Operator in java is a symbol that is used to perform operations.

For example: +, -, *, /
etc.

There are many types of operators in java which are given below:

o Unary Operator,
o Arithmetic Operator,
o Shift Operator,
o Relational Operator,
o Bitwise Operator,
o Logical Operator,
o Ternary Operator and
o Assignment Operator.

Java Operator Precedence

Operator Category Precedence

Type

Unary postfix expr++ expr--

prefix ++expr --expr +expr -expr ~ !

Arithmetic multiplicative * / %

additive + -

Shift shift << >> >>>

Relational comparison < > <= >= instanceof

equality == !=

Bitwise bitwise AND &

bitwise exclusive ^
OR

bitwise inclusive OR |
 Logical logical AND &&

logical OR ||

Ternary ternary ? :

Assignment assignment = += -= *= /= %= &= ^= |= <<= >>=

>>>=

ava Unary Operator

The Java unary operators require only one operand. Unary operators are used to perform
various operations i.e.:

o incrementing/decrementing a value by one

o negating an expression
o inverting the value of a boolean

Java Unary Operator Example: ++ and --

1. class OperatorExample{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. int x=10;
4. System.out.println(x++);//10 (11)
5. System.out.println(++x);//12
6. System.out.println(x--);//12 (11)
7. System.out.println(--x);//10
8. }}

Output:

10
12
12
10

Java Unary Operator Example 2: ++ and --

1. class OperatorExample{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. int a=10;
4. int b=10;
5. System.out.println(a++ + ++a);//10+12=22
6. System.out.println(b++ + b++);//10+11=21
7.
8. }}

Output:

22
21

Java Unary Operator Example: ~ and !

1. class OperatorExample{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. int a=10;
4. int b=-10;
5. boolean c=true;
6. boolean d=false;
7. System.out.println(~a);//-11 (minus of total positive value which starts from 0)
8. System.out.println(~b);//9 (positive of total minus, positive starts from 0)
9. System.out.println(!c);//false (opposite of boolean value)
10. System.out.println(!d);//true
11. }}

Output:

-11
9
false
true

Java Arithmetic Operators

Java arithmatic operators are used to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division. They act as basic mathematical operations.

Java Arithmetic Operator Example

1. class OperatorExample{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. int a=10;
4. int b=5;
5. System.out.println(a+b);//15
6. System.out.println(a-b);//5
7. System.out.println(a*b);//50
8. System.out.println(a/b);//2
9. System.out.println(a%b);//0
10. }}

Output:

15
5
50
2
0

Java Arithmetic Operator Example: Expression

1. class OperatorExample{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. System.out.println(10*10/5+3-1*4/2);
4. }}

Output:

21

Java Left Shift Operator

The Java left shift operator << is used to shift all of the bits in a value to the left side of a
specified number of times.

Java Left Shift Operator Example

1. class OperatorExample{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. System.out.println(10<<2);//10*2^2=10*4=40
4. System.out.println(10<<3);//10*2^3=10*8=80
5. System.out.println(20<<2);//20*2^2=20*4=80
6. System.out.println(15<<4);//15*2^4=15*16=240
7. }}

Output:

40
80
 80
240

Java Right Shift Operator

The Java right shift operator >> is used to move left operands value to right by the number
of bits specified by the right operand.

Java Right Shift Operator Example

1. class OperatorExample{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. System.out.println(10>>2);//10/2^2=10/4=2
4. System.out.println(20>>2);//20/2^2=20/4=5
5. System.out.println(20>>3);//20/2^3=20/8=2
6. }}

Output:

2
5
2

Java Shift Operator Example: >> vs >>>

1. class OperatorExample{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. //For positive number, >> and >>> works same
4. System.out.println(20>>2);
5. System.out.println(20>>>2);
6. //For negative number, >>> changes parity bit (MSB) to 0
7. System.out.println(-20>>2);
8. System.out.println(-20>>>2);
9. }}

Output:

5
5
-5
1073741819

Java AND Operator Example: Logical && and Bitwise &

 The logical && operator doesn't check second condition if first condition is false. It checks
second condition only if first one is true.

The bitwise & operator always checks both conditions whether first condition is true or false.

1. class OperatorExample{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. int a=10;
4. int b=5;
5. int c=20;
6. System.out.println(a<b&&a<c);//false && true = false
7. System.out.println(a<b&a<c);//false & true = false
8. }}

Output:

false
false

Java AND Operator Example: Logical && vs Bitwise &

1. class OperatorExample{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. int a=10;
4. int b=5;
5. int c=20;
6. System.out.println(a<b&&a++<c);//false && true = false
7. System.out.println(a);//10 because second condition is not checked
8. System.out.println(a<b&a++<c);//false && true = false
9. System.out.println(a);//11 because second condition is checked
10. }}

Output:

false
10
false
11

Java OR Operator Example: Logical || and Bitwise |

The logical || operator doesn't check second condition if first condition is true. It checks
second condition only if first one is false.

The bitwise | operator always checks both conditions whether first condition is true or false.
1. class OperatorExample{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. int a=10;
4. int b=5;
5. int c=20;
6. System.out.println(a>b||a<c);//true || true = true
7. System.out.println(a>b|a<c);//true | true = true
8. //|| vs |
9. System.out.println(a>b||a++<c);//true || true = true
10. System.out.println(a);//10 because second condition is not checked
11. System.out.println(a>b|a++<c);//true | true = true
12. System.out.println(a);//11 because second condition is checked
13. }}

Output:

true
true
true
10
true
11

Java Ternary Operator

Java Ternary operator is used as one liner replacement for if-then-else statement and used
a lot in java programming. it is the only conditional operator which takes three operands.

Java Ternary Operator Example

1. class OperatorExample{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. int a=2;
4. int b=5;
5. int min=(a<b)?a:b;
6. System.out.println(min);
7. }}

Output:

Another Example:

1. class OperatorExample{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. int a=10;
4. int b=5;
5. int min=(a<b)?a:b;
6. System.out.println(min);
7. }}

Output:

Java Assignment Operator

Java assignment operator is one of the most common operator. It is used to assign the
value on its right to the operand on its left.

Java Assignment Operator Example

1. class OperatorExample{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. int a=10;
4. int b=20;
5. a+=4;//a=a+4 (a=10+4)
6. b-=4;//b=b-4 (b=20-4)
7. System.out.println(a);
8. System.out.println(b);
9. }}

Output:

14
16

Java Assignment Operator Example

1. class OperatorExample{
2. public static void main(String[] args){
3. int a=10;
4. a+=3;//10+3
5. System.out.println(a);
6. a-=4;//13-4
7. System.out.println(a);
8. a*=2;//9*2
9. System.out.println(a);
10. a/=2;//18/2
11. System.out.println(a);
12. }}

Output:

13
9
18
9

Java Assignment Operator Example: Adding short

1. class OperatorExample{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. short a=10;
4. short b=10;
5. //a+=b;//a=a+b internally so fine
6. a=a+b;//Compile time error because 10+10=20 now int
7. System.out.println(a);
8. }}

Output:

Compile time error

After type cast:

1. class OperatorExample{
2. public static void main(String args[]){
3. short a=10;
4. short b=10;
5. a=(short)(a+b);//20 which is int now converted to short
6. System.out.println(a);
7. }}

Java Keywords
Java keywords are also known as reserved words. Keywords are particular words which
acts as a key to a code. These are predefined words by Java so it cannot be used as a
variable or object name.

List of Java Keywords

A list of Java keywords or reserved words are given below:

1. abstract: Java abstract keyword is used to declare abstract class. Abstract class can
provide the implementation of interface. It can have abstract and non-abstract
methods.
2. boolean: Java boolean keyword is used to declare a variable as a boolean type. It
can hold True and False values only.
3. break: Java break keyword is used to break loop or switch statement. It breaks the
current flow of the program at specified condition.
4. byte: Java byte keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold an 8-bit data
values.
5. case: Java case keyword is used to with the switch statements to mark blocks of
text.
6. catch: Java catch keyword is used to catch the exceptions generated by try
statements. It must be used after the try block only.
7. char: Java char keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold unsigned 16-bit
Unicode characters
8. class: Java class keyword is used to declare a class.
9. continue: Java continue keyword is used to continue the loop. It continues the
current flow of the program and skips the remaining code at the specified condition.
10. default: Java default keyword is used to specify the default block of code in a switch
statement.
11. do: Java do keyword is used in control statement to declare a loop. It can iterate a
part of the program several times.
12. double: Java double keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold a 64-bit
floating-point numbers.
13. else: Java else keyword is used to indicate the alternative branches in an if
statement.
14. enum: Java enum keyword is used to define a fixed set of constants. Enum
constructors are always private or default.
15. extends: Java extends keyword is used to indicate that a class is derived from
another class or interface.
16. final: Java final keyword is used to indicate that a variable holds a constant value. It
is applied with a variable. It is used to restrict the user.
17. finally: Java finally keyword indicates a block of code in a try-catch structure. This
block is always executed whether exception is handled or not.
18. float: Java float keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold a 32-bit floating-
point number.
19. for: Java for keyword is used to start a for loop. It is used to execute a set of
instructions/functions repeatedly when some conditions become true. If the number
of iteration is fixed, it is recommended to use for loop.
20. if: Java if keyword tests the condition. It executes the if block if condition is true.
21. implements: Java implements keyword is used to implement an interface.
22. import: Java import keyword makes classes and interfaces available and accessible
to the current source code.
23. instanceof: Java instanceof keyword is used to test whether the object is an
instance of the specified class or implements an interface.
24. int: Java int keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold a 32-bit signed
integer.
25. interface: Java interface keyword is used to declare an interface. It can have only
abstract methods.
26. long: Java long keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold a 64-bit integer.
27. native: Java native keyword is used to specify that a method is implemented in
native code using JNI (Java Native Interface).
28. new: Java new keyword is used to create new objects.
29. null: Java null keyword is used to indicate that a reference does not refer to
anything. It removes the garbage value.
30. package: Java package keyword is used to declare a Java package that includes the
classes.
31. private: Java private keyword is an access modifier. It is used to indicate that a
method or variable may be accessed only in the class in which it is declared.
32. protected: Java protected keyword is an access modifier. It can be accessible within
package and outside the package but through inheritance only. It can't be applied on
the class.
33. public: Java public keyword is an access modifier. It is used to indicate that an item
is accessible anywhere. It has the widest scope among all other modifiers.
34. return: Java return keyword is used to return from a method when its execution is
complete.
35. short: Java short keyword is used to declare a variable that can hold a 16-bit
integer.
36. static: Java static keyword is used to indicate that a variable or method is a class
method. The static keyword in Java is used for memory management mainly.
37. strictfp: Java strictfp is used to restrict the floating-point calculations to ensure
portability.
 38. super: Java super keyword is a reference variable that is used to refer parent class
object. It can be used to invoke immediate parent class method.
39. switch: The Java switch keyword contains a switch statement that executes code
based on test value. The switch statement tests the equality of a variable against
multiple values.
40. synchronized: Java synchronized keyword is used to specify the critical sections or
methods in multithreaded code.
41. this: Java this keyword can be used to refer the current object in a method or
constructor.
42. throw: The Java throw keyword is used to explicitly throw an exception. The throw
keyword is mainly used to throw custom exception. It is followed by an instance.
43. throws: The Java throws keyword is used to declare an exception. Checked
exception can be propagated with throws.
44. transient: Java transient keyword is used in serialization. If you define any data
member as transient, it will not be serialized.
45. try: Java try keyword is used to start a block of code that will be tested for
exceptions. The try block must be followed by either catch or finally block.
46. void: Java void keyword is used to specify that a method does not have a return
value.
47. volatile: Java volatile keyword is used to indicate that a variable may change
asynchronously.
48. while: Java while keyword is used to start a while loop. This loop iterates a part of
the program several times. If the number of iteration is not fixed, it is recommended
to use while loop.

Loops in Java
In programming languages, loops are used to execute a set of instructions/functions
repeatedly when some conditions become true. There are three types of loops in java.

o for loop
o while loop
o do-while loop

Java For Loop vs While Loop vs Do While Loop

Comparison for loop while loop do while loop

Introduction The Java for loop is a control flow The Java while loop is a The Java do while loop is
statement that iterates a part of control flow statement a control flow statement
the programs multiple times. that executes a part of that executes a part of
the programs repeatedly the programs at least
on the basis of given once and the further
boolean condition. execution depends upon
the given boolean
condition.

When to If the number of iteration is fixed, If the number of iteration If the number of iteration
use it is recommended to use for loop. is not fixed, it is is not fixed and you must
recommended to use have to execute the loop
while loop. at least once, it is
recommended to use the
do-while loop.

Syntax for(init;condition;incr/decr){ while(condition){ do{

// code to be executed //code to be executed //code to be executed
} } }while(condition);

Example //for loop //while loop //do-while loop

for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){ int i=1; int i=1;
System.out.println(i); while(i<=10){ do{
} System.out.println(i); System.out.println(i);
i++; i++;
} }while(i<=10);

Syntax for for(;;){ while(true){ do{

infinitive //code to be executed //code to be executed //code to be executed
loop } } }while(true);
 Java For Loop
The Java for loop is used to iterate a part of the program several times. If the number of
iteration is fixed, it is recommended to use for loop.

There are three types of for loops in java.

o Simple For Loop

o For-each or Enhanced For Loop
o Labeled For Loop

Java Simple For Loop

A simple for loop is the same as C/C++. We can initialize the variable, check condition and
increment/decrement value. It consists of four parts:

1. Initialization: It is the initial condition which is executed once when the loop starts.
Here, we can initialize the variable, or we can use an already initialized variable. It is
an optional condition.
2. Condition: It is the second condition which is executed each time to test the
condition of the loop. It continues execution until the condition is false. It must
return boolean value either true or false. It is an optional condition.
3. Statement: The statement of the loop is executed each time until the second
condition is false.
4. Increment/Decrement: It increments or decrements the variable value. It is an
optional condition.

Syntax:

1. for(initialization;condition;incr/decr){
2. //statement or code to be executed
3. }

Flowchart:

next →← prev

Loops in Java
In programming languages, loops are used to execute a set of instructions/functions repeatedly when so
become true. There are three types of loops in java.

o for loop
o while loop
o do-while loop

Java For Loop vs While Loop vs Do While Loop

Comparison for loop while loop do while loo

Introduction The Java for loop is a control flow The Java while loop is a The Java d
statement that iterates a part of control flow statement a control f
 the programs multiple times. that executes a part of that execu
the programs repeatedly the progra
on the basis of given once and
boolean condition. execution
the given
condition.

When to If the number of iteration is fixed, If the number of iteration If the num
use it is recommended to use for loop. is not fixed, it is is not fixe
recommended to use have to ex
while loop. at least on
recommen
do-while l

Syntax for(init;condition;incr/decr){ while(condition){ do{

// code to be executed //code to be executed //code to
} } }while(co

Example //for loop //while loop //do-whil

for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){ int i=1; int i=1;
System.out.println(i); while(i<=10){ do{
} System.out.println(i); System.ou
i++; i++;
} }while(i<

Syntax for for(;;){ while(true){ do{

infinitive //code to be executed //code to be executed //code to
loop } } }while(tr

Java For Loop

The Java for loop is used to iterate a part of the program several times. If the number of iteration is fixe
recommended to use for loop.

There are three types of for loops in java.

 o Simple For Loop
o For-each or Enhanced For Loop
o Labeled For Loop

Java Simple For Loop

A simple for loop is the same as C/C++. We can initialize the variable, check condition and increment/de
It consists of four parts:

1. Initialization: It is the initial condition which is executed once when the loop starts. Here, we ca
variable, or we can use an already initialized variable. It is an optional condition.
2. Condition: It is the second condition which is executed each time to test the condition of the loo
execution until the condition is false. It must return boolean value either true or false. It is an op
3. Statement: The statement of the loop is executed each time until the second condition is false.
4. Increment/Decrement: It increments or decrements the variable value. It is an optional condit

Syntax:

1. for(initialization;condition;incr/decr){
2. //statement or code to be executed
3. }

Flowchart:
 Example:

1. //Java Program to demonstrate the example of for loop

2. //which prints table of 1
3. public class ForExample {
4. public static void main(String[] args) {
5. //Code of Java for loop
6. for(int i=1;i<=10;i++){
7. System.out.println(i);
8. }
9. }
10. }
 Java Nested For Loop
If we have a for loop inside the another loop, it is known as nested for loop. The inner loop
executes completely whenever outer loop executes.

Example:

1. public class NestedForExample {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. //loop of i
4. for(int i=1;i<=3;i++){
5. //loop of j
6. for(int j=1;j<=3;j++){
7. System.out.println(i+" "+j);
8. }//end of i
9. }//end of j
10. }
11. }

Output:

1 1
1 2
1 3
2 1
2 2
2 3
3 1
3 2
3 3

Pyramid Example 1:

1. public class PyramidExample {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. for(int i=1;i<=5;i++){
4. for(int j=1;j<=i;j++){
5. System.out.print("* ");
6. }
7. System.out.println();//new line
8. }
9. }
10. }

Output:
 *
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *

Pyramid Example 2:

1. public class PyramidExample2 {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. int term=6;
4. for(int i=1;i<=term;i++){
5. for(int j=term;j>=i;j--){
6. System.out.print("* ");
7. }
8. System.out.println();//new line
9. }
10. }
11. }

Output:

* * * * * *
* * * * *
* * * *
* * *
* *
*

Java for-each Loop

The for-each loop is used to traverse array or collection in java. It is easier to use than
simple for loop because we don't need to increment value and use subscript notation.

It works on elements basis not index. It returns element one by one in the defined variable.

Syntax:

1. for(Type var:array){
2. //code to be executed
3. }

Example:

1. //Java For-each loop example which prints the

2. //elements of the array
3. public class ForEachExample {
4. public static void main(String[] args) {
5. //Declaring an array
6. int arr[]={12,23,44,56,78};
7. //Printing array using for-each loop
8. for(int i:arr){
9. System.out.println(i);
10. }
11. }
12. }
Test it Now

Output:

12
23
44
56
78

Java Labeled For Loop

We can have a name of each Java for loop. To do so, we use label before the for loop. It is
useful if we have nested for loop so that we can break/continue specific for loop.

Usually, break and continue keywords breaks/continues the innermost for loop only.

Syntax:

1. labelname:
2. for(initialization;condition;incr/decr){
3. //code to be executed
4. }

Example:

1. //A Java program to demonstrate the use of labeled for loop

2. public class LabeledForExample {
3. public static void main(String[] args) {
4. //Using Label for outer and for loop
5. aa:
6. for(int i=1;i<=3;i++){
7. bb:
8. for(int j=1;j<=3;j++){
9. if(i==2&&j==2){
10. break aa;
11. }
12. System.out.println(i+" "+j);
13. }
14. }
15. }
16. }

Output:

1 1
1 2
1 3
2 1

If you use break bb;, it will break inner loop only which is the default behavior of any loop.

1. public class LabeledForExample2 {

2. public static void main(String[] args) {
3. aa:
4. for(int i=1;i<=3;i++){
5. bb:
6. for(int j=1;j<=3;j++){
7. if(i==2&&j==2){
8. break bb;
9. }
10. System.out.println(i+" "+j);
11. }
12. }
13. }
14. }

Output:

1 1
1 2
1 3
2 1
3 1
3 2
3 3

Java Infinitive For Loop

 If you use two semicolons ;; in the for loop, it will be infinitive for loop.

Syntax:

1. for(;;){
2. //code to be executed
3. }

Example:

1. //Java program to demonstrate the use of infinite for loop

2. //which prints an statement
3. public class ForExample {
4. public static void main(String[] args) {
5. //Using no condition in for loop
6. for(;;){
7. System.out.println("infinitive loop");
8. }
9. }
10. }

Output:

infinitive loop
infinitive loop
infinitive loop
infinitive loop
infinitive loop
ctrl+c