8-1

Organizational
Structure
(Organization)

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

8-2

Designing Organizational Structure

l Organizing: the process by which managers
establish working relationships among
employees to achieve goals.
n  Organizational Structure: formal system of task &
reporting relationships showing how workers use
resources.
n  Organizational design: managers make specific choices
resulting in a given organizational structure.
l Successful organizational design depends on
the organization s unique situation.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

8-3

Factors Affecting Organizational Design

Figure 8.1

Environment

Determine design
Strategy or organizational Technology
structure

Human
Resources
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
 8-4

Determinants of Structure
  The environment: The quicker the environment
changes, the more problems face managers.
u  Structure must be more flexible when environmental
change is rapid.
n  Usually need to decentralize authority.
  Strategy: Different strategies require the use of
different structures.
u  A differentiation strategy needs a flexible structure,
low cost may need a more formal structure.
u  Increased vertical integration or diversification also
requires a more flexible structure.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

8-5

Determinants of Structure
n  Technology: The combination of skills, knowledge, tools,
equipment, computers and machines used in the
organization.
u  More complex technology makes it harder for managers to
regulate the organization. Technology can be measured by:
n  TaskVariety: new problems a manager encounters.
n  TaskAnalyzability: programmed solutions available to a
manager to solve problems.
u  High task variety and low analyzability present many
unique problems to managers.
n  Flexible structure works best in these conditions.
u  Low task variety and high analyzability allow managers
to rely on established procedures.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

8-6

Technology & People

  Small Batch Technology: produces small quantities of
one-of-a-kind products.
u  Based on the skills of the workers who need a flexible
structure.
  Mass Production Technology: automated machines make
high volumes of standard products.
u  Workers perform repetitive tasks so a formal structure
works well.
  Continuous Process Technology: totally mechanized
systems of automatic machines.
u  Workers must watch for unexpected problems and react
quickly. A flexible structure is needed here.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000
 8-7

Determinants of Structure
  Human Resources: the final factor affecting
organizational structure.
u  Higher skilled workers who need to work in teams
usually need a more flexible structure.
u  Higher skilled workers often have professional
norms (CPA s, physicians).

Managers must take into account all four

factors (environment, strategy, technology
and human resources) when designing the
structure of the organization.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

8-8

Job Design
l Job Design: group tasks into specific jobs.
u  Resultsin a division of labor between workers that is
effective and efficient.
n  Job simplification: reduction of the tasks each worker
performs.
u  Too much and boredom results.

n  Job enlargement: increase tasks for a given job to

reduce boredom.
n  Job enrichment: increases the degree of responsibility
a worker has over a job.
u  can lead to increased worker involvement.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

8-9

Job Characteristics Model

Figure 8.2

Skill Variety Meaningfulness

Task Identity of work
Task Significance

Responsibility
High:
Autonomy for Work
Motivation
Outcomes
Performance
Satisfaction
Knowledge of
Feedback results of
work

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

 8-10

Job Characteristics Model

  Jobs have five characteristics describing extent of:
–  Skill variety: employee uses a wide range of skills
–  Task identity: worker involved in all tasks of job from
beginning to end of the production process
–  Task significance: worker feels the task is meaningful to
organization.
–  Autonomy: employee has freedom to schedule tasks and
carry them out.
–  Feedback: worker gets direct information about how well
the job is done.
  These affect the motivation, satisfaction and performance of
employees.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

8-11

Grouping Jobs into Functions

l Once tasks are grouped into jobs,
managers must decide how to group jobs
together.
n  Function: people working together with similar
skills, tools or techniques to perform their jobs.
u  Functional structure consists of departments such
as marketing, production, and finance.
n  Workers can learn from others doing similar tasks.
Pros
n  Easy for managers to monitor and evaluate workers.

n  Hard for one department to communicate with others.

Cons n  Managers can become preoccupied with their department
and forget the firm
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

8-12

A Sample of Pier 1 s Functional Structure

Figure 8.3

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

 8-13

Divisional Structures
l A division is a collection of functions working
together to produce a product.
u  Divisions create smaller, manageable parts of a firm.
Divisions develop a business-level strategy to compete.
A division has marketing, finance, and other functions.
Functional managers report to divisional managers who then report to
corporate management.
n  Product structure: divisions created according to the type
of product or service.
n  Geographic structure: divisions based on the area of a
country or world served.
n  Market structure: divisions based on the types of
customers served.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

8-14

Product Structure
Figure 8.4a
CEO
Corporation

Corporate
Managers

Washing Machine Lighting Television

Division Division Division

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

8-15

Geographic Structure
Figure 8.4 b

CEO
Corporation

Corporate
Managers

Northern Western Southern Eastern

Region Region Region Region

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

 8-16

Market Structure
Figure 8.4c

CEO
Corporation

Corporate
Managers

Large Business Small Business Educational Individual

Customers Customers Institutions Customers

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

8-17

Global Structures
l When managers find different problems or
demands across the globe, global solutions are
needed.
n  Global geographic structure: different divisions serve
each world region.
u  For customer needs that vary between regions.

n  Global product structure: Customers in different regions

buy similar products so firms keep most functional work
at home and set up a division to market product abroad.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

8-18

Matrix & Product Teams

n  Matrix structure: managers group people by function
and product teams simultaneously.
u  Results in a complex network of reporting relationships.

u  Very flexible and can respond rapidly to change.

u  Each employee has two bosses which can cause

problems.
n  Functional
manager gives different directions than
product manager and employee cannot satisfy both.
n  ProductTeam Structure: no 2-way reporting and the
members are permanently assigned to the team and
empowered to bring a product to market.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

 8-19

Matrix Structure
Figure 8.7a
CEO

Func.
Managers

Sales Design Production

Product
Team Managers

team A

Product
team B
Product Team
Product
team C

= two boss employee

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

8-20

Product Team Structure

Figure 8.7b
CEO
Func.
Managers

Sales Design Production

Manufacturing Manufacturing Manufacturing

= Product Team Manager = Team member

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

8-21

Hybrid Structures
l Many large organizations have divisional
structures where each manager can select the
best structure for that particular division.
n  One division may use a functional structure, one
geographic, and so on.
l Thisability to break a large organization into
many smaller ones makes it much easier to
manage.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

 8-22

Coordinating Functions
l Toensure sufficient coordination between
functions, managers delegate authority.
n  Authority: the power vested in the manager to make
decisions and use resources.
n  Hierarchy of authority: describes the relative
authority each manager has from top to bottom.
u  Span of Control: refers to the number of workers a
manager manages.
u  Line authority: managers in the direct chain of
command for production of goods or services. Example:
Sales
u  Staff authority: managers in positions that give advice
to line managers. Example: Legal
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

8-23

Tall & Flat Organizations

n  Tall structures have many levels of authority relative to
the organization s size.
u  As levels in the hierarchy increase, communication gets
difficult.
u  The extra levels result in more time being taken to
implement decisions.
u  Communications can also become garbled as it is
repeated through the firm.
n  Flat structures have few levels but wide spans of
control.
u  Results in quick communications but can lead to
overworked managers.
Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

8-24

Minimum Chain of Command

n  Managers should carefully evaluate:
u  Do they have the right number of middle managers?
u  Can the structure be altered to reduce levels?

l Centralized v. Decentralized
n  Decentralized operations puts more authority at lower
levels and leads to flat organizations.
u  Workers must be able to reach decisions.

u  Divisions and functions can begin to lose sight of

organizational goals and focus only on their small area.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

 8-25

Integrating Mechanisms
n  Direct contact: get managers from different divisions or
functions together to solve mutual problems.
n  Liaison Roles: one manager in each area is responsible
for communication with other areas.
n  Task Forces: temporary committees formed across
divisions to solve a specific problem.
n  Cross-functional teams: works much like a permanent
task force that deals with recurring problems.
n  Matrix structure: already contains many integrating
mechanisms.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000

8-26

Strategic Alliances
l Strategic alliance: a formal agreement
committing two or more firms to exchange
resources to produce a good.
l Network Structure: a whole series of strategic
alliances.
n  Created between suppliers, manufacturers, and
distributors.
u  Toyota and Honda use many such alliances.

n  Network structures allow firms to bring resources

together in a boundary-less organization.

Irwin/McGraw-Hill ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2000