PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

Physical Evidence refers to the environment in which the service is offered and the
service industry as well as the interaction among the passengers. Bus Terminal is a place wherein
buses parked their vehicle to wait for the passengers to come and ride. A study from The
Geography of Transport System emphasizes that passengers have a place to go to bus terminals
or airports to assemble in busloads to reach their final destinations when they are already
gathered. The study also states that a terminal’s role is to handle and trans ship freight or
passengers since modes are physically separated. They also have a nominal capacity that is
related to the size of the land they occupy and the level of their technological, labor and
managerial intensity (Rodrigue and Slack, 2017).

Services as we know are largely intangible when marketing. Especially in Bus

Transportation. Physical Evidence are services, to attract the right segment and target, and to
achieve the right positioning. Some organizations depend heavily upon physical evidence as a
means of marketing communications. To deal with mobility issues in a public transportation
environment, bus transportation that has a low floor it is a bus impaired persons in terms of
moving and supporting their bodies on the bus, despite the application of accessibility features. (
EHwan Hwangbo, Jiyeon Kim, 2015) especially for the disable person who find it hard to climb
the bus floor. With this low floor bus people can access the bus more easily and convenient for
them. Furthermore, the design only for accessibility of mobility‐disabled persons can cause
unexpected predicaments for the passengers who do not have physical handicaps. Many transit
industry is interested in low floor buses, due to the many perceived benefits that they offer.
(Yong Gu Ji, 2015)Bus transportation have comfortable and well design seats with more leg
room especially in the luxury buses. They also provide better sight lines out the windows to see
the bus' location and for the passengers to be able to enjoy the view. They maintain a well
clean facilities and surroundings for their passengers, they also provide a wifi, a good aircon
condition and a tv for the passengers especially those in luxury busses. Busses are extremely
spacious and well design with good looks. ( Bruce Schaller, 2018) The drivers and the other
personnel wear appropriate uniforms with right conduct also more interactive. Bus transportation
have this ambiance that enable passengers to be comfortable with their designated seats. Public
busses have different logo or sign thats what makes them unique. They also have different
ambiance and lay out that attracts passenger . These practices customers can actually see or
experience when they use these service, and which contribute to the perceived quality of the
service.(Dana Lowell 2018)
PRODUCT
The Product should fit the task consumers want it for, it should work and it should be
what the consumers are expecting to get. It involves planning and developing the right product
that will satisfy fully the needs of the customer. When marketing your product, you need to think
about the key features and benefits your customers want or need, including but not limited to
styling, quality, repairs, and accessories. It provides bus transportation services for passengers
who want to go to a certain places. They offer a comfortable seat and design for their passengers.
It offer a well conditioned aircon to the passengers. They offer a online booking facilities that
guarantee a safe travel. They treat their passenger well, it has its own special feature and
branding. The bus lines were reorganized as trunk, feeder, and circular routes; and bus numbers
were arranged into certain areas( Kim, John Dickey 2006). The monopolized route systems were
reorganized as a semi-public operation, with a route tendering system to induce competition. A
unified fare system was introduced taking into account transfers between buses and other modes
of public transportation, all with the development of a new transportation card system. Exclusive
median bus lanes were constructed in three major corridors.( Kwang Sik, 2006) Bus services in
the city better organized, need based, and service oriented. The relationships between passenger
loyalty and other latent factors, including satisfaction, service value, service quality, sacrifice,
switching costs, attractiveness of competitors, and trust are hypothesized and tested. Satisfaction
has the most significant influence on passenger loyalty. (Andaleeb, Syed S., et al. 2007.) They
provide profitable adjustments of bus frequencies, bus size, waiting and travel time, simple
model of bus size, and regulation and consequences. Bus transportation have different
dimensions and services that offer customer to satisfy their needs. Certain conditions are
generally present when bus services are financially viable and of a reasonable standard(National
Academy of Sciences 2018)

PRICE
Bus fare are based on the distance travelled as complied within by the Bus protocol. The
fare is also considered under the component of their expenditure such as fuel consumption and
standard bus operating cost. A study from World Academy Science, Engineering, and
Technology in distance-based fare analysis emphasizes a bus company has the authority to
increase the amount of fare, the advantage will be for the authority and for those who travel to
far distance but to those who travel at a short distance would not be satisfactory (Mirzada, 2016).

However, public bus "system" is hardly a system at all. Unjustified bus fares are
established by personnel with little or no regard for the needs of the riding public. This behavior
is a major cause of unsatisfied customer and yet enforcement agencies make little effort to
control it. Inefficiency will retain if factors remain unattended such as the ridiculous commission
system, that pays drivers based on the number of passengers they carry (Brown, 2015). As long
as that system is in place, even partially, bus drivers will compete with each other, and the chaos
will continue. Public bus drivers should be regular employees of the companies they work for,
and should be paid fixed, regular salaries. Performance incentives should be based on the driver's
safety record, and on his ability to adhere to a reasonable bus schedule, not on how many
passengers he can squeeze into each trip. Any company unwilling to do this should not be
allowed to participate in the public transportation system. Another is when a bus driver changes
route such as having shortcuts to make faster travel or forcing passengers to pull over as route
have interchanged by the driver and not following the fixed route (Badeli, 2012). The passenger
has every right to reprimand to the company in regards to personnel disobeying the destinations
assigned to reassure the passenger’s safety. The bus company should assign to keep track on the
navigation duration of a bus journey by a GPS system. This is to ensure fixed destinations are
strictly followed. The bus drivers themselves must place priority on his passenger’s needs and
seek to facilitate access for everyone. The fare system in public transportation are often
disregarded by onboard conductors as cash-based system in the PUV industry means that it’s
easy for operators to evade taxes and to earn additional money (Siy, 2019). Although honesty of
a person could not be forced nor tamed by anyone, installing electronic fare collection system
could lessen operators to cheat however the downside of it would exterminate all the conductors
as their job would be disregarded. Use of new technologies in public transport contributes both to
higher customer satisfaction and smoother movement of passengers and also increases the
efficiency of collection of fare compared to the current payment method (Olivkova, 2016).

Public transport fares are regulated in most developing countries, and enforcement is
often more stringent than for any other regulation. The regulations may specify actual fares to be
charged, a maximum permitted charge, or a charge for a basic service that operators are
permitted to exceed at their own discretion for premium services. Different fare levels such as
justified fare control, responding to market demands, establish flexible and appropriate control
(Kumar, 2006) may be authorized to reflect different service standards.

PROCESS
Process refers to the processes involved in delivering your products and services to the
customer. It is also about being 'easy to do business with'. In terms with the service system,
process pertains to the activities, procedures, protocols and more by which the service in
question is eventually delivered to the customer. As services are results of actions for or with
customers, a process involves a sequence of steps and activities to achieve efficient flow of a
service company (Vliet, 2011). The structure of the bus industry is in difficulty with the
collection of detailed data on traffic, bus loads, revenues of bus companies and other activities
characterized by the high number of private bus companies, some quite large but some quite
small (Boquet, 2012) which means implementing a process requires consideration of indicators
pertinent to the industry.
 The operational planning process can roughly be divided into four steps, route network
design, timetable generation, vehicle scheduling and crew planning. Before we can generate a
timetable the connections or lines have to be determined. This is also known as the network route
design (Heuvel, 2008). Planning a bus network is a coordinate and logical process that leads to
the definition of routes, frequencies, timetable plans, vehicles and bus driver scheduling
(Barabino, 2009). The sheer number of vehicles on city roads each day just carrying a single
person on their daily commute to work is huge, and when added to a lot of vehicles out there
driving each day, can lead to massive gridlock contributing to rising tensions, more fuel use,
higher amounts of air pollution, and slower commuting times, while also serving up the major
challenge of finding a place to park most of those vehicles near their destinations. Plus,
secondary infrastructure leads to long commutes and drive-time traffic woes (National Express
Transit, 2017) making it difficult to establish routes suitable for the efficiency of maximizing
revenues for the company. The company should review parameters affecting set of decision
variables that define its layout and operational characteristics (frequencies, vehicle size, etc.).
Another set of design parameters represent the operating environment (network structure,
demand characters, and patterns), operational strategies and rules, and available resources for the
public transportation network(Kepaptsoglou, 2009). Frequencies must observe following
demand patterns and characteristics to describe the nature of the flows of passengers expected to
be accommodated by the public transportation network and therefore dictate its structure. There
is a distinguishing between two types of elastic demand: (1) demand per mode affected by
transportation services, with total demand for travel kept constant; and (2) total demand for
travel varying as a result of the performance of the transportation system and its modes (Lee,
2005). In the vehicle scheduling process each trip will be assigned to a vehicle. Timetable allows
passengers to view the time schedule of their trips that correspond to a start and to an end point
as well as a start and end time. (Ceder, 2007). The outcome of this process is a vehicle schedule
containing which vehicle will service which trips. Finally, the crew is assigned to the vehicles
and trips (Heuvel, 2008). The driver scheduling problem generates daily duties for drivers. The
duty rostering process is a long term driver planning, e.g. a month or half year, for constructing
rosters from the drivers duties. Proposition for an approach based on the set covering formulation
of the problem, considering multiple objective functions. One of the advantages of the set
covering formulation is that it is independent of labor contract and specific company rules.
Therefore, the duty generation module is separated from the duty selection module where the
minimal cost or best quality driver duties are chosen such that all pieces of work have a driver
(Laurenco, 2001). However, there are a number of serious challenges in the public transport
system. This includes non-motorized transport (NMT) remaining hardly integrated in the
country’s public transport system. Constraints like the lack or in other cases, poorly built
infrastructures are rampant (Romero, 2014). Planning and designing a cost and service efficient
public transportation network is necessary for improving its competitiveness and market share.
PROMOTION
An important alternative to using cars, scooters or other personal motorised means is
public transport. The Sootfree therefore evaluated evaluate what measures cities are designing to
raise the share of public transport. The Sootfree have looked into cities' investments plans and
expansions of lines, changes in the bus or tram fleet, interconnectivity schemes (i.e. park and
ride). Some cities have a very high share of public transport, especially in the city entre. In
others, public transport plays a relatively minor role and is an equal alternative to car use. In
some cities, there are well developed and long existing networks, while others are currently
expanding theirs. We looked at the measures implemented over the last five years as well as
solid plans to do so in the future. (Sootfree, 2011)

Rising living standard of population causes increase in the number of passenger cars,
which results in insufficient capacity of the road network and related environmental issues
occurring in the city. One of the important steps towards improving this situation is to increase
the number of PT users. To ensure sustainable development of the city, it is necessary to present
the benefits of public transport effectively and promote its services sufficiently to influence the
modal split in favour of public transportation. Proper functioning of public transport in the city,
its promotion and improvement is a challenge for all interested state institutions. PT promotion
was aimed at supporting its good image, attracting passengers and strengthening its usage. The
necessary prerequisite for effective promotion campaign was cooperation of the city with a
public transport operator. (Civitas, 2013)

With social media brimming with complaints from the riding public, the emergence of
ride-hailing apps seemed like a sound solution to the perennial traffic problem. Transport
Network Companies, or TNCs, offered services that allowed commuters to use their smart
phones to get a ride, be picked up from their location, travel point-to-point and pay a reasonable
amount for the service. But the government says it still has a lot to learn about the technology to
properly regulate it. (Business World, 2018)
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