GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

CHANDKHEDA,AHMEDABAD

VISHWAKARMA GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING

COLLEGE
A REPORT ON-
SOLAR INVERTER
UNDER SUBJECT OF
DESIGN ENGINEERING-1A
B.E. II SEMESTER- IV

SUBMITTED BY:
GROUP:

SR. NAME OF STUDENT ENROLMENT NO.

1. Jadav Hiteshkumar K. 180173109009
2. Joshi Dushyant P. 180173109010
3. Tank Hardik v. 180173109027
4. Thakar Dilip k. 180173109028
5. Zala Dushyantsinh B. 180173109031

Name and Sign Name and Sign

Internal Examiner External Examiner

1
Guide by:
Prof. ANITA Y. SOLANKI
Assistant Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
Vishwakarma Government Engineering College Chandkheda-
382424

Head of Department
Prof .S.P.SAPRE
Department of electrical Engineering
Vishawakarma Government Engineering College Chandkheda -
382424

2
 VISHWAKARMA GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING
COLLEGE
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
PORTAL SUBECT: DE1A-2130005 B.E. SEMESTER IV,
ACADEMIC YEAR 2018-2019

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, JADAV HITESHKUMAR K.. Enrolment

Number – ( 180173109009 ) working on project entitled with
SOLAR INVERTER from Electrical Engineering department
of VISHWAKARMA GOVERNMENT ENGINNERING
COLLEGE CHANDKHEDA, AHMEDABAD had submitted
following Detail at ONLINE OPEN DESIGN SCHOOL
PORTAL.

NAME OF STUDENT: JADAV HITESHKUMAR K.

NAME OF GUIDE: Prof. ANITA Y. SOLANKI

SIGNTURE OF STUDENT: SIGNTURE OF GUIDE:

3
 VISHWAKARMA GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING
COLLEGE
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
PORTAL SUBECT: DE1A-2130005 B.E. SEMESTER VI,
ACADEMIC YEAR 2018-2019

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, JOSHI DUSHYNT P. Enrolment

Number – ( 180173109010 ) working on project entitled with
SOLAR INVERTER from Electrical Engineering department
of VISHWAKARMA GOVERNMENT ENGINNERING
COLLEGE CHANDKHEDA, AHMEDABAD had submitted
following Detail at ONLINE OPEN DESIGN SCHOOL
PORTAL.

NAME OF STUDENT: JOSHI DUSHYANT P.

NAME OF GUIDE: ANITA Y. SOLANKI

SIGNTURE OF STUDENT: SIGNTURE OF GUIDE:

4
 VISHWAKARMA GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING
COLLEGE
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
PORTAL SUBECT: DE1A-2130005 B.E. SEMESTER 4,
ACADEMIC YEAR 2018-2019

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, TANK HARDIK V. Enrolment Number –

( 180173109027 ) working on project entitled with SOLAR
INVERTER from Electrical Engineering department of
VISHWAKARMA GOVERNMENT ENGINNERING
COLLEGE CHANDKHEDA, AHMEDABAD had submitted
following Detail at ONLINE OPEN DESIGN SCHOOL
PORTAL.

NAME OF STUDENT: TANK HARDIK V.

NAME OF GUIDE: ANITA Y. SOLANKI

SIGNTURE OF STUDENT: SIGNTURE OF GUIDE:

5
 VISHWAKARMA GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING
COLLEGE
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
PORTAL SUBECT: DE1A-2130005 B.E. SEMESTER III,
ACADEMIC YEAR 2018-2019

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, THAKAR DILIP K. Enrolment Number

– ( 180173109028 ) working on project entitled with SOLAR
INVERTER from Electrical Engineering department of
VISHWAKARMA GOVERNMENT ENGINNERING
COLLEGE CHANDKHEDA, AHMEDABAD had submitted
following Detail at ONLINE OPEN DESIGN SCHOOL
PORTAL.

NAME OF STUDENT: THAKAR DILIP K.

NAME OF GUIDE: ANITA Y. SOLANKI

SIGNTURE OF STUDENT: SIGNTURE OF GUIDE:

6
 VISHWAKARMA GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING
COLLEGE
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
PORTAL SUBECT: DE1A-2130005 B.E. SEMESTER 4,
ACADEMIC YEAR 2018-2019

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that, ZALA DUSHYANTSINH B . Enrolment

Number – ( 180173109031 ) working on project entitled with
SOLAR INVERTER from Electrical Engineering department
of VISHWAKARMA GOVERNMENT ENGINNERING
COLLEGE CHANDKHEDA, AHMEDABAD had submitted
following Detail at ONLINE OPEN DESIGN SCHOOL
PORTAL.

NAME OF STUDENT: ZALA DUSHYANSINH B.

NAME OF GUIDE: ANITA Y. SOLANKI

SIGNTURE OF STUDENT: SIGNTURE OF GUIDE:

7
 ABSTRACT

The world demand for electric energy is constantly increasing and

conventional energy sources are diminishing and are at the age of
extinction, moreover there prices are rising for all these reasons. The
need for alternative sources as become necessary in and solar energy in
particular has proved to be very promising alternating because of is easy
availability and pollution free nature due to increasing efficiency.
Decreasing cost of solar panels and improvement of the switching
technology use for power conversion. We are interested in developing
and a inverter powered by PV panels the could supply stand alone AC
load. Solar panel produces direct current and to use them in home and
industrial appliances. We should have AC output it certain required
voltage level and frequency. Thus solar inverter converts the solar
energy son into useful electrical energy.

8
 Acknowledgement
My first gratitude goes to our Head of the Electrical Department Prof. S.P.SAPRE
for his guidance, encouragement and support during my semester. Despite his busy
schedule, he is always available to give me advice, support and guidance during
the entire period of my semester. His insight and creative ideas are always the
inspiration for me during the research.
I express my enormous sense of obligation and gratitude to my guide
Lecturer Prof. A.Y.SOLANKI for his genuine guidance and constant
encouragement throughout this project work. I am highly obliged as my honorable
have devoted his valuable time and shared his expertise knowledge.
I would like to thank Electrical Engineering Department – Vishwakarma
Government Engineering College for BE Studies – Ahmedabad for their valuable
support.
I also wish to express my heart felt appreciation to my Group Members,
Colleagues, and All Faculties of Electrical Department who have rendered their
support for the successful completion project, both implicitly and explicitly.
Last, but not the least my special thanks go to my institute,
VISHWAKARMA GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
CHANDKHEDA, AHMEDABAD, for giving me this opportunity to work in the
great environment.

9
 INDEX
Table of Contents
CHAPTER:-1
1.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………...12
1.2 Basic Principle of Solar Inverter……………………………………………...13
CHAPTER:-2
2.1 Solar Inverter Parts…………………………………………………………....14
2.1.1 Solar Panel…………………………………………………………….......14
2.1.2 Rechargeable Battery…………………………………………………….15
2.1.3 The Inverter………………………………………………………………17
CHAPTER:-3
3.1 Component Required…………………………………………………………18
3.2 Component Description………………………………………………………19
 IC CD4047…………………………………………………………………19
 IC 7805……………………………………………………………………..20
 IC 555………………………………………………………………………21
 MOSFET…………………………………………………………………...22
 Transistor…………………………………………………………………...23
 Resistor……………………………………………………………………..24
 Capacitor…………………………………………………………………...25
 Zener Diode………………………………………………………………...26
 Step Up Transformer……………………………………………………….27
CHAPTER:-4
4.1 Description of the
circuit diagram…………………………………………………………………..28

10
CHAPTER:-5
5.1 Cost Estimation and Application……………………………………………..30
5.1.1 Cost Estimation…………………………………………………………..30
5.1.2 Application……………………………………………………………….31
5.2 Advantages and Disadvantages……………………………………………….31
5.2.1 Advantages…………………………………………………….…………31
5.2.2 Disadvantages…………………………………………………………….32
CHAPTER:-6
6.1 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………….33
CHAPTER:-7
7.1 Future Scope…………………………………………………………………..34
7.2 Data Sheet Photos…………………………………………………………...35
7.3 References…………………………………………………………………….41

11
CHAPTER: 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION

There are two types of sources for electrical power generation. One is conventional
and other is non-conventional. Today to generate most of electrical power
conventional sources like coal, gas, nuclear power generators are used. Some of
conventional source are polluted the environment to generate the electricity. And
nuclear energy is not much preferable because of its harmful radiation effect on the
mankind.

After some of ten years conventional sources will not sufficient enough to fulfill
the requirements of the mankind. So some of the electrical power should be
generated by non-conventional energy sources like solar, wind .With the
continuously reducing the cost of PV power generation and the further
intensification of energy crisis, PV power generation technology obtains more and
more application.

In this paper cost effective method is used to implement single phase solar inverter.
Cell/PV cells convert solar energy into electrical energy dc form. This dc voltage is
boosted using dc to dc boost converter. This boosted dc voltage is fed to inverter.
Inverter converts dc voltage into ac voltage. Here sine coded PWM push-Pull
Inverter is used.

12
1.2 Basic Principle of Solar Inverter

A solar inverter, or PV inverter, converts the variable direct current (DC) output of
a photovoltaic (PV) solar panel into a utility frequency alternating current (AC)
that can be fed into a commercial electrical grid or used by a local, off-grid
electrical network. It is a critical component in a photovoltaic system, allowing the
use of ordinary commercial appliances. Solar inverters have special functions
adapted for use with photovoltaic arrays, including maximum power point tracking
and anti-islanding protection.

Fig.Solar Inverter Schematics

13
 CHAPTER: 2

2.1 Solar Inverter Parts:

1. The solar panel
2. Rechargeable battery
3. The inverter.

2.1.1 Solar Panel

A Solar panel is a device that collects photons of sunlight,
which are very small packets of electromagnetic radiation energy and
converts them into electrical current that can be used to power electrical
loads.

Fig. Solar Panel

Using solar panel is a very practical way to produce electricity for

man application. The obvious would have to be off grid living. Living off
grid means living in a location that is not service by the main electric utility
grid. Remount homes and cabins benefit nicely from solar power system.

14
 No longer is it necessary to pay huge fees for the installation of
electrical utility poles and cabling from the nearest main grid access point.

A solar electric system is potentially less expensive and can

provide power for upwards of three decades if properly maintained.

Solar energy isn’t something new. People have used sun to dry and
preserve thing. Vedic literatures in India even state the use of flying
machines which were powered using the sun.

Come 21st century, we have come a long way in developing solar

cell which are the devices powering our future, converting sun’s energy into
electricity.

They are selling like hot cakes today given their necessity and
utility. And the reason being they are faithful good chaps unlike oil which
will soon be more precious to us than diamonds and the black monster: coal
which has polluted the air, hand in cuff with the other fossil fuels.

We need to understand solar panels so as to understand their

applications. Solar panels are really useful in board daylight but we need
energy when the Sun is not shining above our rooftops batteries.

2.1.2 Rechargeable Battery

The battery used in this project is a rechargeable sealed lead
sulphate battery rating 12V 4.5AH. This type of battery is excellent for
rechargeable purpose.
The common battery (dry cell) is a device that changes chemical energy to
electrical energy. Dry cell are widely used in toys, flash lights, portable radios,
cameras, hearing aids, and other device sin common use.
A battery consists of an outer case made of zinc (the negative electrode), a carbon
rod in the center of the cell (the positive electrode), and the space between them is
with an electrolyte paste. In operation the electrolyte, consisting of ground Carbon.
15
 Fig. Rechargeable battery

Manganese dioxide, sail ammoniac, and zinc chloride causes the electrons to flow
and produce electricity an electrical battery is a combination of two or more
electrochemical sales used to convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy.
A common dry cell battery is zinc-carbon battery, using a cell sometimes called the
leclanche cell, with a normal voltage of 9 volts, the same nominal voltage as the
alkaline battery (since both used the same zinc-manganese dioxide combination).
(SEALED LEAD ACID BATTERY): This circuit is designed for a 6V, 5AH
battery. This means a 5A current will charge the battery in 1 hour. Lead acid
batteries are not the best available options in rechargeable batteries (unlike portable
and easy to use Li-ion batteries). But foe small application like our solar lamp, they
are good enough.
Electricity is the flow of electrons through a circuit or conductive
path like a wire batteries have three parts an anode (-), a cathode (+), and the
electrolyte. That cathode and anode (the positive and negative sides at either end of
a smaller battery) are hooked up to an electrical circuit.
Volts = 12V 7Ah

16
2.1.3 Inverter

Since normal dc can’t be used in most application due to which there is a

requirement that somehow the dc is changed to ac for this the inverter is used
which converts the dc to ac of suitable range for use in house hold appliances.

In this project the dc from the sealed rechargeable battery of 6V is fed to the
inverter which then converts it to ac of 140V – 220V this makes it possible to
recharge normal mobile chargers.An inverter is an electrical device that converts
direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC), the converted AC can be at any
required voltage and frequency with the use of appropriate transformers, switching,
and control circuits.

Solid-state inverters have no moving parts and are used in a wide range of
applications, from small switching power supplies in computers, to large electric
utility high-voltage direct current applications that transport bulk power. Inverters
are commonly used to supply AC power from DC sources such as solar panels or
batteries. The inverter performs the opposite function of a rectifier.

17
 CHAPTER: 3
3.1 Component Required

Sr. No. Component Ratings

1. INVERTER
i. IC CD 4047 4047
ii. IC 7805 Voltage Regulator 7805
iii. IC 555 555
iv. MOSFET IRFZ44
v. Transistor BC 548
vi. Resistors 1KΩ,47KΩ,16KΩ
vii. Capacitor 470μF
viii. Zener Diode -
ix. Step Up Transformer 12V/230V
2. BATTERY 12V, 7.2Ah
3. SOLAR PANEL 12V, 10W

18
3.2 Component Description

1. IC CD4047

Fig. IC CD4047

The CD4047B is capable of operating in either the monostable or astable

mode. It requires an external capacitor (between pins 1 and 3) and an
external resistor (Between pins 2 and 3) to determine the output pulse width
in the monostable mode, and the output frequency in the astable mode.
Astable operation is enabled by a high level on the astable input or low level
on the astable input. The output frequency (at 50% duty cycle) at Q and Q
outputs is determined by the timing components. A frequency twice that of
Q is available at the Oscillator Output; a 50% duty cycle is not guaranteed.
Monostable operation is obtained when the device is triggered by LOW-to-
HIGH transition at + trigger input or HIGH-to-LOW transition at - trigger
input. The device can be retriggered by applying a simultaneous LOW-to-
HIGH transition to both the + trigger and retrigger inputs. A high level on
Reset input resets the outputs Q to LOW, Q to HIGH.

19
 2. Voltage Regulator IC 7805

Fig. IC 7805 (i) image, (ii) Pin diagram

Features
 Output Current up to 1A.
 Output Voltages 5V.
 Short Circuit Protection
 Output Transistor Safe Operating Area protection

The LM78XX/LM78XXA series of three-terminal positive

regulators are available in the TO-220/D-PAK package and with several fixed
output voltages, making them useful in a Wide range of application. Each type
employs internal current limiting, thermal shutdown and safe operating area
protection, making it essentially indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is
provided, they can deliver over 1A output Current. Although designed primarily as
fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to
obtain adjustable voltages and currents.

20
 3. IC 555

Fig. IC555 (i)Image, (ii) Pin Diagram

555 is a very commonly used IC for generating accurate timing

pulses. It is an 8 pin timer IC and has mainly two modes of operation: monostable
and astable. In monostable mode time delay of the pulses can be precisely
controlled by an external resistor and a capacitor whereas in astable mode the
frequency and duty cycle are controlled by two external resistors and a capacitor.
555 is very commonly used for generating time delays and pulses.

21
 4. MOSFET

Fig. MOSFET IRFZ44

MOSFET (metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor) is a special type of

field-effect transistor (FET) that works by electronically varying the width of a
channel along which charge carriers (electrons or holes) flow. The wider the
channel, the better the device conducts. The charge carriers enter the channel at the
source, and exit via the drain. The width of the channel is controlled by the voltage
on an electrode called the gate, which is located physically between the source and
the drain and is insulated from the channel by an extremely thin layer of metal
oxide.

The MOSFET has certain advantages over the conventional junction FET, or
JFET. Because the gate is insulated electrically from the channel, no current flows
between the gate and the channel, no matter what the gate voltage (as long as it
does not become so great that it causes physical breakdown of the metallic oxide
layer). Thus, the MOSFET has practically infinite impedance. This makes
MOSFETs useful for power amplifiers. The devices are also well suited to high-
speed switching applications. Some integrated circuits (ICs) contain tiny
MOSFETs and are used in computers.

Because the oxide layer is so thin, the MOSFET is susceptible to permanent

damage by electrostatic charges. Even a small electrostatic buildup can destroy a
MOSFET permanently. In weak-signal radio-frequency (RF) work, MOSFET
devices do not generally perform as well as other types of FET.

22
 5. Transistor

Fig. Transistor BC548

A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals

and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material with at least three
terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one
pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current through another pair of
terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be higher than the controlling
(input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are
packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits.

The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal
applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another
pair of terminals. This property is called gain. It can produce a stronger output
signal, a voltage or current, which is proportional to a weaker input signal; that is,
it can act as an amplifier. Alternatively, the transistor can be used to turn current on
or off in a circuit as an electrically controlled switch, where the amount of current
is determined by other circuit elements.

23
 6. Resistor

Fig. Resistor

A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical

current in an electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide a specific
voltage for an active device such as a transistor. All other factors being equal, in a
direct-current (DC) circuit, the current through a resistor is inversely proportional
to its resistance, and directly proportional to the voltage across it. This is the well-
known Ohm's Law. In alternating-current (AC) circuits, this rule also applies as
long as the resistor does not contain inductance or capacitance.Resistors can be
fabricated in a variety of ways. The most common type in electronic devices and
systems is the carbon-composition resistor. Fine granulated carbon (graphite) is
mixed with clay and hardened. The resistance depends on the proportion of carbon
to clay; the higher this ratio, the lower the resistance.

Another type of resistor is made from winding Nichrome or similar wire on an

insulating form. This component, called a wire wound resistor, is able to handle
higher currents than a carbon composition resistor of the same physical size.
However, because the wire is wound into a coil, the component acts as an
inductors as well as exhibiting resistance. This does not affect performance in DC
circuits, but can have an adverse effect in AC circuits because inductance renders
the device sensitive to changes in output.

24
 7. Capacitor

Fig. Capacitor

A capacitor is a tool consisting of two conductive plates, each of which hosts an

opposite charge. These plates are separated by a dielectric or other form of
insulator, which helps them maintain an electric charge. There are several types of
insulators used in capacitors. Examples include ceramic, polyester, tantalum air,
and polystyrene. Other common capacitor insulators include air, paper, and plastic.
Each effectively prevents the plates from touching each other. A capacitor is often
used to store analogue signals and digital data. Another type of capacitor is used in
the telecommunications equipment industry.

This type of capacitor is able to adjust the frequency and tuning of

telecommunications equipment and is often referred to a variable capacitor. A
capacitor is also ideal for storing an electron. A capacitor cannot, however, make
electrons. A capacitor measures in voltage, which differs on each of the two
interior plates. Both plates of the capacitor are charged, but the current flows in
opposite directions. A capacitor contains 1.5 volts, which is the same voltage found
in a common AA battery. As voltage is used in a capacitor, one of the two plates
becomes filled with a steady flow of current. At the same time, the current flows
away from the other plate. To understand the flow of voltage in a capacitor, it is
helpful to look at naturally occurring examples. Lightning, for example, is similar
to a capacitor. The cloud represents one of the plates and the ground represetother.
The lightning is the charging factor moving between the ground and the cloud.

25
 8. Zener Diode

Fig. Zener Diode (i) Symbol, (ii) Image

A Zener Diode is a type of diodes that permits current not only in the
forward direction like a normal diode. But also in the reverse direction if the
voltage is large than the breakdown voltage known as “Zener Voltage”. In this
stress meter ZenerDiode ZD1 in series with resistor R6 and it provides regulated
5V to the circuit.

This type of breakdown occurs for a reverse bias voltage between 2 to 8V.
Even at this low voltage, the electric field intensity is strong enough to exert a
force on the valence electrons of the atom such that they are separated from the
nuclei. This results in formation of mobile electron holes pairs, increasing the flow
is about 2*10^7V/m.

In a DC circuit, zener diode can be used as a voltage regulator or to

provide voltage reference. The main use of zener diode lies in the fact that the
voltage across a Zener diode remains constant for a larger change in current. The
makes it possible to use a Zener diode as a constant voltage device or a voltage
regulator.

26
 9. Step Up Transformer

Fig. 12V/230V Step up Transformer

A transformer is an electrical device and it consists of 2 coils of wire that are

joined by an iron core. It offers the much required capability of changing the
current and voltage levels simply. The main function of the transformer is that to
increase (step-up) or decrease (step-down) AC voltages. The transformer works on
the principle of Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, that is, mutual
inductance between 2 circuits that is linked by a common magnetic flux.
Transformer converts an electrical energy from one circuit to another circuit with
the help of mutual induction between the 2 windings without electrical connection
between them, and also converts power from one circuit to another} circuit without
changing the frequency however with a different voltage level.

In a step up transformer, secondary winding contains a lot of winding than the first
coil. Returning to a transformer, it has more windings in the primary than the
secondary winding. These are one of the main reasons we use AC current in our
homes and not DC. DC voltages can’t be modified using transformers.

27
 CHAPTER: 4
4.1 Description of the Circuit Diagram

Fig. Circuit Diagram of Inverter Circuit

This circuit is DC to AC inverter, where the circuit work based on the stable multi-
vibrator does. On this circuit using CD4047 IC as the heart of multi-vibrator that
functions to generate a wave 50Hz is not stable, because this type of IC to provide
a complementary output stage, contrary to the other (pins 10 and 11, as shown),
and 50% of the cycle to meet the obligation to produce pulse inverter.

28
Circuit is called a simple DC to AC inverter, as there is no output signal is not
sinusoidal, and there were lots of harmonic signals on the output. To suppress this
signal we have to use a filter such as capacitor C. Because of this simplicity is only
suitable circuits for lighting needs. To build a sinusoidal inverter DC to AC. At the
circuit this multi-vibrator is used to make power is too high, then we have to use
the MOSFET IRFZ44. IRFZ44 provide high current to drive step-up transformer,
so power is available in addition to the high voltage transformer.

The MOSFETs will switch according to the pulse from CD4047 astable multi-
vibrator. Thus an AC voltage is transferred to the primary of transformer; it is
stepped up to 230V.

The transformer used here is an ordinary step down transformer which is

connected in inverted manner. That is, the primary of a 230V to 12V-0-12V step
down transformer can be treated as secondary for this inverter project.

This circuit uses 12V input (12V battery) to out 220V 50HZ. For safety please note
for the installation of cooling on the components transistors, it serves to remove
excess heat transistor.

29
 CHAPTER: 5
5.1 Cost Estimation and Applications

5.1.1 Cost Estimation

Sr. No. Component Ratings Cost

1. INVERTER
i. IC CD 4047 4047 45/-
ii. IC 7805 Voltage Regulator 7805 30/-
iii. IC 555 555 30/-
iv. MOSFET IRFZ44 40/-
v. Transistor BC 548 40/-
vi. Resistors 1KΩ,47KΩ,16KΩ 20/-
vii. Capacitor 470μF 15/-
viii. Zener Diode - 4/-
ix. Step Up Transformer 12V/230V 250/-
2. BATTERY 12V, 7.2Ah 700/-
3. SOLAR PANEL 12V, 10W 1000/-
TOTAL 2174/-

30
5.2 APPLICATIONS OF SOLAR INVERTER

5.2.1 DC POWER SOURCE UTILIZATION

An inverter converts the DC electricity from sources such as batteries,
solar panels, or fuel cells to AC electricity. The electricity can be at any
required voltage; in particular it can operate AC equipment designed for
mains operation, or rectified to produce DC at any desired voltage.

5.2.2 UNINTRRUPTABLE POWER SUPPLY

An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) uses batteries and an inverter to
supply AC power when main power is not available. When main power
is restored, a rectifier supplies DC power to recharge the batteries.

5.2.3 HVDC POWER TRANSMISSION

With HVDC power transmission, AC power is rectified and high voltage
DC power is transmitted to another location. At the receiving location,
an inverter in a static inverter plant converts the power back to AC.

5.2.4 THE GENERAL CASE

A transformer allows AC power to be converted to any desired voltage,
but at the same frequency. Inverters, plus rectifiers for DC, can be
designed to convert from any voltage, AC or DC, to any other voltage,
also AC or DC, at any desired frequency. The output power can never
exceed the input power, but efficiencies can be high, with a small
proportion of the power dissipated as waste heat.

31
5.3 ADVANTAGES

1. Constant and uninterrupted supply.

2. There is no requirement of electricity and manpower to operate the
device.
3. With no moving parts involved, its efficiency is further enhanced.
4. It acts as a power back up solution.
5. Circuit can be checked with 12 volt (DC) universal power supply.
6. It is one of the methods of renewable generation.
7. This is an ecofriendly means of power generation.
8. It can be used in distant villages where transmission cost is much
high.
9. Reduction in consumption from conventional sources of energy.

5.4 DISADVANTAGES

1. Initial cost of installation is very high.

2. Area required for installation is large.
3. It will be less effective in rainy days.
4. Protection system installment is very high.
5. Cause problems to eye sight because of solar reflectors.

32
6.1CONCLUSION
Photovoltaic power production is gaining more
significance as a renewable energy source due to its many advantages.
These advantages include everlasting pollution free energy production
scheme, ease of maintenance, and direct sunbeam to electricity
conversion. However the high cost of PV installations still forms an
obstacle for this technology. Moreover the PV panel output power
fluctuates as the weather conditions, such as the insulation level, and cell
temperature.
The described design of the system will produce the desired output of
the project. The inverter will supply an AC source from a DC source.
The project described is valuable for the promising potentials it holds
within, ranging from the long run economic benefits to the important
environmental advantages. This work will mark one of the few attempts
and contributions in the Arab world, in the field of renewable energy;
where such projects could be implemented extensively. With the
increasing improvements in solar cell technologies and power
electronics, such projects would have more value added and should
receive more attention and support.

33
7.1 FUTURE SCOPE
As whole world is facing a problem of global warming and energy crisis,
our project will help to reduce these problems by using solar energy to
generate electricity. Solar energy is an infinite source of energy. Main
motto of our project is to promote use of renewable energy sources. This
project is most useful in our life because in this project one time
investment fixed on life time. In future one day nonrenewable energy
will end then we will use to the renewable energy.
The solar inverter made by us is just a prototype for making future
projects which incorporate advanced technologies like micro controlled
solar tracking, charge control, etc. this is to show that solar inverters are
very cheap and easy to install so that the energy demands are shifted on
using renewable sources of energy. There is more advancements
pending in this field which will revolutionize the energy stream and
solar energy will be playing the most important role of all.

34
7.1 Data Sheet photos

35
36
37
38
39
40
8.2 REFERENCES
WWW.GOOGLE.COM
WWW.WIKIPIDIA.COM
WWW.ELECTRICAL4YOU.COM

41