ALGEBRA 2 (COMMON CORE)

FACTS YOU MUST KNOW COLD

FOR THE REGENTS EXAM

©NYS Mathematics Regents Preparation || Created by: Trevor Clark

Notes to the Student
What is this? How do I use it to study?
Welcome to the “Algebra 2 (Common Core) Facts You Must Know Cold for the Regents Exam” study guide! I hope that you find this guide to
be an invaluable resource as you are studying for your Algebra 2 Regents examination. This guide holds the essential information, formulas,
and concepts that you must know in order to pass, or even master, your Regents exam! Over 150 hours have been put into the development of
this study guide – from the clipart, to formatting, and from the colors to the mathematical theorems and concepts themselves, this packet has it
all for you, the student and/or teacher! This study guide is specifically designed for students but can be used by teachers to ensure that there
are no gaps in their curriculum. So, students, how do you use this to be incredibly successful? First and foremost, you need to know this stuff
cold. There are no exceptions – you need to memorize and understand the material presented in this study guide. If you don’t know the basics,
then how are you going to complete practice exams? You can’t. You need to take one step at a time; this is the first step. After you have read
through these concepts and theorems several times, it’s time to try an administered Algebra 2 Regents exam. For your first attempt, I
recommend that you have this study guide handy as a reference guide. If you’re stuck on a question, consult this guide to see what concept or
theorem you need to apply to the problem. This method of getting stuck on a question, consulting this study guide, and finding the correct
theorem helps your mind grow and retain these mathematical concepts. If you are still stuck, then visit www.nysmathregentsprep.com and
watch our fully explained regents exam videos in Algebra 2. We have all exams available! I wish you all of mathematical success! If you have
any questions, feel free to contact me at [email protected]. Good luck!

Notes to the Teacher

What s new to this edition?
This is the second edition of the “Algebra 2 (Common Core) Facts You Must Know Cold for the Regents Exam”, published in the spring of
2018. If you are familiar with the previous version, you will immediately notice many changes. It was discovered that numerous topics were
missing from the previous edition, hence this review packet has doubled in size. This may be a serious concern for some teachers due to paper
and ink costs, but all topics in this new review packet are important. Each page was meticulously formatted. A listing shown below indicates the
missing topics from the first edition that have been added in the second edition:
ü Solving a system of equation with 3 variables
ü Vertex form of a parabola with formulas of the focus and the directrix
ü Transformation rules and descriptions using the acronym “Helicopters Do Rise Vertically” (HDRV)
ü Rate of change/slope
ü Exponential Growth and Decay formulas & Compound Interest formulas
ü Regression equations using the TI-Nspire CX
ü Equation of a circle and completing the square
ü Revisions of the probability and statistics section
In addition to these topics, formatting was updated, diagrams were improved, and all typos that we were informed about were corrected. We
hope that you find this study guide to be an invaluable resource for you and your students. We encourage you to make photo copies and
distribute this to all of your students. If you teach other regents level courses such as Algebra 1 and Geometry, visit our website at
www.nysmathregentsprep.com to download those study guides too! If you have any questions, comments, or suggestions, please don’t
hesitate to contact me at [email protected].

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Dedication
I would like to dedicate this study guide to the following mathematics teachers of Farmingdale High School, who have inspired me every step of
the way to fulfil my goal of becoming a mathematics teacher: Mrs. Mary-Elena D’Ambrosio, Mrs. Laura Angelo-Provenza, Mrs. Louise
Corcoran, Mrs. Efstratia Vouvoudakis, Mr. Scott Drucker, and Mr. Ed Papo. Other teachers who have also inspired me include Mrs. Jacquelyn
Passante-Merlo and Mrs. Mary Ann DeRosa of W. E. Howitt Middle School, and Ms. Elizabeth Bove of Massapequa High School.
I would especially like to thank Mrs. Mary-Elena D’Ambrosio for her suggestions and advice as to how to improve this second edition of the
“Algebra 2 (Common Core) Facts You Must Know Cold for the Regents Exam”. Her input was invaluable.

© NYS Mathematics Regents Preparation. All rights reserved. No part of this document can be reproduced or redistributed within a paid setting, such
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 Algebra II [Common Core] Regents Exam Study Guide – “Facts You Must Know Cold for the Regents Exam”

NUMBER SYSTEMS, POLYNOMIALS, & ALGEBRA Quick Review of the Real Number System
(Denoted as ℝ)
Dividing Polynomials
!"#"$%&$ /%01"$%) The Real Number System
Division Algorithm: !"#"'()
= +,(-"%&- + !"#"'()
Long Division of Polynomials Synthetic Division of Polynomials
Steps: Steps: -3 -2 -1 0 1
2
-4 3
1) Set up the problem, where (< − =) is the 1) First, analyze of the divisor is in the form of 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ... 4
-5
divisor. (< − =), where < has a leading coefficient 5
1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ...
2) Divide the 1st term of the dividend by the of 1. If not, and it’s in the form of
1st term of the divisor. Put the quotient (R< − =)| R ∈ ℤ, you must divide by R at
above the 2nd term in the dividend. the conclusion of the problem! The Remainder Theorem
3) Now, multiply the divisor by the quotient 2) Set < − = = 0, and put = in the “window” When the polynomial A(4) is divided by a
and write the product under the 3) Line up the coefficients of the dividend. binomial in the form of (4 − 1), the
dividend, properly aligning the terms. Warning – do not skip powers! remainder equals A(1).
Now subtract this product from the 4) Bring down the first coefficient, and
dividend, and a term should cancel. multiple this number by the value of =. 4< D + 2< − 5
4) Repeat the same process, taking into Write this number under the second
(< − 1)
account the locations of the monomials. number in the dividend. Repeat the
5) Write your final answer. process
H (1) = 4(1)D + 2(1) − 5 ⇒ 1
5) Write your answer in standard form using
The remainder is 1!
Example: (343 + 54 + 6) ÷ (4 + 3) the resulting coefficients, reducing each
power by one degree. The Factor Theorem
9 3
Example: (4 + 64 + 54 − 6) ÷ (4 + ;) If A(1) = J for polynomial A(4), then a
binomial in the form of (4 − 1) must be a
factor of the polynomial.

< K + 6< M + 7< D − 6< − 8

(< + 4)

H(−4) = (−4)K + 6(−4)M + 7(−4)D − 6(−4) − 8

H(−4) = 256 + (−384) + 112 − (−24) − 8
H(−4) = 0
?3 The remainder is zero, therefore (4 + ;) is
Answer: 34 + 9 Answer: 43 + 34 − > + 4@;
a factor!

© NYS Mathematics Regents Preparation || Revised Spring 2018 || www.nysmathregentsprep.com

Factoring
The Order of Factoring:
Greatest Common Factor (GCF) Difference of Two Perfect Squares (DOTS) Trinomial (TRI) “AC” Method / Earmuff Method (AC)
GCF: =Y + =Z = =(Y + Z) D D
DOTS: < − [ = (< + [)(< − [) TRI: < D − < + 6
⇒ (< + 2)(< − 3) AC (1 ≠ >): 2< D + 15< + 18
… and if all else fails to find the roots of a quadratic (an equation with an < D < D + 15< + 36
term), use the (< + 12)(< + 3)
Quadratic Formula (QF): 12 3
(< + )(< + )
−\ ± √\3 − ;1_ 2 2
4=
31
Keep in mind that this formula is on your reference sheet, but you should really memorize it! (< + 6)(2< + 3)

Other Forms of Complex Factoring Steps

Factor by Grouping: Steps Factoring Perfect Cubes S – “Same” as the sign in the middle of the
9 3
4 + 34 − 94 − 6 1) Group the first two terms and the by SOAP: original expression”
last two terms. Re-arrange the O – “Opposite” sign
Common Common
original polynomial if necessary 49 − ` AP – “Always Positive”
D
factor of < factor of −3
2) Factor out GCF in both; the resulting (4)9 − (3)9 1) Take the cube root of each term
⇒ 4 3 ( 4 + 3) − 9( 4 + 3) binomial must be the same 2) Write this result as a binomial, then
⇒ (43 − 9)(4 + 3) 3) Simply and write in correct form (4 − 3)(43 + 34 + ;) find the trinomial using the first and
last terms as a reference.
Rational Expressions & Equations Ø Complex Fractions: Multiply each fraction by the LCD, cancel what’s
Ø To add or subtract rational expressions, you need to find a common common. & simplify.
denominator!
10 5 9 10 5 34 30 10< 9J + >J4
D
+ ⇒ ⋅ D+ ⋅ ⇒ D+ D =
2< 3< 9 2< 3< 34 6< 6< 643
Ø To multiply rational expressions, factor first, reduce, and then
multiply through.
Ø Solving Rational Equations: Find a common denominator, multiply
each fraction only by what is “needed”, solve for the equation in the
numerator. Check answers when complete!
Ø To divide rational expressions, flip the second fraction, factor,
reduce, and then multiply through.

© NYS Mathematics Regents Preparation || Revised Spring 2018 || www.nysmathregentsprep.com

Properties of Exponents & Radicals z Rationalization of Denominators in the Form of 1 ± √\
{
< r = √< z Steps:
<w = 1
1 }
1) Begin by analyzing if the denominator contains a radical
< ?o = |
2) If the denominator has a radical, multiply both the top and bottom of the
<o √< = < u
< o ⋅ < p = < o@p fraction by the conjugate of the denominator (simply switch the sign in the
(< p )o = < p⋅o ~
√=p = = middle of = and Y). Then simplify as much as possible
o Ö
< Example: Simplify D@√M
= < o?p < p <p ~ ~
<p x y = p √=Y = ~√= ⋅ √Y
[ [
5 2 − √3 5á2 − √3à 10 − 5√3
p
(<[) = < ⋅ [ p p ~= ~√= ⋅ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ >J − ä√9
 =~ 2 + √3 2 − √3 á2 + √3àá2 − √3à 4 − 2√3 + 2√3 + √9
Y √Y
Exponentials & Logarithms Logarithmic Complex Numbers
Exponential
Form
b% = c ⇔ efgb c = % Form The imaginary unit, ", is the number whose square is negative one.
… where B is the “base”, e is the “exponent, and N is the “number”. √−> = " ⇔ "3 = −>
An exponent and a logarithm are inverses of each other! To solve for a value of Ä, you can
Properties of Logarithms use your calculator or you can use
log k (l ⋅ m) = log k l + logk m the Ä −clock!
o
Example: Solve for Ä Ç
log k n p q = log k l − log k m To solve, start at the top (Ä w )
and count around the clock at
log k lr = s log k l
each quarter interval, and stop
log k Y = 1 when you reach Ä Ç . The answer
log k 1 = 0 is – ".
Rationalization of Denominators in the Form of 1 ± \"
Properties of Natural Logarithms Steps:
ln(=Y) = ln = + ln Y 1) Begin by analyzing if the denominator contains a power of "
2) If the denominator has ", multiply both the top and bottom of the
u
ln nk q = ln = − ln Y fraction by the conjugate of the denominator (simply switch the
sign in the middle of = and Y). Then simplify as much as possible
ln =k = Y ln = K@Ñ
Example: Simplify D?ÖÑ
ln 1 = 0
ln v = 1 4 + Ä (2 + 5Ä ) 8 + 20Ä + 2Ä + 5Ä D 8 + 22Ä + 5(−1) 9 33"
⋅ ⇒ ⇒ ⇒ +
2 − 5Ä (2 + 5Ä ) 4 + 10Ä − 10Ä − 25Ä D 4 − 25(−1) 3Ü 3Ü

© NYS Mathematics Regents Preparation || Revised Spring 2018 || www.nysmathregentsprep.com

 Definition: A function is a relation that consists of a set of ordered pairs in which each value of < is connected to a unique
FUNCTIONS value of [ based on the rule of the function. For each < value, there is one and only one corresponding value of [.
Domain & Range Composition Functions: One function is substituted into another
Domain: The largest set of elements available for the independent variable; in place of the variable. This can involve numeric substitutions or
the first member of the ordered pair (<). substitutions of an algebraic expression in the function in the
Note: Unless otherwise noted, the domain is the set of real numbers, denoted as ℝ. There are however
scenarios where the domain is restricted. This occurs when radicals and fractions arise. place of the variable.
Restrictions on Domain Notation: Aáí(4)à or A ∘ í(4)
1. Fraction: The denominator cannot be zero. Always read from right to left when using this notation.
Set the entire denominator equal to zero and solve.
<−4
H (< ) = ; < + 3 = 0 ⇒ < ≠ −3 ⇒ å: { ℝ|4 ≠ −9} Example 1: If H (< ) = < + 9 and î(< ) = 2< + 3, find Háî(3)à.
<+3 î (3) = 2(3) + 3 ⇒ 6 + 3 = 9
2. Radical: The radicand cannot be negative.
Set the radicand greater than or equal to zero and solve. H(9) = (9) + 9 = 18 ⇒ Answer: Háî(3)à = >`
H(<) = √< − 5; < − 5 ≥ 0 ⇒ < ≥ 5 ⇒ å: { ℝ|4 ≥ ä}
3. Radical in the Denominator: The radical cannot be negative and the Example 2: If H (< ) = < + 5 and î(<) = 3< + 4, find (H ∘ î)(<)
denominator cannot be zero. î(<) = 3< + 4
Set the radicand greater than zero and solve. H (3< + 4) = (3< + 4) + 5 ⇒ 3< + 9 ⇒ Answer: (H ∘ î)(<) = 94 + Ü
1
H (< ) = ; < + 7 > 0 ⇒ < > −7 ⇒ å: { ℝ|4 > −5} One-to-One & Onto Functions
√< + 7
Range: The set of elements for the dependent variable, the second member of One-to-One Function: A one-to-one
the ordered pair ([). function must be a function, where when
Note: Unless otherwise noted, the range is the set of real numbers, denoted as ℝ. In this course, you are the ordered pairs are examined, there are
not expected to find the range algebraically. J
Graphical Example: no repeating < values or [ values. One-to-
Inverse Functions one functions also pass both the horizontal
The inverse of a function is the reflection of and vertical line tests.
the function over the line [ = <. Only a one-to-
Onto Function: A mapping, î ∶ ñ → ò in
one function has an inverse function. To solve
for an inverse given a function H(<), switch the which each element of set ò is the image
places of < and [, then solve for [. of at least one element in set ñ. In other
words, all < values and all [ values are
Notation: used.
A(4) is the function One-to-One & Onto Function: A function
A?> (4) is the inverse where all < values and all [ values are
used, where none of the < or [ values
repeat themselves. This function must also
pass the horizontal and vertical line tests.

© NYS Mathematics Regents Preparation || Revised Spring 2018 || www.nysmathregentsprep.com

End Behavior Multiplicity
The end behavior of a graph is defined as the direction the Multiplicity is defined as how many times a unique root repeats itself based on the
function is heading at the ends of the graph. The end characteristics of the graph, as it pertains to the < − =<Äô, or based on the
behavior can be determined by the following: polynomial equation itself.
Graphical Characteristics:
1. The degree of the function Polynomial Characteristics:
Multiplicity of 1
2. The leading coefficient of the function The equation [ = < + 1 has the root
< = −1, and is unique only once.
Notation: Multiplicity of 2
As 4 → ±∞, A(4) → ±∞ The equation [ = < D has the root < = 0,
This notation is read as, “As < approaches positive/negative and is unique and repeats itself two times.
Multiplicity of 3
infinity, [ approaches positive/negative infinity.” The equation [ = < M has the root < = 0,
(*NOTE*: In Algebra 2, these are the only two notations you should know for end behavior.)
and is unique and repeats itself three times.

© NYS Mathematics Regents Preparation || Revised Spring 2018 || www.nysmathregentsprep.com

LINEAR SYSTEMS & EQUATIONS Definition: A linear equation has a variable, usually written as <, with a degree of one.

Review of Slope & Equations of Lines Solving a System of Linear Equations with 3 Variables
∆ú ú ?ú
Slope Formula: l = ∆ù = ùû ?ùü At this level, you are expected to know how to solve a system of linear equations with
û ü two variables, usually < and [. If you need to review this, take a look at the same study
Diagrams of Slopes: guide for Algebra 1. We will now analyze how to solve a system of linear equations
with three variables by listing general steps, followed by an example.
Steps:
1) Begin by grouping the 1st and 2nd equations, and the 2nd and 3rd equations,
respectively.
2) Now that we have two different systems of linear equations with three variables,
eliminate one of the same variables from both systems.
3) Once a variable is eliminated, simplify to one equation in both systems.
Slope-Intercept Form of a Line: [ = l< + Y 4) Now you should have one equation from each; combine these two equations to
where l is the slope and Y is the y-intercept create a new system of equations.
5) Eliminate another variable and solve for the remaining variable.
Point-Slope Form of a Line: [ − [} = l(< − <} ) where 6) Once you find one variable, back-substitute to find the other two, choosing your
l is the slope and (<} , [} ) is a given point on the line equations to substitute into wisely. J
Example: Solve x + y + z =1
On the Algebra 2 Regents, you will no longer see the
word “slope”; rather, you will be asked to calculate the 2x + 4y + 6z = 2
average rate of change, which we will now define.
Definition: For a function [ = H(<) between the values -x + 3y - 5z = 11
< = = and < = Y, the average rate of change is defined
-2(x + y + z = 1) 2x + 4y + 6z = 2
as Still don’t get it? It can be confusing…
2x + 4y + 6z = 2 2(-x + 3y - 5z = 11)
∆† A(\) − A(1) but if you have the TI-Nspire CX
= -2y - 2z = -2 4y + 6z = 2 calculator, you can get the answer!
∆4 \−1 + 4y + 6z = 2 + 6y - 10z = 22 Check out our TI-Nspire CX Guide for
Look familiar? That’s right! The word slope means the
exact same thing as the phrase average rate of change. 2y + 4z = 0 10y - 4z = 24 Algebra 2 (Common Core) for the
procedure.
2y + 4z = 0
10y - 4z = 24
12y = 24
Solve z 12 12 Solve x
by Substitution y = 2 by Substitution
4y + 6z = 2 x + y + z =1
4(2) + 6z = 2 x + (2) + (-1) = 1
8 + 6z = 2 x =0
z = -1 Answer: {J, 3, −>}

© NYS Mathematics Regents Preparation || Revised Spring 2018 || www.nysmathregentsprep.com

 Definition: A quadratic equation is a polynomial equation with a degree
QUADRATIC SYSTEMS & CONIC SECTIONS of two, usually containing an “< D ” term.
The Standard Form of a Quadratic Definitions
The standard form of a quadratic is in the form of Root/Zero/4-intercept: a
143 + \4 + _ = J point on a quadratic
where =, Y, and Z are constants where = ≠ 0. where H(< ) = 0. It is a
point where the quadratic
The Sum of the Roots of a Quadratic intersects the < − =<Äô,
−\ so long as the root < ∈ ℝ.
Sum of the Roots: )> + )3 = 1
If < ∈ ℂ | ℝ ⊈ ℂ, the root
where = and Y are constants from a quadratic does not intersect the
equation in the form of =< D + Y< + Z = 0. < − =<Äô.
Turning Point: also called
The Product of the Roots of a Quadratic a vertex, it’s the point on
_
Product of the Roots: )> ⋅ )3 = 1 a quadratic where the
where = and Z are constants from a quadratic direction of the function
equation in the form of =< D + Y< + Z = 0. changes.
Axis of Symmetry: a line
Writing the Equation of a Quadratic Given Two Roots of symmetry in the form
If you are given two roots as s} and sD , then a of < = Z, where Z is a
quadratic equation can be written in the form of constant. The value of Z is
< D − sum< + product = 0 ⇔ the same value as the <
value of the turning point.
< D − (s1 + s2 )< + (s1 ⋅ s2 ) = 0 Focus: a point which lies
Important Formulas for Quadratics Finding the Equations of the Focus & Directrix – Example inside the parabola and
?\ on the axis of symmetry.
Axis of Symmetry: 4 = The directrix of a parabola 12([ + 3) = (< − 4)D has the equation [ = −6.
31
It is some distance away
Find the coordinates of the focus of the parabola. from the turning point of
Vertex of a Parabola: (¨, ≠) Let’s first re-write the given quadratic in vertex form: the parabola, denoted as
1 > ´.
Vertex Form of a Parabola: 12([ + 3) = (< − 4)D ⇒ [ + 3 = (< − 4)D ⇒ † = (4 − ;)3 − 9
12 ;(9) Directrix: a line that is
> Based on this equation, we can see that the vertex is (4, −3) ⇒ ℎ = 4 , ∞ = −3 perpendicular to the axis
†= (4 ± ¨)3 ± ≠ We know the equation of the directrix is [ = −6. We can re-write this as of symmetry & lies
;Æ
−6 = ∞ − ´. We know that ∞ = −3 from above, so from this equation, ´ = 3 outside the parabola. It is
Focus: (¨, ≠ + Æ) The focus is (ℎ, ∞ + ´) ⇒ á4, (−3) + (3)à ⇒ (;, J) some distance away from
(It is true that the value of ´ can be found from the vertex form of the parabola, but we decided to the turning point of the
Directrix: † = ≠ − Æ show the extra step.) parabola, denoted as ´.

© NYS Mathematics Regents Preparation || Revised Spring 2018 || www.nysmathregentsprep.com

The Discriminant
The discriminant is a part of the quadratic formula
which allows mathematicians (and students!) to
anticipate the nature of the roots. In other words,
it determines what kinds of roots a particular
quadratic equation will have. The formula is:
\3 − ;1_
Diagrams of Different
where =, Y, and Z are constants Discriminant Values
Completing the Square
The method of “completing the square” is used when factoring by the basic
“Trinomial Method”, or “AM” method cannot be applied to the problem. The
completing the square method is commonly used in geometry to express a
general circle equation in center-radius form.
Example: Express the general equation 4< D − 24< + 4[ D + 72[ − 76 = 0 in
center-radius form. Steps:
1) Determine if the squared
terms have a coefficient of 1.
D D If not, you need to factor out
4(< − 6< + [ + 18[ − 19 = 0) whatever number is there.
2) If there is a
4(< D − 6< + [ D + 18[ = 19) constant/number on the left
side of the equal sign, move
D D
4(< − 6< + __ + [ + 18[ + __ = 19 + __ + __) that constant to the right
side
3) Insert “boxes” or “blank
4(< D − 6< + Ü + [ D + 18[ + `> = 19 + Ü + `>) spaces” after the linear
terms to acquire a perfect-
4((< − 3)D + ([ + 9)D = 109) square trinomial
4) Take half of the linear
term(s) and square the
4(< − 3)D + 4([ + 9)D = 436 number. Insert this number
Graphing Circles
on both the left and right Steps:
sides 1) Determine the center and the radius
5) Factor using the “trinomial 2) Plot the center on the graph
method” 3) Around the center, create four loci points that are
k D equidistant from the center of the circle
Formula: n q 6) Write your equation and
redistribute the factor if 4) Using a compass or steady freehand, connect all four
D
necessary. points. Label when finished

© NYS Mathematics Regents Preparation || Revised Spring 2018 || www.nysmathregentsprep.com

 Reciprocal & Quotient Identities
TRIGONOMETRY & TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
1 1 1
µ∂∑ ≥ = ºfµ ≥ = ¿¡∑ ≥ =
Radians Trigonometric Functions csc ¥ sec ¥ cot ¥
To change from degrees opposite adjacent opposite 1 1 1
µ∂∑ ≥ = ºfµ ≥ = ¿¡∑ ≥ = ºµº ≥ = µøº ≥ = ºf¿ ≥ =
to radians, multiply by hypotenuse hypotenuse adjacent sin ¥ cos ¥ tan ¥
≤ hypotenuse hypotenuse adjacent sin ¥ cos ¥
>`J ºµº ≥ = µøº ≥ = ºf¿ ≥ = ¿¡∑ ≥ = ºf¿ ≥ =
opposite adjacent opposite cos ¥ sin ¥
Degrees
To change from radians to The Unit Circle The Unit Circle – Exact Values
degrees, multiply by Remember the table below!
cos≥ = 4 † sin≥
>`J sin≥ = †
tan≥ = =
4 cos≥
≤
Arc Length of a Sector
'=)⋅≥
where ô is the length of
the sector, s is the length
of the radius, and ¥ is an
angle in radians.
Special Right Triangles Special Right Triangles – Exact Values
Remember the table below!

The Pythagorean Identities Inverse Notations

• The inverse of [ = sin < is [ = sin?} < or [ = arcsin(<)
sinD ¥ + cosD ¥ = 1 tan2 θ + 1 = sec 2 θ 1 + cot D ¥ = csc D ¥ • The inverse of [ = cos < is [ = cos ?} < or [ = arccos(<)
• The inverse of [ = tan < is [ = tan?} < or [ = arctan(<)

© NYS Mathematics Regents Preparation || Revised Spring 2018 || www.nysmathregentsprep.com

Trigonometric Graphs & Equations The Quadrants & Trigonometric Relationships

† = √ µ∂∑(b(4 − ƒ)) + ! † = √ ºfµ(b(4 − ƒ)) + !

Important Formulas & Definitions

† = √ ¿¡∑(b(4 − ƒ)) + ! QUADRANT I: All trigonometric functions are
Amplitude (√): The vertical distance between the midline and one of the extremum points. positive
}
Formula: D |≈=<Äl∆l − ≈ÄmÄl∆l| QUADRANT II: Only sine and cosecant are
positive
QUADRANT III: Only tangent and cotangent
Frequency (b): The number cycles the graph completes in 2« radians. are positive
QUADRANT IV: Only cosine and secant are
positive
Horizontal Shift (ƒ): The movement of a function left or right. The sign used in the equation is
opposite the direction in which the function moves. Reference Angles & Drawing in Standard
Position
Vertical Shift (!): The movement of a function up or down. The sign used in the equation is Standard Position: an angle whose initial side
the same direction in which the function moves. is on the positive < − =<Äô.
Initial Side: the ray of an angle that is the
Period: The horizontal length to complete one complete cycle. starting place for the rotation of the angle.
D»
Formula: k , where Y is the frequency Terminal Side: the ray that is rotated to the
location that shows
Sketch Point (Optional): Tells you where and how often to plot points. the measure of the
… rÑÀÃ angle.
Formula: K
Reference Angle:
measured from
Midline/Vertical Shift: The horizontal line that passes exactly in the middle between the the terminal side
graph’s maximum and minimum points. of the main angle to
}
Formula: D |≈=<Äl∆l + ≈ÄmÄl∆l| the closest < − =<Äô.

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 Definition: A transformation refers to the movement (translation, refection,
TRANSFORMATIONS OF FUNCTIONS rotation), or dilation of an object or a function around the coordinate plane.
Summary of Transformation Rules Reflection in † − 14"': Identifying Transformations using HDRV
Vertical Translation: Function: A(4) → A(−4) If you’re asked to identify the transformations used
Function: A(4) → A(4) ± 1 Point: (4, †) → (−4, †) on a function, use the following acronym in the
Point: (4, †) → (4, † ± 1) exact order listed:
HDRV → Helicopters Do Rise Vertically
H → Horizontal translation D → Dilation R → Reflection V → Vertical translation
Example: Given the parent function A(4) = √4,
describe the transformations used to result in the
equation í(4) = −3√4 − ; + 9.
Answer: A horizontal shift to the right by 4 units,
Vertical Scaling: followed by a dilation with a scale factor of 2,
Horizontal Translation: Function: A(4) → ≠ ⋅ A(4) followed by a reflection over the < − =<Äô, followed
Function: A(4) → A(4 ± 1) >
and A(4) → ≠ ⋅ A(4) by a vertical shift up by three units.
Point: (4, †) → (4 ± 1, †) Even & Odd Functions
Point: (4, †) → (4, ≠ ⋅ †)
Even Functions
Algebraically: A function is even if H (−< ) = H(<)
for all < ∈ ℝ.
Graphically: The function is symmetric about the
[ − =<Äô.
Odd Functions
Algebraically: A function is odd if H(−< ) = −H(<)
Horizontal Scaling: for all < ∈ ℝ.
Reflection in 4 − 14"': Graphically: The function is symmetric about the
Function: A(4) → A(≠ ⋅ 4)
Function: A(4) → −A(4) > origin.
Point: (4, †) → (4, −†) and A(4) → A n≠ ⋅ 4q
Point: (4, †) → (≠ ⋅ 4, †)

Special Cases:
• H (< ) = sin(<) is an odd function
• H (< ) = cos(<) is an even function
• H (< ) = tan(<) is an odd function

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 Important Terms & Definitions
SEQUENCES & SERIES Sequence: a list of terms or elements in order. The terms are identified using positive integers as
subscripts of =: =} , =D , =M , … =p .The terms in a sequence can form a pattern or they can be
Sigma Notation: Sigma notation is used to
write a series in a shorthand form. It is used to random.
represent the sum of a number of terms having Series: the sum of all the terms of a sequence.
a common form. The diagram below shows the Explicit Formula: If specific terms are not given, a formula, sometimes called an explicit formula, is
parts of a sigma notation (otherwise known as a given. It can be used by substituting the number of the term desired into the formula for "m".
summation). Recursive Formula: In a recursive formula, the first term in a sequence is given and subsequent
terms are defined by the term before it. If =p is the term we are looking for, =p?} , which is the
term before =p , must be used.

Formulas Remember!
13
Common Difference ($): 13 − 1> Common Ratio ()):
1>

Example: Evaluate

(3(3) − 2) + (3(9) − 2) + (3(;) − 2) + (3(ä) − 2)

(4) + (7) + (10) + (13) = 9;

Sums of Finite Sequences
Arithmetic Series Formula:
&(1> + 1& )
œ& =
3
where m is the number of terms in the sum, =} is
the first term, and =p is the m–ℎ term in the sum.
Geometric Series Formula:
1> (> − )& )
œ& =
>−)
where s is the common ratio and s ≠ 1, m is the
number of terms in the sum, and =} is the first
term.

© NYS Mathematics Regents Preparation || Revised Spring 2018 || www.nysmathregentsprep.com

 STATISTICS & Important Definitions & Terms
These are some definitions that appear most frequently on the Algebra 2 Regents. If you need to refresh
INFERENCE your memory on basic terms, such as median, mode, interquartile range, etc., then you should definitely
Types of Statistical Studies review those in our Algebra 1 study guide J.
Survey: used to gather large Biased: a data set that is obtained that is likely to be influenced by something – giving a “slant” to the results.
quantities of facts or opinions. Un-Biased: a data set that is obtained which does not favor any one group over another.
Surveys are usually asked in the Mean: the average of the data values. It is the line of symmetry of the normal curve. The symbol for the
form of a question, like questions sample mean is <, whereas the symbol for the population mean is —.
from the TV show Family Feud. Variance: the average of the squared differences the data points are from the mean. The symbol is ô D .
For example, Standard Deviation: a measure of the spread of the data. It is the square root of the variance. Standard
“Do you like Algebra, deviation of a sample is represented by the symbol ô, and of a population, represented by the symbol “.
Geometry, or neither?” Statistical Inference: draws conclusions about a population, based on data from a sample.
would be a survey question. Parameter: a characteristic or measure obtained by using data from a population
Observational Study: the observer Point Estimate: a point estimate of a parameter is the value of a statistic used to estimate the parameter. It
does not have any interaction with is typically denoted as ´̂ , called “p hat”.
the subjects and just examines the Margin of Error: the amount that a value might be above or below an observed statistic.
results of an activity. For example, Confidence Level: the likelihood that the interval estimate will contain the true population parameter.
the location as to where the Sun The Normal Distribution Curve
rises and sets on each day Characteristics of the Normal Distribution Curve
throughout the year would be an Ø Mean = Median = Mode
observational study. Ø A vertical line at the mean is the line of
Controlled Experiment: two groups symmetry of the curve
are studied while an experiment is Ø Approximately 68% of the data is within 1
performed with one of them but standard deviation, i.e. < ± “, of the mean.
not the other. For example, testing This means it can be above or below the
if orange juice has an effect in mean
preventing the “common cold” Ø Approximately 95% of the data is within 2
with a group of 100 people, where standard deviations, i.e. < ± 2“, of the
50 people will drink orange juice mean. This means it can be above or below
and the other 50 will not drink the the mean
juice. The statistician will then Ø Approximately 99% of the data is within 3
analyze the data of the control standard deviations, i.e. < ± 3“, of the
group and the experimental group. mean. This means it can be above or below
The conclusions will be the result of the mean
a controlled experiment.

© NYS Mathematics Regents Preparation || Revised Spring 2018 || www.nysmathregentsprep.com

TI-Nspire CX – NormalCDF Confidence Intervals
The percentages indicated on the normal curve diagram indicate the A confidence interval is a range or interval of values used to estimate
percent of the area under the curve that is located between the the true value of a population parameter. The formula to calculate the
indicated standard deviations and it is equal to the probability of the confidence interval is given by:
event occurring within those boundaries. However, when working with Yes… you must
boundaries that are not on the standard deviation diagrams, a graphing ‡ memorize this

calculator must be used using “NormalCDF”

ƒ. fl. = 4 ± ◊ ⋅ chart, especially

Example: Using the TI-Nspire CX, find the normalCDF to the nearest
√& for the margin
of error formula.

hundereth if — = 73, the standard deviation (“) = 7, the lower bound … where “ is a known value, < is the mean, ’ changes value depending on
is 0, and the upper bound is 64.9. the confidence level (see table above), and m is a sample population.
Steps on the Calculator
1) Open a “New Document – Calculator” ÷-Scores
2) Click the “Menu” button A ’-score represents the how many standard deviations a value is over
3) Click on 6: Statistics, followed by 5: Distributions, followed by 2: or below the mean, —. A ’-score of one means the value is one standard
Normal CDF. deviation above the mean.
4) Enter all required data, then click OK. Formulas:
ÿuŸ⁄ ?o up ù?ù
Sample ◊-score: ’ = ¤‹upÃurà à ÿÑu‹ÑÀp = ¤
where < is the value being examined, < is the sample mean, and ô is the
sample standard deviation.

ÿuŸ⁄ ?o up ù?›
Population ◊-score: ’ = ¤‹upÃurà à ÿÑu‹ÑÀp = fi
where < is the value being examined, — is the population mean, and “ is
the population standard deviation.
Notes:
• A negative z-score represents a value less than the mean
• A z-score of zero represents the mean
• A positive z-score represents a value greater than the mean
Margin of Error Formula
Definition: refers to the distance from the estimate to one end of the
confidence interval.
z(}?z)
·. ‚. „. = ’ ⋅ 
p
… where ’ is the ’-score depending on the given confidence level (see chart above),
The answer is . >3
´ is the mean of the sampling proportion, and m is the sample size.

© NYS Mathematics Regents Preparation || Revised Spring 2018 || www.nysmathregentsprep.com

 SET THEORY & PROBABILITY Venn Diagrams & Set Relationships

Set Theory – Brief Overview

Set theory is an important tool in the study of probability, as
well as future mathematics. You will need to understand the
definitions, terminology, and symbols associated with set
theory. This information was most likely not covered in your
class, but should have been taught for better understandings
of symbols & concepts.
Definitions
Universal Set: the set of all possible elements available to
form subsets. The universal set is normally denoted as ‰.
Set: a group of specific terms within the universal set ‰.
Subset: a set whose elements are completely contained
within a larger or equally sized set.
Complement of a Set: contains the elements of the universal
set that are not in the originally defined set.
Mutually Exclusive: two sets that have no elements in
common are called mutually exclusive sets.
Null Set: otherwise known as the empty set; contains no
elements
Common Symbols

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Definitions & Types of Probabilities General Probability Rules & Definitions
**You can skip this section if you’d like, since you do not need to “know this stuff cold”. For the formulas, see the next section. **
Probability Values:
You have already seen set theory notations. For probability, however, these mathematical
Suppose we have an event Ë. Then the
symbols have different meanings.
following hold to be true: ü When you see the intersection symbol dented as ∩, think of the word “and”
Ø Â(Ë) is never less than zero or more than ü When you see the union symbol dented as ∪, think of the word “or”
one. That is, 0 ≤ Â(Ë) ≤ 1. And (Intersection, notation as ∩): the probability of two or more independent events
Ø Â(Ë ) = 0 when the event is not possible to occurring in a row, one and then he other, can be found by multiplying the individual
occur. probabilities. Â(ñ ∩ ò) = Â(ñ) ⋅ Â(ò).
Ø Â(Ë ) = 1 when the event is certainly Or (Union, notation as ∪): two situations can occur when dealing with the union of two
possible to occur. probabilities. The events can be mutually exclusive (no common or overlapping outcomes) or
Complement of Í(„): the probability that Ë not mutually exclusive (some common outcomes). There is a general formula for the union that
does not happen is 1 − Â(Ë ), denoted as Â(Ë Î ). is adjusted and applied to this type of problem. This formula is
Mutually Exclusive Events: two events that Â(ñ ∪ ò) = Â (ñ) + Â(ò) − Â(ñ ∩ ò). If, however the events are mutually exclusive, then
have no outcomes in common. Â(ñ ∩ ò) = 0 and the formula changes to Â(ñ ∪ ò) = Â(ñ) + Â(ò).
Independent Events: two events are Conditional (Given) Probability Í(√ |b): conditional probability notation is used when one
independent if the outcome of one event does event happens after a given event has already occurred. Â(ò | ñ) is read as, “the probability of
not change the probability of the other event. event ñ occurring after event ò has already occurred”. The formula for the conditional
…(Ï∩Ì) …(Ï | Ì)
Dependent Events: the outcome of one event probability is Â(ò | ñ) = …(Ì) or …(Ì) .
impacts the probability of the other event. Independent Probability of Events: the probability of two independent events occurring in
Conditional Probability: Â (ñ | ò) is read as “the sequence is the product of their individual probabilities. This is called the Multiplication Rule,
probability of ñ given ò. It means the and multiplication is represented as “and”. If two events are independent, then the probability
probability of event ñ occurring after event ò of them both occurring is Â(ñ ∩ ò) = Â(ñ) ⋅ Â(ò).
occurred. Dependent Probability of Events: for dependent events, we can arrange the conditional
Types of Probabilities: probability formula to get Â(ñ ∩ ò) = Â(ñ) ⋅ Â(ò | ñ).
Probabilities can be calculated in different ways:
Probability Formulas
Ø Theoretical Probabilities: probabilities
Here are all of the probability formulas that you must know cold for the regents. These will not
come from assumptions about an event
be given to you, so know them! Let ñ and ò be events. Then the following hold true:
and its outcomes.
Conditional (OR) Probability: Â(ñ ∪ ò) = Â (ñ) + Â(ò) − Â(ñ ∩ ò)
Ø Empirical Probabilities: probabilities come
Proving Two Events are Independent:
from data on many observations or trials.
Formula 1: Â(ñ ∩ ò) = Â(ñ) ⋅ Â(ò) You only need to use one of these
Ø Simulation: probabilities that are based on ( ) (
Formula 2: Â ñ = Â ñ |ò) formulas, but chances are, you are
data from a model. A simulation is a model going to be using the first one on
Formula 3: Â(ò) = Â(ò |ñ) your regents!
in which repeated experiments are
conducted to imitate a real-world situation
Proving Two Events are Dependent: Â(ñ ∩ ò) = Â(ñ) ⋅ Â(ò |ñ)
and produce similar results.
Events √ and b are Mutually Exclusive: Â(ñ ∩ ò) = 0

© NYS Mathematics Regents Preparation || Revised Spring 2018 || www.nysmathregentsprep.com

 Regression Models with the TI – Nspire CX Calculator
APPLICATIONS OF LOGARITHMS & REGRESSION
You have seen regression models in Algebra 1. Review the
Exponential Growth & Decay basics if you have to by glancing at our Algebra 1 study guide. Most
When a given quantity is increased or decreased overtime by a certain likely, you are most familiar with generating a regression model for
percentage, we can calculate the anticipated results using one of the two equations of lines. A regression equation is a function that
formulas below: represents the graph of a line or curve of bet fit. You can use your
Exponential Growth TI – Nspire CX to develop necessary values to input into a general
√(-) = Í(> + ))- equation, as well as view a picture of the regression. Here are some
… where ñ(–) represents the total amount, Â is the initial/principal/starting examples:
amount, s is the rate on increase for a specific time expressed as a decimal, The forms of these
and – is time. equations can be
Exponential Decay accessed on the
√(-) = Í(> − ))- TI – Nspire CX graphing
… where ñ(–) represents the total amount, Â is the initial/principal/starting calculator. Steps are
amount, s is the rate on decrease for a specific time expressed as a decimal, listed below to access
and – is time. these regression
Compound Interest with Logarithmic Applications templates, allowing you
Compound Interest occurs when the principal invested at a given rate per to run accurate
year is compounded a specific number, m, of times per year and each time representations of a
the interest is calculated, the amount of the interest is added to the present given data set.
value (originally the principal). Steps on the Calculator
1) Open a “New Document – Calculator”
Compound Interest Formula 2) Click the “Menu” button
) &- 3) Click on 6: Statistics, followed by 1: Stat Calculations,
√ = Í n> + q followed by option 3, 6, 9, A, B, or C.
& 4) Enter all required data, then click OK.
… where ñ is the total amount of dollars, Â is the principal, s is the annual
rate expressed as a decimal, m is the number of compounds per year, and –
is the time.

Understand that m changes according to

“buzz words”, shown in the chart to the right.

Compound Continuously Formula

√ = Í%)-
… where ñ is the total amount of dollars,
 is the principal, s is the annual rate expressed as
a decimal, and – is the time.

© NYS Mathematics Regents Preparation || Revised Spring 2018 || www.nysmathregentsprep.com