DYNAMO – a rotating electrical machine in which an energy transmission takes place.

TYPES OF DYNAMO:

1. Electrical Generator – mechanical energy is converted into electrical energy.

2. Electrical Motor- electrical energy is converted into mechanical energy.

PART OF DYNAMO:

 YOKE (OUTER FRAME)

1. It provides mechanical support for the poles and acts as a protecting cover for the whole
machine.
2. Carries the magnetic flux produced by the poles.

 ARMATURE CORE
It houses the armature conductors of coils and causes them to rotate and hence the magnetic
flux of the field magnets.

 COMMUTATOR
It facilitates the collection of current from the armature conductor, it converts the AC induced in
the armature conductors into unidirectional current in the external load circuit.

 BRUSHES AND BEARINGS

Collects current from the commutator, are usually made of carbon and are in the shape of
rectangular block.

 ARMATURE WINDINGS
The HEART of the dynamo because it is where the voltage is generated in the case of generator
or where torque is developed in the case of motor.

PART OF DYNAMO ARE CLASSIFIED AS:

A. Stationary Part B. Rotating Part

1. Yoke/Frame 1. Armature Core
2. Field Poles 2. Armature Windings
3. Field Windings 3. Commutator
4. Brush Mechanism 4. Armature

Generator action requires:

1. Presence of Magnetic Flux

2. Motion of conductor to cut the magnetic flux as a result.

ENERGY CONVERSION MODULE 2

Engr. Arvin P. Dela Roca, RME, ECT
“Voltage is generated in the Conductor.”

According to Faraday’s Law:

The magnitude of the voltage generated is directly proportional to the rate at which flux is being
cut.

 Voltage per conductor

EC= Φ (lines) 1 volt

t (sec) x 1 x 108 lines/sec

= Φ x 10-8 volt/conductor
T

 Armature windings is divided into circuits or path

Let z = total number of armature conductors
a = no. of parallel path

Epath = EC x conductor
Path

Epath= Φ x 10-8 z = Φzx 10-8 volt/path

t a ta

t = 60 / N ; Φ = ΦP x P

Epath = ΦP PZ x 10-8
(60/N) a

Epath = ΦP PNZ x 10-8 generated voltage equation of the dynamo

60a

Where:
P = no. of poles
N = speed (rpm)
Z = no. of armature conductors
ΦP = flux per pole (lines or max)
Φ = total flux
a = no. of parallel paths

PARALLEL PATHS – no. of circuit traced by the current in the armature windings as it enters one
brush and leaves the other brush.

ENERGY CONVERSION MODULE 2

Engr. Arvin P. Dela Roca, RME, ECT
TWO TYPES OF ARMATURE WINDINGS:

1. Lap – the coils end connected to adjacent segment

2. Wave – the coil end are connected to commutator segment equal to the distance between
poles or 360

For lap: For wave: For froleg winding:

a = P x plex = P x m a = 2 x plex = 2 x m a=2xP

where:

m or plex = degree of multiplicity

ex:

simplex ; m = 1 LAP PM

duplex ; m = 2 WAVE 2M

triplex ; m =3 FROLEG 2P

PROBLEMS:

1. Calculate the average in a moving conductor if it cuts 3.5 x 106 lines in 1/50 sec.
2. Calculate the generated voltage in a 6 pole, 1200 rpm if there are 8 conductors in each slots of
126. The flux density is 60,000 maxwell/m2 is existing over each pole per phase of 32 in2. Assure
the windings has six parallel paths.
3. A 6 pole DC generator has an armature winding with 504 conductors connected in 6 parallel
paths. Calculate the generated voltage in the machine if each pole produces 2.65 x 106 lines and
armature speed is 1500 rpm.
4. Calculate the voltage generated by a 4 pole DC machine given: armature slots = 55; conductor
per slot = 4; flux per pole = 4.65 x 106 lines; speed = 1800 rpm duplex lap wdg
5. A two pole DC generator has an armature containing a total of 40 conductors connected in 2
parallel paths. The flux per pole is 6.48 x 108 lines and the speed of the prime mover is 30 rpm.
The resistance of each conductor is 0.01Ω and the current carrying capacity is 10A. Calculate the
terminal voltage of the generator.
𝑃
Electrical Degree (e*)− 𝑚𝑜
2

- The distance between two adjacent poles is always equal to 180𝑒 𝑜 .

ENERGY CONVERSION MODULE 2

Engr. Arvin P. Dela Roca, RME, ECT
2 POLE 4 POLE 6 POLE

N S N N

180𝑚𝑜 = 180𝑒 𝑜 N S

S S

4 6
𝑒𝑜 = 2
(90) 𝑒 0 = 2 (60)

𝑒 𝑜 = 1800 𝑒 0 = 1800

 COIL PITCH OR COIL SPAN (Ys)

- No. of slots enclosed by a coil
- Distance measured in terms of armature slots between two sides of the coil.
𝑠
𝑌𝑠 = −𝑘
𝑝
Where:
s = no. of slots
p = no. of poles
𝑠
k = any part of 𝑝to make 𝑌𝑠 an integer.
∴Sometimes coil pitch and pole pitch if they lie on the

 POLE PITCH
- Distance between two adjacent poles or distance between the center lines of the
adjacent north and South Pole. It is always equal to 180𝑒 𝑜 .
 BACK PITCH (YB)
- Distance in terms of slots between the sides of the coil at the back of the commutator.
 FRONT PITCH (YP)
- The no. of armature conductors or elements spanned by a coil in the front.
 COMMUTATOR PITCH (YC)
- The distance between the segments to which the two ends of a coil are connected.
- No. of commutator segments between coil ends.

𝐶𝑠 ± 𝑚
𝑌𝐶 =
𝑝/2
(must be whole nos.)
 LAP WINDING
- Suitable for comparatively low voltage but high current.
 WAVE WINDING
- Used for high voltages, low current machines.

ENERGY CONVERSION MODULE 2

Engr. Arvin P. Dela Roca, RME, ECT
  REENTRANCY
- Closing up of winding from where it begins.
 DEGREE OF REENTRANCY
- No. of times the winding will reenter.

USES OF LAP AND WAVE WINDINGS

The advantage of the whole wave winding is that:

1. For a given no. of pole & armature conductors, give more emf than lap winding.
2. Some emf, lap winding would require large no. of conductor which will result in higher
winding cast.
a. Wave winding is suitable for small generator (500-600V)
3. Equalizing are not necessary in wave, whereas, in a lap they definitely are, because each
two paths, certain conductor lying under all poles whereas in a lap winding. Each
parallel path contains conductor which lie under one pair of pole only.

Any inequality of pole fluxes affects two path equally, hence, their induced emf are
equal. In lap, unequal voltage are produced which set-up a circulating current that produces
sparking at brushes.

However, when large current are required, it is necessary to use lap winding
because it gives more parallel path.

LENZ LAW

- State that the direction of the generated voltage in a coil such that intends to produce a current-
flow opposing a change of flux in the coil.

Fore finger thumb (motion) thumb (motion) fore finger

(flux) (flux)

Middle Middle
(voltage) (voltage)

RHR (right hand rule) LHR (left hand rule)

NOTE! Direction of flux is from N to S.

ENERGY CONVERSION MODULE 2

Engr. Arvin P. Dela Roca, RME, ECT
 GENERATOR ACTION MOTOR ACTION

S N N S

DC GENERATOR

- An energy conversion device used to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy.

- Generators are classified or may divided into:
a. separately excited generator
b. self excited generator

1. SEPERATELY EXCITED GENERATOR

Are also those whose field magnets are energized from an independent source of DC
current .

2. SELF- EXCITED GENERATOR

Are those whose field magnets are energized by the current produced by the generator.

A. SHUNT WOUND GENERATOR

- The field windings are connected across or in parallel with the armature
conductor and have the full voltage of the generator applied across
them.
- It is used for constant voltage application in electrical engineering.

B. SERIES WOUND GENERATOR

- The field windings are joined in series with the armature conductors.
- It is used for constant current applications like in series street lighting.

C. COMPOUND WOUND GENERATOR

- It is a combination of few series or few shunt windings and can be either
short or long shunt
1. LONG SHUNT GENERATOR
2. SHORT SHUNT GENERATORS

ENERGY CONVERSION MODULE 2

Engr. Arvin P. Dela Roca, RME, ECT
 EXAMPLES:
1. A 200 kW, 230 V compound generators is connected in long shunt. If the field
resistance is 30 ohms. What is the series field current at full load.
2. A long shunt compound generators has a shunt field with 1200 turns per pole and
series field at 4.5 turns per pole. If the shunt field and series field AT are 1400 and 206
respectively. Calculate the power delivered to the load when the terminal is 230V.
3. A 10 pole, simplex lap wound generator is wound for 110V, 600 A capacity. It has an
armature resistance of 0.0672 ohms and is wound in 160 slots, 2 coil/ slot and 300
turns/ coil. Find a) the resistance per coil b) the generated emf.
If the winding is change to simplex wave and all other condition unchanged, find the
new a) Ra and b) Eg
4. A 10 pole simplex wave DC generator has 3 coil/ slot and 2 turns/ coil; no, of slots =
161; ΦP = 1.5 x 106 lines, speed of rotation is 600 rpm. Find the generated emf and
resistance per coil of the armature resistance is 0.036 ohms.

CORE LOSS

 IRON LOSS ON ARMATURE

 Due to the rotation of the iron core of the armature in the magnetic flux of the field
poles, there are some losses taking place continuously in the core.
 Iron losses consist of hysteresis and eddy current loss.

1. Hysteresis loss (Pn) is given by steinmetz formula:

𝑷𝒏 = 𝒌𝜷𝟏.𝟔𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒇𝒗 (𝑾)

Where:

𝑣 = volume of armature core

𝑘 = steinmetz hysterisis coeffiecient
𝑓 = frequency
𝛽𝑚𝑎𝑥 = maximum flux density

values of k:

 Dynamo sheet steel = 502 𝐽/𝑚3

 Silicon steel = 191𝐽/𝑚3
 Hard cast steel = 7040𝐽/𝑚3
 Cast steel = 750𝐽/𝑚3 to 3000 𝐽/𝑚3
 Cast iron = 2700𝐽/𝑚3 to 4000 𝐽/𝑚3
2. Eddy current loss (Pe)
𝑷𝒆 = 𝒌𝜷𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒇𝟐 𝒕𝟐 𝒗 (𝑾)
Where:

ENERGY CONVERSION MODULE 2

Engr. Arvin P. Dela Roca, RME, ECT
 𝑣 = volume of armature core
𝑘 = steinmetz hysterisis coeffiecient
𝑓 = frequency
𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 = maximum flux density
𝑓 = thickness of each lamination

If all parameters are constant and the hysteresis and eddy current loss varies only for a given
frequency hence,

𝑷𝑷 ∝ 𝑷 ∝ 𝑷
𝑷𝑷 ∝ 𝑷𝑷 ∝ 𝑷𝑷
𝑷𝑷 = 𝑷𝑷 = 𝑷𝑷 + 𝑷𝑷

Where:
𝑓𝑓 = 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓/𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑓𝑓 = 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
𝑓𝑓 = 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

ENERGY CONVERSION MODULE 2

Engr. Arvin P. Dela Roca, RME, ECT