

VEDAS ‐ 101
N. K. Anand
[email protected]
 Acknowledgement
• Pranams to Swami Bodhananda Saraswati of 
Sambodh Society for his inspiration, 
encouragement, and feedback.  
Introduction
• The word Veda is derived from the root word 
Vid (to know). Refers a vast body of spiritual 
knowledge. 
• Anta means end, Veda +anta = Vedanta, the 
knowledge that is infinite, end of final 
knowledge or infinite or what is found at the 
end of the Vedas i.e. Upanishads
• The first Veda (Rig) came about circa 10,000 
BCE –a general consensus of Hindus at large
• Vedas are revealed knowledge to the seers. 
Preservation
• Vedas are handed by gurus to their sishyas by oral 
tradition. 
• A strict order of chanting was maintained to 
preserve the original meanings
• Since Vedas were heard by Rishis they are termed 
srutis. 

Notes:
Guru = gu (ignorance) + ru (to destroy), one who 
destroys our ignorance.
Sishya = disciple or one who has discipline to learn
Organization ‐ Vedas
Four Vedas listed in chronological order
1. Rig Veda
2. Yajur Veda
3. Sama Veda
4. Atharva Veda
Vedic Samhitas
Samhitas:  a methodically, rule‐based 
combination of text or verses
 Itihasas (Epics)
1. Ramayana
2. Mahabharata

Itihasas narrates a story that happened in the ancient

days, and has come down to us by oral tradition.
Itihasas must contain four pursharthas: dharma
(virtue); artha (wealth); kama (desires of flesh); and
moksha (emancipation).
 Upavedas
• The four upavedas are mapped to the four 
original Vedas: 
1. Ayurveda (science life and health)
2. Dhanurveda (science of war)
3. Ghandrava Veda (science of music)
4. Stapathya Veda (architecture)
 Puranas
• Vedas are basic scriptures of Hinduism. Puranas
accommodate various forms of worship and diverse
philosophies within the construct of broad Hinduism,
while keeping the core of the religion in tact.
• Purnas are hugely responsible for keeping the Hindu
religion in tact against the onslaught of barbarian
invasions and impact of Semitic religions on Indian
society.
• The other reason Purnas are saviors of Hinduism is
because it has encompassed all aspects of human life.
• At a time the only access to knowledge for masses was
listening to Puranas to discharge their duties in the
society.
 Antiquity of Puranas
• The word Purana is derived in two ways:
Pura bhavam (ancient narratives) and
Pura api navam (that which has new even in
the ancient days).
• Puranas as old as Vedas. However, 18 Maha
Puranas extant are dated A.D.
• By the time Apastamba (450‐350 B. C.) the
term Purana had become restricted to a
particular class of books.
• There are 18 Upapuranas
 General Characteristics of the Puranas

• Sarga (creation)
• Pratisarga (intermediate Creation)
• Vamsa (dynasties of gods and patriarchs)
• Manvantaras (14 manus and their periods)
• Vamsanucharita (genealogy of the kings of 
solar and the lunar race)
 18 Maha Puranas
Serial # Name of Puranas Number of Slokas Period of Compoisition 
1 Agni 16,000 A.D. 800
2 Bhagavata 18,000 A.D. 600
3 Bhavisya 14,500 A.D. 500‐900
4 Brahma 10,000 A.D. 1300
5 Brahmanada 12,000 A.D. 400
6 Brahmavaivarta 18,000 A.D. 1000
7 Garuda 18,000 A.D. 900
8 Kurma 18,000 A.D. 500
9 Linga 11,000 A.D. 600‐1000
10 Markandeya 9,000 A.D. 300
11 Matsya 14,000 A.D. 300
12 Naradiya 25,000 A.D. 900‐1600
13 Padma 55,000 A.D. 800
14 Skanda 81,000 A.D. 700‐900
15 Vamana 10,000 A.D. 900
16 Varaha 24,000 A.D. 800‐1100
17 Vayu 24,000 A.D. 200
18 Vishnu 23,000 A.D. 300
 Yoga (Union with God)
• Bhakti Yoga
• Karma yoga
• Gnana Yoga
• Raja Yoga
• Samanvaya Yoga (Integral Yoga)
 Darsanas (seeing) –Six Systems of 
Hindu Philosophy
Darsanas are divided to Astika and Nastika Categories
AStikas
• Saddarshanas (sad=six)
1. Nyayadarsana – Gautama
2. Vaisesikadarasna – Kanada
3. Sankhyadarsana – Kapila
4. Yogadarsana – Patanjali
5. Mimasasadarsana – Jaimini
6. Vedantadarsana – Badarayana
Nastikas
Carvaka, Loakayatamatam, Jainadarsana, and 
Bauddhadarsana
Organization ‐ Vedas
• The Rig Samhita = 10,552 verses
• Yajur Veda = 1,975 verses
• Sam Veda = 1,875 verses
• Atharva Veda = 5,977 verses
• Total number of verses in Vedas = 20,416 
• The language of divine Rig Veda has ~ 35,000 
words
Notes: To place the number of words in divine language of Rig 
Veda in proper context one must note that the English language 
has ~172,000 words
 Organization – Vedas ‐2
• Every mantra in Vedas can be classified into rik, yajus, saman, 
and atharvana. 
• A  rik mantra has a metrical structure determined by the number of 
syllables in it. 
• There are seven well known families of meters:  Gayathri, 
Ushanik, Anushtup, Brhati, Pangti, Trishtup, and Jagati. 
• Rik is the mantra of divine conscientiousness, it brings its light 
of revelation.  
• Yajus is the mantra of divine power, it brings its will of 
effectuation.
• Saman is the mantra of divine ananda, it brings its equal 
fulfilment of the spiritual delight of existence.
• Atharvana are incantations and spells for health, healing, and 
psychic powers.
 Organization – Vedas ‐3
• Each Veda has its own four parts:
1. Samhitas: hymns, the mantras
2. Brahmanas : contains rituals in prose
3. Aranyakas: teach about meditation based on symbolical 
interpretations of rituals
4. Upanishads: philosophical treatises dealing with 
ultimate problems of life
 Vedic Deities (devas or gods)
Indra 289; Agni 218; Soma 123; The Asvins 56; Varuna 46 ;  
the Maruts 38;  Mitra 28;  Ushas 21;  Vayu (Wind); 12 Savitr
11; the Rbhus 11; Pushan 10; the Apris 9; Brhaspati 8; Surya
(Sun) 8; Dyaus and Prithivi (Heaven and Earth) 6;  Apas
(Waters) 6; Adityas 6; Vishnu 6; Brahmanaspati 6; Rudra
5;………

Note: Rig  Vedic deities are listed above, the numbers in red 
indicate the number of hymns dedicated to that particular deity. 
There are more deities listed past Rudra…
 Dating Rig Veda
A. C. Das 25,000 BCE
S. Srikanthasastri 10,000 BCE
S. V. Venkatesvara 10,000 BCE
B. G. Tilak 6,000 BCE
Hermann Jacobi 4,500 BCE
Haug, M. 2,400 BCE
Winternitz, Moriz 2,000 BCE
Max Muller 1,000 BCE
Definitions
• The essential power of mantra is to make us see the 
reality beyond world of senses and thoughts. Rishi is a 
person of wisdom
• Rishi is an expert on a field of knowledge , not 
necessarily a religious figure.
• In a more restricted sense a person of spiritual wisdom 
who has transcended samsara or trans‐migratory 
existence can be termed as a Rishi.
 Organization ‐Rig Veda 
• In the beginning Rig Veda consisted a single
collection of mantras with a non‐linear structure
with every mantra connected to many others.
• Ancient Hindus divided Rig Veda two different
ways:
1. The Ashtaka Method
2. The Mandala Method

Notes: The word Hindu is neither coined by practioners of Vedanta nor can be found
in sacred texts of followers of Vedanta. Either ancient Greeks or Persians termed
people living on the other side (east of) of the river Sindhu as Indus and over time
Indus became Hindus.
 Organization – Rig Veda ‐2
• The Ashtaka method was designed to 
facilitate easy memorization by 
apportioning more less equal number 
mantras to each section.
• The Mandala method was designed group 
mantras based on the subject matter.
 Organization – Rig Veda ‐ 3
• The Ashtaka Method: The Rig Veda is divided
into 8 Ashtakas; each Ashtaka is divided into 8
Adhyayas; each Adhyaya has a varied number of
Vargas ( varying from 221 to 331); and each Varga
has a varied number of mantras (varying from
1,147 to 1,730).
Notes: Ashtaka means eight; Adhyaya could mean
chapter, lesson, or lecture; and Varga means group
or class or division
Organization – Rig Veda ‐4
Organization of Rig Veda
The Astaka Method
Astakas No. Adhyayas No. Vargas Mantras
1 8 265 1,370
2 8 221 1,147
3 8 225 1,209
4 8 250 1,289
5 8 238 1,263
6 8 331 1,730
7 8 248 1,263
8 8 246 1,281
Totals 64 2,024 10,552
 Organization – Rig Veda ‐ 5
• The Mandala Method: The Rig Veda is divided
into 10 Mandalas; each Mandala contains 4 to 24
Anuvakas; each Anuvaka contains 43 to 191
Suktas; in all 1,028 Suktas contain 10,552
mantras.
• Notes: In Rig Veda the word Mandala refers to the name of 10 books
or sections into which it is divided based on the subject content;
Anuvaka literally means reciting Vedas after teacher or following the
teacher, in the Rig Vedic organizational context it means a
subdivision of a Mandala; and Varga means group or class division.
 Organization – Rig Veda ‐6
Orghanization of Rig Veda
The Mandala Method
Mandala No. Anuvakas No. Suktas Mantras
1 24 191 2,006
2 4 43 429
3 5 62 617
4 5 58 589
5 6 87 727
6 6 75 765
7 6 104 841
8 10 103 1,716
9 7 114 1,108
10 12 191 1,754
Totals 85 1,028 10,552
 Yajur Veda
• Second of the four Vedas that emerged out 
of the southern face of Brahma
• Available in two main streams: Krsna Yajur 
Veda and Sukla Yajur Veda
 Yajur Veda ‐2
• Only 5 Yajur Veda Samhitas are available:
1. Taittiriya Samhita
2. Maitrayaniya Samhita
3. Kathaka Samhita
4. Kapisthala‐Kathaka Samhita
5. Vajasaneyi Samhita
• The first four belongs to Krsna Yajur Veda. Vajasaneyi 
Samhita is the only belonging to Sukla Yajur Veda.
• The fourth Samhita is not fully recovered. 
 Sama Veda
• Sama Veda or Sama Veda Samhita is the third of the
four Vedas.
• Sama Veda comprises mostly of Rig Vedic
mantras (Riks) set to the saptasvara system of
Indian music to be sung at appropriate places in
a sacrifice.
• It is the Udgatr (third of the four priests) along
with his three assistants who conducts this
sacrificial ceremony.
 Sama Veda ‐2
• Sama: that which destroys sorrow by its
sweetness; a song.
• Samas are those mantras of Rig Veda which had
been set to the tunes as prescribed by special
treatises.
• The same Rik can be sung in different tunes thus
producing different samas, and the number can
vary from 1 to 18.
• According to one calculation there are 1,875 Riks
and 2,639 samas.
 Sama Veda ‐3
• Sama Veda has around thousand shakas
(branches) of which only 13 are discovered so
far. These 13 are the names of the teachers who
are responsible for their recension.
• Three of those shakas are extant now. They are 
Jaiminyasakha, Kauthumasakha, and 
Ranayaniyasakha. 
 Sama Veda ‐4
• Sama Veda has two internal divisions. Purvarcika and 
Uttrarcika. 
• Purvarcika has several prapathakas (chapters) containing 
several dasatis (decads), and  dastis are divided into Kandas 
(chapters). Each Kanda contains several Riks. 
• Uttararcika has nine prapathakas and are divided into 
Kandas (Chapters). Each Kanda contains several Riks. 

Note:  Arcika means group of Riks. 
 Sama Veda ‐ Purvarcika
Sama Veda ‐ Purvarcika
Prapathaka Kanda Dasti Riks.
1 Agneyakanda 10 96
2 Aindrakanda 10 97
3 Aindrakanda 10 99
4 Aindrakanda 10 98
5 Pavamana Parva 10 96
6 Aranyaka Parva 9 99
Aranyakanda 5 55
Mahanamni 10

Totals 64 650
Sama Veda ‐ Uttararcika
Sama Veda‐ Uttaracika
Prapathaka Kanda Riks.
1 12 124
2 12 111
3 14 145
4 13 144
5 21 172
6 15 182
7 12 128
8 13 144
9 8 111

Totals 120 1,261

 Sama Veda ‐5
• All four Vedas have three groups : Brahmanas, 
Aranyakas, and Upanishads
• Brahmanas (nine of them):
1. Arsya Brahmana
2. Devatadhyaya Brahmana
3. Prudha Brahmana
4. Sadvimsa Brahmana
5. Samavidhna Brahmana
6. Samhitoponishad Brahmana
7. Talvakara Brahmana
8. Upanishad Brahmana
9. Vamsa Brahmana
 Sama Veda ‐6
• Aranyakas:
1. There is only one Aranyaka available called 
Talvakara Aranyaka, it is part of Talvakara 
Brahmana.
• Upanishads 
1. Chandogya and Kena (or Talvakara) Upanishads are the 
major Upanishads of Sama Veda
2. Other minor Upanishads of Sama Veda include 
Arunopanishad; Jabaladarsanopanishad; Jabalyupanishad; 
Mahopanishad; and Vasudevaopanishad.
 Sama Veda ‐7
• Any mantra of Rig Veda ( a Rik) set to music as per the 
system of svaras or notes of Sama Veda becomes a Sama. 
This is explained in Naradiyasiksa.
• According to Naradiyasiks: there are 7 svaras (musical 
notes), 3 gramas (scales of music, lower range, middle 
range, and top range); 21 murchanas (variation of notes in 
orderly manner); and 49 tanas (protracted notes). 
• Samaveda is the origin of Indian classical music.
 Atharva Veda
• This is the fourth Veda.
• Circa 3,000‐2,500 BCE
• The word Atharva comes from Athar, an
obsolete word for fire or priest of fire. Atharvan
may be a name of the ancient sage who brought
down fire from heavens to start sacrificial rites on
earth.
• Atharvan is also regraded as the son of
Brahma.
 Atharava Veda ‐2
• Atharva Veda is also called by other names: 
1. Atharvana Veda
2. Atharavangirasa
3. Angirasa
4. Bhruguangirasa
5. Bhruguvistara
6. Brahma Veda – Atharva son of Brahma
7. Bhaisajyaveda – bhaisajya (medicine and treatment)
8. Ksattraveda – warrior class , Ksatriya
 Atharva Veda ‐3
• Atharva Veda differs from the other three in the sense that
it deals with issues of life as opposed to issues of
hereafter. It deals with things of here and now. Major
portion of Vedas is concerned with diseases and their
cure, rites for prolonging life, rites for fulfilling one’s
desire, building construction, trade and commerce,
statecraft, and Propitiatory rites.
• Also, referred to as the scripture of masses.
• From ancient times 9 sakhas (branches) of Atharava Veda
are known to have existed. However two of them are
extant: Pippalada and Saunaka.
 Atharva Veda ‐ 4

Atharava Veda Samhita
Prapathakas Kandas Suktas Mantras
1 1‐7 433 2,030
2 8‐12 45 1,573
3 13‐18 43 1,063
4 19‐20 215 1,411
Totals 736 6,077
 Atharva Veda ‐5
• In all 6,077 mantras are distributed over 20
kandas and 736 suktas, and 4 prapathikas.
• The number of suktas may vary depending
the method of classification but the
number mantras remains 6,077.
• The 20th kanda is heavily borrowed from
the Rig Veda.
 Atharva Veda ‐6
• Bhaisajya Suktas: deals with diseases, their causes, and
cures. Hence, Atharva Veda is considered to be precursor
to Ayurveda. Sometimes Ayurveda is listed as the upaveda
of Atharva Veda.
• Paustika Suktas: prayers for worldly progress and
welfare (good rains, growth of crops, and building
construction).
• Abhicaraika Suktas: aimed at harming or destroying
our enemies who obstruct our progress.
• Prayascitta Sukta: concerned with expiatory rites to
offset either wrong performance or non‐performance of
religious rites.
 Atharva Veda ‐ 7
• Strikarma Sukta: deals with love and marriage. 
• Rajakarma Sukta: gives an account of political 
system that existed those days. The king used to 
be elected by the people . National and social 
problems were solved by samiti, a parliament of 
people.  
• Brahmanya Sukta: nature of Brahmana and the 
absolute. 
• Ayusya Sukta: contains supplications for 
longevity. 
 Atharva Veda ‐ 8
• Only one Brahmana of Atharava Veda has 
been discovered : Gopatha Brahmana. 
• No Aranynaka of Atharva Veda has come to 
light to date.
• Three well known Upanishads of Atharva 
Veda are: Prasna, Mundaka, and Mandukya.
 Rig Veda 1.1.1
The Very First Mantra of Rig Veda
Om̐ a̱gnimī̍ḻe pu̱rohi̍taṁ ya̱jñasya̍ de̱vamṛtvija̍m| 
Hotā̍raṁ ratna̱dhāta̍mam
(Rig 1.1.1)

Om̐ (om̐) ‐ I praise (īḻe) Agni, the god of fire (agnim), (who 

is) the family priest (purohitam), the divine (devam) priest 
(ṛtvijam) of the yajña or ritual of worship (yajñasya)4 , (as 
well as the priest known as) Hotā (hotārām)5 , (and who) 
distributes great riches (ratna‐dhātamam)
(Rig 1.1.1)
 The Beginnings
(Nasadiya Sukta)
The non‐existent was not then, Nor was the existent, The Earth 
was not, nor the firmament, Nor that is beyond. (When there was 
nothing then), what could cover what, And where and in his 
whose care did the waters and the bottom less deep exist?
(Rig. 10.129.1)
There was no death nor immortality; There was no sign of night, 
nor of day. That one breathed without extraneous breath with His 
own nature. Other than Him there nothing beyond.
(Rig. 10.129.2)
 The Beginnings ‐2
(Nasadiya Sukta)
In the beginning there was darkness, Intensified 
darkness, indistinguishable darkness, All this visible 
world was reduced to its primordial nature. This 
primordial world which was enveloped by the All‐
pervading Power of one Before whom the world of 
matter is trifle became one (that is, came into existence) 
Through the force of His intense activity and spiritual 
fervor.
(Rig. 10.129.3)
 The Beginnings ‐3
(Nasadiya Sukta)
As the existence of Earth was dependent on the Divine 
Will of the creator. The position of matter was lower 
than the spirit which acted with the Divine will.
(Rig. 10.129.5)
From what source this creation (or discharge) came into 
being or whether one appointed it or not. He who is 
over‐eye there of in Supreme Ether He knows indeed or 
knows not (may not reveal in advance).
(Rig. 10.129.5)
 Divine Assurance
The one who has faith and trust in the Lord invariably conquers 
adverse circumstances and emerges the winner, rich with bounty 
in the struggle of life.
(Rig 4.23.4)
A firm faith in God is the ray of hope that penetrates this gloom of 
fear and ignorance.
(Rig 2.27.11)
The pious soul who is ever awake in God is loved by divine 
hymns, The sacred songs seek him; Addressing him the Blissful 
Lord assures,” I shall ever be your friend, fast, and true”.
(Rig 5.44.14)
 Divine Assurance ‐2
The mind that is in the state of perpetual worship is never 
overshadowed by the dark clouds of sorrow.
(Rig. 10.43.6)
God is all in all, but only those devotees who completely and in 
full faith surrender to Him find his helping Hand every ready to 
guide and protect them.
(Rig 1.95.6)
The wise innocent man, engrossed in selfless service to mankind, 
is ever dear to God. He attains oneness with God.
(Rig. 6.2.2)
 Divine Assurance ‐3
The one who dedicates his life to the service of the Lord, whom the 
Lord takes in His loving fold, finds himself twice blessed by the 
celestial powers and basks happily in the sunshine of God’s  love.
(Rig 5.3.7)

Relinquishing all ideas of righteousness, surrender unto Me 
exclusively; I will deliver you from all sinful reactions, do not 
despair.
(Bhagvad Gita 18:66)
 Purusha Sukta (Rig. 10.90.1 ‐ 10.90.16)
• Purusha Sukta the sacred of sacred
mantras that is recited by practicing
Hindus on all occasions. It describes
the greatness Purusha (God or
Brahman) and the sacrifice made by
the God to create this universe.
 Marriage and Family Life
May we always look at each other with Love and affection.  May 
Our Lives be happy without Malice. May one spirit dwell in both 
of us!
(Atharava 7.36.1)
O husband and wife , may you both live the full span of your life 
in wedded bliss. Never be separated from each other. May you 
always live joyously in your home with children and 
grandchildren.
(Atharva 14.2.22)
O wedded couple, may you in this life be wise, benevolent and 
live to inspire all to follow the Vedic way of blissful life. 
(Yajur 2.19)
 Marriage and Family Life ‐2

Accept my gifts just as I accept yours, for the world maintains its 
balance, on this perennial give‐and –take, which makes life joyous 
living.
(Yajur 3.50)
The supreme Lord, with his mystical powers, fills the hearts of 
wedded couples with sublime love.
(Rig. 5.3.2)
Note: These Vedic verses establishes that the sanctity of 
marriage and was codified when  Vedas were revealed. 
 Sharanagati (Surrender)
Free us from bonds, inherited from our forefathers And 
from those for which we are ourselves responsible. O 
sovereign Lord, liberate us From our animal passions, 
like a calf set free from its tether.
(Rig. 7.86.5)
Subject us not, O adorable bounties, to evil creatures 
Which are like wolves or robbers, or the ones who harm 
us. Verily, you alone can guide and rule Our vigor and 
speech aright.
(Rig. 6.51.6)
 Sharanagati (Surrender) ‐2
God the rescuer, God the savior, Mighty God; Happily 
invoked at each invocation; God powerful, invoked by 
all; May God the Bounteous confer on us blessings.
(Sama. 333)

Guard us from malignant and preserve us from the 
wicked, O Victorious one. May our offerings reach Thee 
free from dishonor.
(Rig 6.15.12)
 Forgiveness
To err is human. May we be forgiven our blunders, men are full
of all desires.
(Rig. 1.179.5)

Forgive us O Lord, if immersed in our affairs, We have

committed sin against divine powers. Forgive us for our sin
against men, sin against elders. And sin against our conscience.
And all sins that we committed knowingly, And those which
might have committed unawares.
(Yajur. 8.13) 
 Forgiveness‐2
O God, the Sovereign Lord of the Universe, Help us to 
eradicate all our defects and deficiencies. Of eyes, of the 
heart and of the mind. Be merciful and compassionate to 
us.
(Yajur. 36.2)
O Lord, help us in overcoming sin, carry us across the 
turbulent river of adversities, as if on a boat.
(Atharva 1.33.7)
 Divine Guidance
O Lord, grant us and our men of faith, That they be inspired to 
devote their life to the service of humanity and work for the 
welfare of the mankind.
(Rig. 1.61.16)
O God Almighty, Lead our mind towards virtuous path.
(Rig. 10.20.1)
Bless us, that liberated from sin, We perform diligent service ;like 
a dedicated servant to Thee. O Divine Dispenser of Blessings, O 
Sagacious Lord, give wisdom to the unwise Guide thine 
worshipper on the path of prosperity.
(Rig. 7.86.7)
 Social Consciousness
May our Prayer be one and the same;
May we belong to one fraternity;
May our minds move in accord;
May our hearts work in unison;
For one supreme goal;
Let us be inspired by a common ideal;
Let us sing Thy praises in congregation.
(Rig Veda 10.191.3)
 Social Consciousness ‐2
The rich man who does not utilizes his wealth for noble
deeds or does not offer it for the use of fellow‐beings, but
looks after his own needs, is selfish and has earned the
wages of sin. It is undeniably true that the wealth of a
person becomes meaningless, if it is not distributed and
utilized. That hoarded wealth proves to be the cause of
his ruin.

(Rig Veda 10.117.6)
 Social Consciousness ‐3

The farmer with hos plough makes it possible to

grow food for the people. Only he who treads each
measured step covers the distance reaches his
destination. A teacher who imparts his knowledge
is more highly esteemed than a silent sage. A
generous individual is far superior to a miserly
wealthy person.
(Rig Veda 10.117.7)
 Social Consciousness ‐4
The Almighty Lord is pleased
And showerth his blessings and benefits
On the people of that community Where all people
are integrated,
United and offer worship with one faith.

(Rig Veda 10.191.1)
 Soul, Rebirth, and Cremation
The Lord’s joy manifests through the splendorous 
Beauty and serenity of His creations. The supreme 
bliss of this divine love is felt within the Soul that 
is pure and receptive to the sanctity of God’s 
boundless love. It kindles innermost of self 
devotees.
(Sama Veda 547)
 Soul, Rebirth, and Cremation ‐2
Elevate the soul, that may be prey to five
passions, equipped with five organs of
actions and surrounded by five elements.
After death place on the funeral pyre the
head of the body of the emancipated soul to
the east, and its right side to the south.
(Atharava Veda 4.14.7)
 Soul, Rebirth, and Cremation ‐3
The charitable deeds of this birth will bless the
soul to attain greater wisdom and perfect physical
body in the next life.
(Atharava Veda 5.1.2)
O Soul, blazing like the sun after cremation,
having reached the fire and the earth for the
rebirth, and residing in the belly of the mother,
though art born again.
(Yajur Veda 12.38)
References
• Pandit Satyakam Vidyalankar, (1983) “The Holy Vedas”, Clarion Books.
• Kashyap, R. L., (2005) “Essentials of Rig Veda”, Sri Aurobindo Kapali Sastry 
Institute of Vedic Culture.
• Swami Harshananda, (2008a) “A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism,” Vol. 
1, Ramakrishna Math, Bangalore, India.
• Swami Harshananda, (2008b) “A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism,” Vol. 
2, Ramakrishna Math, Bangalore, India.
• Swami Harshananda, (2008c) “A Concise Encyclopedia of Hinduism,” Vol. 
3, Ramakrishna Math, Bangalore, India.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigvedic_deities
• https://www.sanskrit‐sanscrito.com/en/rigveda‐mandala‐1‐first‐astaka‐
hymns‐1‐6/647
• R. L. Kashyap, (2007) “Rig Veda Samhita: Tenth Mandala”, Sri Aurobindo 
Kapali Sastry Institute of Vedic Culture.
 References ‐2
• R. L. Kashyap, (2015) “Veda Knowledge in Modern Context”, Sri Aurobindo 
Kapali Sastry Institute of Vedic Culture.