the value of Rl may be reduced to
10 kilohms to strike a compromise.
If the pre-amplifier is intended to be used equally
frequently for electroacoustic and for metric purposes,
The Belclere Co. Ltd., 385-387, Cowley with great importance attached to optimum signal-to-
Road, Oxford. noise ratio in the former case, it is advisable to build
VBl without Rl, taking PL! straight to CI. Rl must
Readers who find it necessary to then be built into the coaxial connecting cable reserved
wind their own transformers for for metric applications, always taking care to use this
prototype electronic circuits should cable and no other one when making quantitative
find the transformer kits of the above measurements and/or when high d.c. components may
firm helpful. They now supply 51 be present in the signal source. R1, of course, has some
different kits which offer a wide influence on the effective gain of VBl, so that the exact
selection of bobbins and clamps, if adjustments should then be made including the metric
needed, together with the required cable with built-in Rl,
amount of laminations in a choice of Hie gain without the metric cable, for low-noise
materials. electroacoustic work, will then be very slightly higher,
but this is unimportant in such cases. ^
214
 For the Finest Value and Service to the

HOME CONSTRUCTOR AND

radio THE ELECTRONICS ENTHUSIAST

I We consideraor comtractioo vuceli to be Ibe fineit »«Ia e on the home comiroctor mftrk«i. It on receipt yoa tee) not com- I
petent to boild the Jet, yon may letnrn It as received within 7 daya, when the eom paid will be telnnded lese postage.
TRANSISTOR PORTABLES CONSTRUCTORS BARGAINS
THE SKYROVER RANGE The "Sixteen" Multfrange
OENERAt
7band
Irniudslor SPECmcATIOff
2 diode enperhet, 6 wove- METER KIT
portableplus
recefver.
I'he BKYKOVIiR and Medium
SKYROVEE DB This outslnnding meter wna featured by Pracllnil TTiVefe**,
In thekit Jan.of '64
I.UXE cover the lull WaveWod
imd Short Wavebnnd 3l-t)4M, nnd also 4 plete partsIssue. Lnsky'abyareIhenow
as specified nble to olter the com-
designer.
aepamte RANGE STECXFICATIOH:
luM, ItlM, Bwltohed
lyjl and 25M. bimd-sprend
vitb Bund ranges.
Spread D.C. volts:volts: 0-2.6-25-511-250-600 nt SfhOOoU/V.
Timing for nccnnitc
The cull pHckand Selection. A.C.
Stntlonis completelv
ttmlng heart D.O. current;0-2a-5020tl-3lHl
»-6ti(iA, O-2.5-50-2nuBl l.l>l>uQ/V.
mA.
factory asseiublol, wired and lenleil. The Beslstimce: O-awifJ. tPSuokJJ, o-2ocoil.
Jlf2.With Universalshnnt
rcinulnlng assembly oao lie completed In full scale ileHectlon current Ismoving
Basio movement: 4l)(aA fAd. 6(l/iA.
tinder three hours from our easy to follow, Size/llnlsli: Utock plastic enre—n; x 6} X I fin.
eiiige
Kc/o. byAllstage iustnictloRB.
Milliard TransleiorsSupcrhet, 470 Controls: 12 jiositfun range switch: separate slide switch for
ntid Diode.
„ , _ totead
Bpeaker.Bnsy . Uses 4-Uo batteries.
DialSoale.BOOM4VOntput.Teleacopic AerliiSin.
1 uudCemmic
tVrrileMagnet RDI. A-C.
Rod Aerfal. meter
volt*—D.C. ohms: ohms zero Adjustment pot. meter; H.P. Terms: 21/-
The SKYROVER MK II. The SKYROVER De Luxe lest leadzero. plugs.External coimectlous; Two 4 xuiii. sockets for depoail payments
and 5 monthly
of 21/-.avail-
tniustrated). Kow applied with re-" Tons Clronlt 1b Incorpomled, with separate Fewer requirements: One I3v. ond one T.5v. butts. Complete Data and circuit
designed csbinet, edgwiss controls. New Tone Control In addition to Volume with all parts mid full constroulluo details. able separnlely, 2/6;
eoloor tnoins »o«le and cabinet in Si era Com rot. Tuning Com rol and Waveband LASKY'S PRICE £5.19.6 P ap. 5/-. refunded bought. If Pair all parti of
Selector. In a wood cabincl.siw lljxtiix
controls, waveband Selector, Volume Sin. covered with a washable rnuterinl, with BUILD A HIGH QUALITY TAPE RECORDER batteries 2/-extra.
Control with on/o« Snitch, Tuning Oui. plastic trim and carrying handle. Also car Uiing the famous Collaro "STUDIO" deck and MARTIN pre-
trol.lnplaeticcablneMizelOxUJ
wito melnl trim antJ airryhtg handle. xailn. neriaJ socket Btted.
*"i now £8 1Q fi p; ^ Can now jy-J r-» 1Q R P. Si P. assembled amplifiers 2- or d-track models.
be boiii lot X.0.13.0 3/. extru. bebaUtfoc «5t'IU.iy.O 3/. extra. Lu'"'uurli'l COLLARO STUDIO TAPE DECK.
H.P. Terms; £1 deposit and H.P. Terms: 25/- deposit and LASKY S PHICE £10/10/-. 5 speed, S motors.Sew nndTulteUnused.
7in. reel*.Carr.Fitted with7/C.
S Pack. hnlf-lrack heads.
11 monthly payments of 16,6. 11 monthly payments 0! 20/-.
Bata lor j/j
balterlea eachexlnt.
teceiver: All 2/6 extra. uvailnbte
coiopongnU If you ptirchuoe the parcel. Pont D2 quarter-track heads. LASKY'S PRICE £13/19/6, Carr. Ic Pack. 7/8. with the latest
Refundedsepiiralely, RO STUDIO TAPE DECK. Asahcvebiiinued
MARTIN TAPE RECORDER AMPS. Designed for use with Collaro
^VDrtwGc^rA1
SKYROVER
E
ol.'lNJl.90VERAQE
andi SKYROVER
18 N0W
DE LUXE. A simple AVAILABLE
additional clrouli THE Studio
FORprovides prehensive Tupeinstrucllons
Deck. la snb-jusemblies for limnedlnte
innke tinitl assembly us simpleInstillation.
as possible.t>-valve circuit,
Everything Coro-
supplied
coverage of the llWl/laaiM hnnd (Including 15uu M. Light prognimme). This is mcludlng vulves, etc. Monitoring CaciUtleg. 3-oh!n output, speed equalising, etc. For
fn addition to all existing Medium and Short wnvcbaiuls. . _ , 2tHJ-2.1i) v, A.C. nialna.
Ad necessary componeniswiih construction data. Only 10/- exhra Post Free, PRICES {-track Model £ll/U/-. J-frack Model E1S/I2/-. P. & p. 2/6.
been ronstratied8 SBttaW<',or S^srover and Skycover De Luxe receivers that have already Porlnble carrying ciiee derfgned to tnke the Collaro Studio Tape Deck and the Martin
jape Amplifier. Fitted with B x 61a. speaker. Price complete with speaker £5/5/-.
REALISTIC SEVEN
Folly tunable long .ind medium bands. t?see 7 Mullard TRANSISTORS ALL BRAND NEW '
Transistors:
STAR features: phis Diode OA TP. AND GUARANTEED
• 7 Tranjlstor Sopcrhet. GET SI, DOT 85, OET 86 2/6; 873A. 874P 3/6; OC-I5, OC71, OC81D 4/6: OC 44,
high flux speaker. • All•components
350 Milliwatt ontpul41n.
montilcd on a OC 70, OC
OC 28, OC42.76,OC OC43,881 5/6: (uinlcb pidr 10/81; AF 117, 00 75. OC 17U, CO 200 6/8:
3, OC 78, OC 82D 7/6 : 0 0 201. OC 284 16/-; OC 285. OC 208 19/6:
amgle printed circuit btmnl, size SJInuXdJin. In ono OC 28 24/6.
complete assembly. # Plastic cabinet,
handle, size 71n. x lOtn. -Ctjln., In blue/grey. 9 Eusv with ennying
to read din). • External socket for car iieiial. • l.p.'- ——^n;;. TRAN SFILTERS By BRUSH CRYSTAL CO. Arailshle Icom stock.
Irequency TO—01B 465kc/s. ± 2 kefs. I TO—02D 470 ke/s. ± 1 kc/s.
• Operates4TOfrom Kc/s. ITU or• similar
Perrllebutt. rod inlcmnl
• Fullnerlnt.
com- Can be bollt for TO—010 478 kc/s, ± 2 kc/s. TF—OIB 405 kc/s. ± 2 kc/s. ' EACH
prehensive dataetc.,
coils and I.F.e suppliedfully with
woundeach Receiver.
ready • All
for Immedlule aCS . 19 , TO—02B 465 kc/s. ± 1 kc/s. I TP—OlD 470 ko/». ± 2 kc/a. P. & P. 6d.
assembly. An oalstnndlng Receiver. p. & p. 4/6. FROM PRE-AMPu TON 20 W,TH WATT HI-FI STEREO
REALISTIC SEVEN De Luxe By popnlar request Da MaaCUMtak-T
knott^T^nlisllcSevennon'avaitnWe. "WJih Luxe 8|>eclJlcjii5on
Jh^enmecleclriccil version of osstnrnlard
the well- ASSEMBLY AVAILABLE 5X.?. .'!:?i. FROM .5i STOCK martin audiokits—
model—PLtft A SUPERIOR TJemgkits specially
are all developed circuits, the very
beforelatest inm«l«lora nnd printed
Althougheircuila—
covered In nttractive waahnble WOOD tnaterfiiKCABUsET IN UOXTKMPORARY
with eitper-tfamme trim and carry tng STYl.LSa
hiindte. these fully checked and tested lea vlng thefnetory. the kite
Also a full via ion clrcolnr tiral, cxUmaJJy mountcil to furtiier enhance Ihe plwisanl aregroat basically deaigne.
Jidvnnluge (3 - withtoyexisting
use together
valve
....... Vthe
or
I pre-umpllttcr
tranalstor
n.innioilfj nnd mixer stages may be used
equipment.
CVJ
Htyimg, ONLY fil EXTRA R-stage Matching Input Selector Unit
Bath models: Battery 8/9 extra. {AH componenta nrallnble scpjimtely.) Data and KIT El Pre-ampllrlcr with volume control LASKY'S PRICE 47/6.
InatrnctlonsgepiinHely g/6, refmuled if you pnrchiise fmruel. KIT 3. k-Chnnnel Mixer with plug-in (idaplore for LASKY'S PRICE 37/8.
Individually
8 8 each matching each circuit. Adaptors
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215
 Sub-miniature
1 DIA
Electrolytics
X 9^
for Transistor

"T
Circuits Si
GTS.
This range of shorter capacitors has been introduced to meet
the ever increasing demand for smaller electrolytics to be used
in miniaturised transistor circuits in both industrial and commercial electronic-applications. Each type is available for
either horizontal or vertical mounting and preference should
T.C.C. Case Size Maximum D.C. Wkg. be indicated when ordering by inserting V or H after the
TYPE in inches Voltages and Cap. (/tF) T.C.C.otype number.
NO. ★ -20 C to operating temperature range.
D L c 3V 6V 9Y 10V 12V ISV 25V1 SOY ★ WELDED CONNECTION WIRES for low resistance
CE.2VorH i T 0,07 8 6 4 - 3 2 - - contact, with solder-coating for ease of assembly. Standard
CE.3VorH To O.i 25 20 15 - 10 6 4 wire length is 1^"; but for vertical mounting the wire is
cropped to
CE.4VorH 4" 0.! 40 30 20 - 15 8 6 - ★ INSULATED SEAMLESS ALUMINIUM CASES
CE.SVorH iV 0,14 50 40 25 - 20 10 8 - sealed with a synthetic rubber bung.
CE.6VorH ai T 0.14 80 60 40 - 30 IS 12 - ★ CAP. TOLERANCE OF-20% to+100% of the rated
capacitance.
CE.7VorH i 0.18 100 75 50 - 40 20 IS - LEAKAGE CURRENT; for CE.2-7 may be determined from
CE.8YorH 1 0.14 100 80 - 60 - 40 25 8 the following: I (piA) = .01 C.V. + 10 at applied working
200 - 160 - 100 60 20 voltage and at 20®C.
CE.9VorH a t- 0.2 250 For CE.8-9 it is determined from: I (^A) = .02 C.V, -f20 at
V «= Vertical mounting H = Horizontal mounting applied working voltage and at20oC.
4
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216
 By S. Chisholm

The tenor guitar described in this article is intended BODY

for use with the electronic guitar amplifier, details The body should be tackled first. Obtain two
of which will be published in the February issue of pieces of hardwood approximately 2 Bin x !3in x |in
Practical Electronics. The guitar includes the thick. Mark out the surface of one piece (A) in
following controls: accordance with Fig. 1 to take the matching trans-
(1) Continuously variable volume control. former (e), the recess for the pick-up (b), and the
(2) Preset tone control giving bass boost, normal recess for the volume control and two switches (c).
response or treble boost, all conditions being (Note that dimensions for the transformer recess are
volume compensated. not given as these will depend on the size of the com-
(3) Optional preset two-speed vibrato selection. ponent used.) Cut out these areas completely, then
Tremolo is not provided but can be included by a cut shallow channels on the underside to link (b), (e)
changed design of bridge assembly and the addition of and (c).as shown.
a lever mechanism. Place the second piece (B) under A. Mark B
through the apertures in A. Remove A, then chisel
GENERAL CONSTRUCTION out sufficient of B to provide the required depth of
The body of the guitar (see Fig. 1 on blueprint for over- recess to take the toggle switches, volume control,
all view) is formed of two close-grained hardwood plates, and transformer (the measurement will, of course,
channelled to hold the pick-up, controls, sockets and allow for the thickness of A). Note that the switches
internal wiring. The stem is also of a sound close- must be of shallow construction in order to clear the
grained hardwood (preferably oak) with no grain control socket beneath them.
curvature in any direction and well seasoned so that Drill a ikin diameter pilot hole in the centre of
the stem will not bend under string tension. The circle (d) within the volume control recess in B. Turn
fretboard on the stem is of softer material (fine maho- B over and, using this pilot hole, cut out the lin
gany) and screwed firmly to the stem. The frets are diameter hole (d) to accommodate the control socket.
made from standard commercial fret wire. The shape of the body may now be marked out on A,
The head is also of oak, dowelled and glued to the then clamp A and B together, ensuring that the holes
stem. A steel plate holds the head at the correct angle in A align with the recesses in B. Using a fine padsaw
for string tensioning and prevents the head from rising or similar tool, cut around the body outline. Round
under tension. The string winders are commercial off the edges of the two pieces to provide a pleasing
items. The bridge is made from hardwood and set contour and smooth off with fine garnet paper any
on the tailplate (of heavy gauge brass) secured to the roughness on the front and back of the body which
face of the body. Two pressure screws provide might spoil the enamelling process. The finished job
adjustment at the tailplate to set the strings at the should be rounded off smoothly to meet the outline of
optimum height above the pick-up. the pattern for the fingerboard.
The pick-up cover is of thin sheet brass, clamped The two pieces may now be glued together taking
into position when the pick-up adjustment has been great care to secure accurate alignment. After glueing,
carried out. The pick-up uses Eclipse button magnets hold the parts in position with clamps. It is worth-
and is designed for easy construction, simple adjust- while to cover the jaws of the clamps with scrap wood
ment, and for ample sensitivity. If correctly made it or thick rag to protect the workpiece.
cannot burn out, or go open-circuit. The low im-
pedance output is passed to a transformer housed PICK-UP
within the guitar body, then through a volume control The materials required are three i-in diameter
to the output socket for connection to the amplifier. Eclipse button magnets, three iin 8 BA countersunk
The controls are mounted on a removable finger- head screws with nuts and washers, an aluminium
board cut from a sheet of Formica, under which the strip approximately S^-in x fin x ^in thick, about
transformer is housed, making it easily accessible. 30ft of 30 s.w.g. enamelled wire, a piece of sponge
217
 rubber approximately 2in X fin x |in, two brass secure the pick-up, until the head diameter is little
woodscrews 2jn No. 4, some adhesive tape (see later), more than that of the holes through which they will
and about 12in thin plastics coated flexible wire. pass. The heads will then clear the windings on the
Bend the aluminium strip to the shape shown in pick-up. Insert the sponge rubber into the pick-up
Fig. 2, then drill as shown. Check that the pick-up housing to provide a resilient seat for the pick-up, then
mount is a nice sliding fit in the pick-up aperture on fit the pick-up mount to straddle the rubber seat, first
the body, then fit all three magnets to the pick-up guiding the pick-up wires into the channel provided.
mount so that the channel in each magnet will be Drill through the mount, and the sponge rubber,
along the length of the body when the mount is fitted. until the drill bites into the wooden body to provide a
Around each magnet limb wind one turn of the starting hole for the fixing screw. Screw down the
adhesive tape making sure the ends overlap.. Polyester pick-up but do not over compress the sponge
thermosetting or electrical tapes (Sellotape Products rubber, as adjustment of pick-up height has to be
Ltd.) should be used. Ordinary packaging tapes are made later. Solder the two pick-up leads to the low
not recommended as the adhesive may remove the impedance terminals of the microphone transformer.
enamel from the wire and impair insulation. The Fit the transformer into its housing, leaving the free
pick-up is now ready for winding. • terminals accessible. Pieces of sponge rubber should
Cut the plastics coated flex into two lengths (6m be packed into the receptacle to absorb any vibration
each): bare one end of each length for about |in. that may occur, as some transformers themselves act
Bare the end of the enamelled wire for about |in. as microphones and will transmit the sound of mech-
Twist these bared ends together as shown in Fig. 2, anical shock. The fingerboard will eventually hold the
then neatly solder the connection. Carefully pass the transformer and rubber protection in place.
free end of the flex through the mount as shown, then
lay the connection on the outer limb of the firs: magnet. STEM
It is worthwhile insulating the soldered joint with tape The stem is cut from a length of fine grained oak
or sleeving. Wind on 30 turns of 30 s.w.g. enamelled I9in X 2jjin x |in. Dimensions of the finished piece
wire as neatly as possible so that the coils will not slip are given in Fig. 3. Rounding off the back of the stem
off the magnet limb; take care not to scrape the wire should be carefully done to give a pleasing final appear-
on the tips of the limb. ance and comfortable handling while playing. The
Having reached the 30th turn, carry the wire finish must be very smooth. If correctly done, the
diagonally across the channel as shown in Fig. 2, then polyurethane coating will present an appearance
wind 30 turns on the remaining limb. Note that the indistinguishable from french polish.
direction of winding is S-shaped round the two limbs.
When 30 turns have been wound on the second limb, FRETBOARD
carry the wire, without a break and wiihout tension,
diagonally across the space between the first and This is a piece of mahogany of dimensions as shown
second magnet, then wind 30 turns on the nearest limb. in Fig. 3. It may now be prepared up to the point
The winding direction is now the same as that on the where the frets are required, fitted for size on the stem,
first limb of the first magnet. Proceed as with the then removed for the present.
first magnet, then wind the third magnet similarly.
When 30 turns have been wound on the last limb, cut HEAD
off the surplus and bare the ends of the wire and the
plastics coaled flex, as described earlier, and make a Dimensions and drilling marks for the head appear
connection which will lie on the outside of the last in Fig. 4. The material must be very sound hardwood
limb wound. Insulate this soldered joint with as there is a considerable and continuous strain exerted
another piece of tape or sleeving. Pass the free end of on the winders attached to it. Thus the material must
flex, together with the original flex, through a larger not yield under the tension of the strings.
piece of sleeving and feed the wires and sleeve through Having cut out the piece and drilled for the winders,
the mounting for external connections later. drill the butt as shown, to accept two jin dowels with
Bare the free ends of the lead-in wires and if an at least iin insertion. Note the shallow angle at the
ohmmeter is available, check continuity to ensure the butt of the head where it will meet the stem; the
connections are still quite sound. The pick-up can be dowels are fitted at right angles to the butt, and not
tested audibly if an amplifier is available. To do so, parallel to the face of the material as one might expect
connect the pick-up leads to the low impedance ter- Groove the dowels along their length to allow surplus
minals of the matching transformer and the high glue to escape, then glue them in position. Allow
impedance terminals of the transformer to the input of ample time for the glue to set firmly, then cut the
the amplifier. Switch on the amplifier, turn up the dowels so that they protrude by iin.
volume control (the amplifier will probably hum
because the pick-up is being handled) and gently tap HEAD STIFFENER
the pick-up limbs with a steel object. A- definite dick The stiffener is preferably a piece of mild steel of the
should be heard from the amplifier as each pick-up dimensions shown in Fig. 5. Cut a recess in the
limb is tapped. Judgement may be difficult, but if head at the area shown in Fig. 4 so that the stiffener
one limb sounds much weaker than another, the turns fits firmly into it. Drill the stiffener (this is best done
on that limb may be short-circuited; It is advisable to after bending the stiffener. otherwise the metal tends to
rewind, using new wire. bend slightly near the holes) and assemble it to the
When satisfied that the pick-up is in good order, head. Mark the head through the holes in the stiffener,
carefully smear each limb with Scotch glue to secure then drill the head to accept |in No. 8 countersunk
the winding; it may then be fitted into the pick-up head wood screws. The winders should now be
bousing as follows. File around the edge of the fitted; one will have to be shaped slightly to allow
countersunk heads of both brass screws to be used to room for the stiffener plate.
218
 Jason tuners and test equipment offer a
wide choice of models designed to meet
present-day requirement* and are a
delight to build.

JTV2 SWITCHED TUNER. All BBCf.m. FHT2

Built-inF.M,
powerTUNER
suppfy. covering 66-106 He's.
All components, less
son transmissions and B8C-t and ITV television four valves £9. 9s, Od, (less power supply
sound channels »t the'turn of a switch. £7. ISs. Od,}.
All components including turret and coil FMT3 TUNER similar to above, but for
fringe areas. Ail components, less vatves
FMTl F.M. Tuner, less valVes 45. 19*. Od. plate but less four valves—£14. Os. 4d. £10,9s. Od. (less power supply £8. ISs, Od.).
MERCURY II Switched tuner less valves
£9. I Si. 4d.
ARGUS Transistor m.w, tuner, complete
£7. iOs. Od. '•!V
OGIO Oscilloscope, less e.r.t, £18. !0t. Od.
Wl I Wobbulator, complete £14. 19s. Od. JTL TAPE PREAMPLIFIER desi|ned to
EM 10 Valve voltmeter, complete <21. Os. Od, suit any tape deck or head. Will simul- AGIO AUDIO GENERATOR. Excellent
taneously record and playback stereo or stability with constant output over entire
S8I6 Tape deck (built only) 1 track mono mono using two or four track heads. Ait range. Tunes from 10 c/s to 100 e/s in four
31 gns. components including valves £22. Is. Od, switched ranges. All components, including
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Four Track, Marriott Heads .. .. £17.17.0 '£3.12,0 12 of 26/2 ,. TK. 40 4 41 66/- „ 3541H 72/- Ttuyox R92 & 94... 99/-
_Tape Amplifiers
. MARTIN TAPE AMPLIFIER KITS » TK. 46 . . 82/- „ Slaunaktr 66/- Robuk RK.3 67/6
„ IK. 55 ... 63/-' Conor 1602 57/6 Feirograph 88/-
For Cotlaro 83II-V 2.Track £11,11.0. 831M-V 4-Track £12.12.0. „ TK. 60 75/-' „ 1601 63/- Sony 521 90/-
Tape Pre-ampllfiers
For Collaro 8319-CP 2-Track £8.8.0. 8319-4-0? 4-Traek £9.9.0. ., TK830/3D 63/- „ 1604 79/- Rovok 84/-
Drop through assembly for mounting 8319 Pre-Amp under Collaro Deck, £1.11.6, .. Cub 35/-' „ 1605 84/- Optawrd 414 + 412 63/-
Ca«e. with speaker. Telelunkcn 85 65/- Stella ST455 63/-
H.r. TERMS available on decks,Foramp. Collaro Deck and
and cases. Ask8311
for Amplifier,
quote. £5.5.0. 95 ... 69/6 „ ST454 57/6 "Wilhoul Paikct
MULLARD TAPE PRE-AKPLIFIER
Wo stock complete kits and alt separate components for the Mullard Tape Pre- KIT
Amplifier. Fully detailed list available. A. BROWN & SONS LTD.
• MARTI A AUDIO KITS (Dept. P.E.) 24-28, GEORGE STREET, HULL TEL: 25413, 25412
High quality, easy to assemble Hi-Fi Units. Fully Transistorised for mono and
atereo/working.
to link together the All units
units are
chosen assembled
for anyand tested and
particular the constructor
installation. has only
The following
mono units are available.
Unit4 I Input selector 47;6.
H"'-
Unit ?43 Pre-amplifier
Mixer Unit 79/6. with volume control 37/6,
Unit Pre-amplifier with tone and volume controls 62/6. 'SUPER SIX'
Units Mam Amplifier 10 watt. 3 ohm output £5,12.6.
Unit? Main Amplifier 10 watt, ISohm output £6.12.6,
Unit
Unit 86 PowerPower UnitUnit for
for Unit
Unit 7S 55/-.
52/6, LONG & MED. WAVE TRANSISTOR RADIO KIT
Unit9A
Units I, 2, 3 and 4 are availablelow
Special pre-aroplifierfor for output
stereo Pick-ups
working 55/,.
at twice the prices shown. NOW ONLY £4.17.6 (posts/-)
•n the Martin Illustrated Leaflet, available free. combinations of units. Full details
Smart plastic eseutcheons are available for all
When you have assembled 41 All new parts.
• JASON F.M. TUNERS this set, you will have # 6 transistors and diode.
We value equivalent to a # 3S0mW output,
partsstockcan boallsupplied
parts needed for the
separately but construction
we can offer of these excellent
attractive reductionstuners.
in priceAllif £12.12.^0 commercial # Superhet circuit, Ferrlte rod aerial.
all items( are purchased at same time as fallows; model.
'®"
e power), £7.15.0.; FMT2 (with power), £9,12.6. #Weyniouth Radio printed circuit
.SI? ('£6.12.6,;
FMTI, "Pow*r>- £9
Mercury -'-62.-i £10.14.6.;
FMT3 (with power).
JTV/2, £l 1.7.6.
£14.12.6. *' board.
Hire Purchase Terms available. Ask for list. # Component positions and refer-
• HI-FI LOUDSPEAKERS ences printed on back of board.
?mSa M N :
(n n-;^A y4oriI30,4-£,S,','6i l?in i*ild,om ,0in
51- ^m.I2in,
Axiom 201, # Nicely styled wooden cabinet,
61 n !i.i
AI Bass, £14.7.8; Trebax Tweeter, £7 70 £6.10.2;
F XO5000 Bass, £9.2.8!
Crossover unitAudiom
£2 0 11 © II X 7i X 3iin.
T8I6 8m., £5,19.6; TI0 Tweeter, - £4.12.0;
l «, '0I3T3S9 tOin..Tweeter,
£4.12.0; HF8l6Bm!. £6.6.0J
£1,12.3: CX3000 # Vinyl covered In various colours.
Crossover unit, £1,13.3; CXISOO Crossover unit, £2.2.0. H.P. Terms available #6 X 4in. speaker giving good
on aij speiikers. bass and treble response.
• OUTPUT TRANSFORMERS # Full instruction booklet 2/-. Free
GILS ON : WOS^SA, VV06968. 60/6, post 2/6. W0892, 75/-, post 2/9. W0767. with kit.
post J/-.
I'T/Os pOSC 1/6. WO 1796, 66/-, post 2/6. WI796A, 66/-. post 2/6. W01932. 9 I.F. frequency 470 kc/s.
p^RTRIDGE: P3667, 75/-,P2642
post 2/9. P4I3I. 75/-, postAll2/9.plus post • Lining up service if required,
30/9, post 2/-; P2629.
PARMEKO: P2928, 49/9;
16/9, post 2/-:, 47/3; P2643,
P2932, 43/.,49/9.
post 2/6, p 2/9, ' . P2641 • All parts supplied separately. Write for list. S.A.E. please.
• Set can be supplied fully built for £6.17.6 tax and carriage paid.
• MAINS TRANSFORMERS • 9v. battery required. VT9 or P.P.9 (3/9 with kit).
3/6, W01288, 69/6, post "f-.-P?" 4/-: WC839.
3/6; W0I56S, 96/-,58/6.
pottpost
4/6;2/9; W0132e.
W0134I, 69/6. 431.,
Choke, pose
pdSC 2/-, R C D
A CE f u ! ?? PLAYER WITH "MAJOR" RERFOR-
P293 57 post 3/3: P26 <4 ao
^' " - '- " .vi * Good
amplifier. "y C"'". rexme covered,
volume. 10 X 745x &Sj33in.r.p.m.
7 in. records 4 transistor
£6.7.6
(Post 5/-). Battery 3/9.
WATTS RADIO ( o^S) LTD Packet of 3, coded
, RF transistors
TRANSISTORS
(equivalent of OC44/5) 7/6 post paid.
S4 CHURCH STREET, WEYBRIDGE, SURREY Set of 6 transistors and diode with circuit diagram. Neatly packed 1(1
Telephone foam-lined box; useful for presentation. IS/- pose paid.
Please note: Postal business only.Weybridge 47SS6 by appointment.
Callers welcome Trode Supplied.
_ . witht order or★C.O.D.
Cash TERMSWeOFcharge
BUSINESS
C.O.D. orders as follows: Up
to £5 minimum
1Post of 4/2. Over £5 and under £10, 2/8. Over £10 no ELECTRONICS (Camberley) ltd.
*8* «*tra on CASH order under
abated. Postage extra on overseas orders irrespective£S exceptof where
orice 15 Victoria Avenue, Camberley, Surrey.
★ HIRE PURCHASE TERMS AVAILABLE P
(Closed Saturday)
220
FITTING THE HEAD TO THE STEM done, the instrument cannot produce the correct notes
Offer up the head to the stem and mark the position at the frets. Mark the guitar body around the edge of
where the dowels will fit into the stem. Drill the stem the tailplate below the bridge block and a little way
and ensure that the dowels fit snugly. While the head down both sides. Remove the tape measure and the
is still in position, turn over the stem and head, fit the bridge block._ •
stiffener into the head as far as it will go, then mark the At _ the tailplate, mark through the holes for the
outline of the stiffener and fixing holes where it lies on securing screws and pressure screws, then remove the
the stem. Remove the stiffener and the head, then cut tailplate. At the pressure screw marks, channel out
out a recess in the stem to take the stiffener. This an area 2\\n x fin to* a depth to accommodate a
must be an accurate and flush fit, otherwise the stiffener similarly dimensioned slip of ^in brass. The depth
will be a permanent nuisance when playing. Drill the is not critical. Fit the tailplate in its marked position,
stiffener holes for fin No. 8 countersunk head screws. and fit the securing screws so that the plate is just held
As the string separator will be part of the stem without free movement. Fit a 4 BA round head
assembly when glueing, it should be prepared now from screw in each of the pressure holes and check that,
the details shown in Fig. 3. when they bear on the pressure plate, the front of the
Warm the mating surfaces of the head and stem, tailplate tilts upward, with the assembly pivoting on
apply glue to the dowels and mating surfaces, then fit the securing screws. The bridge block is fitted later.
the head to the stem. If upward movement is difficult, the securing screw
Carefully fit the stiffener plate before the glue has holes should be elongated on the pick-up side.
set, then drive home the wood screws in the head and
stem. The string separator is also glued into position FRETWIRES
at the head of .the stem. The fret wires may now be fitted to the fretboard.
Mark off the positions of the frets as shown in Fig. 3,
FITTING THE STEM TO THE BODY then make a fine sawcut at each one, using a fretsaw
On most guitars, there is a critical angle between the blade or a junior hacksaw to accept the fretwire.
upper surface of the fretboard, and that of the body. When marking off, measure down both edges of the
This angle determines the sensitivity of the electro- fretboard to ensure accuracy, otherwise the tuning
magnetic pick-up and the clearance between the pick-up of the instrument will not be correct. Use Araldite to
and strings when pressing the strings on frets low glue the frets into position, then place a weighted board
down on the stem. In this particular instrument three on top of the assembly and leave overnight in a warm
adjustments are provided in order to minimise the need atmosphere to harden. When set, fit the fretboard to
for high accuracy. These are: the stem and tighten firmly. Use j-in not fin screws.
(a) adjustable pick-up assembly,
(b) adjustable tailplate, SLOTTING THE BRIDGE BLOCK
(c) adjustable angle of stem. This task is combined with positioning of the wires
This adjustable stem, once set, is left as a permanent above the limbs of the pick-up. To do both, fit the
fixture. It is fitted as follows. two outer strings by passing the wires through the tail-
On the face of the body (Fig. 1) cut away the area (a) plate and over the bridge block (placed on the extremity
fin deep. Drill three holes in the stem for I fin No. 6 of the tailplate), then into the outer grooves of the
countersunk head wood screws. Provide one or two string separator at the head of the stem. Attach the
pieces of ^in plywood or similar material shaped to wires to the relevant winders and tighten until just
the recess, for use later. Lay the stem snugly into the taut. Set the bridge block accurately in position, hold
recess and mark through for entry of the wood screws. it firmly, then move one wire outward until it lies
Drill on these marks and assemble the stem to the body, along the centre of the outer limb of the outer magnet.
but do not tighten fully yet. The fretboard is fitted later. It is advisable to seek assistance to mark on the bridge
the point where the wire crosses. Ease off the wire,
BRIDGE move it into the next inner groove of the separator,
tighten the wire and position it over the inner limb of
The bridge tailplate is formed from tVin sheet brass. the same magnet, ensuring the bridge does not drift.
Bending may require the assistance of a tinsmith with Mark the block bar where the wire crosses. Proceed
the necessary equipment, in this way for the remaining four positions, remember-
Mark out the material as shown in Fig, 5. Shape ng to change to a more convenient wire as necessary.
and drill accordingly, remembering to cut keyholes to When all six positions have been marked on the bar,
catch the beads on the strings. Prepare the bridge slacken the wires, remove the bridge, and cut notches
block from hardwood; the shape is shown in Fig. 5, to accept the wires. The depth of cut for wrapped
Slotting of the block will be done later. strings should be slightly less than for the others.
On the underside of the tailplate solder a 4 BA nut
at both pressure screw boles. (Hold the nuts with a SETTING THE PICK-UP
pair of pliers; brass gets very hot, very quickly.) The horizontal balance of the pick-up is made at its
Allow the tailplate to cool, then position it on the securing screws, as follows. Tighten the two outer
guitar body below the pick-up (see Fig. 1). Lay the strings to approximately their correct notes. Note that
bridge block on the tailplate so that one long side the bridge block should remain in the correct position
lies flush with the edge of the tailplate nearest the if the strings are each tightened a little at a time.
pick-up. Adjust the tailplate pressure screws to lift the bridge
i The next step is critical and assistance should be block about ^in. Depress the No. 1 string, halfway
obtained. Lay a tape measure with its zero end lying down the fretboard and check the string lies approxi-
exactly on the junction of the head and stem, then mark mately parallel to the pick-up. If the angle between
the body exactly 25in from this junction. Set the string and pick-up is excessive, unscrew the brass screw
assembled plate and bridge so that the hump of the on the aftected side of the pick-up assembly and tighten
bridge lies over the 25m mark. If this is not accurately the other. Check the No. 6 string similarly, and re-
221
 LOW IWPEDAMCE-. Connect the remaining leads from
AMPLIFIER PLUG (LOOKING ATPtNS) the volume control and switches to
TRANSFORMER PICK-UP the connector socket, ensuring that
the wiring will coil down when the
HIGH IMPEDANCE^ r-n ^COAXIAL fingerboard plate is fitted.
COAXIAL/Q r WCABLE ~ Fit the plate and check that the
CABLE ^vD, SCREENING wiring lays In the channels. When
8t satisfactory, the plate may be
screwed down using fin No. 2
VOLUME plated screws.
CONTROL
STRING ASSEMBLY AND
STEM ADJUSTMENT
VIBRATO TONE
CONTROt CONTROL Stringing may now be completed
as described earlier. Check that the
strings just clear the pick-up when
depressed at the highest fret and
plucked. If this Is not so, slacken
all strings and stem securing
screws. Insert a shim of single
plywood into the junction of stem
OJ SO 61—1 and body, and on the body side of
the two securing screws at the
O" IQ extremity of the stem; tighten up
a*..
fe, and check again for string
GUITAR PLUG (LOOKING AT PINS) clearance. Alternatively, if the
UNDERSIDE
o GUITAR SOCKET OF clearance was found to be excessive,
^SEPARATE SCREENED FLEX IF DESIRED
the shim should be positioned on
Fig. 6. Wiring details of the guitar components and connecting cable for the the head side of the single securing
amplifier. Note the pin connections of the plugs and socket from underneath screw. The shim will set up an
angle to correct the siring height,
whereupon the securing screws are
adjust the pick-up as necessary. If clearance is un- finally tightened. Any error consequent on final
obtainable, see "String assembly and stem adjusimem" tightening is taken up by the tailplate pressure screws.
later. When the pick-up angle is satisfactory, check The guitar may now be tuned and will then be ready
that the bridge pressure screws provide adjustment to for use as an acoustic instrument.
decrease and increase the gap.
FINISH
PICK-UP COVER The prototype was finished in black gloss enamel on
an undercoat of matt black. The stem was stained to
The pick-up cover is made up from thin sheet brass deepen the natural colour of the oak, then treated with
cut as shown in Fig. 2, and with the inside of all four polyurethane varnish. The freiboard was stained, but
corners held by solder. When assembled, remove the not treated further. White Formica was used for the
strings from the guitar and fit the cover in position fingerboard, this providing a pleasing contrast to the
securing it by small countersunk head brass screws. glossy black body. The tailpiece is of polished brass,
(Complete measurements of the cover cannot be treated with polyurethane to provide a lacquered
quoted here as the height of the cover will depend on finish. The pick-up cover was similarly treated, but
the projection of the pick-up above the body.) the bridge was simply polished after smoothing with
the finest silicon abrasive paper obtainable. A leather
FINGERBOARD support strap is attached to the body by domed mirror
screws. Users will possibly have other ideas on finish.
The fingerboard plate may now be prepared to the
pattern shown in Fig. 5, and the components assembled. CABLE ASSEMBLY
The switches must be quite shallow in order to clear The connector plug is of the type which will fit an
wiring to the connection socket. international octal valveholder (see Fig. 6). The
Temporarily fit the plate, noting that the top edge required leads are bared to the full length of the pin,
slides under the end of the freiboard and that the cut- lightly tinned, then inserted and soldered at the tip.
away surrounds the pick-up cover. When assured that Excess wire is snipped off. Do not allow surplus
the plate fits neatly, remove it and connect the volume solder to set round the outside of the pins.
control and both switches as shown in Fig. 6; connect Grip the plug between two pieces of thick rag set in
wires about 4in long on the switches and control for the jaws of a vice. Suspend the cables so that they
connection to the socket. The screened lead to the are in a straight line with the plug. Melt some
transformer should be long enough to follow the beeswax in a tin and fill the interior of the plug. Leave
channel to the transformer. Connect the pick-up and the assembly to harden and similarly treat the other end
transformer as shown (the choice of pick-up lead and of the cable. If using a completely enclosed cable,
transformer terminal is immaterial so long as the low remember to separate the signal input leads for con-
impedance terminals are used). If one transformer nection to the input plug.
terminal is connected to the case, this must also be the
terminal connected to the screen of the lead from the Next month: a description of a guitar amplifier
volume control. with special tone and vibrato controls.
222
 BRAND NEW
AM/FM
(V.H.F.)
RADIO
GRAM
CHASSIS AT
£13.13.0
m (Carriage Paid)
Chassis size 15gold.
predomioantly x C{ x2<Kt-250v.
Siin. high.
A.C." (inly.
Sew nrncmfaoluro. Uin). Hi X 4in, la 2 ooloura,
Fick-up.F.JI,
Bxl.andSpeaker, Ae., E., and Dlpolo Sockets. Five push buttons—OFF, Ti.tt 0
M-W.. Gram. Aligned
1900 M.; 200-550M.; 88-98 Mc/s. Vnlrea and tested.EZ8!l
O.F.recU:
Transformer.
ECH«i, EF89, ToneBABC80,
Control. EL84,
10(10-
ECCdS. Speaker 8 X Sin. and Cabinet to fit chassis (table model). 47/6 (post 5/-).
10 X 01a.down
48.10.0 ELLIPTICAL SPEAKER 8S/-ofto£2.4.0,
purchasers ofRoom
this chassis. TERMS; (Chassis)
Feeder 6d. perandyard. 5 monthly payments
ALTERKATIVE Cheap100U-1900
DESIQH. I..IV. Dlpole fop V.H.P.,
M.; 8.W, 12/6.
(9-15 Mc/»); m
M.W. 190-475 if,; V.H.F. 87-100 Mc/s; Oraro position. Otherwise similar to above
chassis, Price 815.15,0 (enrr. paid). TERMS: £3.10.0 doum and 8 monthly payroenls
oi £2.4.0. Circuit diagram 2/6. ,
PUSH-PULL O.P. AMPLIFIER
£5.5.0 (6/- Carr.) •i
Brand
vol. new 200-240
controls, with8A.C. mains
valves Boss,ECC83
33280, treble and
and
2-EL84 giving full w. Chassis 12 x 3J x fijio.
■(normally
With o.p. screwed
trans forto2-3chassis)
ohm speaker. Front pane!
may he removed and
used as "flying panel".
LAFAYETTE BRAND TAPE FULLY ODAEANTEED
LOW PRICESAT RECORD
MYLAR BASE ACETATE BASE Through this ICS
61n. Double play, 1.200ft. 15/-
8}m. Double play, l.SOOft. 22/8 Sin. Stand, play, 000ft. 8/~
7in.
7tn, Stand,
Long play,
play, l,2001t
l.SOOft 12/8 Bin.
18/8 5ilo.
Long play, 900ft.
Long play, 1,900ft
10/-
32/8
3-way Training Method:
7In. Double play. 2,400ft 85/- Tin, Long play, J .SOOtt 15/- MASTER THE THEORETICAL SIDE
TRIPLE PLAY MESSAGE TAPES From basic principles to advanced applications,
31n. 450ft.
4m. 900ft 12/8 Sin. Stand, play, J50tt.
82/8 3/8
6in. l.SOOft -. 42/8 Sin. Long play, 226ft. 4/11 you'lf learn the theory of electronic engineering,
6Jln, 2,400(1. 65/- Sin. Double play, 300(t 7/8 quickly and easily through ICS. That's because
7in. 3,600ft, (unboxed) 75/- 3io. Triple play, 600lt 14/- each course is set out in easy-to-understand terms,
F, It P. !/• extra per reel; 4 reels and over Post Free, H
u MASTER THE PRACTICAL SIDE
"REALISTIC •SEVEN' ICS show you how to develop your practical
Transistor
speaker. All components mountedoutput,
Superhet, 350 Milliwatt on a 4-Inch
single abilities in electronic engineer]ng—c?/ongs/de your
printed circuit board size SI x 3iln. in one complete theoretical studies. It's the only sure way to
assembly.
size 7 x 10Plastic
x Sjla.enbtnet
Externalwith carrying
socket for carhandle,
aerial. success. All training manuals are packed with
Ferrlie rod aerial. Price for the complete pareel easy-to-follow illustrations.
including Transistors,
Consl ruction Cabinet,
Data: £5.19.6. P. iSSpeaker,
P. 4/fi. etc. and full
FP9 Battery 8/9. Data ami Inalruoiions separately R/saat MASTER THE MATHEMATICAL SIDE
2/9.
Any ports supplied separately. parcel,.
Refunded if you purchase the
To many this aspect Is a bitter problem. Even
SINGLE RECORD PLAYER USING EMI more so because no electronic engineer is complete
DECK AND PICK-UP without a sound working knowledge of maths.
■' •« a® 4Cob,
speed,
sise 200/240
12 x llfv A.C.
x 54in,Valves,
attrao.rectifier andimitation
coloured BCX82. But new ICS teaching makes mathematics easier
leather finish. Takes lOln records. £7.19.6 carr. paid. to learn.
ALTERNATIVE
avullftbJe, using TYPE
BSR GU7 OF SINGLE
motor andRECORD
pick-upPLATER
oa duo Wide range of courses available include;
phvle. Valves
r£tl or UY85
1> ue and UCL82. Cab. size 13} x 13 x
Radio/T.V. Engineering and Servicing, Colour Television,
SrS*!.
£8.9,6 carr, paid. ' vesinc. Takes 12m, records. Price Electronics, Electronics Maintenance, Instrumentation and
Servomechanisms, Telemetry, Computers, etc.
4-TRANSISTOR MINIATURE PUSH- NEWJ Programmed Course on Electronic Fundamentals.
PULL AUDIO AMPLIFIER HIGH EXPERT COACHING FOR:
IMPEDANCE INSTITUTION OF ELECTRONIC AND RADIO ENGINEERS
FBIKTED CIRCtJlT.
formers. Output for 4in. x 2{ln-
3-ohm l|in. Suitable
speaker. over trans-for
microphone, record player, guitarrange
and 300intercom. CJTV AND GUILDS TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNICIANS
926volt battery reitulred. Frequency cps. to CITY AND GUILDS SUPPLEMENTARY STUDIES
Kcps. Push-pull output class B, Instruction sheet R.T.E.B. RADIO/T.V. SERVICING CERTIFICATE
provided. Fully wired ready for cse- Two types. RADIO AMATEURS' EXAMINATION
200 m*. 29/8; 1 watt, 41/-. P. & P. 2/6.
P.M.G. CERTIFICATES IN RADIOTELEGRAPKY
4-SPEED AUTOCHANGERS 2i-WATT AMPLIFIER And there are practical "learn as you build'* radio
BSR-DA14 Carr. 6/- each £5.19.8 Our price ONLY 39/8 (post 5/-); a few
only: valves EF91 and ECL82 with metal courses as well.
6ARRARD
STEREO ACTOSLIH £8.10.0
AUTOSLISt PE LUXE ATS £7.5 0 rectifier:
ECL82),
6 x 4 X llin. high (5ln. over
Mains trans, and o.p. with vol.
Member of the Association of British Correspondence Colleges.
STEREO £10.39.8
£13.30.0 and tone controls; on-ofi; co-ax. input.
TAPE RECORDER AMPLIFIER FOR FREE HANDBOOK POST THIS COUPON TODAY
Polly buiu.
3EL84. Front(1)panel
controls MIC.32}Vol.x Sin. Chassis size Vol.
(21 Tuner/P.U. I0| x(3)5 Play
x din.back
Valves EF86, ECC83
or monitor. and
(4) Tons.
2 Jock sockets for Tuner/P.U. and JllC-swftoh for superimpose. Sepamto power pack I.C.S., Dept. 151. INTERTEXT HOUSE,
coninJoing traosl, h rectifier. For Collaro studio deck only. Price £8.34.0 (6/-P. 4 P.). PARKGATE ROAD, LONDON, S.W.II
ALL ITEMS ARB NEW AND FULLY BUILT UNLESS OTHERWISE STATED, TESTED NAME
BEFORE
Terms DESPATCH, ItemsDelivery
over £5,bySend return.
logue. available
C.O.tl. 2/-noextra 6d, (stamps will do) for 2O-pag0 Illustrated cata-
ADDRESS
ALL ITEMS GUARANTEED 12 MONTHS.
Regret.overseas or<iern ennnotbe executed. VALVES 8 MONTHS

GLADSTONE RADIO OCCUPATION..

66 ELMS ROAD, ALDERSHOT, Hants. (closed ..ACE.. I.6S
(9 mlns, from Station and Buses), Aldmhot £2240 IHTCRNAKONAl CORRKPONDEKCt SCHOOLS
223
 Practical Electronics Classified Advertisements

The pre-paid rate for classified advertisements is.l/- per word (minimum
order 12/-), box number 1/6 extra. Semi-displayed setting £3.5.0 per
single column inch. All cheques, postal orders, etc., to be made payable
to PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS and crossed "Lloyds Bank Ltd."
Treasury notes should always be sent registered post. Advertisements,
together with remittance, should be sent to the Advertisement Manager,
PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS, George Newnes Ltd., Tower House,
Southampton Street, London, WC2, for insertion in the next available
issue.

TAPE RECORDERS, TAPES, ETC. MISCELLANEOUS EDUCATIONAL

(continued)
FOR QUALITY consult our sisly-page {photo- CONVERT ANY TV SET Into an Oscilloscope.
graphically illustrated) latest Hi-Fi eiiuipnicnt Diagrniiis and Instructions, 12;'$. REDMOND, B.Sc.(ENG.), A.M.I.MECH.E., A.M.I.E.R.E.,
catalogue <4,'6d.}. Unbiased advice, prefer- 42 Dean Close, Portslade, Sussex. Citv .ft Guilds, etc., on "NO PASS—NO
ential terms to members, W-s frorn your FEE" terms. Wide range of guaranteed
precious tapes. AUDIO SUPPLY, 10 Clifford Homo Study Courses In. Electronics, Com-
Street, London W,l, HAMMER FINISH PAINT. The modern puters, Biulio, T.V., etc. 156-pago Guide—
finish for electronics. Can be brushed or FREE. Please state subject of interest.
sprayed. Blue or silver, 25oz tins 3/6, BRITISH INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
OPEN UP YOUR OWN TAPE STATION and i pint 7/6,1 pint 16/-. Post 6d. on any order. TECHNOLOGY,-151 College House, Wright's
speak to the world. •• WORLDWIDE TAPE- Trade supplied. FINN1GAN SPECIALITY Lane, London, W.S.
TALK," Harrow, Middlesex. PAINTS. (PE), Mickley Square, StocksQeld,
Northumberland.
SERVICE SHEETS
TAPE TO DISC RECORDING. lOin. LP,
42/-: 121n LI", 48/-; "in EP, 21/-. S.A.E., METAL WORK
Lealtet, DEKOY SOUND SERVICE, 52 SERVICE SHEETS for all makes of Radio and
Hest Hank Lane, Ucst Bank, Lancaster. TV 1025-1904. Prices from 1/- with free
Tel.: HB.2U4. CABINETS • CASES fault-finding guide. S.A.E. inquiries. Cata-
logue of 6,000 models, 1/8, Valves, modern and
CHASSIS obsolete, Radio/TV Books. S.A.E. lists,
SITUATIONS VACANT Anything in metal. "One-offs" a pleasure HAMILTON RADIO. Western Road, St.
Send your drawing for quote Leonards, Sussex.
RADIO TECHNICIAN Stove enamelled in any professional finish
MOSS, WATSON SERVICE SHEETS
A number of suitably qualified 46 Mount Pleasant Street, Oldham 4/- each, plus postage.
candidates will be required for training, Lanes. MAIN 9400 We have the largest display of Ser-
leading to permanent and pensionable vice Sheets for all makes and types
employment. {Normally at Cheltenham but EDUCATIONAL of Radios, Televisions, Tape Recor-
with opportunities for service abroad or ders, etc. in the country, and can
appointment to other U.K. stations). supply by return of post.
HOME STUDY COURSES in Practical Elec- To obtain the Service Sheet you
Applicants must be 19 or over and be tronics. Free Brochure without obligation
familiar with the use of Test Gear and from; BRITISH NATIONAL- RADIO require, please complete the at-
SCHOOL, Reading, Berks. tached coupon:
have had Radio/Electronic workshop
experience. They must offer at least "O" From:
level GCE passes in English Language, STUDY RADIO, TELEVISION AND ELEC- Name:
Maths and/or Physics, or hold the City TRONICS wllh the world's largest home
and Guilds Telecommunications Technician study organisation. I.K.R.E., City & Guilds, Address:
Intermediate Certificate or equivalent R.T.E.B., etc. Also Practical Courses with
equipment. AH books supplied. Write for
technical qualifications. FREE Prospectus stating subject to I.C.S.
(Dept. 577), Intertext House, Parkgate Road,
Pay according to age, e.g. at 19 £722, London, S.W.H.
at 25 £929 (highest pay on entry) rising
by four increments to £1,067. To: S.P. DISTRIBUTORS
A.M.I.MECH.E., A.M.I.E.R.E., City & Gnilds, 44 Old Bond St., London, W.l
Prospects of promotion to grades in G.C.E., etc., bring high pay and security.
salary range £997-£1,634. "NO PASS—NO FEE" terms. Over 95% Please supply Service Sheets for the
successes. For details of Exams and courses following:
Annual Leave allowance of 3 weeks In all branches of Engineering, Building, Make:
3 days, rising to 4 weeks 2 days. Electronics, etc.. write for 159-page Hand-
book—FREE. B.I.E.T., (Dept. 152), London, Model No.: Radio/TV
Normal Civil Service sick leave regulations W.8. Make:
apply. Model No.: Radio/TV
TRAINING Make:
Apply Model No.: :
Recmitmenl Officer (RT/54) Full-time courses In RADAR and RADIO- 1 also require list of Service Sheets
TELEGRAPHY for prospective marine Radio
Covernment Communication Headquarters Otlicers. Govt. approved exam, centre. at 1/6.
Oakley Also courses in basic ELECTRONICS, RADIO, I also require list of Manuals at 1/-
TELEVISION and PRACTICAL SERVICING. (please delete items not applicable)
Priors Road Apply;—Direelor, Britlth School of Telegraphy, I enclose remittance of
Cheltenham 20 Penywern Road, Earls Court, London, 8.W.S MAIL ORDERS ONLY
224
 Practical Electronics Classified Advertisements
CONTINUED
SERVICE SHEETS TRANSFORMERS RECEIVERS AND COMPONENTS
{continued) (eonltrmed)
GENUINE SERVICE SHEETS, Radio/XV/T TRANSISTORS! Give-away price. KKX124/»
Recordcra. S.A.B. with enquiries: RED- ROTARY TRANSFORMERS Power Type. 6 for 10/-. 2S017 4W, up to
WATT KLKCXHICAL, 41 Denmark Street, 60nic/s, 5/- each. Post free, G. P. MIL-
Wakefteld, Yorks. £6,000 BULK PURCHASE WARD, 17 Pee! Close, Drayton Bassett,
Staffs,
SERVICE SHEETS, Radio, TV, etc.; list 1/-. BRINGS PRICE REDUCTION
8.A.E. Enquiries; TELKAY, Maudland TV from RESISTORS! You can't resist this! £W,
Bank, Preston, 1W. 2W Polythene wrapped on cards of 10.
your OWN Mixed values and wat tages. £2/10/- per 1,000.
Car Battery G, F. MILWARD, 17 Pee! Close. Drayton
STATE MODEL NO, Radio 2/-. TV 2/S. Famous DELCO Bassett, Staffs.
S.A.B. BARWIX, George Street, St. transforms 12
Helens, Danes. or 24v. supply
to mains Power A-1 POST FREE BARGAINS. Guaranteed
for TV, i' drills, etc. NOW ONLY AC/ reclaimed valves. Send for full list to:
WANTED C.O.D. 2/6 extra. Carr. Paid. " Dept. MO/E, A.l RADIO COMPONENTS,
SMALLER MODEL. 12/24v. TN/jt 14 The Borough, Canterbury, Kent.
input, 110/2S0v. output A*/ O
HOOVER ROTARY TRANSFORMERS.
NEW VALVES WANTED 6v. input. 2S0v. output. 12v, input, A r /
490v.outpuL32 watts. Brand new ■ -''" COMPLETE RANGE of Mullard Miniature
Polyester and Electrolytic Capacitors in stock.
Any type, or quantity NEW, but Store soiled 2t/- S.A.B. for itemised price list of these and other
VIBRAT0R POWER-PAK. StepI2v. up Mullard Amplifier Components. AJAX ELEC-
to MAINS output. For Universal AC/DC
CASH PAID , razors, small fluorescent fittings, / A TRONICS.' 18a Rumbold Road, Fulhani,
radios, etc Only O London, S.W.C, '
R.S.T. Valve Mail Order Co* LARGE ROTARY TRANSFORMER. I2v.
21IA Streatham Road input, over 1,200V. output. New. /C
For experimental purposes MULTIMETERS HALF PRICE! High grade.
Mitcham* Surrey Send NOW—Delivery by return Send S.A.B, for details. COOPER, 10 Fowler
Telephone: MITCH AM 6202 JAMES WALKER, eiktronics division Street, Nechella, Birmingham 7.
HH 36 Ait*andra Sireel, Tharmaiton, LekcilM
FOR SALE
RECEIVERS AND COMPONENTS m TUBE SHOP
TRANSISTORS UNMARKED UNTESTED,
40 for 10/-, P. it p. l/-. 4 packets post free. FOR
KCJays, thousands of types, special catalogue
1 Ge n raI
Sf® . . , Gear,
« Catalogue TESTED TRANSISTORS
Electrical Tools, etc.,of5,000
Mechanical &
Items, free. Unused, Ruaranteed Tubes
K. R. WHISTOM (Dept. PET), New Mills,
Stockport. ' All new, few equivalent. OVER 2,000 IN STOCK
OA202
RELAYS, EX-GOVERNMENT. S3 for 12. our I/, each. Red or White Spots.
"lection, AH prices from 50% to 75% of
STORES,P^t paid. Street,
15 Church WALTONS WIRELESS
Wolverhampton. 21- each, XAIOf, XAI02. XBI03, List Price
OA90, OC430, XA! 12, XAIII,
VENNER TIME SWITCHES reconditioned, 3/- each, OC44, OC45. OC70. All tubes tested before despatch
"-day clock, once on, once off every 24 hours.
Jewelled movement, fully guaranteed, S amp., OC7I, OC81, OC8ID, OC200, and Guaranteed for 12 months
32/8:1 arap. 2S/-, P. & P. 2/6. A. R. GET 16.
BAXCHELOR (P.B. Dept.), 4 Park Road,
Bromley, Kent. ' 4/- each, API 14, API 15, API 17,
OCI70, OCI7I, SX658, XU6li. CARRIAGE 10/-via B.R.S. or
U.S.A. RELAYS 15/- via passenger train
24 voltremoved
totally enclosed and hermetically sealed 5/- each. OC72, OCI39. OCI40,
relays from unused U.S.A. eomputen. OC204, ORP60, BY 100, GETS.
These relays are a fine example of modern TERMS £2 down (plus
elcecrome design. 240 ohm coil rated at 26-5
6volts
polethey will operate
change-over cleanly
contacts down
rated at -5toamp
12 volts.
p C. 10/- each. OC35, OC26, OC28,
GET57, 2S013. AM new, few
carriage) and £1 per month
or 4 pole raced at I amp.
3/. each. P.P.I/., Four for 41 post paid. equivalent.
HAXTED MILL, EDENBRIOCE, KENT See our advertisement in
ZENER DIODES 4,7 v. to 33 PRACTICAL TELEVISION for exact
volt } watt, 3/6 each. 1.5 watt,
f-TON FACTORY CLEARANCE, Radio, TV 5/- each, 7 watt, 6/- each. prices, or write for details
iSlectncal Components, in mixed parcels.
Example; 28ll>. mixed parcel tt, pp 7/6d. Sepd 3d. stamp for Full
Speakers, grilles, valves, bases, l.f.s. covers
conuenaers, etc. Hundred other items. S.A.B. Price List and Free Equiva-
list and Postal Orders to P. NEWTON, 16 lent Chart. mON TUBE SHOP
Shalcross Crescent, Hatfleld, Herts. 48 BATTERSEA BRIDGE ROAD
LONDON, S.W.I I. BAT 6859
CONDENSER _ BARGAIN! Miniature paper B. W. CURSONS OPEN ALL WEEK AND SATS. UNTIL 4 p.m.
"tensers, Jin x iin. Ideal for transistor
seta. .0001, -001, .002, .005, .02, .04pf. Your 78 BROAD STREET
SP?J.T/M- 17 Peel
MILWARD, 100 Close,
or 63 per 1,000.Basset
Drayton 0. P.1, CANTERBURY, KENT
Staffs. ' ' CONTINUED OVERLEAF

225
 RECEIVERS AND COMPONENTS RECEIVERS AND COMPONENTS RECEIVERS AND COMPONENTS
(continued) fconfinue</} fconti/uiecf)
PRINTED CIRCUITS I'rnctiwil Electronics Key Switch, 3 position, centre off, 3 c/o h
IXssigns, Iii(iJeri<ioo, V.H.F. Keceivcr. 1'rac- 4 C/0, 6/- PARMEKO NEPTUNE TRANSFORMERS
llcal Wireless, Wireless World and lladio Feros Cubes LAI 2. wound, 5/- 113 volt or mains Inout. Output 430-0-450
fonstrucfor Designs. S.A.E. Details. J.K.S. at 260 mA; 275-0-275 at 45 mA; 132 volt
ELECT Jt OXIC5, 32 I'encraig, Llungcfni, Panel Lamps, Min,' Liliput screw, White at 20 mA; 30 volt at -30 mA; 6-4 volt at
Anglesey. Bezel, 3'- 16 amp; 6-4 volt at 4'5 amp; 6-3 volt at
DLK5 Headphones, with plug and socket, 12/6 X-2 amp; 5 volt at 6 amp. These are oil
Min. Liliput screw bulbs, 12 volt, 1/6 filled, packed iii own drum, 70/- each
R. &R. RADIO & TV SERVICE High Speed Relay, c/o 1,000 + 1,000 ohm, 6/6
<44 Market Street, BACUP. Tel. 465 400 ohm P.O. Relay, IB, 5/-J.XB 1M, 6/- PARMEKO NEPTUNE CHOKES OIL FILLED
SALVAGE VALVES 2,000 ohm P.O. Relay, 1M, 5/-; XM IB, 6/- 10 henry at 260 mA, 22/-; 13 henry at 45 mA,
CF13 4/6 10P14 5/— I'Lsa »/6 20P4 6/5 G.P.O. Hand Sets, with Press to Talk in 12^6; 5 henry at 20 mA, 6/6
•5L18 4/6 201'5 0/6 li'SOl 7/6 30P16 5/- handle, 16/-
EK80 1/5 30P4 7/- 1«F1 1/6 I'CCSl ih G.P.O. Jack Plug, with lead, 3/-
ECC32 0F15 5/- 20 Fa 5(6 I'CLSS 5/- Isolated Jack Socket, 2/6 PAPER BLOCK CONDENSERS
3/- Breast Set Mike, with fltliugs, 6/-
JICLSO EB91 M- 30FL1 5/- 1'Yrf I 3/6 MFD Volts Price
lih 600 Micro Amp Meter and Meter Switch, 15/- wkg
S0F5 5h EE85 5/- l'V32 C/- U:iOl C/- Toggle Switch, SP on/off, 2/6 1 350 1/3
a?L38 6/— KF37 C>/- 0U4GT lOl'lS 5/6 1 300 1/6
Push Button Switch, DP on/off, on, when 1 600 2/-
TCF804/ 20 P3 C/- CF1 1/6 20DI 1/0 press only, 2/6 1 800 2/6
^ Power Supply and LF Amplifier, N/O 1, 15/- X 1,200 41-
TI.81 5/-- 3(1 PLl 6/~ ECC813/- 301'! 2 6/- for N/O 38 set 1 3,400 S/-
yZ30 5/- I'LHC (i/— EY86 ij- i'Y8-2 if- 2 350 1/9
U329 5/- rOL82 5/- .2 700 3-
yost 6(1. per valve," 3 or inore post free. 6 core min. Cable. 3 amp screened PVC 2 1,000 4'-
Speakers cx T.V. 5 inch round 3/6, 6 by i inch outer, 3/- yard; 12 core ditto, both fitted 4 400 4/-
3/6, S Inch round 5/-, post 21— with Plessey pings and sockets, In 10 yard 4 600 46
Ex T.V. printed circuit panels, containing lengths only 4 800 5/-
valve holders, resistors, condensers, etc., 5/0, 4 1,200 76
post 2/-. New range of High Stability Resistors, 5% 4 2,000
Assorted mains droppers cx T.V. 2. 6 each, 10 £1. to 1%, i to 5 watt, send for Bill lists, 8 400 5/S
1're-set controls £1 per Uoz. assorted values, 8 600 6-
post 1/-. Resistors, New: 4 watt 31(1., 1 watt Telescopic Drawer Slides, 17jiii. to 20iu., 10 250 4/-
fid., 3 watt ilil., all 10%. .Silver mica, paper 12/6 pair 10 700 7/-
and electrolyties in stock. New Milliard 0-5 5,000 9/-
transistors and condensers also in stock- Copper Laminate Board, single or double 2,000 I4 6 .
ti.A.E. with all en<iuirics. All goods subject sided, 5/- Sf). ft., or 3ft. by 4ft. panels, 33/-
to satisfaction or money refunded.
Jones Plugs and Sockets, 4-12-18-24-32 way, ON ALL ORDERS UNDER 20/- PLEASE
TRANSISTORISED SIGNAL INJECTOR. Com- 5/- pair ADD 2/- POST AND PACKING
plete kit of components and circuit of injector
for testing and amplifier or radio, 7/6 only. Plessey Plugs and Sockets, 2-4-6-12-25 way,
Post free. (1. E, MIIAVAKD, 17 Peel Close, 5/-pair
Dravtou Basset f, Staffs. 31 way P.O. Cable, 2/- yard. Minimum 5
yards.
RCA Rver Ready Batteries, 90V + 7 iV, 4/6 or
Freq. ARBSD,
540 Kc/s—32RECEIVER (Brand New)
12 for 30/- SUPER BREAKDOWN UNIT
Mc/s, 6 waveband.
Mechanical Band Ol; Mallory Mercury Cells, 6-75V, 3/6
snreadscale.
with Log-& 8 Tag Panels, with 150 Resistors, Condensers, Remote Control L'nlt Typo F. New in sealed
ging
Man. Vol. Auto control, Diodes, 10/- cartons, containing P.O. Relay 2,000 ohms
ditto Noise Limiter, 2ft. 9in. Mobile Aerials, 6/6 Resistance, 100 volt Plessey Hand Generator,
BFO. Pitch & Var. Telephone Ringing Bell A.C. 8 amp Morse
HF Tone controls, 30 meg. OaciUator "Unit, 3 valve tunable to Key on base, 2 D.P. D.T. Key Switches,
RF & AF Gain, 27 meg., 12/6 Double Phonn Jack, moulded, 5 position
selectivity with Var.
Crystal ,,, , . with
Filter. Complete Parcel of ex-Government valves, 20 for 10/- 6 pole Yaxley Switch, Induction Coil tapped
Instructions/Service Manual,Spare Valves, H/Set. 1-17-33 ohms, 7 Brass Screw Terminals on
Aerial, etc.RCA£75. Carr. £2.^ No. 29
CANADIAN Small Component Boxes, 7 divisions, 60 for panels, plus Resistors, Condensers. Pointer
Transmitter/Re - 12/6 Knobs. All in a handy metal box with hinged
teiver 2-6 Mc/s., Printed Circuit Preset Pots, 10K, 2/- Jid and side fasteners. Also web carry strap.
separate
tuning R.F.Manwal and 1X5 volt Western Rlectric Magslips, 50/- each Size 10iln. xl0in.x7in., 25/-, post free. Or
Osc., items may be purchased separately. Relay 5/-,
Ttiotor alsooperated
preset 230 volt BTH Magslips, 90/- each Hand Generator 7/6, Bell 5/-, Morse Key 4/6,
Key Switches 5'- pair. Double Phone Jack
ditto. 2/81
25 S's.
miniature Electro Magnetic Counters, P.O. 4 digit, 4/6
alves including 12/24 Mu Metal Screen for 6UP7 tubes, 6/6 2/6, Yaxley Switch 2/-, Ind Coil 2/-, Terminals
. d.c. operation. Unused con- 7 for 2/-, all post free.
dition. Outside case store soiled, £12/10/-. 30 -f 30 pF Variable Condensers, 4/-
Carr. £2. station,
Complete English version.
£0/10/-, Manual tuning only.
Carr. £2. 1 amp Fuses, 5'- per 100, liin. x iin.
TELESCOPIC AERIAL MASTS. Tubular llic. Jacks, 3 for 3/- Also available Key Switches. 4 pole
steel
on eachcopperiscd, spray finish,
section provides ringorcam
(or full anylocking
height 2 throw 3/6 each or 3 position D.P.
required. Suitable alt fixings and base plus D.P. centre oft' 5/- or rotary switch
locations. Bottom section IJin. diameter, Small Instrument Cases, Sin, X 5ln. front, 6 pole 3 way 3/-.
20rt. 4iin. deep, with grey plastic front, 6/-
55/-. (4Carr.S/-.
section) Closed 5ft. Sin.Closed
34ft. (6 section) Weight6(c.I6tb.
tin. each. Rack to house two of these, side
Weight 201b. 75/-. Carr. S/-. Further height by side, 7/6
by adding 3-4 Whipseccions,
Special price for quantities. 11/6, Carp. 1/6. Speakers, 3 ohm P.M. 5in. 6/-, 6in. 6/
CREED
£12/10/-. TELEPRINTERS. 7B Used condition, Transformer PLllOX, output 7 volt at 4 amp. •7 X 4in. 7/«, 81n. 8/-, lOin. 12/6.
B44 Hk. 11Carr.
& III.30/-.
Dipoleand rod aerials 30/- per three times plus 7 volt at 125 mA, 18/-
sec.
plug, 15/6, P.5/-.& Microphone
P. & P. P. 2/-. Batterywith connecting
input and H.T. Transformers, 1,800 volt plus 1,800 volt
phono plugs, 5/- each. P. & P. 1/6. at BOO mA, and 000 volt plus 600 volt at U.K. ONLY
POWER UNIT I IO,'230vA.C.input. "C'type 600 mA, 60/-
drop
3ISv, 6,3y output. Double choke and315-0-
through Parmeko Transformer, paper
type smoothing. Combined 4 valve including
574 rectifier,
contained 6V6 o.p,
rack orMains A.F.
table mounting.Amplifier.
Fullynew Self
fused.
Indicatorcartons.
makers light. switch.
59/6 Carr, 5/- Brand
(Quantity in
en- E. R. NICHOLLS
quiries invited.)
TRANSMITTER. 1"7S-16 Mc/«.. 3 wave-
band Moif Order and Retail Shop:
Used tuneable,
complete grid withmodulation
all valves,usingcircuit,
j 813.
£7/10/-. Carriage 10/-. (Many other bargains.) 46 LOWF1ELD ROAD off SHAW HEATH
<, A. J. THOMPSON,
EilingLotlge"Codit:ote,Hitchin, Herts, STOCKPORT, CHESHIRE
Phone: Cod/cole 242
226
 (Manchester) BASS-MAJOR 30 WAH GUITAR AMPLIFIER
R.S.C. Ltd.
MAIL ORDERS TO: . AFORMULTt-PURROSE
VOCAL AND INSTRUMENTALIST HIGH FIDELITY, GROUPS HIGH OUTPUT UNIT
54 WELLINGTON STREET, LEEDS I. Eminentfy suitable for bass, lead or rhythm guitar anrf
TermsrtC-W.O. or 2/9
C.O.D. all other musical instruments
under £t. Postage extraNounder
C.O.D.
£2, ■Jr Incorporating two I2in. heavy dr Pour lack socket Input* and two
duty IS-watt highflux[17,000 lines) independent
4/6 extra under £5. Trade Supplied.
S-A.E. with all enquiries loudspeakers with 2in. diameter simultaneouavolume connection controls
of upfor to
shoppers welcomed at anyplease. Personal
of the branches speech
ciently coils.handlipg Designed
full output for effi- of four instrument pick-ups
microphones.
telow. Open all day Saturday. ampfifier at frequencies down to ■fa Separate ban and treble controls
25 c.p.s. providing more than adequate
BRADFORD Nr. Alhambra Theatre •Jf Dual Cone In second speaker re- dc ••Boost" or "Cut",
(Half.day Wednesday) produces frequencies up to 17,000 LEVEL
throughout frequency response
c.p.s.
-4r Heavily made cabinet of con- SUPERIOR theTO audible UNITSrange, AT
(Half-day Wednesday) venient size 24x21 x I4in.covering
has an TWICE TH E COST.
exceptionally attractive Send S.A.E, for
in two contrasting tones of 39'Gns. leaflet OR DE-
30J,Gt Vynair. 2 POSIT of £4.3.0
BIRMINGHAM Arcade, opp. 'W— •JC For200-250 and 12 monthly payments of
(No half day) Snow Hill Station operation. v., 50 c.p.s., A.C. mains £3.9.11. Carr. 17/6,
DPRRY
L/CnDI ^ Osmaston
(Half-day Rd,, The Spot
Wednesday) HIGH FIDELITY 12-14 WATT AMPLIFIER TYPE All
PUSH-PULL ULTRA LINEAR OUTPUT "BUILT-IN"
TONE CONTROL PRE-AMP STAGES
DARLINGTON ^Ha^y Two Input sockets with ussocinled controls ullow mixing of "mike*'and crnrn., ha
Wednesday) in Allt.Quality
High Highscciiuiuilty
sensitivity.woundIncludes S valves,
anfpul KOCKX, specially
transformer KCCSX, EI.H4.
desigont El,k4.
fur K/.8I.
lillm
bintnr operation and relialde small condensers of current Timiuifacturc. IN111-
EDINBURGH VIUCJAT CONTKOLS FOR BASS AN I' TltKULE
Frequency response—;i (IB .tll-flO.IWIlt c;s. Six negative fceillmck loops. Hum •'Lift" and "Out".
level CO (IB down. ONT-Y 2.7 miliivolte. IN PUT reqitifrd for FUUf, OUTPUT.
GLASGOW Half-day Tuesday)! Suitable for use with all makes and types of piek-ups and microphones. Uom-
ponible With the very best designs for STANDARD or LONG PLAYINQ
RECORDS.6UITARS
RHYTHM For MOSICAX.
.etc. INSTRUMENTS saeh as STEJN0 BASS, LEAD OR
. Street OUTPUT SOCKET with plug provides Itfll) v. Ml mA, and 6.3 V. 1.5 n. for
(Ha(f-day Thursday) Size approx. 12x9 x Tin. For A.C. titalns 2(H).23(1 v. 50 c.p.s. Output forsupply
Sand 15ofohms n RADIOspeaker.FEEDERKillsUNIT.
coui- 8 Gns.
32 High Str—. plete to last nut. Chassis Is fully punched. Full iustnicllous and poinl-tn-point wiring.diaeninis su|>plied. C/irr. lo/-.
(Half-day Thursday) If required 1,Mined metal cover with 2 carrying handles can be supplied for 18/9. TEEMS ON ASSEMBLED (Or51,'-extra)
factory
UNITS. DEPOSIT 24,'8 and II monthly payments o[ 24/9. Send S.A.E. for illustrated leaflet dclniling Uibiuels, built
- . -aunty (Meccal Speakers, ^licruphoues, etc., with cash and credit term?.
(No half-day closing) I.LNKAIt TKIiMOI,t>/I*IlKA3IP. UNIT. Designed
MNKAR IICR. 1.43 MI\f ATL'RI'. 4-5record
WATT DUALITY
unit and fur Introducing the Tremolo elloct to any ampUfler which
11-1IVFRPnni
T tnru /!_ 73 (NoDale Streetclosing) AMl'LIF
half-day most microphones.
Suitable
Negative
for any
feed-back I2dB.
playing
Seiwirale Bass Is
H.T.
fitleil
and
with
C.3
a
v.
reserve
A.C.
power
I.,T.
supply
This applies
iHjint
to
for smoothed
pmctiwlly oft
mid Treble
2.;t ohm Speaker.Controls. Mallard
For Maius'iljl|.25uv.
valves KZ80,5Uc/s. BCC8:t,Output for ainplificn ol our nuinnfiicture. nud to those of several other
ELS1.
238
Sise only Tx 5X Sjln high. Guaranteed 12 lllunlhs. itiatmfactiirers. The unit plugs Into power supply (ajiut and
I nNDOM (Half-day
LVnUUM Sdgware Road
Thursday) imy input socket or auipliflcr. Controls nro Speed (frequency
Send S.A.E. for leaflet- Terms: Deposit 24/9 . — ofauitch.
interruptions),
Three socketsDepth are (for for
heavy
twoorinputs
light eCeet).Viilume
A and
and 5 monthly paymcots of 249. ONLY () UIIS. and Fool Switch. ONLY ** *1115.
MANCHESTER R.S.C. CORNER CONSOLE CABINETS R.S.C. 30-WATr ULTRA LINEAR
Polished Walnut veneer llnlsh. Flensing HIGH FIDELITY AMPLIFIER AID
Large new store now open at 60A'60B design.
Oldham Street JUNIOR
H r 3i». orMODEL.
10 x liin.Site 26 X11X
spenkefs. bin. for contiilnedsens!live
£2.9.9.
A highly 1're-amp,Puah-Pnll
Tone highControloutput unit with
Stages. sclf-
Corlilled
STANDARD MODEL, size 27 x 18X pertomunncc llgnn-e compare equally with most expensive
ampHHers available.
12ln. for H or lilln. speakers, £4.11.9. qucney resiKmse ±3 dB lltuaii.fiPii c/s. A specially Hum level 79 till down. Fre-
MIDDLESBROUGHI port lorNew Rd.' SENIOR
(Half-day Wednesday) for 12in.MODEL.
Speaker. Shu :«! x 21)Speaker
Suitable x lain, designed seGtionally wound ultra linear nulpnt trans-
former is used
systems In-low. Onlv 7 gns,
R.S.C. BASS REFLEX CABINETS, are chosen forwill) 8ii7 output
reliability, «lx valves.
valves are All cuttipouenls
used KFS'i,
SHFFFIFI n Castle 3 E l n
' '< :hs 8e Street. JUNIOR MODEL. Suecinlly designed EFflli,
Treble KCCs.'
Cool t
Pols , 8117,
are HUT,
provided, tiZild. Scpando
Mininitim inpul Bass and
required
JntrriCUl/ Market Btdgs. far MM!. HF1IH2 Speaker, but suitable
(Half-day Thursday) (or any good (piality tuin. speaker. for f))ll output In only 12 miilivolls so 1 hat ANY KIND OP
f-X. (iOt'. Aconsllcally lined andSizeported. Vollshed designed for CLUBS. SCHOOLS. THEATRES, DANCEla
MICROPHONE OR PICK-UP IS SOXTABLE. The miil
IS A.II. Slzt'2 V.
7 xACCC'SIUtATOUS.
4 x 2in. lirantl new, walnut veneer finish. 18 x 12 X loin.
Handsome appvaranvt-. Ensures superb Electronic HALLS or OUTDOORGUITAR. FUNCTIONS,STRINGmo. For etc.
use with
4,'9 rai'li. Three for 13/6, chit. 3;-. STANDARD r..productAsIonabove
MODEL. (or only
but 23.19.S.
for I21ii, siwaki'is. Size 211 x sluudard orORGAN, long-playing reoonls. BASS.
OUTPUT SOCKET For
Jason FMTl V.H.PJP.M. Radio Tuner de- PROVIDES L.T.
lo xIJtm. For vertical or horizuntid use £5.19.6. Set o£legs with All extra input with associnted vol. enntrol is firovidcd anil H.T. for RADIO FEEDER UNIT.
sign- bm«8 ferrules, 19,6.
TuningTotal cost- of parts
dial, Kecatcheou, etc.,Ineluding
£6.19,8. valves. AUDI0TR1NE HI-FI SPEAKER SYSTEMS. Consist lug of mat ehed con eo thai [wo separate inputs such as Cram and "Mike"
ha mixed. AmpliMcr operates on 2UU-25U v. 5)) c/s.
]-2i)i. 12.<lll(i Hue, 15 ohm high quality speaker, crossover unit (con- A-U. mains ulld has output fur 3 ami to ohm apeukers.
S-S.C. G5 GUITAR AMPLIFIER sisting of choke, condenser, etc.) and Tweeter. The smooth roponse Complete am f
Kit of purls with fully pimchrd chassis and
po'ml-to-point wiring diagrama
5-watt high yuality output.lineIncoriJomting anil extended frequency range ensure aiirprisingly realistic" re* ljl|C and iiislnicllons. 11 carrying
required
high flux 12in. 1U mil t 12,00(1 loudspeaker. pnuluctiim. Standard 10 wall ntllDB £4.18.9. Carr. 5/-. Or " perforated
Sensitivity SO m.T. High impedance jack Input. Senior 15 watt, £8.19,9, Carr. 7/B.
Haodsomestrmiglyjiiade cabinet (aiae 14 X14 x HEAVY DOTY LOUDSPEAKERS IN SUBSTANTIAL REXINE Carr. 10/- haniUes can cover
ho suppliedwith for 19/9.
Tin. ttpprox.) liuished in complementary COVERED CABINETS. Type BGl. Snl table for Bass < iuilnr. Speaker factory built, with EI-HTheoutput amplifier Ciinandlie12supplied,
shades of Kcxliie/Tygan. 2(10-250 A.C. mains. Unit loin., High Flux, 15 ohms,31) watts.Uibinct aizoapprox. 24x gunrnntec, for 14 gns. Send S.A.E.valves for leaflet.
ruonllis'
CO iq f. OrDEl'OSET22'3and»monthly
*• '»' y-'J iiajments of 22.'3, Can . 7/6. - 91x13111. Only 19) gns. Or Deposit 43,'-and 12nior)thlv paymeuts TERMS; DEPOSIT 33 9 and II monthly paymeuts of 33/9.
of 34/-. Saitable mikes 4c epkrs. nrnilnblc nl culupetilive prices.
R.S.C. SENIOR 15 WATT R.S.C. B20 BASS GUITAR AMPLIFIER 12in. 10-WATT HIGH QUALITY LOUDSPEAKER.
Wiilnul veueererl cabinet Tti
LEAD or RHYTHM A highly ellicicnt unit Ineorporafltig massive Iain, high flux loudspeaker timuuia.Duulines,
coil Speech
GUITAR AMPLIFIER apcehdly CO Us I rue Ltd to wiibatanrl heaviest loatl CODditions.
Rating 23 w-.ittf. and
• Indlvhluiil bass and treble controls Jack
give Only3£4.19.8.
ohms or Carr. 15 ohms.
5/-.
High-fidelity push-pull output. ample "boost" "cut". Two high impedance Terms:
It monthly Deposit 11,'3and
puvmenla of
Separate baas nod treble '"cut" socket iiipulu are separately cunt rotted, All controls ore 13/3, 12in. 20 WATT
and "boost" controls. Twin conveniently posllloued in a recess on lop o£ the cabinet. HI-FI LOUDSPEAKERS
separately CODIroUeil orinputs
that two instrmuerus "mike'"so Qtblnel
finished InIstwoof contrastiuu
substantiallonescouslruction
of Kexinc oud and Vynair.
attractively
Size IS CABINETS. Sire
and pick-ups can bo used a IIstheit nppro.v. 24 x21 xl.'iin. Operation from 288-250 v, oo c.p.s. IS X 13 x Kiln. Finish as
same time. Loudspeaker A.C. mains, nhnre. Terras; Deposit
heavy drily high flux 12 m. 17/9 nudoff) 17/9.
incntii ninnthly Onlypay*
99 watt model with, enst chassis. TQl
A Send S.A.E. for leaflet. Or Deposit £3.2.0 and £7.19.6. Ciirr. 8/6.
Cabinet is well made ami tlnlshed ' 2 MII5. 12 monthly paymcnlB of 51.'8. Carr. IT/ti.
as Junior. Model. Size approx, FANE EXTRA HEAVY DUTY LOUDSPEAKER 15in.
i8a i8.'.Bin. 0,^^ 19 Gns. Carr, TYPE
Coil iitn.153.Ula.40Impedance
watts. Total Flnx .173,1101)
15 ohms. Extremely lints.
highVoice
sen*
Send S.A.E. for leaflel. Or I IE POSIT 39/11. M\FANE HEAVY DUTY HI-FI SPEAKERS
with Cust C'hnt>siii undcxcppltounlly ruhiiHtSiixdmm. voice coil nsscmblles. paymunis Only Sitivity. 18 gns. or Deposit 37/8 and 13 monthlv
and twelve monthly payments ol 33/4, 12in. 15 ohms. 15ld. 15 qhmj. of 31/6. 18in. Type 183. lit) watts, 24 goi.
Deposit £2,11.0 anil 12 tmmthiy payments £2.1.6.
ARMSTRONG RADIOGRAM
CHASSIS.
All models available, Cash or Terras. •v *■ ill Ly Z-Ji A. A * ■ u t Wl HAtD W7111,
"A" indicates dual cone type. 30-17,000 c.p.s. Send S.A.E, for leaflels. Terms nvniiuble.

227
 INSULATION TESTERS (New)
BLANK CHASSIS 500 vole. 500 megohms. Price £12, carriage paid.
HAVE M EVER 1,000 volts, 1,000 megohms, £28, carriage paid.
Precision made in our own works from commercial SOLENOID. Overall length 3irn., stroke
quality halt-Iwrd AlumiDium- Two, three or foap iio. to i!n. Maximum push 8 or. 12-24V. D.C.
aided. SAJIK DAY SERVICE of over 20 different operation. D.C. resistance 35 ohm. Price 8/6.
SEEN T.V. TROUBLES? forma made up to YOUR SIZE. P.& P. 1/6.
Order EXACT TRANSISTORISED
ELECTRONIC KEYER.FOLLY 230V. AUTOMATIC
That
mean! 1$ own"Pin-Point
Tfiotisands T.V. Troubles InTelmtiton
to minutes" we (maximum lengthsize05",yondepth
require io nearest
T). Special* dealt1/15'
trilh operated.
A.C. or Battery
already of
"T.V.Fraeticat readers pratnpll!!. 6BKM FOR ILLUSTRATED LEAFLETS Speaker, and Keying Lever. monitor
Incorporates built-in Oscillator,
Adjustable speeds.
signed for useandbyuseamateur Troubles"
or expert,every
this day. De-
amadngiy or order etrnight away, working out tola!
material required and referring to table below, which area of Keying either auto., semi-auto, or hold. 4 diodes.
7 transistors. Price £16/10/- Plus 4/6 P. & P.
practical manual snows you how to find the trouble In to for iour-alded chassis In 18 e.w.g. (for 16 s.w.g.
any T.V. circuit FAST} add Jlh) SPECIAL REVERSING 24 VOLT D.C. QUAD-
A simple cross-index tells you where you'll RANT MOTOR 2 AMPERE.
find cause of trouble, handy check charts 178 Quadrant moves doors,
90 degrees
etc. with
Price limit
32/6. switches.
then helpspot!
you accurately locate thohoursEXACT 48 «q. in. tl-
SO sq. in. 6/- 208 aq. in.
sq. 8/- 1304 aq. in. IS/-
in. i 8/-
SI- '335
ICQ Bsq.
A ' I1368 In. 14/. Ideal for opening P. & P.
trouble Yon will eliminate
aggravation, cut out waste time because this
of 112 eq. in. 6/- 272 240 aq. In. 10,'- sq.f, {Ain.
new Coyne system will help you get right 144 iq. in. 7,' - aq. in. 11/- and pro rat a CARPENTER POLARISED RELAY. Typo
T, &F.2/& F. Ic F.2/9 IP, SF. 3/- SAI3
down to the heart of the trouble In minutes. P. & P.(Z)
Bases
2 x 7,600 turns at !,00O ohms. New 32/6
forI /-.above 3/6 each.
Over 700 trouble spots ate covered in the 340 cross- FLAHQES u". i" or i") 6d. per bend.
Index pages. Included are 50 time saving check charts LATEST4 figure,
TERS, HIGH 10SPEED impulses MAGNETIC
per second.COUN- Type
as wellofascircuits
290 diagrams and photos together with explana- STKBJfQTHEKED CORKERS l/- each comer. 100D,
tions and designs.
PANELS. The same material can bo supplied for IDOA, 50Q ohm coil, 18-24V. operation.
4.1 ohm coil, 3-6V. O.C. Type
D.C. operation.
YOU CAN USE THIS HOOK RIGHT ON THE panda, acrcena. Type 100B,15/- 2,300
each,ohm
pluscoil.
1/636-46V.
P. & P. D.C, operation.
dOB-NO NEED TO MEMORISE! plus P.etc.,
& P.at(over4/0 aq. ft. (15
£2 post tree)s.w.g., 5/3) Any typo
RESETTABLE HIGH SPEED COUNTER-
This Pin-Point Book was 3Brand
figure,
new.1,500 SO/-ohm
each,coll,
plus 40-50V.
1/6 P,& P.D.C. operation-
job trouble shooting. Youdesigned
simply especially forIndexed
turn to the on-the-
H. L. SMITH & CO. LTD.
section, locate the circuit description and check-charts,
and
readyinforminutes
repair.you have the trouble spot located and 287-289 EDGWASE ROAD, LONDOK, 37.1 BUILD AN EFFXCIKNT STROBE UNIT
PAD 5298/7595 FOR O.VLV
The idea! Instrument 37/6 lab. or factory.
for workshop,
NO COMPLICATED This wonderful device enables you to "freeze" motion
MATICS. Just practicalTHEORY OR MATHE-
circuit description, service and examine moving pans as stationary. We supply a
methods and trouble
make faster T.V, repairs.shooting techniques to help you simple circuit
the NSP2 Strobediagram and all
tube which willelectrical
enable you parts including
to easily and
1 METRES 4 quickly construct a unit for Infinite variety
from 1 Hash in several seconds to several thousands of speeds,
per
EVEN AN EXPERT CAN SAVE TIME The thrftls of VHP Amateur Radio can now be yours minute. New modified circuits bring price down to
BY USING "T.V. TROUBLES" for aa low na 42/5 complete kit (by post, carriage and 37/6 pIUS 3/- P. & P.
packing. NSP2 CV2296 STKOBOTROX FLASH-TUBE
Here Is a way to reduce "thinking time." Stamped 2/0
literature
extra). envelope
addressed
and
Tuning range 70-180
for free
fall delails. Xewcomere
Mc/a.
tocopy of
Sbort-
made
p. &p.by1/-.
Ferranti, brand new. I.O. base. Price 15/-.
All the logical reasons for each problem arc tVavc Radio ask for details of the famous "Globe*
stated
to takeinItblacK and white—you use your skill
from there! King'tkils and receivers. Home and Overseas Sales, VARIABLE
JOHNSONS (Radio) VOLTAGE
Don't miss out
T.V. faults couldanybelonger. Time
saved by wasted
quick now locating
reference to this St. Martins Gate, Worcester
lightning TRANSFORMER Post Paid
your trial fast
copyT.V.
now, problem
then whenanswer book. toSend
you decide keepforIt Input
1 amp.,230v.
fullyA.C.shrouded,
Outputnew.
O-260v,Also
at
(as we are sure you will), pay only S/- per week until available 2.5, 5. 8. 10. 12, 20, 37.5
completed. and 50 amp. Write for details.
The price! Only 39/6 plus postage. AN EXTRA ROOM IN SIEMENS SEALED
H96A. 2.2 ':2.z Ohm. H96B. HIGH
50±S0STEED RELAYS
Ohm. H96C, I45i
FREE ELECTRONIC DATA HAND- YOUR LOFT 145 Ohra. H96D, 500± 500 ohm.
BOOK WITH EVERY ORDER Make your toft All above 12/6
IRONCLAD GUARANTEE usabte. Fit a Benson H96B 170± 170 ohm., cx-cquip. 18/6
disappearing toft lad-
This der. Rigidly con- 14-DAY CLOCKWORK TIME 35/$.SWITCHES
within two must
book weeksbeorable
yourtomoney
earn refunded!
you more than its cost
structed. Folds out of USED but guaranteed 5 amp. type, P. & P. 2/6.
Free 88 page oscilloscope book will be Included if you sight. Closes trap auto-
send cash with order, A.C.
matically.
Write strengthening
now for illustrated brochure, 0- I amp. F.R, 2!' Dla.AMMETERS
0-1S amp. F.R. 21" Dia«
floor details and 0- 5 „ „ 0-20
terms—oil post free, 0-10 „ ., All at 2!/-each
VAN DE GRA AFF ELECTRO-STATIC GEN-
ONLY £12-19-6 carr. paid ERATOR, fitted with Motor
FREE TRIAL OFFER! drive for 230v. A.C. giving a
Handrails 25/- each extra potential of approx. 50,000 volts.
TERMS ONLY 5/- PER WEEK All TYPES OF LADDERS SOLO Supplied absolutely complete,
including accessories for carrying
BENSON (loft) LADDERS out a number of Interesting experi-
(Dept. P.C.), Pontefraet Ave., Ponte- ments, and full instructions. This
fract Lane, York Road, Leeds 9 instrument Is completely safe, and
Tel. 34918 (2 linesl Ideally suited for School demon-
To SIM-TECH TECHNICAL BOOKS strattons. Price £8.6.0, plus Ah
P. & P.
Dept. ETV3
West End, Southampton, Hants. MULTIMETERS LIGHT SENSITIVE SWITCH
Type EP10K. Big Scale (nearly 3"). Kit of parts, including ORP .12 Cadmium. Sulphide
P Please send " T.V. Troubles" for a full seven days' 10,000 o.p.v. AC and DC. Ranges 0-S, 25, Photocell,
plus 2/6 P.Relay.
& P. Transistor and Circuit,
ORP .12 including etc.. 19/6
circuit, priceeach,
26:-
free
post trial. If not further
paid without delighted 1 may on
obligation return the manual,
my part. Other- 100,500,1000V. AC/DC. O-lOOpA, 0-250roA plus 1 /- P. & P.
wise t will pay cash of 5/- weekly until paid. DC. O-30KD, 0-3 Meg, Decibel scale.
Complete with test leads, battery, instructions ULTRA VIOLET BULBS
fl Tick here if enclosing full price of 41/- (which Includes NEW LOW PRICE 67/6 post 1/6. Illus. Easy to use source of UV for dozens Of practical and
16 postage). You get free Oscilloscope Book. Same leaflet available of this and other multimeters. experimental
12 volt 36 wattuses.
AC/DC SBC 6/8. P. & P. ,Ih.
7-day money back guarantee. Overseas customers MULTIMETER KIT 12 volt 60 watt AC/DC SBCabove:
8/6, P. Input
& P. 1/-.
please send full amount (tnciuding Ireland), Type i8K. ] 8,000 o.p.y. AC and DC. Transformer to suit the 200-240 A.C.
Weston SOfrA meter. Output 12 Volt A-C. 36 watt, 16/6. P. & P. 2/6. Input
Ranges 0-0-25, 2-5V DC. 10, 25. 100, 250, 500, 200-240 A.C.
Set of four 12 volt
colours A.C. 60 watt.
FLUORESCENT 22/6. P. & P. 3/6.
1000V AC/DC. 0-250riA. 2-5, 25, 250mA DC
(2-5A 4/-extra). 0-10 Meg. O-IOKD, Decibel Yeilaw, Green and Red. In joz. tins. WealPaint.
for use Orange.
with the
scale, Basic kit (no case, leads, batteries) 651- above Ultra violet Bulbs, 9/6. P. & P. 1/6,
with Instructions, circuit, 1% Multipliers, i%
Shunts. The cheapest accurate wide range SERVICE TRADING CO*
multimeter available. S.A.E. details. All Mad Orders also callers
Instrument Rectifiers Salford Bridge 1mA or
5mA 8/6 post 9d. M3 {5mA) 3/6, W112 (Mod.). 47-49 High Street, Kingston on Thames
JOjiA to lOOfiA 3/6. Tel. Kingston 9450
1% High Stab Resistors -JW 2/-. Persona/ callers only
PLANET INSTRUMENT CO. 9offLittle
City County., 25(E), DOMINION AVE., LEEDS 7 Leicester Square) Street, Tel:
Newport London,
GERjardWCi
0576
228
 LAFAYETTE HA-« TB22 SINE SQUARE WAVE
0$ pp —q- COMMUNICATION RECEIVER AUDIO GENERATORS
7alv,lives plus"3"Rectifier. 4 Bsods. I.—Bxnil-
550 hc/a- Sine:
kc/s. 20200/240V.
eps to 200
A.C.kc/s.Brnnd
Square: 20 eps to 20
Sew Guaranteed.
ila/s.Tuning.
apreud Meter—BFO—AN
2<KI/25<Jv. A.C. Brand New £15. Carr. 5/-.
aO:OQOiDO £27/10/0. Carr. 10/..
LAFAYETTE HE^O LAFAYETTE 'PRECON'
COMMUNICATION RECEIVER AMATEUR PRESELECTOR/CONVERTOR
4BFO—AN*
Bandc, I.—Bandaprend
550 ko/s—30 Me/a,Tuning—Built-in
"3" Meter— Converter—20-15-10 metres. Preselector—80-40-20-15-10
apeaker 200/250v. A.C. Brand Mew IS Gd*. metres. Crystal controlled—2 a.F. Stages. 200/250v. A.C.
Cam 10/-. 5^ operation. Brand New, 19 Gns. Carr. 7/0.
LAFAYETTE HE-30 RECEIVERS
S valves. 550 kc/a—30 Mc/a. Semi Kit LONDON AGENTS FORCODAREQUIPMENT
Form. £27.10.0. Cam 10/-. FART VOLTAGE
EXCHAffOE STABILIZER
MODEL DA I AUTOMATIC WELCOME TRANSFORMERS
InputConstant
80-120v.output
and 110
160-v.
ELECTRONIC KEYER £40v.
& or 220v..
Fully tmnalstoriaed,
operation. 2311V.4/0.A.C. or 0 or 12 volt I
£16/10/0. Cam 250 watts. Brand
Semi-Automatic Bug keys, £4/10/0. F. ® P. 2/6. New
CamGuaranteed.
7/0. £10.10.1).
RK140 STEREO TAPE
RCA AR.88 RECEIVERS DECK WITH BUILT-
IF PREAMPLIFIER
IF. Model 75-550 kc/s and 1.5-80.S Mc/s- 4 Transislora—1 Valves. Will record or play-
Guaranteed
J>. Model Perfect Order. £35.
550 kc/a—32 Mo/».Cam 30/-.
Ouaranleed back 1 Track Stereo or Blono at 74 or 3} IPS.
♦'Aa New Condition". £65. Cam SO/-. 7' spool size.
4 Inputs. OutputTwin800 meter
MW, level Indicators.
40-18,000 CPS.
response. Size 15" x Ifi' x 64". 200/250v. A.C.
Operation. Brand New 42 Gas. P. & P. 15/..
Igy. B.C. D,F AERIAL C.'O RELAYS—CERAMIC WS.—10,6. P. A P. 1/3
LAFAYETTE TE-JOA R.F.
SIGNAL GENERATOR VARIABLE VOLTAGE
120 kc/s—390 Mc/a on 6 ranges. TRANSFORMERS
VariaOle dear
E.F. andecalc.
A.P. outputs. Brand
Large
7r X lor X 4r. 220/2o0r. A.C.
3ise Shrouded.NewInputGuaranteed—Fully
2:i0v. 50/60 c/s.
Operation. Brand New 112/19,8. Output 0-28(1 Volts.
Carr. 5/-. I Amp—*4.10.0, lOAnip—£16.10.9
2.5Amp-£5.17.8. 12Anip-£I8.16.0
B Amp—£9.10.0. 20Amp—£32,10.0
LAFAYETTE TE-18 GRID DIP METER ass* 2.S Amp Portable—Metal Case
Covmtb S60< erat
kc/s—220 Hc/s. True one knnd operation. All colls with Meter-Fuses, etc. £8/17/6.
si^j iO/-,■ SUorr. ^
,rom
5/-, 200/250?, A,C, Brand New. Guaranteed, ARMY FIELD TELEPHONES TYPE F
COLLAHO STUDIO Tape Tran- Generator Bell Ringing, 2 Line Connection. With Wood
"r'P'J"-'. 2-track £10.10.0. 4-lrack
£18,10.0. PoatFaid. Carrying Case, Fitted Batteries, Supplied Fully Tested.
£4/18/8 pair. Cam 5/..
CLEAR PLASTIC PANEL METERS LAFAYETTEHI-Fi STEREO HEADPHONES
i " Coi' 'leaflet.
iiYllua,rated lane!
fnetcre, available 160—95-15,000
rabies and overloadCycles.
JunctionAirBox.
Cushioned Headband
Brand New with
Guaranteed.
nufltf,
quantity. f /, L. as follows:
Available Type MR. SOP.Discounts for
1 31/32fn. 82/6. P. S P. 2/6.
aquare iron la. TS-76 20.000 O.P.V.
22/8 750mA, 22/6 S00V D.C.. 22/6 PUSH BUTTON MULTI-
5mA;..> 22,8 1AD.C 22,8 S00VD.C. . 22,6 TESTER Large clear plastlo
10mA........ 22/6 22 8 3VD.C
5AD.C 22 22/68 750V D.C. . scale,
®0mA 15V A.C. .. 22/B volts upsimple
to l.OOOr.operation.
A.C. volts npD.C.
to '
EOMA 32 6
166mA
IMlmA 22/6 lOVD.O.
22;8 20V D.C. .. 22,B 22'6 flOV A.C. .. 22/8
22/B l.OOOv. Resistance up to 19 meg-
lOOpA. 89 6 200mA 22 8 50VD.C. ... 22,6 S00V A.C. -. 22.6
160V A.C. 22/6 obtu. Current up to 250 mA.
Decibels 20 to + 36 db. Size
200MA ..... 27 8 ?O0mA 22/6 lOOVD.C. .. gala MOV A.C. 22/6 6ln.x4ftlnx34in.
eo-o-so/iA . 296 25.'- 500mA....... 22/8 loOVD.C. 22/8 "S"MetcrlmA 29/8 leads, batteries andComplete with
fnatructions,
100-O-lOO/iA 27,6 POST EXTRA larger sizes avaUable—tend for lists. . Only £5/5/-. P. * P. 2/-.
600-0-MOMA 22.8 "Snn,!>?'T?R* lf{1/ In. square front. Cal.lnS LAFAYETTE TE-46 RESISTANCE CAPACITY
ImA,.,... 39/6!' r?ii pfl?; ' ^ '' 1JUto 2 5' 161n- E6u'ica ANALYZER 2 FF—2.000MFD. 2 ohms—290 Megohms. Also
checks impedance, turns ratio, insulation 209/25OV. A.C. Brand New £15. Cam 5/-,
V.H.F. RECEIVERS
R.f949
MULTI-METERS 230 V.SILICON
P.LV. 750mARECTIFIERS 3/-
Brand Hew—Folly Guaranteed—Lowest ever prices 400
200 v. P.r.V. 3c amp
V. PXV. amp 7/6
5/6
Alrcmft version of 3,27. 8 bands covering Supplied with leads, batteries, instructions 1,000V.v.P.X.V. 650 mA 7/6
27—143
f Mc/s. ?;i FM or AM fitted *3'meter 800 P.I.V. SOOmA 5/6
rr®
250v.'0r7f
H.T. andb 6-3r,
etc. L.X.
BowerSupplied
requirements
fully MODEL PT-34. 1,000 O.P.V. 0/ lu;59;25(l/5ftO,T .000 v. A.C. and 400 v. PXV. SOOmA 3/8
tested and checked. £17.10.0. Gam 10/-. D.C. U/l/lOO/oOO MA, D.c.o. ltwfcil. 39/6. P. it P. 1/6. 200 V. PXV. 200 mA. ; 3/-
03
70 v.v. P.I.V,
PXV. 13 amp.
arop 5/6
J'g
MODEX 500. 30,000 o.p.v. 0;.5,G/2B/10/25/100/250/500/1.000V 150 v. P.I.V.
RECORDING HEADS
D.C. 0/2.5/10/25/100/230/500/1 .IKH'V. A.C. W/SOuA/d/UO/SOOmA
12 amp. D.C. O/UOK/O Mcg.Uo McgO. £8/17/8 Tost Paid Discounts for IGSmA
quantities. 1/.
Poet extra.
Beuter: f track Set of 2 MODEL NB-400 10,000
jg/e O.P.V. 0/.:i/3/:«/l2o/:ioo/ O.P.V, 0/.23/1/10/30/250/ MODEL
MODEL KH-201 SW.OOO TE-12 20.000 2 WAY RADIOS
Mln flux: 4 track. Set of 3, 29/9 009/1,200 v. D.C. 0/12/09/ O.P.V. 0/.06/6/:K)/l20/600/ New Improved Lafayette Model 9 Tran-
Brae matic: i track. Set of 2 .89/8 120/300/1,200 f. A.C. 0/120 250/500 V. A.C, II/SUMA/ 0/6/30/l20/«00/l,200v. D.C.v.
500/1,000 V. D.C. 0/10/50/ 1,200/3.000/0,000 sistor—Range
P. A P. 3/6. up to 5 miles. £21 pair.
Post Extra. MA.'30/300 MA. D.C.
0/2K/200K/2
PP.—.2 MFD Meg-0. 79;1006. 610/250 SI A. 0/&K/0UOK/
McgO. 99/6. P. A P. 2/6. A.C. u/6QpA/6/60/000 MA.
0/GK/BOOK/G Meg./GO Mes. MINE DETECTOR No. 4A
P. A P. 2/8. SI.
P. Ic P. 2/6. MFD. £5/19/6.
P.P.-i Will detect na types of metals. Fully
HEADSETS MODEL AE-820 20.000 MODEL m-2. 20.000
O-F.V. 0/10/80/230/500/ O.P.V. 11/5/25/230/500/ 0/III.'90;80U/2,SO» MODEL 25M, 8,009 O.P.V, portable.
39/6. CamComplete
10;-. Batterywith 6,6Instnictlons.
extra.
DLRS Low Imp. .. ,. I0;a 1,000
KCA Low trap. .. .. jj/e 0/500/tA/10/250 v. A,C. and D.C. 2,800 V. D.C. 0/111/50/5(10/ 0/10/50/500/2,500 V.D.C, V.A.C.
MA. O/IIJK
PF— 1,000 V. A.C.D.C.0/30UA/25/ 0/2
Chamois padded Ditto
Plug. 22/6. MovingwtlhColl Mlc,
with Jack
25/-. /100k/1 Meg.fi, 250Henrys 250 tnA. 0/«liK/« 0/250MegO.
mA. Send 1/-
BEST BUY!
P.O.tolor6 lull Catalogue
ALL SEW — POST EXTRA .02 MFD.
92/8, P. & P. 2/6,
0J00 Jfeg. «. .01-3
P. A P. 2/0.
StFD. — 20 to + SG
84,6. P.P. 2/8.
db. Open 9 a.m.
to Sstorday. Tradep.m. every dayandMonday
supplied.
lists.

yy/rs'''
(RADIO) LIMITED
Phone: CBRRARD 8204/9155
Cables: 5MITHEX LESQUARS
3-34 LISLE STREET, LONDON, W.C.2

229
 MAINS POWER PACK GUITAR AMPLIFIERS
Scilgnei to operato transistor sets «b4 amplifiers. A4 jnstable ontpnt 8 y.—9 to 12 volts
lor np to 500 mA. (class
PPl-PPS-PPt-PPS-PPT-PR) B workiDg).
and others.TakesKit
thecomprises:
place ol anymaioi
of thetranstornier-recliflet,
following batterier.
smoothing and load resistor 6.000 and 600 mfd. condensers, soner diode and Instructions. WITH TREMOLO
Sell snip at only 14;8, plus 2/0 post. Fire jack socket
inputs, four with
OUR BARGAIN OF THE YEAR separate mixing
Complete kit of parts to bnild this fl-translstor 8 wave volume controls, find
erhet receiver at only w5f/D 7Q /C pins and 2/8 Post one input "straight
ins. through". All inputs
"CORONET" Mk. Ill are of very high
sensitivity only 10
Itihefully coversband
the inedhim-wave millivolts input ia
long-wave
includes a highly elKcient B.Bhnnd
to bring Inslab and that
C. Light.
nerial nndThe
part of
2i'circuit
P.M.
required for full out-
speaker. Oreialt else approxlinatcly 4J x 21 x IJio. put, making them
Supplied complete with cnrTyinK cnse. suitable for all types
of guitars and micro-
phones. Separate
MOTOR BARGAIN Bass and Treble con.
Silent running mainsrecorder*
motor by trols, giving a wide
jrmmophone, tajw fnu,very
elc.f,-etc.
11110111*2<)0-23fl
maker.volts.
IdealA.O-
for range of lift and cut.
Separate master gain
ahaded pole start. Size approximately -if x 21 x l!jn„ control. Tremolo
2.750 r.p.m. Spindle illiimcler 0/»ain.
Urand new guarantee. Price 12/6 plus I/- post. Spindle leuglli tin. speed and depth
controls- Jack
socket for remote
YAXLEY SWITCHES tremolo switching.
POLES
1 2 a/8
WAY 3 2/10 WAY 4 WAY 3/1 6 WAY
a/l 3/6 8 WAY
4/- 10 4/0
WAY
4/6 J I 71- WAY
4/6 12 4/8 WAY
2/8 3/8 4/1 4/11 ni- 71- 7/0
2 3/3
3/11 4/6 5/2 8/9 81- 9/6 9/6 10/3
84 4/6 5/4 8/2 JO/fi 7/10 16/- 12/- 12/- 13/-
6 519 71- 8/3 13/8 15/- 17/- 22/- 15/- 23/- 18/0 is solidly made of 18 gunge steel, Imished silver grey Iminmer.
8 81- 8/8 16/4 181- 22/- Size 12'x 8 x 61- inches high.
30 10/- 10/6 12/5 16/0 27/6 32/- 27/-
22/0 27/- 30/- PRICES—
12 12/- 12/6 14/0 19/8 32/- 36/-
14 14/- 14/6 17/- 22/6 50 watt with tremolo £20.10.0
18 16/- 10/0 19/6 25/6 50 watt less tremolo y £19.10.0
S WAY 1 pole 3/8 2 pole 4/9 24 WAY 1 pole 16/- 2 pole 22/6 SO wait with tremolo £15.10.0
Speaker Bargain Waterproof Heater Wire 30 watt less tremolo £14.10.0
12 a. High 16 yd. lenglh. 70 wntls. Self regulotiug 13 watt with tremolo £12.10.0
fidelity loud tempcrutore control, 10/- post free.
Building a Scope ? 35 watt less tremolo £11.10.0
Utgh flux Add enrrTnge 10/- any amplifier. Send for free descriptive leaflet.
nagnetaflcpt
type STROUD AUDIO
with 3 ohm
or li> ohui PAGANHBLLLANE, STROUD, GLOS. Stroud 785
speech coil.
WU handle
up
maker. to 10Price
watts.87/6,Brandplusnew,
8/6bypostfnmooa
and Sin. oscilloscope tube. American made type
Insurance. Xo. HKP7,deflect
base ion,
6.3 bmnd
v. 6 amp. heater elec-n-
Adjustable Thermostat tro" l.Hic new and go urn HEAVY DUTY SHROUDED L.T. TRANSFORMERS
leed, with circuit diagram of scope, 18/- AUTO TRANSFORMERS, J40- Pri. tapped 200-260 v. See. tapped
each plus 2/0 post and insurance. 28. 29, 30,raced,
31 v.£5.19.6.
25 amps,
Ice-Sfat
110 V. Fitted with 2 pin American
sockets or terminal blocks. State servatively carr. con-
I0/-J
This Is a small thermostat which cuts on which type. Brand new and Guar- 7Pri.amps. 200-250 v. Sec. 2S-0-2S v.
pri. Pri,
earthtapped
shielded,200,£5,17.8,
anil anteed. 1,000 watts, £4.15.0, earr. carr, 7/6;
uses, one o£ whichfreezing
oftftt round could point.
be an teeHaswarning
many 5/-: 500 watts, £3.10.0, carr. 4/-; 240 v. Sec. tapped 12, 18, 24.225,
300 watts. £1.7.8,3/-.carr. 3/6; 150 30,
device
Price to beTost
7/8. fitted1/-.under your motor cor. watts, C1. 17.6,carr. 36 v. 10 amps, £5.15.0,
Suitable such fop asIndus! rial or dornestio 2 KV. In metal case, We have London's lar- carr. tapped 4. 6, IIv.
7/5; Pri. 240
purposes
immersion heater, coui'rolling furnace
etc. Can also oven,
be useit aa Simmerstat Heater with handle, 2 Ameri- gest selection of Low Sec. v. 200 amps,Pri.
£10.19.6,
athesefianiestat or lire alarm. .Made by Sumic Regulator Tension Transformers,
can socket outputs, Variable Voltage Trans- carr. 10/-; 240 v.
are approximately liiiu lung and £9,10.0. Carr. 7/6. Sec. tapped 53.5, 55.2
ailjnelable over a range 0 to ri50oF. The Suitable soldering to control
Irons and boilingelements,
rings up heaters,
to 2,666 formort. Smoothing
EX-MINISTRY IN- Chokes.Capacitors, Slid- v.carr.6 7/6; amps. £3.17,8,
Pri. 220-240
coutacti are rated ut 13 a nips. 2311 volts, watts. Complete adjnsl able, nonua 1 price DUSTRIAL TYRES. ing Resistors, Low Ten- v. Sec. tapped
and the udjuslment spindle, which comes
to ihe top, can he fitted with a fiexible postage and liisurnnce. 12/8, plus 1/6
55/- each, special snip price Tapped
220. 120,
ISO. 240.
115. 1(0,
230, sion
105 O.C. Supply Units. 20 amps, £3.12.8,6-12 v,
carr,
drive fur local
remote controllasled
or justata£3pointer Send for lists now, or
volts IOKVA,£29.IO.O; visit our walk round v.6J-.5 Pri. 230 v. Sec. 70
knob for control, or £4 5 KVA £19.10.0. Ex dept., where we have scaled,amp. "C"c. core
each,
pontage these
andareInsiininoe.
ottered at only 8/8, plus 2/6 warehouse. types thousands of genuine Hundreds£4.5.0.
enclosed inBothheavy more avail-
7/6.
Siemens High metal case. electronic bargains. able. Send for list now.
Timer Kit Speed Relay
Sped.il offer of all campoucnts except SAMSON'S ELECTRONICS LTD.
methl box to make mains opemteil Twin
tension 23(1change
ohm over
coils contacts—
adjustable 9-10 CHAPEL STREET
interval timer for phologmphy, etc., splallnmn points 7/6. Post 1/-, Tel. PAD 7851 LONDON, N.W.I. Tel. AMB 5125
12/8 plus 2/6 post.
BARGAINS
Air Spaced Trimmerv. good length ito. Post Office Type Key Switch. 3 position 10
spindle 0-SUpf. but easily converted
lo 0-6 pf. 2;'8 ea., post J/-. JJitlo but down2 change over contacts 7,-6, post 1/-. HIGH QUALITY TAPE AMPLIFIER KIT
gang forF.M. Tuners etc., 4/6 en. Tost 1 /-. Rectifier Yalves.MU124 pin etc. 44/6.v. 120
P. 4ma.P. full
500 MW Amplifier. Uses 3 UansiatorB,2 of waves replace
40/- per doz. Tost free.
1/-.
Suitable lor use with tape decks having
•which are in Class 8 pnsh-pull for battery
economy. Idealliltlo unit for baby nlarm, Rouble Trimmers. Jdeul for making pre-
record player. Intercom., elc., etc., l9.-'6. set station receiver luo pf. plus 160 pf. 3 high .impedance record head and a
Speaker 12/8 extra.
Trimmer Assort meat. 3 doz. various 8/- per doz. Post 1/-. low Impedance erase head. Magic eye
sizes
ceminlc andair types
spaced. Including
Retail doubles
list value nnd Mica
over 500
Condenser. 160 pf- 20(1 pf. 300 pf.
pf. 1.006 pf. 3 doz. assorted list value
£4, all new and unused 10/- for 36. Tost 2/-. £2. 36 for 6/-. Post 2/-. recording level, 3 ohm 4 watt output.
Motor
out pin,Generator,
suitable to11 runv. input
12 v. gives 12 v. Xitz Wire for coil winding. Xornuiily over
car battery 2 inputs with tone control. Provision
radio off 3/6. II v. buttery 17/8, post nod Tost 40/- per
andlb.packing
from makers,
2/-, lib. reels gO/-eo.
Insurance for monitoring. Simple point to point
Midget Eontl Elapsed Meter. Tine American
8 -Mutl.Sin.13/8.P.M.Midget
Londspeaker 3 ohm, 12/6,
208 pF+JTU pF make unused but ex-ctpilpmeiit
post 2/-. 12 v. 10 amp. Rectifier. SJln.
35/- en., wiring instructions. This tape amplifier x
1 wo-gang Timing Condenser with trimmers sq. plates 19/8, post 2/-. is also available completely built and
for transistor set. Price 9/-.
tested, (deal for use with Collaro Kit Price £7.10.0
ELECTRONICS (CROYDON) LTD. and 6.S.R. decks. Ready Built £9.17.6
266 LONDON ROAD, WEST CROYDON, SURREY p & p 3/6
Post orders to:
A3 SILVERDALE ROAD, EASTBOURNE, SUSSEX ELECTR0SURE LTD., Fore Street, Exeter
230
 FANE HIGH FIDELITY LOUDSPEAKERS

Full Range of Heavy Duty Types for All Purposes

CAST ALUMINIUM CHASSIS. EXTREMELY ROBUST lin. DIAMETER VOICE COIL ASSEMBLIES
Frequency Impe- Power
Main handling Flux . Total Voice Dlara. Baffle Set
Model Cone response
c.p.s. dance
ohms resonanoe
c.p.s. watte ■ density flux coll 01 Hole weight Retail
Price
S-M.S. gaues Maxwells winding Chassis lbs.
122/10 Single 25-5000 X5 32 or 75 20 10,000 100,000 Copper 12In. Uin. 6!b8. 6 gns.
382/10A Dual 10-16000 IS 32 or 76 20 10,000 100,000 Aluminium 12ln. llin. 61bs. 8 gns.
122/12 Single 25-5000 IS 32 or 75 20 12,000 180,000 Copper I21n. Ilia. Bibs. 7 gns.
122/12A Dual 80-15000 15 32 or 75 20 12,000 100,000 Aluminium lain. llin. 6 lbs. 8 gns.
122/14' Single 25-5000 15 32 or 76 22 14.000 186,000 Copper 121a. llin. 71bs. 9 gns.
122/14A Dual 30-15000 15 32 or 75 22 14,000 180,000 Aiumlninm 12in. 11 in- 71bs. 10 gns.
122/17 Single 25-6000 16 32 or 76 25 17,000 226.000 Copper 12in, llin. lOiibs. £11/17/8
122/17A Dual 30-17000 15 32 or 75 25 17,000 226,000 Alumioium 121 n. llin. 30)lhs, £12/17,9
152/12 Single 25-3500 IS 30 or 75 20 12,000 190,000 Copper 16fn. 13)in. gibs. 12 gns.
152/12 A Dual 30-15000 15 30 or 76 20 12,000 100,000 Aluminium 15in. ISfin. 81be. 13 gns.
152/14 Single 25-3300 16 30 or 76 22 14,000 186,000 Copper I Sin. 13) in. 91bs. 14 gns.
152/14 A Dual 30-15000 IS 30 or 75 22 14,000 186,000 Aituninium I51n. 13Jin. 9lbs.
162/17 15 gns.
Single 26-4000 IS 30 or 75 25 17,000 226,000 Copper 16ln. ISfin. 124!bs.
152/17A Dual 30-17000 15 30 or 75 26 17,000 226.000 Aluminium ISin. ISjin. Wilbs. 17 gns.
EXTRA HEAVY DOTS TYPES WITH Sin. DIAMETER POLE PIECES
153 Single 30-3500 15 40 or 75 40 14,000 375,000 Copper 16 In. ISJln. 201bs.
183 18 gns.
Single 20-3000 16 SO or 76 60 14,000 376,000 Copper 181n. lOiin. 22iba. 25 gns.
AVAILABLE THROUGH ALL SOUND EQUIPMENT STOCKISTS
Manufacturers' enquiries to: So/e distributors to Wholesale and Retail Trade:
PANE ACOUSTICS LTD. LINEAR PRODUCTS LTD.
HICK LANE • BATLEY • YORKS ELECTRON WORKS • ARMLEY • LEEDS

For Discerning Enthusiasts .-5S5? T615 PORTABLE

Quality Transistors and Components 12v. TRANSISTOR
yHF Amplifier Transistors (BBC.2. etc.)! AFI39, 36/9: T202S AMPLIFIER
{2N2398), 53/9; GMO290, 31/6, Tunnel Diodes: IN37I2 (TD-I) 15wt. OUTPUT
«,A* VHP Power
25/-.
Mc/S 50 3: IN3720
' /
Trarsiston: rTD-S)60V.
2N3053 22mA.
SW,]pfr«
k 1.600 Mc/s.
100 Mc/s,
si Kon phnar, IS/-; AUYJ0 TOV. 4.SW. f, = l20 Mc/s' germinium INBUILT MICROPHONE
alloy-diffused, 53/-; BUYIO, silicon npn epitaxial planar, 40V. I0W, PRE-AMPLIFIER
^T—jP fuels (typ.), 4S/-. Audio Transistors, matched pairs;
OC81Z, 16/- pr.; AD 140, 50/- pr.; OC35, 36/- pr.
I02 36 : Details and Nearest Stockist from:
6/6; OC72, a/-: OCSi.e/-:,' OC202.
'- OC17I.
24/6. 9/-: MATI0I, 8/6; OC7I.
PROMPT SERVICE. C.W.O. PLEASE. POSTAGE 6d. Messrs. E. K. ELECTRONICS (I.A.) LTD.
PLEASE SEND I/- (STAMPS) FOR REFERENCE CATALOGUE
208 HAGLEY ROAD BR0THERT0N HALL, BR0THERT0N
J WILLIAMS & CO. BIRMINGHAM 16 KN0TTINGIEY, YORKSHIRE

KEY BOOK paperbacks —— "PRACTICAL ELECTRONICS"

RES/CAP. BRIDGE P3S9/!, CONSTRUCTIONAL DESIGNS
All specified let grade Components, complete
Checks all types of resistors, condensers HI-FI AND AUDIO 8 er ils
6 RANGES by A. T. Collins plr.- 'p?, , a m"ry® c ^" ' - engraved
Built in I hour. Direct reading Modem Designs Amplifier,
for the Amateur Constructor, WeH Iy,I^i"
..'Si n s r- u .^uipment
J' - Comprehensive and for
lists available Assem-
each
High sensitivity Two-valve IVe-amp P.e.P/eose
' Constructional
READY CALIBRATED
Stamp for details of this and other kits and Bquatlaer, Mains Gramophone
Output xmnsfonncrs and Loudspeakers. Amplifier.
Cross- send 6d in Article.
stomps for eoch design
RADIO MAIL (Dept. CC) over Networks for Loudspeakers, Seven-watt MALVYN ENGINEERING WORKS
Engineert to the Radio and Eleetronte Induslriet
Quality Amplifier, Five-valve Stereo Amplifier. T CURRIE STREET, HERTFORD, HERTS
Rolelgh Mews, Raleigh St., Nottingham Design for a Base
Cabinet Design, etc. Eeficx Cabinet, Kadiograra
FELSPHOyS i HERTFORD 2264 __
SIMPLE RADIO CIRCUITS
BATTERY ELIMINATORS by A. T, Collins
The IdealRECORD
way of running A Complete 'Build Sonr Own Radio* Guide. DUKE & CO. (LONDON) LTD.
RADIO. PLAYER.yourTAPETRANSISTOR
RECORDER. Simple Mains ShortReceiver.
Wave Transistor Wave Eecolver,
Dual WaveMedium
One- 621/3 Rom ford Road, Manor Park, E.I2
AMPLIFIER, etc. Types available: 9v; 6v: 4iv valver. Broadcast Bands Receiver, Two-valve ILFord 6001-2-3
(Single
9v output)
+ 9v; 42/6 39/6
6v +each. each. P. &
6v; orP.4iv& P.4Jv p. 219. separate Short Waver, Amateur Bands Hybrid, Transistor
outputs) 2/9.(two
Please state Superhet Tuner,
Converter, Battery-operated
Fivc-tranaistnr T.R.F.Short Wave
Receiver,
T.V. TUBES
output required.
isolated AHfromthe mains
above byunits are I7in. — 35/- I4in. — 15/-
completely
Wound transformer ensuring 100% safety.
double 3s.Four-valve
ea. FROM Superhet
AIXPortabie.
BOOKSBIXERS . . , Most makes and types available. Sec Tested.
Guaranteed good picture. Ex Rental Service
R.C.S. PRODUCTS (RADIO) LTD. or, in cow
Jfeimei Ltd.,e/ forcer
difficulty.Home,
4s. hySouthampton,
post Jrom Street,
George
II Oliver Road, London, E.I7 London, W.C.2. n EW N ES Depts. Stock. Carriage 5/-extra
STAMP FOR LATEST FREE LIST
231
 Eetall Shop:
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Tel.: LAHrtam ROAD. lOHDOlf. WX
Head Office and Warehouse: 44A WESTBOURNE GROVE, LONDON, W.2. Tel.: PARK 564112
OAS
DBS 6/- SY3GT 5/- 604 2/8 68X7 8/- 12B4A 81- .WPLl 11/8 CBL1 15/- BABC80 61- SFSi 61- EY5X 71- PCLS4 71- U19I II/-
OB3 9/- 6X40 8/- 6C50 6/- 60K7GT 4/8 12BAB 8/- 36C5 6/8 CBD3I 16/- EAF43 8/8 BF55 81- ET70 12/8 PCL83 81- U2B1 12/9
6/-
OC3 6/- 6Z3 61- ecsa 71-
5Z40T 81- CCSl 12/- eSLTGT S/- 128 E6 6/-
osmar' 4;e 13BH7 8/- aewGT BOW4
71- CLn3 91- EB41 61- EF80 61- EYB1
6/- CY31 6/8 EBC88 71- EF83 10/- BY83 PCL86 91- U2S1 13/-
PL38 8/8 U282
OD3 61- 6/301.2 10/. fiC86 S/- oi;4ox 10/6 128Y7 10/- 365i3 10/- DAC33 71- EBC41 71- EFSfi 9/- EY86 PL38 16/- 1/301 14/-
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81-
6A3
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41- ecDsa
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9/-
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6/8
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PL82 7/-
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1060T 71- SAB7 6AC7 4/- 3/- 6D3 7/6 6V6GT 7/8 12K7GT 71- 60 BS 71- DC70 8/- EBF89 8/8 EF93
DCC90 7,'- 14/- EP94 4/9 EZSO PL84 6/6 UABC80 8/6
1H40T Al-
XH6GT ii- 6Ar4 11/-
GI>4
SDKS . %
6X4 4/- 12K8 10/- 60C5 8/8 DET12
BX50T 8/6 12Q70T 61- 40/- EBD1
EBIi2l 11/. EF96 8/8 EZ81
6/- GZSO PD500
PYSS 15/- UAF42 8/-
91- UBC41 6/9
JD1 2/6 6AG7 6/- 6DS4 15/- 0Y6G 6/- 12SA7 71- 60CD6G25/-
60L6GT 8/6 DF33
DF66 81- EC80 8/- EF9$
EF188 10/- GZ32 10/- PY81
PV82 6/- U8C81 71-
1L6 171- 6AH6 10/- 685 7/- 7D8 7/- 12807 4/- 83 8/- DF73 61-
71- EC88
EC90 12/-
8/6 BF184 81- GZ34
GZ37 10/-
91- UBP80 6/8
1S5GT S/- CAK5 5/8 0EV6 12/- 7K7 10/- 12SJ7 4/- 85 A1 85/- DF73 71- EC91 EFT 60 81- PY83 61- UBP89 71-
1QBGT
JK4 8,'- 6AK6
6/- OAMH 2/6 7/- 6F6
6P7
8/- 7117 12/- 128K7 6/- 85Aa 8/6 DP91 81- EOS 2
5/- 787 123*7 6/- DF92 EL33 161-12/8
KT6S 80/-
KT88 16/- PY88 8/6 UBL21 IV-
PYSOO 8/6 UCC84 01-
IKD 16/- 85A3 6/8 2/9 EOC31 61-
5/- 6 A JIG 41- 6P8O S/- 9BW6 V/- 13DS 6/- 1WIB2 12/- DF96 61- BCCH2 61- EE36 6/- MU12/14 81- QQV02^ «/- UCC85EL34 10/- EP2 7/6 PX35 10/- 6/9
184
186 6;- 6AS3
4/6 0AQ6 101- 6FU «/- J«C1 10/- I9AQ5 6/- 15083 8/- UH63 61- BCC40 91- EL3S 9/- N78 15/- I/QVOS/XO UCF80 UOH21 9/9
816
1T4 3/. 6AQ6 61- 6PJ3 8/- IOCS 18/- 19G3 26/- 807 91- DK32 81- ECC81 4/- EL37 17/9 NSPl 25/- 36/- UCH42 7/9
1TSOX «/- BARS 81- 61-
6F23 8/8 ll)Dl ?/• 1908 IS/- 8298 60/- DK40 II/. BCC82 61- EL38 17/6 NSP2 22/- R2
6824 11/- 10F1 14/- 2«F2 15/- 832 20/- DK91 61- EGC83 6/- EMI 7/6 OCP71 24/- BIO 81-
161-
UOHSl
U0L82 71-
81-
1U4 5/- GAKQ
8/- GAS6 6/- 0F3361- 6828 10P3 8/- 201.1 14/- 954 6/- DK03 91- FX«fi4 6/6 BM2 81- OBPia 12/- TU7 61- UOL83 10/-
11/5 20P1 14/- 955
10F9 10/- 20P3 DK06 716 ECC86 6/6 EL81 8/6 ORPBO 101- «19
IX2A 71- GAS70 22/6
1X2B 1i- EATS 4/-
W4
6J5G 10K18 9/- 20 P4 12/. 956 91- 91- DL6B 12/- EOC88 10/- EE83 7/- PCSfi 12/- RE18 12/8 71- UP4I 7/9
UF43 7/9
2CVV4 121- 10U 7/8
6AU6 6/- 636 3/E 10DD1110/- 20P5 12/- 958 14/- 967 61- DLC8 10/- ECP80
ECF82 7/8
7/6 EE84
BL85 5/. PC88 12/- 8i;/o 12/8 UFSO 9/9
2D21 61- 0AV6 61- BJ7G 6?- 3l)P13 18/6 25C5 25A60 10/- 4/- »lAi9 12/8
6/- 059A 81- DI.70 71- ECP8B 8/- PC97 91- 8U2130A 101- UF85 7/-
SA4 4,' - 6B7 61- 6J7GT 7/6 10PI4 12/- 2050 ECH21 11/-
10/. EE86 7/9 PCC84 616 TH41 10/- UF86 10/-
3A5 18/6 UVI3 12/-
7/- 6B8 61- 6K7 6/- ]ID3 7/- 2SL6GT Bl- 2051 61- DL76 10/- ECH:(5 12!- El.SI 2/6 PCC88 10/6 TH2321 71- UMl 7/9EL90 61- PCC85 7/- TH233 . 61- UF89 61-
SB7
SD0 S-
41- EBBGCBA6 4/9 6K7C.T 61- HD5 7/- 25Z4G 7/- 5698 61- DU92 ECH42 8/- BL822EL821 61- PCC81I 10/- TP22 61- UL84 61-
■8Q4 8/8 6BF6 6/- 6/-
IIK8 8/-
fiK8GT 8/- 12 ACS 8/-
12AH7 2525 718 5703 12/- DL93
5/- 26»iGT 8/8 6060 „e/- DI.94 ECH81 7/8
ECH8!I 6/- E5t4 101- 81- PCC189 10/- TP25 61- UM4 10/-
3Q5GT
384 6/6 0BH6 7/- 6LI 8/- 13AJR8 11/- 27811
5;- 6BJ6 8/- 6 LOG «/" 12AQS 71- Z«D7 71- 6146 27/8 DL9U 60/- 6080 25/- DLH5 ECL80 6/8 BM31 61- PCP80 PCFS3 61- TP2620 35/-
71- TT15 7/6 UM80
UU5 71- 81-
SV4 6/6 6BK7A 81- 6L7 6/- 12AT6 5/- 2UCI 20/- 6/8 ECD82
KCL83 7/8
8/- EM34
EM80 9/8 PCF84 81- TT21
TT22 82/- xruio
UY21 81-
4D1 4/- 68N6 61.13 4 1SAT7 4/- 80CI6 10/- 9003 9/- DY86
71- 6S7 9002 DM70 6/6 PCF88 81-
ECL8U 91- EU81 7/6 PCFSOl 101- TZ40 40/- UY4I 616 32/- 81-
4THA 14/- 6BQ7A 81- 8/- 12AU6 6/- 30C17 12/- A2293 15/6 E88CO 14/- ef;« 4/8 BM84 81- PCP802 10/- U12/14 81- ITYSS 61-
6R4CY
BT4 9/- 6BR7 11/6 6PX :2AU7 61- .'»P5 8/-
IV- 12AV6 8/- SOPhl IV- ACHDDD8/- E90CC 18/- EP37A BM85
8/- EM87 91- FCF305 10/6 uaa W8UI 616
61- X65 61-
8/- CBR8 S/- 6Q7G • %■ AZl 91- E91H 12/- EP39
6U40 5/- 6B37 16/- 63A7 8/- 12AV7 8/- 30D17 13/- A212 9/- E92CC 71- BF40 91- BN81 10/- PCL81 9/- U20 IV- XS8 61- 71- PCF806 18/- U25 nt-
6U4GB e/0 eBWfl 81-
5V4a 8/- UBW7 8/- 63C7
9/- 0SG7 8/-
12AXT $1- 30P12 10/- AJMl 8/8 E1S0CC 81- EF41 7/8 E5«32 10/- PCL82 6/8 V60
6,'- laAYT 10/- 30P19 14/- OlO 61- E180F 16/- BP42 61- EN92 6,- PCL83 8/3 U76
61- X79 18/-
4/- ZOO 10/-
MuUerd Translators R.C.A. TEAH3ISTOE3: 2N410 IOC43), 3/8: 2N412 {OG44). 3/9.
ocae
OC28 17/6 9/- OC44 6/- 0072
OC45 61- 8/- OC1S9 Set of 3 Q.E.C. TRABSISXOSS: GET115, 7/-; GET673. 20/-, 36/- matched pair.
OC35 16/- 0070 OC7S 6/- 0C170 8/- MICRO-ALLOY TRANSISTORS: MAX101 (60 Mo/») 8/6: MAT121 (120 Mc/s) 8/9.
f OC42 «/- OC7I 61- 0C76 6/-
61- 0077 8/- OC204 10/6 OC81D 12/6 DIODES; OA81, ZI-: BYZIO, 7/9i GJ3M, OJ5H. GJ7M, 8/6; BYSOO. 7/-.
All oat valvel carry three montha' guarantee. Write Jot loD Catalogue Pleue add 2/6 In 8 lor portage. Minimum charge 1/6. Ho C.O-D. Orders Accepted.
Any Unity item replaced free of charge. at Yalm and Tuber. Please addtear all Correspondenee to the Head Office.

JOY'FUL NEWS No. 3 CLEARANCE SALE 1 BBC2 (625 LINE) TV AERIALS

"CQ", the Radio Amatear't Journal, MAKE
reviewed the "JOYSTICK" V.F.A. In
their July, 1964 /true. Tlie following
extracts are quoted :— 5
I tried the JOYSTICK out with H89ACN'i mm DIFFERENT
help
vvell.and FOUR
found thatDIFFERENT
it performed RECEIVERS
remarkably
SHOWED IMPROVED PERFORMANCE TRANSISTOR RADIOS
OVER A high
mounted D1POLE
on thewhen the ofJOYSTICK
outside was
an apartment MASTwide MOUNTING ARRAYS, 9 element
for 35/- 45/-:
house.theAantenna
when little drop-off
was laidinagainst
signal the
waswall
noted
on Amazing Radio Construction Set! Become a 14 elementspaced 62/6.high gain.
WALL 11MOUNTING.
element 55/-!
the inside. For traosmi cci ng, the antenna will radio expert for 35/-. A complete Home Radio WITH
(vide CRANKED
spaced high ARM,
gain. 11 9 element
element «/■;
97/6; 14
take a KW.
When you write to the manufacturer for Course. No experience needed. Parts include element 75/-. CHIMNET ARRAYS COM-
full information he will send you testimonials instructions for each design, Step-by-Step plan, PLETE. 9 element 721-; wide spaced
Ssin. 11 element 60/-; 14 element B7/6. LOFT high
from many hams who have nothing but praise all Transistors, loudspeaker, personal phone, .RRAYS. 7 elementWITH
31/d; TILTING
wide spacedARM
high
for
numberthe JOYSTICK,
from U.S. ham,amongeipecially
these will be a
WoCJW knobs, screws, etc., all you need. Box size gain. II element,
and K5GDH. 14* x 10* X 2* (parts avail, sep.). Originally £6, 62/6; 14 element 70/-. ALL HIGH GAIN
NOW 35/- + 3/- P. & P. (3/- C.O.D.) UNITS HAVE SPECIAL MULTI-ROD
I reecmroend that if you buy a JOYSTICK REFLECTOR.
you also
could be buy
usedafor
tuner
mobile Actually
work* the antenna
too without ASTONISHING CABLE 1/6 yd. LOW LOSS CO-AXIAL
much trouble.
COMPLETE
comprising SYSTEM
Standard FOR RECEIVING.
JOYSTICK and Type 3
CIGARETTE m BBC ♦ 1TV * F.M. AERIALS
JOYMATCH for complete coverage of the B.B.C. (BAND I). Tele-
Short Wave bands—will suit ANY Short scopic loft 21/-, External
Wave Receiver—£5.11.0d. including carriage u S/D 30/-.
and packing. 2l0m I.T.V. (BAND 3). 3 Ele-
DITTO. With DE-LUXfi "JOYSTICK" Yes, * perfectly ment loft array 25/-.
(all copper R.F. elements), £6.11.Od, including ordinary packet of element
ing, 3 35/-. mount-SS
Wall35/-.
element
carriage and packing. cigarettes!— but watch your friends astonish- element 45/-,
COMPLETE
MITTING, SYSTEM Standard
comprising FOR TRANS- JOY- ment on hearing it fetch in station after station,
STICK and Type S JOYMATCH for 6 loud and clear ) Still holds 10 Cigarettes—yet COMBINED
Loft 1-1-3, 41/3;B.B.C./I.T.V,
I+5, 46/9.
amateur bands, £4.12.0d. including carriage cleverly conceals highly sensitive, fully transis- Wall
and packing.
JOYSTICK. Add Cl.O.Od. for DE-LUXE torised circuit (including tiny battery}. Even a
you ng boy can assemble it in under 2 hours. No I +5, mounting 14*3, 56/3;
63/9. Chimney I +3,
soldering. No experience necessary. Only 63/91 I +5. 71/3.
MOBILE HARNESS* for use with STAN- F.M.
DARD JOYSTICK only 2S/. post free. 16 connections to make. Ideal for taking to work
with you. from our bulging testimonial file, 30/-. (BAND 2). Lofc
3 element, 52/6. S/D,External
12/6- "H".
uni«
FULL INSTRUCTIONS INCLUDED Mr. D.B, of Huddersfield writes;—". .. / have available,
plugs. 1/3.Co-ax,
Outletcable boxes,6d,4/6.yd.Diplexer
Co-ax.
FULL AIONEY-BACK GUARANTEE fitted the parts in and it is working wonderfully .. Crossover Boxes 6d.
P.P. 3/-. Send 12/6,stamps
C.W.O.for orillustrated
C.O.D.
TESTIMONIALS GALORE 11 ALL PARTS including Semi-Conductors, A.B.C, lists.
Plans,etc, ONLY IS/6d. plus l/6d. post, etc.
PARTRIDGE ELECTRONICS LTD. (C.O.D. l/6d. ex.)
K.V.A. ELECTRONICS (D«ph 3}
(Dept. FEJ* 3b, Gedstena Road, Konley, Surrey.
7 SOWELL STREET. BR0ADSTAIRS. KENT CONCORD ELECTRONICS
CSO 2527
(dept. p.e.13) 9 Western Road, Hove
232