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DO NOT USE INK. can memmorte coon en A " Reverean iaian? ‘Alaskan Native \Q2,AsiavPacifi slander DOMINANT Os Biackiarican Amer CANGUAGE Canadian Aboriginal Engish === Law School Admission Test ————==— Mark one and only one answer to each question. Be sure to fillin completely the space for your intended answer choice. If you erase, do so completely. Make no stray mark you mi etetotetetetsteteretetey eeaaceeeeaa TE Ree SEA aN RE NOTE: i you have @ now 2000.6, Nowrtown, PA 18940 0 ‘all (216) 968-1001. PLEASE PRINT ALL THFORMATION ust vite LSAC at, 6 e000Directions: ‘questions, is, the response ‘commonsense standards im 1 SECTION 1 ‘Time—35 minutes 26 Questions blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet. 1 While it might be expected that those neighborhoods ‘most heavily patrolled by police have the least erime, the statistical evidence overwhelmingly supports the claim that such neighborhoods have the most crime. Tis shows that the presence of police does not decrease crime in 4 neighborhood, “The reasoning in the argument is flawed because the argument (A) attempts to support its conclusion by making an appeal to emotions (B) fails to consider the possibility that criminals ‘may comuni eximes in more than. one neighborhood (©) draws a general conclusion from too small & sample of date (D) fails to consider the possibility that police ‘presence in a particular area is offen a response to the relatively high crime rate im that area (E) takes for granted that public resources devoted to police presence could be allocated in another ‘manner that would be a stronger deterrent 0 Despite increasing international efforts to protect the natural habitats of endangered species of animals, the rate at which these species are becoming extinct continues to rise, It is clear that these efforts are wasted. Which one of the following, if tue, ‘argument? most weakens the (A) Scientists are better able to preserve the habitats ‘of endangered species now than ever before (B) Species that would have become extinet have ‘been saved due tothe establishment of animal refuges. (C) Scientists estimate that at least 2000 species ‘pecome extinct every year. (D) Many countries do not recognize the increased ‘economic benefit of tourism associated with preserved natural habitats (E) Programs have been proposed that will transfer ‘endangered species out of habitats that are in danger of being destroyed. “more than one of the choices could conceivably answer that most accurately and completely answers iplausible, superfluous, or incompati “the questions in this section are based on the exsoning contained in brief statements or passages. Fos tte the question. However, you are fo choose the best answer; that the question. You should not make assumptions that are by ‘ble with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer, 3, When a lawmaker spoke out against « rescarch grant awarded to a professor in a university's psychology department as a foolish expenditure of public money, other professors in that department drafted a leer protesting the lawmaker's interference in a fletd in Wwhich he was not trained. The chair of the psychology ‘department, while privately endorsing the project, refused to sign the protest leter on the ground that she had previously writen a leter applauding the same legislator when he publicized a senseless expenditure by the country's military. Which one of the following principles, if established, provides the strongest justification forthe department chait’s refusal, on the ground she gives, to sign the protest letter? (A) A petson should not publicly riicize the actions of a lawmaker in different cases ‘without giving careful consideration to the circumstances of each particular case (B) The chair of an academic department has an obligation to ensure that public funds allocated to support projects within that department are spent wisely. (©) A person who has praised a lawmaker for playing a watchdog role in one case should not triticize the lawmaker for attempting to play @ ‘watchdog role in another case that involves the person's professional interests. (D) Since academic institutions accept public funds ‘but do not pay taxes, a representative of ait ‘academic institution should not publicly pass judgment on the actions of government officials. (&) Academic institutions have the same responsibility as military institutions have to ‘spend public money wisely. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE,‘Aaron: A prominent judge, criticizing “famous lawyers ‘who come before cours ill-prepared to argue their cases,” recently said, “This sort of cavalier attitude offends the court and can do nothing but harm (othe client’s cause.” I find the judge's remarks imesponsible Belinda: I find it natural and an admirable display of candor. Letting people know of the damage their negligence causes is responsible behavior. The point at issue between Aaron and Belinda is whether (A) ill-prepared lawyers damage their clients’ causes (B) the judge’s exticism of lawyers is irresponsible (©) a lawyer's being ill-prepared to argue a client's case constitutes negligence (D) famous lawyers have a greater responsibility to be well prepared than do lawyers who are not famous (©) _ itis to be expected that ill-prepared lawyers ‘would offend the court in which they appear ‘The human emotional response presents an apparent paradox. People believe that they can be genuinely ‘moved only by those things and events that they believe to be actual, yet they have genuine emotional responses to what they know to be fictional Which one of the following situations most closely conforms to the principle cited above? (A) Fred was watching a horror movie. Although he {id not expect to be bothered by make-believe ‘monsters, he nonetheless fel frightened when they appeared on the sereen. (B) Tamara was reading Hamlet, Although she knew that it was a work of fiction, she still made statements such as “Hamlet was born in Denmark” and “Hamlet was a prince.” (©) Raheem thought that his sister was in the hhospital. Although he was mistaken, he was nevertheless genuinely worried when he believed she was there. (D) Jeremy was upset by the actions that a writer attributed to a secret organization, although he considered it unlikely thatthe writer's account was accurate, (E) Sandy was watching a film about World War I, ‘Although the film’s details were accurate, it ‘was nevertheless difficult for Sandy to maintain interest in the characters id Recent investigations of earthquakes have turned up a previously unknown type of seismic shock, known as & displacement pulse, which is believed to be present in all earthquakes. Alarmingly, high-rise buildings are especially vulnerable to displacement pulses, according to computer models. Yet examination of high-rises within cities damaged by recent powerful earthquakes indicates little significant damage to these structures, Which one of the following, if true, contributes to a resolution of the apparent paradox? (A) Displacement pulses travel longer distances than other types of seismic shock (B) Scientific predictions base on computer models often fil when tested inthe fi (©) While displacement pulses have only recently ben discovered, they have accompanied all earibquakes that have ever occurred (©) The displacement pulses made by low- and ‘medium-intensity earthquakes are much less powerful than thse made by the strongest earthquakes. (© Computer models have been very successful in predicting the effects of ater types of seismic shock ‘Terry: Months ago, I submited a claim for my stolen bieyele to my insurance company. After hearing nothing for several weeks, I contacted the firm and found they had no record of my claim. Since then, I have resubmitted the claim twice and called the firm repeatedly, but I have yet to receive a settlement. Anyone can make mistakes, of course, but the persistence of the error makes me conclude that the company is deliberately avoiding paying up. Which one ofthe following principles is violated by ‘Terry's reasoning? (A) Consumers should avoid attributing dishonesty ‘to a corporation when the actions of the corporation might instead be explained by incompetence. (B) Consumers should attempt to Keep themselves informed of corporate behavior that directly affects their intrest, (©) In judging the quality of service of corporation, a consumer should rely primarily on the consumer's own experience with the corporation. (D) In judging the morality of « comporation’s ‘behavior, as opposed to that ofan individual, ritigating circumstances are irrelevant. (©) Corporations ought to make available to a cuistomer any information the customer requests that is relevant to the customer's interests GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE,8. Fortune-teller: Admittedly, the claims of some self-proclaimed “psychics” have been shown to be fraudulent, but the exposure of a few charlatans cannot alter the fundamental fact that it has not been scientifically proven that there is no such thing as extrasensory perception (ESP). Furthermore, since the failed attempts fo produce such a proof have been so numerous, one must cconchide that some individuals do possess ESP. The reasoning in the fortune-tllee’s argument is most ‘vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument (A) takes for granted that proof that many people Tack a characteristic does not establish that everyone lacks that characteristic (B) takes for granted that the number of ‘unsuccessful attempts to prove a claim is the ‘only factor relevant to whether one should accept that claim (©) overlooks the possibility that some of the scientific studies mentioned reached inaccurate conclusions about whether ESP exists (D) takes for granted that there is no scientific way to determine whether some individuals possess ESP. (E) takes for granted that the fact that claim has not been demonstrated to be false establishes that i is true 9. Film historians have made two major cttiisms of Depression-era filmmakers: first, that they were too ‘uncritical of the economic status quo; and second, that they self-indulgently created films reflecting their own dreams and desires. However, these filmmakers made their movies with an eye to profit, and so they provided what their audiences most wanted in a film: @ chance to imagine being wealthy enough not to have a care in the ‘world. Thus, the second criticism cannot be accurate ‘The conclusion of the argument follows logically if ‘which one of the following is assumed? (A) To avoid self-indulgence, filmmakers should take a erica stance toward the existing economic system and should allow audiences to form their own personal aspirations. (8) is unjustified to demand of alt filmmakers that thei fms engage in erticism of the economic staus qu. (©) The people who regularly went to movies during the Depression were those likely 0 have been most satisfied withthe esonomic stats quo (©) Depression-era filmmakers who did not make films for profit could no take rade extical stances toward then-current economic and political issues (&) —_Teeannot be self-indulgent for « filmmaker to give an audience what it most wants. 10. Bulitorial: Many observers note with dismay the decline in the number of nongovernmental, voluntary ‘community organizations. They argue that this decline is caused by the corresponding growth of government services once provided by these voluntary community groups. But this may not be true. The increase in government services may coincide with a decrease in volunteerism, but the former does not necessarily cause the latter; the latter may indeed cause the former ‘The editorial undermines the conclusion of the causal argument by (A) showing that there is no causality involved (B) _ offering counterexample to the alleged correlation (©) proving that no generalization can properly be drawn about people's motives for Volunteering (D) offering an alternate explanation of the correlation cited (E) proving that governments must do what community organizations fail do 11, In contemplating major purchases, businesses often ‘consider only whether there is enough money left from ‘monthly revenues after paying monthly expenses to cover the cost of the purchase. But many expenses do ‘not occur monthly; taking into aceount only monthly ‘expenses can cause a business to overexpand. So the use of a cash-flow statement is critical for all businesses, Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument? (A) Only a cash-flow statement can accurately document all monthly expenses (B) Any business that has overexpanded can benefit from the use of a cash-flow statement. (C) When a business documents only monthly expenses it also documents only monthly (D) A cash-flow statement isthe only way to track both monthly expenses and expenses that are not monthly. (B) When a business takes into account all expenses, not just monthly ones, it cam make Dotter decisions GO ON TO THE NEXT PAG!12. All known living things are made of the same basic kinds of matter, ae carbon based, and are equipped with genetic codes. So human life has the same origin, as all other known life. ‘The conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed? (A) Without the existence of other life forms, hhuman life would never have come into existence. (B) There are not any living beings that have ‘genetic codes but are not carbon based, (©) There can never be any living thing that does not have a genetic code. (D) Many yet-to-be-discovered types of living things will also be carbon based. (©) Any two living things made of the same basie inds of matter have the same origin. 13. All societies recognize certain rules to be so crucial that they define those rules as duties, such as rules restricting Violence and those requiring the keeping of agreements. Contained in the notion of a duty is the idea that its fulfillment is so fundamental to a properly functioning society that persons obligated by it cannot be excused on the ground that its fulfillment would be harmful to their self-interest. This shows that ‘Which one of the following most reasonably completes the argument? (A) all societies overrate the benefits of certain rules, such as those governing the keeping of agreements (B) all societies have certain rules that no people are capable of following (©) all societies recognize the possibility of clashes between individual self-interest and the performance of duty (D) a properly functioning society will recognize that some duties take priority over others (&) societies have no right to expect people always. to perform their duties ~] 14, Linguist: Regional dialects, many of which eventually become distinct languages, are responses by local populations to their own particular communicative needs. So even when the ‘unification of the world economy forces the adoption of a universal language for use in international trade, this language itself will inevitably develop many regional dialects, ‘Which one of the following is an assumption that the linguist’s argument requires? (A) No two local populations have the same communicative needs as each other (B) In some regions of the world, atleast some people will not engage in international trade after the unification of the world economy. (©) A universal language for use in international trade will not arise unless the world economy is unified. () When the unification of the world economy forces the adoption of a universal language for use in international trade, many regional dialects of other languages will be eradicated, (E) After the unification of the world economy, there will be variation among many different local populations in their communicative needs in international trade. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.‘Often, a product popularly believed to be the best of its type is no better than any other; rather, the product's reputation, which may be independent ofits quality, provides its owner with status. Thus, although there is no harm in paying for status if that is what one wants, ‘one should know that one is paying for prestige, not ‘quality Which one of the following arguments is most similar in its reasoning to the argument above? (A) Often, choosing the best job offer is a matter of ‘comparing the undesirable features of the different jobs. Thus, those who choose a job because it has a desirable location should know that they might be unhappy with its hours. (B) Most people have litle tolerance for boastfulness. Thus, although one’s friends may react positively when hearing the details of ‘one's accomplishments, it is unlikely that their reactions are entirely honest. (©) Those beginning a new hobby sometimes quit it because of the frustrations involved in learning a new skill, Thus, although it is fine to try to learn a skill quickly, one is more likely to learn ‘skill if one frst learns to enjoy the process of acquiring it (D) _Pessonal charm is often confused with virtue. "Thus, while there is nothing wrong with befriending a charming person, anyone who {does so should realize that a charming friend is not necessarily 2 good and loyal friend. (©) Many theatrical actors cannot enjoy watching a play because when they watch others, they yearn to be on stage themselves. Thus, Although there is no harm in yearning to perform, such performers should, for their own sakes, eam to suppress that yearning. 17. 1 Essayist: Many people are hypocritical in that they ‘often pretend to be more morally upright than they really are. When hypocrisy is exposed, hypocrites are embarrassed by their moral Iapse, which motivates them and others to try to become better people. On the other hand, when hypocrisy persists without exposure, the belief that most people are good is fostered, which motivates most people to try to be good. ‘The essayist’s statements, if tre, most strongly support which one of the following? (A) The existence of hypocrisy encourages people to believe that no one is morally blameless. (B) The existence of hypocrisy encourages people to make efforts to live by moral stundards. (C)__ The existence of hypocrisy in some people encourages others to fall into moral lapses. (D) The hiding of hypocrisy is a better way of ‘motivating people to try to be good than is the exposing of i (E) There is no stronger motivator for people to try to be good than the exposing of hypocrisy “Multiple use" refers to the utilization of natural resources in combinations that will best meet the present and future needs of the public. Designating land as a wilderness area does not necessarily violate the multiple-use philosophy, for even when such use does not provide the greatest dollar return, it can provide the greatest overall benefit from that site. ‘Which one of the following is an assumption requited by the argument? (A) Natural resources should be used in combinations that will most greatly benefit present and future generations (B) Designating a wilderness area prevents any ‘exploitation of natural resources in that area (©) The present and future needs of the public would best be met by designating greater umbers of wilderness areas. (D) The multiple-use philosophy takes into account some nonfinancial necds of the public. (©) The multiple-use philosophy holds that the future needs of the public are more important than the present ones. GO ON 10 THE NEXT PAGE,1 18, Tn the troposphere, the lowest level of the earth's atmosphere, the temperature decreases as one progresses straight upward. At the top, the air temperature ranges from ~50 degrees Celsius over the poles 10 -85 degrees Celsius over the equator. At that point the stratosphere begins, and the temperature stops decreasing and instead increases as one progresses straight upward through the stratosphere. The stratosphere is warmed by ozone. When an ozone particle absorbs a dose of ultraviolet sunlight, heat is generated, If the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true? (A) The troposphere over the poles is thicker than the troposphere over the equator. (B) eis warmer at the top of the stratosphere over the poles than itis at the top of the stratosphere over the equator. (©) The temperature in the middle part of the stratosphere over the North Pole is at least as great as the temperature in the middie part of the stratosphere over the equator. (D) The temperature at any point at the top of the stratosphere is at least as great as the temperature at the top of the troposphere directly beneath that point (E) Depletion of the earth's ezone layer would increase the air temperature in the stratosphere and decrease the air temperature in the troposphere. 19. There have been no new cases of naturally occurring polio in North America in recent years. Yet there are approximately 12 new cases of polio each year in North America, all caused by the commonly administered live oral polio vaccine (OPV). Suistituting inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) for most childhood polio immunizations would evt the number ‘of cases of vaccination-caused polio about in half Clearly it is time to switch from OPV to IPV as the ‘most commonly used polio vaccine for North American children, Which one of the following, if true, most weakens the argument? (A) IE IPV replaces OPV as the most commonly used polio vaccine, at least a few new cases of naturally occurring polio in North America will result each year. (B) The vast majority of cases of polio caused by ‘OPV have occurred in children with preexisting but unsuspected immunodeficiency disorders. (©) A child’s risk of contracting polio from OPV has been estimated at | in 8.7 milion, which is significantly less than the risk of being struck by lightning. (D) Although IPV is preferred in some European nations, most countries with comprehensive child immunization programs use OPV. (B) PY, like most vaccines, carries a slight risk of. inducing seizures in children with neurological diseases such as epilepsy. 20. Professor: Each government should do all that it can to improve the wel-being of all the children in the society it governs. Therefore, governments should help finance high-quality day care since such day care will become available to families of all, income levels if and only if itis subsidized, Which one of the following is an assumption on which the professor's argument depends? (A) Only governments that subsidize high-quality dday care take an interest in the well-being of all the children in the societies they govern. (B) Government subsidy of high-quality day care ‘would not be so expensive that it would cause a government fo eliminate benefits for adults (©) High-quality day care should be subsidized only for those who could not otherwise afford it (D) At least some children would benefit from high-quality day care, (©) Government is a more efficient provider of certain services than is private enterprise. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 1 “J ee1 As. 2 Opposition leader: Our country has the least fair court system of any country on the continent and ought not to be the model for others. Thus, our highest court isthe least fair of any on the continent and ‘ought not to be emulated by other countries. ‘The flawed reasoning in which one of the following arguments is most similar to that in the opposition leader's argument? (A) The residents of medium-sized towns are, on ‘average, more highly educated than people who do not live in such towns, Therefore, Maureen, who was born in a medium-sized town, is more highly educated than Monica, who has just moved to such a town. (B) Ata certain college, either philosophy or engineering is the most demanding major. ‘Therefore, either the introductory course in philosophy or the introductory course in ‘engineering is the most deman introduetory-level course at that college. (©) For many years its superior engineering has enabled the Lawson Automobile Company to make the best racing cars. Therefore, its passenger cars, which use many of the same parts, are unmatched by those of any other company. (D) Domestic cats are closely related to tigers. ‘Therefore, even though they are far smaller than tigers, their eating habits are almost the same as those of tigers (E) Ifa suit of questionable merit is brought in the first district rather than the second district, its chances of being immediately thrown out are ‘eater, Therefore, 10 have the best chance of winning the case, the lawyers will bring the suit in the second district. 2. 23, Columnist: There are certain pesticides that, even though they have been banned for use in the United States for nearly 30 years, are stil ‘manufactured there and exported to other countries. In addition to jeopardizing the health ‘of people in these other countries, this practice greatly increases the health risk to U.S. ‘consumers, for these pesticides are often used on agricultural products imported into the United States Which one of the following, if true, most seriously ‘weakens the columnists argument? (A) Trace amounts of some of the pesticides banned for use in the United States ean be detected in the soil where they were used 30 years ago. (B) Most of the pesticides that are manufactured in the United States and exported are not among, those banned for use in the United States (©) The United States is not the only country that ‘manufactures and export the pesticides that are banned for use in the United States. (D) The banned pesticides pose a greater risk to people in the countries in which they are used than to U.S. consumers. (©) There are many pesticides that are banned for use in other countries that are not banned for use in the United States, Columnist: Neuroscientists have found that states of profound creativity are accompanied by an increase of theta brain waves, which occur in many regions of the brain, including the hippocampus. They also found that listening to ‘music increases theta waves dramatically. Thus, fone ean attain a state of profound creativity merely by listening to a tape of recorded music. ‘The columnist’s reasoning is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that it (A) takes for granted that there is a causal ‘connection between the hippocampus and being in a state of profound creativity (B) fails to consider that music is not necessary for ‘one to be in a state of profound creativity (C) does not rule out the possibilty that listening to ‘music by means other than a tape recording also increases theta waves (D) ignores the possiblity that an increase in theta ‘waves may not always be accompanied by a state of profound creativity (E) provides insufficient reasons to believe that ‘people who are not in states of profound creativity have low levels of theta brain waves GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.Consumer advocate: The manufacturer's instructions 26, for assembling 2 product should be written in such a way that most consumers would find it uch easier to put the product together if the instructions were available than if they were not ‘Which one of the following, if true, would provide the strongest reason for thinking that the principle advanced by the consumer advocate cannot always be followed? (A) The typical consumer who assembles a product does so using the manufacturer's instructions, but still has great difficulty (B) Often the store at which a consumer purchases ‘an unassembled product will offer, fora fee, 0 assemble the product and deliver it (©) For the typical product, most consumers who assomble it do $0 very easly and without ever consulting the manufacturer's instructions. (D) Usually a consumer who is trying to assemble a product using the manufacturer's instructions has no difficulty understanding the instructions. (&) Some consumers refer to the manufacturer's instructions for assembling a product only if they have difficulty assembling the product. (Claude: Because of the relatively high number of ‘middle-aged people in the workforce, there will bbe fewer opportunities for promotion into upper- ‘management positions. Since this will decrease people’s incentive to work hard, economic produetivity and the quality of life will diminist ‘Thelma: This glut of middle-aged workers will lead ‘many people to form their own companies. They will work hard and thus increase economic produetivity, improving the quality of life even if ‘many of the companies ultimately fil On the basis of their statements, Claude and Thelma are committed to agreeing about which one of the following? (A) The quality of life in a society affects that society's economic productivity (B) The failure of many companies will not necessarily have a negative effect on overall, economic productivity (©) How hard a company’s employees work is a function of what they think their chances for promotion are in that company. (D) The number of middle-aged people in the workforce will increase in the coming years. (E) Economic productivity will be affected by the number of middle-aged people in the workforce, Ss TO 16 Researchers gave 100 first-graders after-school lessons in handwriting. They found that those whose ‘composition skills had improved the most had learned to write letters the most automatically. This suggests that producing characters more automaticaly frees up ‘mental resources for other activities, Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument? “wy ® oO Oo) © P ‘Among the first-graders who received the after-school lessons in handwriting, those who practiced the most leamed to write leters the most automatically ‘The fist-graders who wrote letters the most ‘automatically before receiving the after-school lessons in handwriting showed the greatest improvement in their composition skills over the course of the lessons. Over the course of the lessons, the firstgraders ‘who showed greater improvernent in their ability to write letters automaticaly also generally showed greater improvement in their composition skills. ‘Before receiving the after-school lessons in handwriting, the 100 first-graders who received the lessons were representative of frst-graders ‘more generally, with respect to their skills in both handwriting and composition Among the first-graders who received the lessons in handwriting, those who started out with strong composition skills showed substantial improvement in how automat they could write letters IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY. DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.2 “7 SECTION 11 ‘Time—35 minutes 26 Questions Directions: Bach passage in this section is followed by a group of questions to be answered on the basis of what is stated or implied in the passage. For some of the questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are 10 choose the best answer; that is, the response that most accurately and completely answers the question, and blacken the corresponding spacé on your answer sheet. 6 ao) as) 20) 25) 0) as) (40) 5) In 1963, a three-week-long demonstration for jobs at the construction site of the Downstate Medical Center in Brooklyn, New York, became one of the ‘most significant and widely publicized campaigns of the civil rights movement in the United States. An interdenominational group made up mostly of locally based African American ministers, who had remained politically moderato until then, organized and led hhundzeds of people in an aggressive protest. Their efforts relied mainly on the participation and direct financial support of the ministers’ own congregations and other congregations throughout Brooklyn. The goal ofthis campaign was to build s mass movement that would force changes in government policies as well asin trade union hiring practices, both of which they belicved excluded African Americans from construction jobs. Inspired by the emergence of African American religious leaders as key figures elsewhere in the civil rights movement, and reasoning that the ministers ‘would be able to mobilize large numbers of people from their congregations and network effectively with other religious leaders throughout the city, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), « national civil rights organization, had decided to ask the ministers to lead the Downstate campaign. However, by ‘organizing a civil disobedience campaign, the ministers were jeopardizing one of the very factors that had led CORE to seek their involvement: their positions as politically moderate community leaders. Urban African American ministers and churches had been working for decades with community and government organizations to address the social, political, and economic concems of their communities, and ministers of African American congregations in Brooklyn had often acted as ‘mediators between their communities and the ‘government. Many of them also worked for major politcal partes and ran for political office themselves. By endorsing and leading the Downstate protest, the ‘ministers were risking their politcal careers and theit reputations within their communities for effecting change through established political channels The Downstate campaign ended with an agreement between the ministers and both 50) (55) (60) 65) government and union officals. This agreement did not include new legislation or a commitment to a specific numerical increase in jobs for African Americans, as the protestors had demanded. But even though some civil rights activists therefore considered the agreement incomplete, government officials did pledge to enforce existing antidiserimination legislation. Moreover, the Downstate campaign effectively aroused public concem for the previously neglected problem of discrimination in the construction industry. It also drew public attention, ‘which had hitherto focused on the progress of the civil rights movement primarily in the southern United States, to the additional need to alleviate discrimination in the North, Finally, throughout the ‘campaign, the ministers managed to maintain their moderate political ties. The dual role played by the rinisters—activists who nonetheless continued to work through established political channels—served ‘as a model for future ministers who sought to initiate protest actions on behalf of their communities It ean be reasonably inferred from the passage that the author's attitude is most favorable toward which one of the following? (A) the ways in which the Downstate campaign altered the opinions of union leaders (B) the impact that the Downstate campaign had on the implementation of new anti- B&B SECTION Il ‘Time—35 minutes 26 Questions Directions: is, the response that most accurately and ‘The questions in this section are based on the {uestions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. completely answers the question. reasoning contained in brief statements or passages. For some However, you are to choose the best answer; that ‘You should not make assumptions that are by ‘Smmonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. After you have chosen the best answer, blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet. [Although fiber-optic telephone cable is more expensive to manufacture than copper telephone cable, a {elephione network using fiber-optic cable is less ‘expensive overall than a telephone network using ‘copper cable. This is because copper eable requires frequent amplification of complex electrical signals to carry them for long distances, whereas the pulses of light that are transmitted along fiber-optic cable can travel much farther before amplification is needed. ‘The above statements, if true, most strongly support which one of the following? (A) The material from which fiber-optic cable is imanufaetured is more expensive than the ‘copper from which copper cable is made. ‘The inctease in the number of transmissions of complex signals through telephone cables is straining those telephone networks that still use: ‘copper cable. Fiber-optic cable can carry many more signals simultaneously than copper cable can. Signals transmitted through fiber-optic cable ‘travel atthe same speed as signals transmitted through copper cable. The cost associated with frequent amplification of signals traveling through copper cable exceeds the extra manufacturing cost of fiber-optic cable. ® © © © 2. Being near woodlands, the natural habitat of bees, promotes the health of crops that depend on pollination, Bees, the most common pollinators, visit flowers far from woodlands less often than they visit flowers close to woodlands Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument? (A) The likelihood that a plant is pollinated increases as the number of visits from pollinators increases. (B) Many bees live in habitats other than ‘woodlands. (©) Woodlands are not the natural habitat ofall pollinators. (D) Some pollinators vist flowers far from their habitats more often than they visit flowers close to their habitats. ‘Many crops that are not near woodlands depend ‘on pollination, 3. According to the rules of the university's housing Tottery, the only students guaranteed dormitory rooms are fourth-year students. In addition, any fourth-year ‘student on the dean's list ean choose a dormitory room before anyone who is not a fourth-year student. Which one of the following inferences is most strongly supported by the rules described above’? (A) Benizer is « fourth-year student who is not on the dean's list, 0 she is not guaranteed a dormitory room. Ivan and Naomi are both fourth-year students but only Naomi is on the dean’s list. Therefore, Ivan can choose a dormitory room before Naomi alle, a third-year student, is on the dean's list ‘Thus, she is guaranteed a dormitory room. Gerald and Katrina are both on the dean's list ‘but only Gerald is a fourth-year student. Thus, Gerald can choose a dormitory room before Katrina. ‘Anissa is a fourth-year student who is on the -& [North Americans who travel to Burope for the first time should include significant time in Italy on their itinerary, To develop an appreciation of a continent that ‘goes beyond the mere accumulation of impressions, ‘one needs to acquire a thorough knowledge of at least ‘one country, and North Americans seem to find it easier to get to know Italy than other European ‘countries Which one of the following best illustrates the principle illustrated by the argument above? (A) A person who wants to learn to play the piano should study classical music, because though it is more difficult to play than is popular music, mastery ofits techniques enables one to quickly master popular pieces (B) To overcome a fear of water that prevents one from swimming, one should paddle about in shallow water With a trusted friend who is a ‘good swimmer. (©) _ Edith Wharton is the most accessible of the classical U.S, writers. So in order to provide superb introduction to U.S. literature, a class should emphasize her work while also studying the works of others (D) One can appreciate Taiko-drumming only if one understands how physically demanding i is. ‘Thus, one should see Tsiko-drumming and not just hear it in order to appreciate it fully (©) One should travel through North America by train rather than by automobile, because train travel imparts the same sense of open space as does automobile travel, while also affording one the full leisure to attend to the scenery. GO ON 10 THE NEXT PAGE,19. 20. Although high cholesterol levels have been associated with the development of heart disease, many people with high cholesterol never develop heart disease, while many without high cholesterol do, Recently, above average concentrations of the blood particle lipoprotein(a) were found in the blood of many people whose heart disease was not attributable to other causes. Dietary changes that affect cholesterol levels hhave no effect on lipoprotein(a) levels. Hence, there is no reason for anyone to make dietary changes for the sake of preventing heart disease, Which one of the following most accurately describes a flaw in the argument? (A) fails to consider the possibility that lipoprotein(a) raises cholesterol levels. (B) I provides no evidence fora link between lipoprotein(a) and heart disease. (©) It presents but ignores evidence that, for some people, high cholesterol contributes to heart disease, (D) I fails to consider the possibilty that poor diets cause some people to develop health problems other than heart disease. (©) _ offers no explanation for why some people with high cholesterol levels never develop heart disease, Philosopher: It is absurd to argue that people are ‘morally obligated to actin a certain way simply because not acting in that way would be ‘unnatural, An unnatural action is either a violation of the laws of nature or a statistical ‘anomaly. There is no possibilty of acting as one cannot, nor does the mere fact that something is not usually done provide any good reason not 10 doit Which one of the following most accurately describes a technique used in the philosopher's argument? (A) undermining a concept by showing that its acceptance would violate a law of nature (B) stating the definition of a key term of the argument (©) using statistical findings to dispute a claim (D) undermining a claim by showing that the claim is self-contradictory (E) using empirical evidence to support one definition of a key term of the argument over another a. ‘The conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed? (A) Anyone who does not care for his or her own health cannot help others become healthier, (B) Anyone who cares about the health of others can help others become healthier, (©) Anyone who does not care forthe health of others cannot help them become healthier. (D) Anyone who does not smoke cares ubout the health of others. (E) Anyone who cares about his or her own health does not smoke. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE,3 3 22. If one does not have enough information to make a > Bb 23, Television network executive: Some scientists have well-informed decision, one should not make a decision solely on the basis of the information one does possess. Instead, one should continue to seek information until a ‘well-informed decision can be made. (OF the following, which one most closely conforms to the principle stated above? (A) Economists should not believe the predictions of ‘an economic model simply because it is based ‘on information about the current economy. ‘Many conflicting models are based on such ‘information, and they cannot all be accurate. (B) When deciding which career to pursue, one reeds to consider carefully all of the information one has. One should not choose @ career solely on the basis of financial ‘compensation; instead, one should consider other factors such as how likely one is to succeed at the career and how much one would enjoy it (©) Though a researcher may know a great deal about a topic, she or he should not assume that all information relevant to the research is already in her or his possession, A good researcher always looks for further relevant information. () When one wants to buy a reliable car, one should not choose which car to buy just on the inadequate basis of one’s personal experience with cars. Rather, one should study various ‘models’ reliability histories that summarize ‘many owners’ experiences, (©) When there is not enough information available to determine the meaning of a line of poetry, fone should not form an opinion based on the insufficient information. Instead, one should simply acknowledge that itis impossible to determine what the line means. ‘expressed concer about the numerous highly popular television programs that emphasize paranormal incidents, warning that these programs will encourage superstition and thereby impede the public's scientific understanding. But these predictions are baseless. Throughout recorded history, dramatists have relied on ghosts and spirits to enliven their stories, and yet the scientific ‘understanding of the populace has steadily advanced, ‘The television network executive's argument is most ‘vulnerable to criticism on which one of the following rounds? (A) It fails to consider that one phenomenon can steadily advance even when itis being impeded by another phenomenon. (B) takes for granted that if a correlation has been ‘observed between two phenomena, they must bbe causally connected, (©) Ie fails to consider that the occurrence of one ‘phenomenon can indirectly affect the pervasiveness of another even ifthe former does not impede the latter. (D) _ Te fails to consider that just because one phenomenon is known to affect another, the latter does not also affect the former. (E) It takes for granted thatthe contention that one phenomenon causes another must be baseless if the latter phenomenon has persisted despite steady increases in the pervasiveness of the former. Police commissioner: Last year our city experienced a 15 percent decrease in the rate of violent crime. ‘At the beginning of that year a new mandatory sentencing law was enacted, which requires that all violent criminals serve time in prison. Since no other major policy changes were made last year, the drop in the crime rate must have been {ue to the new mandatory sentencing law Which one of the following, if true, most seriously ‘weakens the police commissioner's argument? (A) Studies of many other cities have shown @ ‘conelation between improving economic conditions and decreased crime rates (B) Prior to the enactment of the mandatory sentencing lav, judges in the city had for many years already imposed unusually harsh penalties for some crimes. (©) Last year, the city’s overall crime rate decreased by only 5 percent. (D) Atthe beginning of last year, the police ‘department's definition of “violent crime” was broadened to include 2 erimes not previously classified as “violent.” (©) The city enacted a policy 2 years ago requiring that 100 new police officers be hired in each of the 3 subsequent years. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.25. A corporation created a new division, To staff it, 26, Students in a college ethics class were asked to judge applicants were rigorously sereened and interviewed, whether two magazines had been morally delinquent in Those selected were among the most effective, publishing a particular classified advertisement that was efficient, and creative workers that the corporation had. highly offensive in its demeaning portrayal of some fever hired. Thus, the new division must have been : among the most effective, efficient, and creative Alivisions the corporation had ever created, people. They were told only that the fist magazine had ‘undertaken to screen all classified advertisements and reject for publication those it found offensive, whereas ‘The flawed pattem of reasoning in which one of the the second magazine's policy was to publish any following is most similar to that in the argument advertisement received from its subseribers. Most above? “ In order to obtain the best players for its ‘country’s Olympic team, a committee reviewed the performance ofits county's teams. After reviewing statistics and reading reports, the committee chose one player from each of the six best teams, this assuring that the six best players in the country had been chosen, students judged the first magazine, but not the second, to have been morally delinquent in publishing the advertisement. ‘Which one of the following principles, if established, provides the stwongest justification for the judgment that the first magazine and not the second was morally delinquent? =e foe eee (A) Tis wrong to polish messages that could enue recruit the largest number of new customers in doctor indirect harm to innocent people te non, To monitor te iceatve prog ®) Anyone regularly transiting message ote the boss interviewed one of the salespeople and Public has a moral responsibility 0 monitor the fond tthe slespeson had alesdy Sontnt of those mesnge txoveded the mani pal of te rogram, © wo sinlar agent commit eo smile Tho the incentive program wes inca stony, tse ago sbuld be held fhe atte fee sandaré of eccumebi (©) Ata fe decided a a department devoted. (©) Faire wo uphold a moa standard not to family law. To obtain the best employees it necessarily a moral failing except fr those could, hefim sued the eed a in peliellfeeneinn teeters composition of sever! ober ms Wel frown auaeagleanee to have successful staffs working in family (©) A magazine should not be considered at fault Jaw, Eventually, the firm hired a staf of new for publishing a classified advertisement if that lawyers and support personnel having taining aadvenisement would not be offensive to any of and apne a much Tike hse of be ead ae ae fms a possible Ts tel fm ms ave crete one ofthe est fly la depart (D) Toput ogi ths years two Al-Ste Teas the best players inthe league were selected Hatfof em were put on Team Ov, an Ratt wor put on Team Two Sine exch payer on the to teams as one of he beat payer sr the lage ths yay, lows hate evo ‘iL Str Tens a the two best teas is = (© Vsious schools chose teams of sents to compete in a debate tournament. Each school’s team presented a position and rebutted the ‘thers’ postions. After the initial scores were in, the ten top teams competed against each other, Since one team eventually emerged with the highest average score, it was clearly the best icam, S T OP IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY. DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN THI4> @O ‘Time—35 minutes SECTION IV 22. Questions o 0 9 Directions: Each group of questions in this section is based on a set of conditions. In answering some of the questions, it may be Groful To draw a rough diagram, Choose the response that most accurately and completely answers each question and blacken the corresponding space on your answer sheet. Questions 1-5 Exactly seven products—P, Q, R, S, T, W, and X—are 3. teach to be advertised exactly once in a section of a catalog. ‘The order in which they will be displayed is governed by the following conditions: Q must be displayed in some position before W. R must be displayed immediately before X. TT cannot be displayed immediately before or immediately after W. 'S must be displayed either first or seventh Either Q or T must be displayed fourth. 1. Which one of the following CANNOT be the product that is displayed first? w Pe ® Q © R T x ) ® 2, If X is displayed immediately before Q, then which cone of the following could be true? (A) Tis displayed first (B) Ris displayed fitth. (©) Qis displayed last. (D) Qi displayed second. ©) _ Pis displayed second, IF P is displayed second, then which one of the following ‘could be displayed third?” wR ® Ss © T o Ww © x Which one of the following could be true? (A) Qis displayed fifth. (B) — Qis displayed seventh (©) Ris displayed third. (D) Wis displayed third, (E) Xs displayed fith If R is displayed sixth, then which one of the following must be displayed fifth? w Pe ® Q © T © Ww © x GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.4 60 060 0 0 *4 Questions 6-11 9. A lighting control panel has exactly seven switches, numbered from 1 to 7. Each switch is either in the on position or in the off position. The circuit load of the pane! isthe total number of its switches that are on. The control panel must be configured in accordance with the following conditions: If switch 1 is on, then switch 3 and switch 5 are off. If switch 4 is on, then switch 2 and switch 5 are off ‘The switch whose number corresponds to the circuit load 10. of the panel is itself on. 6. Which one of the following could be a complete and accurate list of the switches that are on? (A) switch 2, switch 3, switch 4, switeh 7 (B) switch 3, switeh 6, switch 7 (©) switch 2, switch 5, switch 6 (D) switch 1, switch 3, switeh 4 aL (B) —switeh 1, switeh 5 7. If switch 1 and switch 3 are both off, then which one of the following could be two switches that are both on? (A) switch 2 and switeh 7 (B) switch 4 and switch 6 (©) switeh 4 and switeh 7 (D) switch 5 and switch 6 (©) switch 6 and switch 7 8. exactly two of the switches are on, then which one of the following switches must be off? (A) switeh 3 (B) switch 4 © switch 5 (D) switch 6 (&) switch 7 If switch 6 and switch 7 are both off, then what is the ‘maximum circuit load of the panel? “ B) © ) ® fone two. three four five If switch 5 and switch 6 are both on, then which one of the following switches must be on? w (B) © o © switeh 1 switeh 2 switch 3 switch 4 switeh 7 What is the maximum circuit load of the panel? w @) © o © three four five GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE,o 9o Questions 12-17 15, In Crescentville there are exactly five record stores, whose names are abbreviated S, T, V, X, and Z. Each of the five stores caries at least one of four distinet types of music: folk, jtz, opera, and rock. None of the stores carries any other type ‘of music. The following conditions must hol: Exactly two of the five stores carry jazz T carries rock and opera but no other type of music. S carries more types of music than T carries, X carries more types of music than any other store in Crescentville carries. Jazz is among the types of music $ cartes. V does not carry any type of music that Z carries, 16. 12, Which one of the following could be true? (A) S carries folk and rock but neither jazz nor opera. (B) cartes jazz but neither opera nor rock. (© V carries folk, rock, and opera, but not jazz (D) __X carries folk, rock, and jazz, but not opera (E) — Zecarvies folk and opera but neither rock nor jazz 13. Which one of the following could be tue? (A) 8, V, and Z all cary folk n. (B) 8, X, and Z all cary jazz (C) Of the five stores, only $ and V carry jazz (D) Of the five stores, only T and X carry rock, (©) Of the five stores, only $, T, and V carry opera 14, Ifexactly one of the stores carries folk, then which one of the following could be true? (8) Sand V cary exactly two tyes of music in (8) Tand§ cary exactly «wo types of musi in (©) TandV cay exactly two types of musi in (©) Vand X cary exactly two types of musi in (BX end 2 cary exacly two types of mus Which one of the following must be tue? (A) Tearries exactly the same number of types of music as V cartes. (B) _Vearries exactly the same number of types of music as Z caries, (©) S carties atleast one more type of music than Z. (D) Z carries at least one more type of music than T (©) X carries exactly two more types of music than 8 caries. If V is one of exactly three stores that camry rock, then. which one of the following must be trie? (A) Sand Z cary no types of music in common, (B) Sand V cay at least one typeof muse in (©) Sant Zany a es one ype of music in (D) Tran Z cary a east one typeof music in (Tan ¥ cary at least wo types of mien IFS and V both carry folk, then which one of the following could be true? (A) Sand T carry no types of music in common, (B) Sand Z carry no types of music in commen. (©) Tand Z carry no types of music in common. (D) Sand Z carry two types of musie in common. (E) and V carry two (ypes of music in common. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE,0 0 080 0 19. Questions 18-22 Maggie's Deli is open exactly five days every week: Monday through Friday. Its staf, each of whom works on at least one day each week, consists of exactly six people—Janice, Kevin, Nan, Ophelia, Paul, and Seymour. Exactly three of them- Janice, Nan, and Paul—are supervisors. The deli's staffing is ‘consistent with the following: Each day's staf consists of exactly two people, atleast ‘one of whom is a supervisor Tuesday's and Wednesday's staffs both include Ophelia Of the days Nan works each week, at least two are consecutive, Seymour does not work on any day before the first day aul works that week. Any day on which Kevin works is the first day during the week that some other staff memiber works, 18. Which one of the following could be an accurate staffing schedule? (A) Monday: Janice, Kevin ‘Tuesday: Nan, Ophelia Wednesday: Nan, Paul Thursday: Kevin, Paul Friday: Janice, Seymour (B) Monday: Paut, Seymour ‘Tuesday: Ophelia, Paul Wednesday: Nan, Ophelia ‘Thursday: Kevin, Nan Friday: Janice, Seymour (©) Monday: Janice, Kevin Tuesday: Nan, Ophelia Wednesday: Nan, Ophelia ‘Thursday: Kevin, Paul Friday: Paul, Seymour (D) Monday: Janice, Kevin ‘Tuesday: Janice, Ophelia Wednesday: Nan, Ophelia ‘Thursday: Nan, Seymour Friday: Kevin, Paul (©) Monday: Paul, Seymour ‘Tuesday: Ophelia, Paul Wednesday: Nan, Ophelia ‘Thursday: Janice, Kevin Friday: Nan, Paul 20. 21 2, “4 If Kevin and Paul work Thursday, who must work Friday? (A) Janice ®) Kevin © Nan (D) Paul (©) Seymour Each of the following could be true EXCEPT: (A) Janice works Monday and Tuesday (B) Kevin and Paul work Friday (© Seymour works Monday and Friday. (D) Janice and Kevin work Thursday. (©) Paul works Monday and Friday. Which one of the following CANNOT be the pair of staff that works Monday? “ (B) © o © Janice and Seymour Kevin and Paul Paul and Seymour Nan and Ophelia Janice and Nan Which one of the following could be true? a) B) © o ® Ss T O P IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY. DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST. Nan works Wednesday and Friday only ‘Seymour works Monday and Paul works Tuesday. Kevin works Monday, Wednesday, and Friday. Nan works Wednesday with Ophelia and Thursday with Kevin, Ophelia and Kevin work Tuesday.Wait for the supervisor's instructions before you open the page to the topic. Please print and sign your name and write the date in the designated spaces below. Time: 35 Minutes General Directions ‘You will have 35 minutes in which to plan and write an essay on the topic inslde, Read the topic and the accompanying dlrections carefully ‘You wil probably find it best to spend a few minutes considering the topic and organizing your thoughts before you begin writing, In your essay, be sure to develop your ideas fuly, leaving time, if possible, to review what you have written. Do not write on a topie other than the one specified. Writing on a topic of your own choles Is not acceptable. No special knowledge is required or expected for this writing exercise, Law schools are interested in the reasoning, clarity, organization, language usage, and writing mechanics displayed in your essay. How well you writ is more important than how much you write Confine your essay to the blocked, lined area on the front and back of the separate writing sample response sheet. Only that area will be reproduced for law schools. Be sure that your writing is legible Both this topic sheet and your response sheet must be turned over to the testing staff before you leave the room. Tonle Code Prin Your Full Name Here 011338 Cast Fist war Dae ‘Sign Your Name Here Jot Scratch Paper Do not write your essay in this space.LSAT® WRITING SAMPLE TOPICS Each candidate who took the October 2005 LSAT received one of the four writing sample topics below. These topics include two ‘examples of each of two diferent kinds of writing prompt—dacision or argument. The four topics were randomly distibuted among fll test takers at the October 2005 LSAT administration as part of LSAC’s ongoing research and development of fective writing ‘Sample prompts. Prompts of these kinds may or may not appear on future LSATS. Advance notice of the kinds of prompts that may appear at each LSAT administration can be found at www.L SAC.org and in the appropriate edition of the LSAT & LSDAS Information Book. clan The servo pecoidbnowdscbes vo ches, eer one oli canbe supported one ass oite | Breton: The sen eset lo Ss usar ovo a taal ec eoed onto speed ‘teria and the facts provided. There is no "right" or ‘wrong’ choice: a reasonable argument can be made for either. | ‘The Poplar Valley Civic Association (PVCA) needs to raise money to buy new playground equipment for the local park. Board members have narrowed their fundraising options to @ raffle or a pancake breakfast. Write an essay in which you argue for one ‘option over the other, keeping in mind the folowing two criteria: 1» The PYCA wants to raise at least enough money to pay for the fundraiser itself and the new playground equipment. ‘¢ The PVCA wants to use the event to foster cohesion in the community. Ifthe PVCA holds a ratfie tickets will be sold by community volunteers for a drawing to be held at the town's annual picnic. PCA ‘board members will be charged with soliciing prize donations from local businesses. The town's bike shop has already pledged & pair of bikes ifthe raf is held. A local travel agency donated a cruise for a similar raf last year. Local restaurants are also likely prospects. The number of tickets sold will depend not only on the attractiveness of the prizes but on the diligence of volunteer ticket Sellers, who will need to canvass the neighborhood and their workplaces systematically for buyers. The cost of printing tickets an holding the raffle wil be nominl, ¢0 almost all ofthe money raised could be used to buy equipment. ifthe PVCA opts for the pancake breakfast, printed invitations will be mailed to all households in the community. The mailing itself vill be fally expensive, given the cost of postage, but response rates for such solicitations are usually high, and many people end up ‘donating more than the actual cost of tickets. The breakfast wil be held on a weekend morning in the elementary school cafeteria, using community volunteers to do the cooking, serving, setup, and cleanup. The cafeteria’s kitchen is fully equipped. A local caterer has already volunteered to donate the batter, syrup, and paper products; otherwise, the cost of supplies for the breakfast would be considerably nigher than the minimal costs for the raffe Dikections: For this essay you are presented with an argument that offers reasons for drawing a particular conclusion. Your essay should analyze and evaluate the line of reasoning and use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may want fo tiscuss how the logic ofthe argument is flawed or could be improved, of what counterexamples or alternative explanations would undermine the argument. You may also want to consider what, i any, questionable assumptions underiie the reasoning ‘3nd what additional information of evidence may have been overlooked that would strengthen or weaken the argument. Note that you are not being asked fo present your personal opinion on the subject with which the ergument is concemed. ‘The following appeared in a newsletter about the biology of aging “aging is not inevitable. If nothing whatsoever influences the processes of aging, how do we explain the millions of people around the world living longer and healthier extended life spans? Demographers predict that the number of people aged 100 years or more will increase fifteen-fold, from approximately 145,000 in 1999 to 2.2 million by 2050. Societies of physicians and scientists endorsing anti-aging technologies now exist throughout the world, but the traditional medical establishment continues to argue that there are no methods proven to stop or reverse aging, This is reminiscent of medical pioneers from the past whose innovations and foresight were trivialized or Ignored, only to ultimately become accepted.” Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument.Directions: The scenario presented below describes two choices, elther one of which can be supported on the basis of the information given. Your essay should consider both choices and argue for one and against the other, based on the two specified criteria and the facts provided. There is no ‘right’ or “wrong” choice: a reasonable argument can be made for either. Worldwide Investors, a financial services company, must decide which member of is staft—Ingram or Burke—uwill replace the: ‘recently retired trainer at its operations center for telephone customer service. The trainer provides ongoing, on-the-job training of approximately 65 customer service employees atthe beginning level. Write an essay in which you argue for one choice over the. other, Keeping in mind the folowing two criteria ‘* The customer service staff should receive the best training possible, ‘¢ The company wants to minimize disruption to its training programs. As a temporary solution, the company can appoint Ingram, a seasoned information technology trainer who normally administers ‘advanced, high-level training courses to small groups. Although she would be new to the customer service area, she has worked for the company for many years and knows the company and its services well. Ingram lacks experience translating new concepts for the Introductory learner, but she has a demonstrated talent for training and should be able to adjust to the task quickly and easily. Using Ingram in this position would remove her from her ordinary taining duties for several months unti permanent trainer is found for the customer service site. However, she could be available jong distance for tutoring and consultation as needed. Altematively, the company can appoint Burke, a newly hired professional trainer, to fil the postion permanently. He has spectic expertise in vocational evaluation, with the abilly to assess trainee aptitude, make appropriate placements, and tailor training ‘material to different needs. Because Burke is new, he has litle knowledge of the company and its operations. He will have to train {rom a script for the short term and will have difficulty answering advanced questions from the trainees, Overtime, he would be ‘expected to develop a fullfiedged customer service training program. If Burke is chosen to fil the position, the customer service site will benefit from continuity in training but the company will have to postpone the expansion of other corporate training programs that hhe had originally been hired to oversee. Directions: For this essay you are presented with an argument that offers reasons for drawing a particular conclusion. Your ‘essay should analyze and evaluate the line of reasoning and use of evidence in the argument. For example, you may want to discuss how the logic ofthe argument is flawed or could be improved, or what counterexamples or alternative explanations would undermine the argument. You may also want to consider what, if any, questionable assumptions underlie the reasoning ‘and what additional information or evidence may have been overlooked that would strengthen or weaken the argument. ‘Note that you are not being asked to present your personal opinion on the subject with which the argument is concerned. | The following is a letter to the editor of a computer magazine. “Compu-Vaccine Corporation recently published a report claiming that the latest version of the increasingly popular QBZ computer operating system, unlike earlier versions, is very susceptible to computer viruses. That's nonsense. The company that makes QBZ is ‘well aware of all the computer viruses out there, and they've taken stops to protect QBZ from them. Over the last ten years, ve Used many versions of QBZ—including the latest version—on my computers and they've never been Infected with a virus even though I've never bothered to use antivirus software. Besides, Compu-Vaccine is in the business of selling antivirus software, so of course they want to scare us into buying their product." Discuss how well reasoned you find this argument- 7 . =n a av I = wg SRE "ide > fel = cattetn, oo = poe = Doo: 7 Doo: = aa bos = Writing Sample Response Sheet - DO NOT WRITE 2OBO96 IN THIS SPACE Begin your essay in the lined area below. Continue on the back if you need more space. Tien ee i Reon TE enh Oy an BR COR IT— TUT Uae | ‘Conversion Chart Directions: For Converting Raw Score to the 120-190 LSAT 1. Use the Answer Key on the next page to check your Sealed Score ansvier, LSAT Form SLSN6S Reported Raw Sere 2. Use the Scoring Worksheet below to compute your coms es Highes =— 180 9 100, S % 8 3. Use the Score Conversion Char to convert your a 4 3 raw score into the 120-180 scale. i % % a 7 —_—______—_——— vs = = coring Works ie % % Scoring Worksheet us 9 o iB 2 2 1. 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